Chapter I
1.Linguistics is usually defined as the science study of language
2.what are major branches of linguistics?
Phonetics----it studies the sounds used in linguistics communication.
Phonology---it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey the meaning in
communication.
Morphology---it studies the way in which linguistic symbol representing sounds are arranged and
combined to form words.
Syntax-------it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically
permissible sentence in languages.
Semantics---it studies meaning convey by language.
Pragmatics---it studies the meaning in the context of language use.
Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
语言学教程 chapter1-3
1. design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。
2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,nguage functions
inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,
emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual
function.
功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能。
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s
distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic means making far too many, as
well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case
with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。
句法（syntax）这个单词，来自希腊语，由两个语素构成：﹛syn﹜和﹛tax﹜。﹛syn﹜的意
思是"一起、共同"，﹛tax﹜的意思是"安排、排列"，因此syntax本来是"排列在一起"或"组
合"的意思。在语言学上，它是指研究语言中词组合成句子的支配规则，或者简单地说，是研究句子的构造。因为通常认为句子是语言中最大的语法单位，所以句法长期以来是语法研
究的核心。不同的语言学理论首先体现在对句子结构的不同处理上。这一章我们将介绍一些
有代表性的句法学派。
4.1 传统学派
传统认为句子是词的序列。因此句子构造的研究涉及了对词的大量研究，例如，词类
是对词进行的分类，主语、谓语是对词功能的描写，等等。这些词类和功能有时叫做范畴。
但是"范畴"这个术语，更专门用于表示像名词、动词这些单位的特性。例如：常说名词有数、
性、格的范畴，动词有时、体、态的范畴。在这里，我们将简要地讨论以上一些范畴。名词、动词、形容词等形式在有关范畴中的相互关系将在"一致关系和支配关系"中讨论。
4.1.1 数、性、格 4.1.2 时和体
4.1.3 一致关系和支配关系
4.1.1 数、性、格
数（number），主要是名词和代词的范畴，如：a book（一本书）；some books（一些书）；
I（我），we（我们）；he（他），they（他们）。英语动词也反映了数的范畴，如：He speaks English.
（他说英语）；They speak English.（他们说英语）。在法语等语言中，形容词和冠词也有数的变化，如：le cheval royal，les chevaux royaux。 数一般有两种：单数和复数。但是在古希腊语、阿拉伯语等语言中，还有第三种数：
双数，类似于英语中的both（双方，两者）。斐济群岛语还有第四种数：三数。汉语中没有
数的范畴。"们"能表示复数,但它的使用很受限制。它只能用于像"学生们、工人们"这样的有
Chapter 4：Syntax
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure
of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.
2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear
order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic
rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of
a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there
is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language
are able to produce and comprehend.
