英美文化复习重点
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英美文化复习重点
第一章古代西方哲学的发展
一、Greek Rationalism
The word “philosophy” is Greek for “love of wisdom”
and has come to mean a systematic search for answers to life’s
great questions.P1
1 Socrates (470—399 B.C.)
名言
⑴“One thing only I know, and that is that I know
nothing”P3
⑵“he who know what good is, will do good.”P4
2 Plato (428—347 B.C.)
名言
⑴ The earlier natural philosophers asked “what allows our
changing world to be based on something that is
unchanging?”(不是Plato说的)
Plato now asked, “what is eternally true”, “eternally
beautiful”and “eternally good”? 真善美 P4
⑵ If Plato’s motto was “mind over matter”then
Aristotle’s motto was “matter over mind.”如果柏拉图的座右铭是“精神高于物质”，那么亚里士多德的格言是“财富高于物质” P5
3 Aristotle (385—323 B.C.)
二、The Middle Ages(ca 476 A.D.—ca 1400A.D.)
三、The Renaissance(ca 1400--1700)
1 Rene Descartes (1596--1650) 笛卡尔 P8
⑴He did not believe that man knew nothing. This belief led
him to ask another important question, “what is the relationship
between the body (matter) and the mind (spirit)?” according to
Descartes, the human body is a perfect machine, following natural laws. But man also has a mind which interacts or operates
independently from the body. 人体是一个完美的机器，遵循自然规律。但是，人也有一个心灵的互动，或独立于身体运转。
名言：⑵“I think; therefore, I am”我思故我在。
名言：⑶“no man is harmed by death, save he who is known
too well by all the world, and has not yet learned to know himself.”
2 John Locke (1632--1704)约翰.洛克
⑴ Locke combined thinking, reasoning, believing and
doubting into a single concept which he named “reflection”.
⑵ He advocated the equality of the sexes; the separation of
powers within a government; and the natural rights of man. 他主张男女平等;权力的政府内部的分离;和人的自然权利。
⑶ the American Declaration of Independent reflects
Locke’s arguments for the natural rights of man.
名言⑷Locke’s empirical answer to the question, “Are there
innate ideas?’was, “There is nothing in the mind…except what
was first in the senses”.P9
3 David Hume(1711--1776)
He argued that people have two types of perception:
impressions and ideas.P9
4 George Berkeley(1685--1753)乔治伯克利
He agreed with Locke and Hume that knowledge is based on
experience, and material object only exist in their physical forms.
知识是基于经验，事物只以它们的物理形态存在。
5 the modern parading
四、Modern Philosophy P10
现代哲学
18世纪有时被称为启蒙时代或理性时代。这是一个给西方思想指引新方向的最后时期，其后出现了剧烈的政治和社会动荡。几位著名的哲学家，大多是法国人，为启蒙运动贡献良多，其中包括孟德斯鸠 (1689年-1755年)、伏尔泰 (1694年–1778年)和卢梭 (1712年–1778年)。他们基于自然法则，就自然、理性和人权著书立说。
1 Immanuel Kant (1724--1804)康德
名言(1)He is famous for his “categorical imperative": "Act as
if the maxim" from which you act were to become through your
will a universal law. " If a person is kind, then he has chosen to
act as though kindness should be required of everyone. If a
person steals, then he has chosen to act as though stealing
should be required of everyone. 他的“绝对命令”很有名：“按你的行为准则”行事，把你的行为准则当做通过你的意志可以成为宇宙的准则。“如果一个人是善良的。那么他所选择的行为就假定人人都需要善良。如果一个人偷窃，那么他选择偷窃就假定偷窃是人人应该偷窃。(2)Kant's words on morality still resonate today. "Morality. . .
is the only thing that has dignity. Skill and diligence in work have
a market price; wit, lively imagination and humor have a fancy
price; but fidelity to promises and kindness have an intrinsic
worth".
康德对道德的评语至今仍然让人产生共鸣。“唯有道德…是尊贵的。工作上的技能和勤奋可以随行就市；机智、丰富的想象力和幽默感有高昂的价格；但忠守承诺与善良有其恒常不变的内在价值”
2." ROMANTICISM" (1780 - 1840 )浪漫主义
特征之一是向往大自然和大自然的奥秘。有些浪漫主义者认为，自然世界和精神世界其实是同一的。浪漫主义者的使命就是体验生活或在梦想中远离生活。P12
Two types of Romanticism dominated: Universal
Romanticism and National Romanticism. The Universal
Romantics were mainly interested in love, Nature and art. The
National Romantics focused on the history, language and culture
of "the people". In this way, folklore told by ordinary people
became part of the national literature. 浪漫主义主要可分为两种类型：普世浪漫主义及民族浪漫主义。普世浪漫主义主要以爱情、自然和艺术为主题；民族浪漫主义则关注民族的历史、语言与文化。这种对民族历史、语言与文化的关注导致普通百姓的民间传说成为民族文学的组成部分。
3. GEORG HEGEL (1770-1831) 格奥尔格·黑格尔
Hegel developed a method to answer the questions he asked
about change, mind-matter, and the reality of history. His
method is called the dialectical process.
黑格尔就变化现象，精神与物质的关系，以及历史的真实性问题提出了一个解答法，也就是所谓的辩证法。
Hegel's dialectic and his attempt to resolve the paradox
between what changes and what is eternal are important to
understanding western philosophy.
黑格尔的辩证法及其解决变化与永恒的尝试对于理解西方哲学非常重要。
Hegel influenced some important thinkers who followed him.
Karl Marx used Hegel's concept of dialectical materialism, and
Soren Kierkegaard borrowed the idea of paradox, although both
men hated Hegel's philosophy.
黑格尔影响了之后的一些重要的思想家。马克思利用了黑格尔的辩证唯物主义概念，索伦·克尔凯郭尔借用其矛盾论，但两人都厌恶黑格尔的哲学。
五、Modern Philosophical Trends现代哲学的发展趋势
Hegel was the last western philosopher to develop a
comprehensive system. Generally, thinkers after Hegel limited
