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国际建设工程的法律要求与风险分析在全球范围内，建设工程是一个极具挑战性和风险性的领域。
国际建设工程项目不仅需要遵守各国家的法律法规，还需要应对各种风险，如政治、经济、自然等方面的风险。
因此，保持对国际建设工程的法律要求和风险的分析是至关重要的。
一、法律要求1. 合同法规：国际建设工程项目中，合同是最基本的法律依据。
合同需要清晰明了地规定工程的范围、质量标准、工期要求、支付方式等内容。
例如，国际建设工程项目中常用的合同形式有FIDIC（国际土木工程承包商联合会）合同、NEC（新工程合同）等。
2. 知识产权法：在国际建设工程项目中，知识产权的保护尤为重要。
建设工程可能涉及到专利、商标、著作权等多种知识产权。
因此，需要在合同中明确知识产权的归属和使用权限等条款。
3. 劳动法规：国际建设工程项目通常需要大量的人力资源。
相关劳动法规应该得到遵守，保障工人的权益和安全。
工程承包商在承建项目时，也应该关注当地的劳动法规，以确保项目的合法性。
4. 环境法规：国际建设工程项目对环境的影响十分重要。
建设工程可能涉及到自然资源的开采、土地利用等问题，因此必须遵守相关的环境法规，保护环境资源，减少对当地生态环境的破坏。
5. 资金流动法规：国际建设工程项目通常需要大量资金支持。
资金的流动需要遵守当地的金融法规，确保项目的资金来源合法合规。
同时，还需要注意防范投资风险，保障资金的安全性。
二、风险分析1. 政治风险：国际建设工程项目往往受到当地政治环境的影响。
政权更迭、政策调整等因素都可能对项目的进行造成影响。
因此，在项目立项前需要对当地政治风险进行充分评估，制定相应的风险管理策略。
2. 经济风险：国际建设工程项目还常常受到宏观经济环境的波动影响。
汇率波动、通货膨胀等因素都可能对项目的成本和收益产生影响。
在项目实施过程中，需要及时调整预算和成本控制，减少经济风险的影响。
3. 自然灾害风险：自然灾害是国际建设工程项目的常见风险之一。
法律英语词汇表单词词性解释单元课文出现部分abandon v. 停止进行；终止：10 2 V abatement n. 废除，撤消废除或撤消的行为14 1 D abrogate v. 废止，结束8 3 V abuse n. 滥用; 妄用13 1 D accession n. 正式接受，正式加入 2 1 D accompany v. 同时发生9 1 D, V accrual n. 增加;增加的行为或过程；增长; 增加物增加或增长的东西14 1 D accrue v. 自然增长，自然产生因获得、附加或增加而成为一体; 增加，积累，产生作为增长的结果而增加、积累或产生7 2 Vaccusatory adj. 指控的，非难的, 责问的 1 1 D, V accuse v. 正式指控某一错误行径 5 2 D acquaint v. 使得知9 1 V acquittal n. 宣告无罪，无罪开释由陪审团或法官宣告被告没有所控罪行; 无罪被发现或证明无罪的状态7 2 Vact n. 法案，法令 2 1 V Act of Parliament n. 6 1 N ad hoc adj.&adv.特别的；特别地16 1 D, Vadditional a. 额外的；附加的 6 1 D adhere to v 遵守11 1 Dadjudication n. 判决; 裁定1 1 D, V adjustment n. 调整8 2 V administration n. 管理; 执行; 行政 1 1 D, V Administrative tribunal. 行政法庭12 1 D administrative law n. 行政法 2 2 V admonition n. 警告；训诫, 忠告 1 1 D, V adversary n. 对手9 1 D Adversary system 对抗式（或抗辩式）诉讼制度121 D, V advocacy n. 辩护9 1 D advocate n. 提倡者；拥护者；鼓吹者13 1 V agency n. 代理处，代理，中介 1 1 D, V aggravate v. 加重；加剧；使恶化使变得更坏或更麻烦14 1 D aggressive adj. 雄心勃勃的；不怕反对的13 1 D aggrieve v. 使悲痛；折磨; 侵害使遭受伤害142 V agrarian adj. 土地的，耕地的 5 1 D agreement n. 协议15 1 D All ER n. 23 N allegation n.声明、断言、事实陈述7 1 D alleged adj. 声称的, 所谓的;被说成是事实但并未得到证实的；假定的7 2 V allegedly adv 3 3 N.alteration n. 更改 5 1 D alternative a. 另外的 6 1 D altruistic adj. 无私的，利他（主义）的13 1 D amalgamate v. 合并6 3 V ambit n. 范围16 1 D, V amend v. 修正，修改8 1 D amphetamine n. [药]安非他明7 3 V analogical adj. 类推的 3 1 V analogous adj. 相似的 2 1 D annual adj. 每年的，年度的，10 1 D anomalous adj. 不规则的, 反常的14 3 V anomaly n. 不规则, 异常的人或物14 2 V anticipate v. 期望；预料12 3 V antique adj.古董15 3 V &n.antiquity n. 古老 2 1 D antisocial反社会的 3 1 D adj.apartheid n. （南非）种族隔离 4 1 D, V apparent adj. 显然的 6 1 D appeal n. 上诉 2 3 V appeal v. 上诉8 2 V appellant n. 上诉人8 3 V appellate adj. 受理上诉的2 2 v appellee n. 被上诉人5 3 D applicant n. 申请者，请求者 2 3 V appoint v. 委任8 1 D apprehension n. 担心，忧虑对未来充满恐惧或焦虑,忧惧;7 2 V逮捕抓获或俘获的行为；逮捕; 了解把握或理解的能力；理解approach n. 方法；步骤13 1 V appropriation n. 据为己有，挪用 4 1 D, V approval n. 官方的批准；认可10 1 D arbiter n. 仲裁人8 2 V arbitration n. 仲裁9 1 D, V arbitration n. 仲裁15 1 D archivist n. 档案保管员8 3 V arraignment n 传讯刑事被告；提审11 2 V assault n. 攻击，人身攻击 4 1 D, V assent n. 同意15 1 D assert v. 断言, 声称7 1 V assessment n. 评估 5 3 D assignor n. 转让人一作出转让的人, 让与人, 让渡人,委托人14 2 V assumpsit n. 协定口头或书面未经盖印的协议或许诺,协定; 要14 1 N求赔偿损失的诉讼对违背这种协议而提出的强制实施或赔偿损失的法律行为attainment n. 达到，获得到达的行为或被得到的状况; 成就，7 1 V造诣，才能已经得到某物，如技艺或业绩Attorney-General n. 10 1 N attribute n. 品质、属性、特征内在的属性或特征 5 1 D attribute v. 归结于 4 1 D, V auspice n. 预兆161 D, V authority n. 能够执行法律、规章、命令、决定或判决的力量 52 D authorize v. 批准，授权 1 1 D, V autonomous adj. 自治的7 1D avail oneself ofv. 3 3 N sthavenge v. 报复，报仇 1 1 D, V averse adj. 不喜欢的，反对的12 2 V award v. 判给,因司法判决给予：7 3 V bailee n. 受托者15 2 Vbailment n. 寄托，委托15 2 V bailor n. 寄托人15 2 V Bar n.律师团，被看作是一个组织的律师；法律界7 1 V bar v. 禁止，下禁令8 3 V Bar Conference 7 1 N bench n. 法官席10 1 V biannual adj. 一年两次的6 2 V biased adj. 有偏见的10 3 V bill n. 议案2 1 V Bill of attainder n. 公权剥夺令（一种过时的合法惩罚某人的方法，8 3 V用此法时不审判，只通过一向项法律给该人定罪和定刑）binding adj. 有约束力的 2 1 D Blackstone 2 1 N bloc n. 集团, 10 2 V Bolshevik n. 布尔什维克 3 1 D n. 3 1 N BolshevikRevolution10 1 D borough n. 自治城镇，拥有市自治体或一定权利，如自治权的城镇n. 10 1 N Borough QuarterSessionBracton n. 2 1 N breach v.&违反15 1 D n.bribery n. 贿赂罪8 1 D brief v. 简要介绍9 1 D byword n. [人、地、物的]别名；代名词13 1 D cabinet n. 内阁6 1 V n. 3 2 N Canadian Charterof Rights andFreedomscandidate n. 候选人，10 1 D cannabis n. 大麻制品一种产生轻微快感、引起幻觉作用的毒7 3 V品，如印度大麻、大麻麻醉剂或大麻烟，皆从该植物不同部分提炼出来capacity n. 资格；容量4 1 D, V capital felony n 11 1 N capricious adj. 变幻无常的13 3 Ncase n. 案件，讼案 2 1 V case law n. 判例法 2 1 V Case stated 7 2 N categorize v. 归类 6 1 D Caveat emptor n. 购买者注意〈货物一经售出概不退换原则〉13 1 N censorship n. 3 3 N censure v. 指责严厉批评；责备; 公开谴责正式表示不赞成7 1 V certiorari n. 10 3 N Chancery Division n. 10 1 N charge n. 控诉 2 2 V charismatic adj. 有魄力的，有神授超凡能力的16 1 D, V chattel n. 动产,一件私人的、可移动的财产14 1 D Chose n. 动产一项个人财产；动产14 2 N circuit n. 巡回旅行，巡回地区8 2 V Circuit judge n. 10 1 N Civil law n. 罗马法系，大陆法系 3 1 V civil law n. 民法 2 2 V classical adj. 经典的 3 1 D clause n. 条款 6 1 V Closed shop n. 只雇用某一工会会员的工厂（或商店）7 1 D code n. 法典 2 2 V Code Napoleon n. 2 2 N Code of Justinian n. 3 1 N n. 3 1 N Code of the new German Empirecodify v. 编成法典，使法律成文化 2 2 V coercion n. 强迫，高压政治 1 1 D, V Coke Sir Edward 2 1 N collective adj. 集体的 5 2 D n. 集体所有 3 1 D collectiveownershipcollusion n. 勾结，共谋10 2 V combat v. 战斗，斗争12 1 V commence v. (会议)开始 6 1 V commentary n. 注释，解说词 2 1 D commerce clause n. 美国宪法商业条款13 1 N commission n. 犯罪行为14 1 D commission n. 佣金15 3 V Common law n. 英美法系3 1 V Common Law14 1 N Courts2 1 N Common lawsystemcompelling adj. 非常有说服力的 5 3 D compensate v 补偿；赔偿11 1 D complainant n. 原告 1 1 D, V complexity n. 复杂性15 2 V compliance n 服从，遵从12 1 V compliant adj. 愿意遵从的；服从的10 3 V compromise n. 折衷方案13 2 V. computation n. 计算，估计 2 1 Dconceal v. 隐瞒9 3 V conciliatory adj. 抚慰的, 调和的 1 1 D, V concurrently adv同时地；共存的11 1 D .condemnation n. 谴责, 指责, 定罪 1 1 D, V confidentiality n. 保密性8 3 V conformity n. 一致，符合 1 1 D, V Congress n. 美国国会6 2 V conjure v. 想象出；变戏法 1 1 D, V consensually adv在双方愿意下成立的 4 1 D, V .consensus n. 意见一致 3 1 V consent n. n.同意, 赞成, 10 1 V consideration n. 对价15 1 D consolidate v. 巩固 3 1 V Consolidatedn. 10 1 N Fundconspiracy n. 同谋，共谋两个或多个人之间进行犯罪或通过非14 1 V法行为实现一个合法目标的一种协定constable n 警察；警官；旧时英国京都或要塞的警官11 3 V constituent n. 选区居民 6 2 V constitution n. 宪法 6 1 V constitutional law n. 宪法 2 2 V constrain v. 制约；强制，强迫 1 1 D, V construction n.诠释对一个措辞或陈述所作出的阐明或解释7 3 V contemporary adj. 当前的6 1 D contend v. 主张，争辩3 1 V contend v. 主张，争论 1 1 D, V contention n. 论点论证中提出的主张10 3 V contingent adj. 随时可以发生的 4 1 D, V contract n. 合同2 2 V contractual adj. 合同的15 1 D contradictor n. 反驳者；相矛盾的人；抵触者14 3 V convention n. 常例，惯例10 1 D, V converge v. (趋于)相似或相同12 2 V conversion n. 侵权行为对他人财产的非法挪用; 财产转换从不14 1 V动产转换为动产或者反之conveyance n. 转让9 1 D convict v. 证明/宣告……有罪 4 1 D, V conviction n. 定罪，科刑12 1 D, V corollary n. .推论或结论 5 2 D corpus juris civilis n. 2 2 N correlative adj. 有关联的，相应的14 2V corrupt adj. 贪污的，堕落的10 3 V counterbalance v. 平衡10 1 D counter-offer n. 反提议，还价15 1 D County Court n. 10 1 N court n. 法庭 2 1 V courtn. 诉讼程序13 2 N proceedingsCourts of14 1 N Equitycrafty adj. 诡计多端的，狡猾的13 1 D creditor n. 债权人 1 1 D, V Crim 7 3 N criminal law n. 刑法 2 2 v critical adj. 关键性的;决定性的 6 1 D Crown Court n. 10 1 N Crown7 2 N ProsecutionServicecrystallization n. 结晶化 2 1 D curb v. 抑制，约束8 1 D custody n. 保管8 3 V custom n. 习惯，风俗 2 1 V customary adj. 习俗的，惯例的 2 1 V customary law n. 习惯法 3 1 D damages n. 赔偿金 2 3 V De facto adj.（拉丁语）事实上，尽管法律所有权不肯定8 1 D ,advdebtor n. 债务人1 1 D, V decedent n. 死者（律）12 3 V decentralize v. 使（政府或企业等）权力分散8 1 D deception n. 欺骗9 3 V decline v. .婉拒，谢绝10 3 V dedicate v. 用于某一特殊用途5 3 D defamation n. 诽谤 4 1 D, V defamatory adj. 破坏名誉的, 诽谤的7 2 V defamatory adj. 3 3 N defendant n. 被告15 3 V defendant n. 被告 2 3 V deficient adj. 缺乏；缺少12 3 V defined adj. 明确的，确定的1 1 D, V degenerate v 衰退，恶化12 2 V delegate v. 授（权），把…委托给别人 2 1 V deliberately adv 故意9 3 V deliberation n. 慎重考虑；故意 1 1 D, V demarca-n. 分界9 1 D tiondemocratically adv民主的 6 1 D .democrati-zation. 民主化9 2 Vndeny v. 拒绝给予或允许；拒绝：10 3 V deposition n. (经宣誓的)证词12 2 Vdepository n. 保管者，受托人8 3 V derive v. 来源于9 1 V destruction n. 破坏，毁灭12 3 Vdeteriorate v. 恶化15 1 V detrimental adj. 引起损害的；有害的7 1 D deviance n. 偏离，脱离正常的或社会常轨的行为 5 1 D deviant n. 离经叛道的; 偏离正轨的; 异常的 1 1 D, V dialectic n. 辩证法12 3 V dictate v. 命令，指示权威性指示；强制实行;7 1 V;控制，支配控制或指挥differentiate v. 区分在两事物间区分差别： 5 1 D differentiation n. 区别 4 1 D, V diffuse adj. 散射的，不集中的 4 1 D, V diminish v. 减少，缩小16 1 D, V directive n. 指示 2 1 D disbar v. 剥夺律师资格，逐出法庭16 1 D, V discharge v. 卸（货）；倒空（物品）7 3 V disclose v. 暴露 6 3 V discount v. 低估，贬低 2 1 D discretion n. 自行决断的自由 3 1 V discretionary adj 任意的 2 1 D Disjuncture n. 分离，分裂5 1 N disperse v. （使）分散；（使）散开8 1 D disposition n. 安排；布置；配置7 2 V disputed adj. 有争端的8 2 V dissemination n. 3 3 N dissent v. 不同意 2 3 V dissolve v. 废除，取消 5 1 N distinct adj. 截然不同的9 1 V distinction n. 区别 2 1 V distinguish v. 区分，辨别 6 1 D distinguishable adj. 可辩明的；区别的出的12 3 V ditch v. 使（飞行器）在海上紧急降落；迫降12 3 V divergence n. 分歧 4 1 D, V divine adj. 上帝或神的 3 1 V Divisional court n. 2 3 N doctrine n. 原理 2 1 D dominion n. 英联邦自治领12 1 D, V dubious adj. 引起怀疑的，可疑的13 1 D Dumfries 14 3 N n.10 2 N Duncan v.Louisianaduration n. 持续时间，期间10 1 V Easement 14 2 N eccentricadj. 古怪的，异常的,偏离公认的、常规的或既定的10 3 V EEC Treaty n. 2 3 N egalitarian adj. 平等主义的9 2 Vejectment n. 收回不动产之诉要求收回被他人控制的不动产的14 1 D诉讼emanate v. 从…散发出8 2 V embody v. 包含，具体表达，使具体化 1 1 D, V eminent adj. 杰出的，有名的 2 1 V empirical adj. 依据观察或实验得出的 5 3 D empower v. 授权，给予某人做某事的权力8 1 D En banc 8 2 V enact v. 颁布（法律） 1 1 D, V enactment n. 制定法律制定法律的行为 5 1 D encapsulate v. 用概括的话来表达，概述；封装16 1 D, V encroach v. 侵占 6 3 V enforce v. 强制；实施，执行 1 1 D, V enforceable adj. 可实行的15 1 D entail v. 引起，招致，使承担；蕴涵 1 1 D, V entrust v. 委托10 3 V enumerate v. 列举6 2 V equitable adj. 公正的平等的，公平的，不偏袒的14 1 V equity n. 平衡法 2 1 D erroneous n. 错误的,由错误得出 5 3 D espouse v 拥护；赞助；采取11 1 D essential adj. 必须的基本的或不可缺少的；绝对必要的 5 1 V establish v. 制定，规定 2 1 V ethical adj. 道德的12 1 D ethos n. 社会精神特质一种特定的人、民族、文化或社会7 1 D活动所特有的性情、气质、个性或基本的价值2 1 N EuropeanCommunityEuropean Court of2 1 N Justice2 1 N EuropeanEconomicCommunityevict v. 驱逐，收回1 1 D, V evidence n. 证据，证物2 2 V evolution n. 演变，发展13 1 V evolve v. 逐渐形成 3 1 V EWCA 7 3 N exclusive adj. 排除在外9 1 D, V的executive adj. 政府部门的, 属于或关于主管国家法律的执行和7 1 V管理的政府部门的exemplary adj. 警告性的,惩戒的; 典型的; 典范的作为例证的；14 1 D代表性的exhibit n. 证件，物证，证据12 2 V expiration n. 满期（结束）8 3 V explicit adj. 详尽的，清楚的15 3 V expressly adv明示地 6 1 V .expulsion n. 驱逐9 1 Vextensive adj. 广泛的 6 1 D fascist adj. 法西斯主义的，提倡或实行法西斯主义的10 2 V felony n 重罪11 1 D ferret v. 发现, 查获12 1 V firearm n. 火器, 轻武器7 2 V first instance n. 第一审, 初审7 2 V fixture n. 固定装置15 2 V FOB abb船上交货价格, 离岸价格7 3 V r.foregoing adj. 前述的 1 1 D, V forge v. 3 3 N fornication n 私通；密通11 1 D FOT abb[商](铁路)敞车上交货(价格) 7 3 V r.fraud n. 欺骗行为为弄到不公平或不合法的钱财而实行的14 1 V诈骗; 骗局一个圈套；一个诡计; 行骗的人；骗子freehold n. 财产的完全保有15 2 V Galloway 14 3 N gratuitous adj. 无条件的15 1 D grossn 11 1 N misdemeanorguesswork n. 猜测 6 3 V guilty adj. 犯罪，有罪 2 1 V Hadith n.3 1 N hallmark n. 特点，特征12 1 V hand down 7 3 N harass v. 使烦恼9 3 Vhaunt v. 萦绕心头；常去 1 1 D, V hearing n. 听讼 2 3 V hereinadv此中，于此 6 2 V .heritage n 遗产；继承物；传统11 1 D hierarchy n. 层次 2 1 D hold v. 裁定 2 3 V honorarium n. 酬金9 1 D hoodwink v 欺骗12 1 V hovering n. 横加干涉13 1 D ideal n. 理想,绝对完美事物5 2 D identical adj. 同一的 6 2 V ideological adj. 意识的，与意识形态有关的 4 1 D, V immemorial adj. 古老的，远古的 2 1 D immune adj. 豁免的，免除的；10 1 D immunity n. 豁免10 1 V impartial adj 公平的，公正的10 1 D, V impeach v. 控告，弹劾8 1 D imperative n. 命令;要求 6 1 D impetus n. 推动力；刺激 5 1 D, V implement v. 贯彻，实现，执行 1 1 D, V implementation n. 执行 2 1 D implicit adj. 暗示的 2 1 Dimplied adj. 默示的，隐含的15 3 V imprisonment n. 监禁9 3 V In personam 14 1 N in question adv3 3 N.In rem 14 1 N inapplicable adj. 不适用的7 1 V incapacitate v. 使无能为力，使不能胜任16 1 D, V incapacity n. 无力; 无能或能力不足；10 1 D incarceration n 监禁；禁闭11 1 D incontrovertibly adv3 3 N.incorporate v. 合并 4 1 D, V increasingly adv日愈，愈加 2 1 V .incur v. 招徕 6 1 D indictment 7 2 N indigenous adj. 10 2 N indispensable adj. 必不可少的，必需的12 2 V induce v. 劝诱，促使，导致 1 1 D, V inferior adj. 下级的，下属的,在等级、程度或官阶中低的或较10 1 D低的：inflict v. 使遭受 3 1 V infraction n. 违规，违法8 2 V infringe v.违反超越或超过限制；违犯14 1 V infuse v 充满；注入11 1 V inherent adj. 固有的, 内在的, 与生俱来的7 1 V inherently adv 内在的；固有的；生来就有的11 1 D .initial adj. 开始的，与开始有关的，首先的 5 1 D initiate v. 开始展开最初的工作；开始; 7 2 V initiation n. 开始的动作或例子10 1 D initiative n. 立法提案权 2 1 D injunction n. 禁令8 3 V innocence n. 无辜,无罪10 2 V inquisitorial adj. 询问式11 2 V inquisitorial 纠问式（讯问式）诉讼制度12 1 D systeminroad n. 袭击一场恶意的侵略；一场袭击; 侵害进展，尤7 1 D指以别人的代价；侵犯。
常用建筑施工标语（Common construction slogan）1, the implementation of the production safety law, everyone has everything to ensure safety.2, supervision according to law, impartial law enforcement, to ensure the safety of.3, the implementation of safety rules and regulations, strengthen security measures.4, master the knowledge of production safety, and compliance staff.5, security is the responsibility of life, weightier than Mount Tai.In 6, in addition to risk prevention, to ensure safety.7, do a good job of production safety, and promote economic development.8, to carry out extensive safety activities, thoroughly implement the production safety law.9, to carry out Safety Month activities, carry out safety law.10, the supreme security responsibility for the day of life.11, security is the security benefits, safety is the source of happiness.12, hidden dangers in the fire, prevention is better than disaster relief, responsibility weightier than Mount Tai.13, extensive mobilization, strengthening supervision, responsibility, unremittingly.14, conscientiously implement the "safety first, prevention first" principle, to enhance safety awareness and protection of workers.15, we should earnestly implement the responsibility system for production safety, security has improved steadily promote.16, production safety not relax for a moment.17, promote the production of safe production must be safe.18, extensive mobilization, implement, and control.19, take measures to nip in the bud.20, in the heart, life in the hands of.21, keep yourself safe life, send a ping to the family.22, see the illegal strict criticism is veiled.23, the construction site civilized, surrounding residents in peace.24, building "Sambo" equipped with good safety and effectiveguarantee of life.25, everyone should obey the "construction law", we rely on safe production.26, eliminate illegal, cherish life.27, a more careful, a little worried.28, hidden danger is not the root, roots of the accident.29, high-rise building on the foundation and security depend on team efforts.30, "four" is like a tiger cave, unprotected send life.31, strict implementation of safety standardization management, to ensure safety in production.32, to ensure the implementation of safety measures, strengthen the supervision of special rectification of key.33, the implementation scheme of the Provincial Department of construction safety special rectification work, strengthen supervision and management of production safety.34, earnestly implement the safety production standardization, legalization and standardization of procedures.35, safety first, prevention, comprehensive management, security.36, first-class construction performance, civilized construction air tree.37, "improve the level and ensure the engineering quality and safety.38, the quality of the project is designed to regulate the construction of soul,Is the basis of engineering quality, strict supervision of engineering qualityThe key is to ensure the quality of engineering supervision of government.39, carry out democratic style, widely accepted community supervision.40, strengthen quality supervision, strict quality control points.41, strictly implement the "safety production law".42, carry out safety production law and guaranteeing safety43, safety is the source of happiness is the benefit guarantee44, conscientiously study and resolutely implement the "safety production law"45, love life safety concerns46, set off to study and implement the "safety production law" the climax47, grasp the safety have tomorrow48, to carry out extensive Safety Month activities to thoroughly implement the "safety production law"49, check erroneous ideas at the outset alarm bells ringing50, life supreme security responsibilities for the day51, the people's interests above all security responsibilities weightier than Mount Tai52, safety to life only one life53, prohibit illegal command illegal operations in violation of labor discipline54, responsibility for production safety55, security to guard against accidents due to paralysis56, hidden dangers in the fire prevention is better than disaster relief57, the implementation of safety rules and regulations to strengthen security measures58, production safety violations of law[quality] sloganThe strict quality, enterprise wide roadThe quality of weightier than Mount TaiIn one hundred percent, the excellent detailed record one hundred percentProject, quality firstScientific management, careful constructionStrict quality, excellent productTo establish the quality of the concept of legal system, improve the quality consciousnessTo strengthen quality education, improve the quality of consciousnessSafety first, quality firstQuality is the lifeline of enterpriseIn quality management, quality assurance in order to progress, to progress and benefitThe meticulous organization and scientific construction, striving for excellenceStrengthen quality management, improve staff quality consciousnessScientific management, standardized constructionThe tree brand awareness, create quality engineeringPerfect quality system, the quality of the projectProject quality first, safety of your mindLearning foundation and cultural and technical ability diligence studyJi law-abiding good citizen, do "seven" civilizedLife is the most important treasure and healthIt is for the country, security must be kept in mindSecurity treasure, don't forget to workThe proper use of it, the accident is less[2009] safety signs1. carry out the "safe production responsibility to implement" activities, play four seasons campaign2. safety first, prevention, comprehensive treatment3. carry out the "cornerstone project year" production safety activities4. to implement the responsibility to control risks, prevention of accidents5. the implementation of security responsibilities, and the safety basis6. responsibility is the safety of the soul, is the safety standard7. grasp enterprise team, grasp the standard construction, grasping the details of supervision, grasp the long-term normsThere are 8. people in charge of the supervisor, rule-based, well documented9. grasp the security management team, strengthen production safety10. safety management standards group, standardization11. to implement the safety rules and regulations, strengthen security measures12. love of life, security and development13. all about security, security for everyone14. life supreme security responsibilities for the day.15. enhance safety awareness, improve the quality of safety, safety skills to master[60] safety warnings1, responsibility weightier than Mount Tai.2, safety first, prevention.3, danger, jingzhongchangming.4, pipe production must be safe.5, hidden dangers in the fire prevention is better than disaster relief,6, go to work, come home safely.7, job incompetent, safety in production scale.8, responsibility is the safety of the soul, is the safety standard.9, to work, is strict in demands, reliable safety tips.10, like a bow, do not pull it loose; to ensure safety, often the bowstring stretched.The 11 classes before the drink, the single plank bridge walk.12, zunzhangshouji glorious, shameful violation.13, annual production safety, worker life BBK.14, all the rules written in the blood, everyone must strictly implement.15, strict is the call of life, the pine is the beginning of Dutch act.16, "Death card system" does not comply with the accident, make friends with you.17, illegal operations is equal to the Dutch act, illegal command to murder.18, when you are on the occasion of illegal operations, disaster struck.19, the fool to bleed for lessons, lessons from a wise man to stop bleeding.20, simplify the work happy for a while, causing the accident suffering a lifetime.21, the illegal act recklessly made a lifelong regret, compliance with the peace in your life.22, one violation, people suffer.23, there are old, under a small, out of the accident.24, by luck, a bold, accident it.25, work like fire, be negligent dangerous.26, speculation driving great harm, like a blind man on a blind horse.27, in violation of the asylum, is the worker.28, plugging undead illegal way, do not step by step safety.29, careless, confused, do not care, sooner or later the accident.30, security is the intangible tangible savings, the accident is a waste.31, the family security is the guarantee of happiness, the accident was the bane of the tragedy of life.32, the neglect of safety catch production is out of safety and efficiency is to gain profit in risk, in the.33, to the rich, death accident.34, safety accident ten thousand days, for a moment.In 35, safety management, management cadres.36, cadres loose one inch, one foot loose workers.37, hard to replace regulations.38, security is cautious, accident from carelessness.39, haorenzhuyi kill people, accident pit people.40, strict is the love, the pine is the evil, to be strict in its own true feelings.41, no intentional accident accident accident in.42, Ning Cao Suixin for safety, do not let the accident harm people.43, listen to the workers scold a few sound, do not smell the families cry.44, treat as early as possible, safe to catch small.45, the accident risk is fiercer than tigers, wolves.46, "standard" implementation, to ensure personal safety.47, a person a security guard, guard people steady as a mountain.48 out of ten times to ensure safety, Ningxia Province, not aadventure.The 49 classes before the expected class prevention of accidents, difficult to escape.50, the car before the expected inspection vehicles need to be careful.51, safe driving three treasure, car good high technology good ideas.52, automatic control, mutual control, control, safety control.53, to ensure the safety of no trick, "the most important one of the two century".54, small lessons to find, after a lot of small.55, a little bad, a little.56, every day, the production of security.57, in a minute, sixty seconds safety.58, the accident harm set, security benefits.59, to ensure safety, leading to the ideological work.60, on the way out to work, focus, to work, no accident.Dedication in the post, satisfaction in traffic5 first-class performance, traffic civilization tree9 strong staff and outside traffic imageThe 12 ideological emancipation, style change, the development of transportationThe quality of propaganda slogans [years]1, project, quality first2, in strict accordance with the law, to ensure the quality and safety management3, improve the quality of chemical industry, enhance the sense of quality4, strengthen quality management, quality engineering construction5, strictly implement the "construction quality management Ordinance" and "highway construction of four system implementation methods"6, quality is the eternal topic of highway construction7, strict management, solid work, to ensure the quality8, clean and efficient traffic engineering constructionquality9, the quality responsibility for the quality of my responsibility to provoke weightier than Mount Tai!10, strengthen traffic management, ensure the quality of construction projects!11, the quality is the soul and life of traffic construction!12, ensure the quality of the project, for the benefit of future generations!13, striving for the first flow, not to engage in "tofu"!14, the construction of high-quality projects, create a good reputation!15, the quality of the project are the soul of design16, grasp the government, construction engineering quality!17, strengthen quality supervision, strict quality control points18, to further increase, level, ensure project quality and safety!The strict quality, enterprise wide roadThe quality of weightier than Mount TaiIn one hundred percent, the excellent detailed record one hundred percentProject, quality firstScientific management, careful constructionStrict quality, excellent productTo establish the quality of the concept of legal system, improve the quality consciousnessTo enhance the quality of chemical industry, to improve the quality of consciousnessSafety first, quality firstQuality is the lifeline of enterpriseIn quality management, quality assurance in order to progress, to progress and benefitThe meticulous organization and scientific construction, striving for excellenceStrengthen quality management, improve staff quality consciousnessScientific management, standardized constructionThe tree brand awareness, create quality engineeringPerfect quality system, the quality of the projectProject quality first, safety of your mindLearning foundation and cultural and technical ability diligence studyJi law-abiding good citizen, do "seven" civilizedLife is the most important treasure, chemicalIt is for the country, security must be kept in mindSecurity treasure, don't forget to workThe proper use of it, the accident is lessAccording to regulations, mixing feeding shovel do not stretch in SoybeanThe site of small machinery, to an electric leakage protectorGrounding grounding device, power handling chemical glovesAbide by the rules and regulations, not by order[09 years construction safety slogans]1, safety first prevention2, everyone is talking about safety for everyone3, all about security, everything is safe; always think safety, everywhere to safety4, the safety of everyone arrested thousands of family happiness.5, responsibility for production safety6, focusing on production safety prevention7, promote the production of safe production must be safe.8, the implementation of safety rules and regulations to strengthen security measures9, production safety responsibility weightier than Mount Tai10, security: our eternal melody11, in charge of the enterprise, industry management, national supervision, supervision by the masses12, the frost hit water accident specifically looking for lazy people13, sweet home, looking forward to your safe return14, safety knowledge let you change danger into safety15, security industrious life16, do a good job of production safety and promote the development of insurance17, the spread of safety culture safety knowledge publicity18, security to guard against accidents due to paralysis19, check erroneous ideas at the outset alarm bells ringing20, all about security family security and peace21, strict is the love, the pine is the evil, good Securitybenefits three generations22, accident prevention safety insurance mid Heian fukuma door told everyone le23, the insurance body cannot do without the exercise of a happy family cannot do without security24, security is to ensure that the accident of a happy family is the bane of the tragedy of life25, labor creates wealth safety bring happiness26, quality is the life of enterprise security is the worker's life27, the safety investment is the biggest benefit28, security is the biggest saving accident is the biggest waste29, paralysis is the biggest hidden dangers of dereliction of duty is the greatest curse30, safety production, civilization construction, construction of thriving on the upgrade;31, do not tighten security to the strings of shells not production adjustment32, open the spring production safety benefits jiejiegao33, the neglect of safety catch production is out of security and efficiency as the gain profit in risk34, is the well-being of trees is fertile ground for safety 35, safe and healthy daughter not36, for the production of safe production must be safe. 37, Ning around Baizhang not to take a step away38, quality is the basis for the production safety safety premise39, a pain I neglect40, the production of busy forget safety41, be careful not a careless casting large42, always Caution! Everywhere to prevent accidents43, be negligent is a hotbed of the accident are sloppy safety waterway reef44, it is the first step towards the abyss of the accident45 eyes, hold a grain of sand to careless46, in addition to not strong seedlings weeds not difficult except hidden benefits47, thousands of products piled up a fire destroyed by Dan48, security is increasing hidden accident embryonic cells49, pay attention to safe to ignore the safety by the scourge of fruits50, Kuaidao mill will not rust safety catch.51, go to work and go back home safely52, the weight is not pressure jack small life-saving helmets53, safety regulations from the mouth without hands54, security is a happy family is watering flowers55, don't forget the danger not forget the chaotic rule56, no accident must be hard to57, before the sea exploration posts before practice58, built dams flood blocking accident prevention practice skills59, pride stems from shallow reckless from ignorance60, plus protective safety guard ignorance will increase the risk of Italy61, the accident is big with pride fuse madstones safety is modest and prudent62, do not wipe the mirror of unknown accident analysis is not clear63, the accident lesson is the mirror of security experience is.64, fool with their blood in exchange for lessons of the wise use of lessons to avoid accidents65, remember remember the accident prevention regulations are not lost66, do not understand the accident site Chengneng Mo67, closed eyes catch sparrows without learning technology can not guarantee safety68, boiled water, good learning ability, safe boating;69, management foundation prison building security layer70, the strict requirements of safety accidents in baggy71, good steel by forging to strict safety72, our scientific management to prevent accidents from73, in charge of a line group pipe network; on combination of accidents, hard to hide74, the implementation of a measure more than ten slogans75, not afraid of the thousand days I am afraid that time loose tight76, the disease from the mouth into the loose by accident77, system failure accidents will happen78, safety measures for accident prevention are guaranteed fine79, zunzhangshouji glory shameful violation80, the crops cannot do without sunshine without safety regulations81, compliance is the guarantee of happiness and discipline is the scourge of the beginning82 see the fire is not fire burning, not through the chapter disaster ridden83, a violation of people suffer84, violation of no harm to others and pay close attention to the country85, tripping of the pile is not high illegal things are not small86, an umbrella to prevent rain for compliance and accident prevention87, you to violate the rules and regulations about human accidents do not benefit you88, and after suffering runny nose than prior zunzhangshouji89, compliance is the pilot safety violation is accident.90, gas discharge in the disaster in violation of pinhole。
Restatement of the Law , Third , Torts by The American Law Institute 美国法学会《侵权法第三次重述》Part One: In toduction of Torts侵权法概述 Part Two : Apportionment of Liability ( Rule Sections )第一部分：责任分担 Part Three: P roducts Liability Part One: In toducti on of Torts 在美国，侵权法主要属于各州的法律范畴， 而且主要由判例法组成。
侵权行为可分为故意侵权行为(in te ntion altort)、过失侵权行为(neglige nee neglige nt tort) 和严格责任侵权行为(strict liability tort). 的一般救济方法是对侵权行为所造成的损害予以一定的金钱补偿， 故等领域的侵权赔偿已广范采用了保险赔偿的方式。
Part One: In troduction 基本概念1. The law of tort is still the source of most civil suits in the Un itedStates, with damage claims for automobile accide nts tak ing first pl ace. Many circumsta nces con tribute to this: (a) the plai ntiff in an America n civil suit is ordin arily en titled to try his claim before a jury which will often--andunderstandably--rely more on human than onlegalcon sideratio ns, for in sta nee whe n a child has bee n injured in an automobile accident or through a defective product of a large enterprise;(b) Compen sati on and damages in clude not only the actual loss but also the intan gible damage. A pla in tiff can therefore ofte n p lay on the humanreaction of the jury: for instanee,what is appropriate compensation for a permanent disability such as the loss of a limb? (c) American law permits the p artici patio n of the attor ney in the plain tiff ' s recovery (contingent fee) which not un com monly amounts to 25 to 33 p erce nt of the verdict. As a result of all of these factors, a tort action maybe a lengthy proceeding, result in large expen ses, for in sta nee through hono raria for exp erts (which may deter the "small " plai ntiff from suing at all), and may end in the award of a very large verdict. It is no linger uncommorthat a jury will aware a verdict in excess of$ 100,000. These con diti ons have bee nthe touchst one for several reform en deavors which will be discussed inAMERICAN LAV INSTITUTE iL 美国侵权法(中央文) 卫鲨H IP 乔3 THE LAW, THIRD, TORTS 产品责任侵权法概述or 对侵权行为 在涉及交通事more detail below.在美国，侵权行为法产生的诉讼仍是大多民事诉讼案件的主要来源， 通事故产生的损害赔偿案件居于首位。
Construction Contract ManagementIntroduction:Construction contract management is a crucial aspect of any construction project. It involves the effective administration and coordination ofall contractual relationships between the project stakeholders,including the client, contractor, and subcontractors. The primary objective of construction contract management is to ensure that the project is completed within the specified time, budget, and quality parameters. This involves proper planning, negotiation, documentation, implementation, and monitoring of contracts. This article aims to provide an overview of construction contract management, highlightingits importance and key components.Importance of Construction Contract Management:Construction contract management plays a vital role in the successful completion of a construction project. Some of the key reasons why construction contract management is important are:1. Defining Rights and Responsibilities: A well- drafted construction contract clearly outlines the rights, responsibilities, and obligations of all parties involved in the project. This helps in avoiding misunderstandings, disputes, and conflicts during the project execution.2. Ensuring Project Control: Effective construction contract management enables the project manager to maintain control over the project by setting clear expectations, monitoring progress, and enforcing contractual obligations.3. Risk Management: Construction contracts help in identifying and allocating risks between the parties. This ensures that potential risks are mitigated or transferred to the appropriate parties, reducing the overall project risk.4. Payment and Dispute Resolution: Construction contracts specify the payment terms, including milestones and progress payments. They alsoprovide a mechanism for resolving disputes, minimizing the likelihood of legal disputes and costly litigations.Key Components of Construction Contract Management:Construction contract management encompasses several key components, which include:1. Contract Planning and Documentation: This involves identifying the project requirements, defining the scope of work, and preparing detailed contract documents. These documents should include technical specifications, drawings, and project schedules.2. Contract Negotiation: Contract negotiation is a critical step in construction contract management. It involves negotiating terms and conditions, pricing, and payment schedules with the contractor and subcontractors. Skilled negotiation ensures that the interests of all parties are represented and protected.3. Contract Award and Implementation: Once the contract is negotiated and agreed upon, it needs to be awarded to the appropriate contractor or subcontractor. The contract implementation phase involves monitoring the contractor's performance, ensuring compliance with the contract terms, and managing changes or variations to the scope of work.4. Contract Monitoring and Control: Contract monitoring involvestracking the progress of the project, managing changes, and ensuringthat the project remains within the specified time, budget, and quality parameters. Contract control mechanisms, such as progress payments and performance bonds, help in ensuring timely completion and adherence to quality standards.5. Contract Closure and Dispute Resolution: Upon project completion, the contract needs to be closed properly. This involves conducting final inspections, addressing any outstanding issues, and processing final payments. In case of disputes, effective contract management includes a dispute resolution mechanism, such as mediation or arbitration, to resolve conflicts amicably.Best Practices in Construction Contract Management:To ensure the successful implementation of construction contracts, project managers should adhere to best practices, which include:1. Developing a comprehensive contract management plan that outlines the objectives, strategies, and procedures for managing the contract.2. Ensuring that all contract documents are clear, complete, and consistent, with proper attention to technical specifications, scope of work, and payment terms.3. Conducting thorough contract negotiations to protect the interests of all parties and achieve a fair and balanced agreement.4. Implementing robust contract monitoring and control mechanisms to track progress, manage changes, and enforce contractual obligations.5. Establishing effective communication channels between the project team, contractor, and subcontractors to facilitate collaboration and resolve issues promptly.6. Regularly reviewing and updating contract documents to reflect changes in project scope, schedule, or budget, and ensuring that all parties are informed and agree to the changes.Conclusion:Construction contract management is a complex and challenging process that requires careful planning, negotiation, and monitoring. By adhering to best practices and effectively managing contractual relationships, project managers can ensure the successful completion of construction projects within the specified time, budget, and quality parameters. Effective contract management helps in minimizing risks, resolving disputes, and fostering successful relationships between project stakeholders.。
国际法对我国法治建设的积极作用1.国际法为我国法治建设提供了更广阔的视野和更深刻的理论支持。
International law provides a broader perspective and more profound theoretical support for the construction of the rule of law in our country.2.国际法促进了我国法治建设的国际化和现代化进程。
International law promotes the internationalization and modernization of the construction of the rule of law in our country.3.国际法有助于我国司法实践与国际接轨，提升法治建设水平。
International law helps our country's judicial practice to align with international standards and improve the level of the rule of law construction.4.国际法为我国立法、司法、行政等领域提供了规范和指导。
International law provides norms and guidance for legislation, judiciary, administration and other fields in our country.5.国际法倡导的国际合作精神有助于我国法治建设与世界各国共同发展。
The spirit of international cooperation advocated by international law contributes to the common development of the construction of the rule of law in our country and other countries in the world.6.国际法为我国在国际舞台上维护国家利益提供了法律保障。
英国建筑法规及其实施监督简介英国建筑法规及其实施监督简介1 概况在英国，法规属于法定文件[1]（Statutory Instruments, SI）。
法定文件为次级立法，主要是对法律（Act）条款的细化或调整，由国会授权各国务大臣（部长）制定，包括“令”（orders）、“规定”（rules）、“条例”（regulations）等主要形式[2]。
具体到建筑法规，一般是指《建筑条例（Building Regulations）》（现行版本为The Building Regulations 2010）。
为进一步解释《建筑条例（Building Regulations）》，英国国会（联合王国议会）还发布其他次级立法，主要包括《建筑核准检查员条例（Building (Approved Inspectors etc.) Regulations）》、《建筑地方机构管辖权条例（Building (Local Authority Charges) Regulations）》、《建筑能效条例（The Energy Performance of Buildings (England and Wales) Regulations）》等。
苏格兰、北爱尔兰、威尔士等议会发布的法规与此类似，不再赘述。
本文首先对《建筑条例》的各方面情况进行了全面介绍，然后就《建筑能效条例》中的不同之处进行了重点介绍。
2 《建筑条例》2.1 法律依据《建筑条例》的法律依据是现行的《建筑法（Building Act 1984）》。
《建筑法》共分五章，其中，第一章即为“建筑条例（Building Regulations）”；全部的135条条文（局部修订后有所增删）中，有46条是第一章的内容，可见份量之重。
在第一条中，即规定了制定建筑条例的目的（相关人员的健康、安全、福利、便利；节省燃料与电力；减少垃圾、不当消耗、误用或污染水）、负责人（国务大臣）、范围（附录1）、权力（即法定文件）等。
© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-2967NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAMIndependence - Freedom - Happiness No. 16-2003-QH11LAWONCONSTRUCTIONPursuant to the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as amended and added to by Resolution 51-2001-QH10 dated 25 December 2001 of Legislature X of the National Assembly at its 10th Session;This Law governs construction activities.CHAPTER IGeneral ProvisionsArticle 1 Governing scopeThis Law governs construction activities and the rights and obligations of organizations and individuals investing in construction of works and engaging in construction activities.Article 2 Applicable entitiesThis Law shall apply to domestic organizations and individuals and to foreign organizations and individuals investing in construction of works and engaging in construction activities in the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Where an international treaty which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has signed or acceded to contains provisions which are different from those in this Law, the provisions of such international treaty shall apply.Article 3 Interpretation of termsIn this Law, the following terms shall be construed as follows:1. Construction activities shall comprise formulation of construction masterplans, formulation of investment projects for construction of works, construction survey, design of construction works, execution of building works, supervision of execution of building works, management of investment projects for construction of works, selection of contractors in construction activities and other activities related to construction works.© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-29682. Construction works means a product of human labour and of buildingmaterials and equipment installed in the works, attached to a fixed area ofland which may include sections above and under ground or watersurfaces, and which is built in accordance with a design. Constructionworks shall include public construction works, residential housing, industrial works, traffic works, irrigation systems, energy works and otherworks.3. Equipment installed in works shall comprise building equipment andtechnological equipment. Building equipment means equipment which isinstalled in construction works in accordance with a construction design.Technological equipment means equipment within a technological linewhich is installed in construction works in accordance with a technological design.4. Execution of building works shall comprise construction of the followingworks and installation of equipment at such works: new works; worksbeing repaired, renovated, relocated, up-graded or restored; dismantling ofworks; and servicing and maintenance of works.5. System of technical infrastructure works shall comprise traffic systems,information and communications systems, energy supply systems, publiclighting systems, water supply and water discharge systems, wastetreatment systems and other works.6. System of social infrastructure works shall comprise buildings for healthcare, culture, education, sports, commercial services, public services, trees,parks, water surfaces and other works.7. Red-lined boundary means boundaries which are fixed on the basis ofdrawings of master plans and actual sites in order to classify the boundaryline between land on which construction works are permitted to beconstructed and land reserved for roads, technical infrastructure works andother public spaces.8. Construction boundary means the boundary marking the limits of permission to build on any one block of land.9. Construction master planning means organization of urban space, ruralresidential areas and systems of technical and social infrastructure works,and creation of a living environment appropriate for the inhabitants in allareas of the territory, ensuring harmonious co-ordination between thenational interest and community interests and satisfying the objectives ofsocio-economic development, national defence and security, and protection of the environment. Construction master planning shall beexpressed in construction zoning plans, comprising charts, drawings,mock-ups and commentaries.© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-296910. Regional construction master planning means organization of systems ofrural residential areas and technical and social infrastructure works within the administrative boundaries of any one province or inter-provincial area consistent with the requirements for socio-economic development from time to time.11. General master planning for urban construction means organization ofurban space and technical and social infrastructure works in compliance with overall master planning for socio-economic development and master planning for development of branches, ensuring national defence and security of each region and of the country from time to time.12. Detailed master planning for urban construction means detailing thecontents of general master plans for urban construction which shall provide the legal basis for management of construction works, for the provision of information, for the issuance of construction permits, and for allocation and lease of land in order to commence investment projects for construction of works.13. Master planning of construction in rural residential areas meansorganization of space and systems of technical and social infrastructure works for rural residential areas.14. Rural residential area means a place of concentrated residence of manyhouseholds closely associated with each other for production and living purposes and for other social activities within the scope of a fixed area andshall include the centres of communes, hamlets, villages, communal hamlets, small hamlets, mountain villages, mountain hamlets and ethnic minority villages (hereinafter collectively referred to as hamlets) formed by natural conditions, by socio-economic conditions, by culture, habits and customs and by other factors.15. Urban design means the formulation of specific plans from the contents ofgeneral and detailed master plans for urban construction on the architecture of works within urban areas, on the landscape of each functional area, and on street routes and other public spaces within urban areas.16. Investment report for construction of works means an application file forguidelines for investment in construction of works for the competent authority to permit investment.17. Investment project for construction of works means a collection ofproposals relating to expenditure of capital to construct new works or to extend or renovate existing works in order to develop, maintain or improve the quality of the works or the quality of a product or service within a certain period of time. Investment project for construction of© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-2970works shall include an explanatory section and a preliminary designssection.18.Eco-technical report on construction of works means an abridged investment project for the construction of works which only sets out the basic requirements stipulated in the regulations.19.Construction regulations means mandatory regulations applicable to construction activities issued by the State administrative body for construction.20. Construction standards means regulations on technical standards, eco-technical norms, the order for implementation of technical works, technical criteria and indicators and natural indicators issued by thecompetent body or organization or recognized as applicable to construction activities. Construction standards shall include mandatoryregulations and regulations the application of which is encouraged.21. Investor in construction of works means a capital owner or a personassigned to manage and utilize capital for investment in construction ofworks.22. Contractor in c onstruction activities means an organization with fullcapability for construction activities or individual with full capability forconstruction practice, entering a contractual relationship with respect toconstruction activities.23. General construction contractor means a contractor entering a contractdirectly with an investor in construction of works in order to receive anentire contract for one type of work or the whole work of the investmentproject for construction of works. General construction contractor shallinclude the following principal forms: general design contractor; generalcontractor for execution of building works; general contractor for designand execution of building works; general contractor for design, procurement of technological equipment and execution of building works;and general contractor for formulation of an investment project forconstruction works, design, procurement of industrial equipment andexecution of building works.24. Head contractor in construction activities means a contractor entering acontract directly with the investor in construction of works in order toreceive a contract to implement the main part of one type of work of theinvestment project for construction of works.25. Sub-contractor in construction activities means a contractor entering acontract with a head contractor or with a general construction contractor inorder to implement a part of the work of the head contractor or generalconstruction contractor.© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-297126. Separate dwelling-house means works built within the parameters of landfor which the land use right is owned by a household of individual in accordance with law.27. Preliminary design1 means a collection of data comprising a commentaryand drawings which express a design solution which provides basic sufficient conditions for preparing the level of total invested capital and shall be the basis for commencing the subsequent design steps.28. Supervision of the author means supervision by the designer during theprocess of execution of building works aimed at ensuring that execution iscorrect in terms of the design.29. Building works incident means a breakdown beyond permissible safetylimits which creates a danger of collapse of the construction works, or an actual breakdown of part or all of the construction works, or it means thatthe construction works are unable to be used as designed.Article 4 Fundamental principles in construction activitiesOrganizations and individuals engaged in construction must comply with the following fundamental principles:1. Ensure that works are built in accordance with master plans and inaccordance with the design of the works; ensure the beauty of constructionworks, protection of the environment and general landscape; ensure that works are built in conformity with natural conditions and the particular cultural and social conditions of each locality; and ensure that constructionworks combine socio-economic development with national defence and security;2. Ensure compliance with construction regulations and constructionstandards;3. Ensure quality, schedule and safety of construction works; ensure the livesand property of people; ensure fire fighting and prevention, explosion prevention; and ensure environmental hygiene;4. Ensure synchronous construction of each building works, and synchronousconstruction of technical infrastructure works;5. Ensure economy and efficiency, ensure that there is no waste ofexpenditure or loss and that there are no other negative elements in construction.1 Allens Arthur Robinson Note: The literal translation is "basic design".© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur RobinsonX-2972 Article 5 Types and levels of construction works1. Construction works shall be classified into types and levels of works.2. The types of construction works shall be fixed in accordance with their usefunction. Each type of construction works shall be divided into fivelevels, comprising special level, level I, level II, level III and level IV.3. The level of construction works shall be fixed in accordance with the typeof construction works based on scale, technical requirements, materialsused to build the works and life span of the works.4. The Government shall provide regulations on classification and levels ofconstruction works.Article 6 Construction regulations and construction standards1. The system of construction regulations and construction standards must bepromulgated or recognized by the State administrative body for construction for uniform application in construction activities.2. Construction activities must comply with construction regulations andconstruction standards. If foreign construction standards are applied, theapproval of the State administrative body for construction shall berequired.3. Organizations and individuals may research and propose constructionregulations and construction standards to the State administrative body forconstruction for promulgation or recognition.Article 7 Capability for construction practice, capability for constructionactivities1. Capability for construction practice shall be regulated with respect toindividuals participating in construction activities. Capability for construction activities shall be regulated with respect to organizationsparticipating in construction activities.2. Capability for construction practice of individuals shall be determined inaccordance with grades on the basis of professional levels which a lawfulprofessional training organization certifies and on the basis of experienceand professional ethics. Any individual operating independently andparticipating in the design of construction master planning, constructionsurvey, design of works or supervision of execution of works must havethe appropriate practising certificate and shall be personally liable for hisor her work.© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-29733. Capability for construction activities of organizations shall be determinedin accordance with grades on the basis of the capability for construction practice of individuals within such organization and on the basis of experience in construction activities, financial capacity, equipment, and management capability of the organization.4. Foreign organizations and individuals engaged in construction activities inthe territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam must satisfy the conditions stipulated in clauses 1, 2 and 3 of this article and must be granted an operating permit by the State administrative body for construction.5. The Government shall provide detailed regulations on capability oforganizations for construction activities, on capability of individuals for construction practice, and on issuance to individuals of practising certificates appropriate for types and levels of works.Article 8 Supervision of implementation of laws on construction1. The National Assembly, the Standing Committee of the NationalAssembly, the Ethnic Council, other committees of the National Assembly, the body of National Assembly delegates and individual National Assembly delegates, people's councils, standing committees of people's councils, committees of people's councils and delegates of people's councils at all levels shall, within the scope of their respective duties and powers, be responsible for supervision of implementation of thelaws on construction.2. The Vietnam Fatherland Front and its member organizations shall, withinthe scope of their respective duties and powers, be responsible for disseminating the laws on construction amongst the citizens and for encouraging the citizens to implement and to supervise implementation of the laws on construction.Article 9 Policy of encouragement in construction activitiesThe State shall have a policy of encouraging and facilitating organizations and individuals to research and apply progressive scientific and technological advances in construction, to use new building materials, to economize in the use of natural resources and to protect the environment; and of facilitating organizations and individuals to participate in construction activities in accordance with master plans in remote and distant regions, in regions with specially difficult conditions, and in flood prone regions.© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-2974Article 10 Conduct which is strictly prohibited in construction activitiesThe following conduct is strictly prohibited in construction activities:1. Constructing works in areas in which construction is prohibited;constructing works which encroach on or illegally occupy safety corridorsfor traffic routes, irrigation works, dyke embankments, energy works,cultural or historical heritage sites and on areas which are protectioncorridors for other works in accordance with law; and constructing worksin areas where there is a danger of landslide and flood, except for worksthe purpose of which is to overcome these dangers;2. Construction works contrary to master plans or in violation of constructionboundaries and standard ground floor level 2 of construction works; construction works without a construction permit where the law requiressuch permit, or works constructed incorrectly in terms of the provisions ofan issued construction permit;3. A contractor engaging in construction activities which exceed itscapability for construction practice or capability for construction activities;selection of a contractor to implement work when that contractor fails tosatisfy the conditions on capability for construction practice or on capability for construction activities;4. Construction works which fail to comply with construction regulations andconstruction standards;5. Breaching regulations on safety of lives and property of persons and onenvironmental hygiene in construction;6. Building an extension encroaching on or illegally occupying public space,public areas, pathways or other expanses which are already the subject ofapproved and proclaimed construction master plans;7. Giving or receiving bribes in construction activities; making arrangementsin tendering with an ulterior motive aimed at buying or selling a tender,aimed at collusion in a tender, or aimed at reducing a tender price belowthe cost of building the works the subject of the tender;8. Abuse of position or power to breach the laws on construction; condoningor concealment of conduct in breach of the laws on construction;9. Obstruction of lawful construction activities;2 Allens Arthur Robinson Note: The literal translation is "height above sea level of the groundfloor".© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-297510. Other conduct in breach of the laws on construction.CHAPTER IIConstruction Master PlanningSECTION 1General ProvisionsArticle 11 Construction master plans1. Construction master plans must be formulated and approved to provide thebasis for construction activities subsequent to such planning. Constructionmaster plans shall be formulated for five year and ten (10) year periods and in order to provide long-term developmental direction. Construction master plans shall be periodically considered for amendment for conformity with the status of socio-economic development from time to time. Amendment of construction master plans must ensure the tradition of inheriting previously formulated and approved construction master plans.2. The State shall guarantee State budget funding for the work of formulationof construction master plans and shall have a policy of raising funds from other sources for such work. State budget funds shall be balanced within annual plans in order to formulate regional construction master plans, general urban construction master plans, construction master plans for rural residential areas and detailed master plans for functional areas which are outside investment projects for construction of concentrated works for business purposes.3. People's committees at all levels shall be responsible to organize theformulation of construction master plans within the administrative boundaries for which such people's committee has been delegated administrative authority, to act as the basis for administration of construction activities, of the conduct of investment projects for construction of works, and of the actual construction of works.4. In a case where a people's committee at any level lacks capacity to fulfilits tasks of formulating, amending and approving construction master plans and approving amended construction master plans, it may invite experts and hire consultants to do so.5. All organizations and individuals must comply with construction masterplans which have been approved by the competent State authority.© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-2976 Article 12 Classification of construction master plans1. Construction master plans shall be classified into the following threecategories:(a) Regional construction master plans;(b) Urban construction master plans, including general as well asdetailed master plans for urban construction;(c) Master plans for construction of rural residential areas.2. The Government shall provide regulations on the order for formulation ofconstruction master plans, on files and ratios of all types of maps, and onunit costs of formulation applicable to each category of construction master planning.Article 13 General requirements applicable to construction master plansConstruction master plans must ensure the following general requirements:1. They must conform with master plans for overall socio-economicdevelopment, with master plans for development of other branches andwith land use zoning; detailed construction master plans must conformwith master plans for general construction; and construction master plansmust ensure national defence and security and create the impetus forsocio-economic development.2. They must organize and arrange territorial space on the basis of anappropriate exploitation and use of natural resources, land and other resources in conformity with natural conditions, historical hallmarks, socio-economic conditions and the scientific and technological progress ofthe country at each stage of development.3. They must create a comfortable, safe and stable living environment; theymust satisfy the ever-increasing material and spiritual needs of the citizens; they must protect the environment and cultural heritage, conserveplaces of historical and cultural interest and the natural landscape, andretain and develop the national cultural identity.4. They must fix the basis for the work of preparing master plans, formanaging investment and for attracting investment in construction; and forthe work of administering, operating and using construction works inurban areas and in rural residential areas.© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur Robinson X-2977Article 14 Conditions applicable to organizations and individuals designing construction master plans1. Organizations which design construction master plans must satisfy thefollowing conditions:(a) Be registered for the activity of design of construction masterplans;(b) Have full capability for the activity of design of constructionmaster plans;(c) Any individual undertaking the job of person in charge of drawingsof a construction master plan or person in charge of design of aspecialized part of such drawings must have full capability forconstruction practice and must have a practising certificateappropriate for each type of construction master planning.2. Any individual who independently practises design of construction masterplans must satisfy the following conditions:(a) Have full capability for practice of and a practising certificate fordesign of construction master plans;(b) Be registered for the activity of design of construction master plans.The Government shall provide regulations on the scope of activity of design of construction master plans by individuals who independently practise design of construction master plans.SECTION 2Regional Construction Master PlanningArticle 15 Tasks of regional construction master planning1. The responsibility for formulating tasks of regional construction masterplanning shall be provided for as follows:(a) The Ministry of Construction shall formulate tasks of regionalconstruction master planning of key areas and inter-provincial areasand shall submit them to the Prime Minister of the Government forapproval after obtaining the opinion of relevant ministries, branchesand provincial people's committees.(b) People's committees of provinces and cities under central authority(hereinafter referred to as provincial people's committees) shallformulate tasks of construction master planning of regions within© Ministry of Planning and InvestmentandAllens Arthur RobinsonX-2978 the administrative boundaries that they manage and shall submitthem to the people's council of the province or city under centralauthority (hereinafter referred to as provincial people's council ) fordecision.2.The contents of tasks of regional construction master planning shall comprise:(a) Forecast of the scale of urban and rural population consistent withthe master plan for socio-economic development of the region andthe national strategy for allocation of population for five year andten (10) year periods and longer terms;(b) Organization of space for basic industrial establishments,organization of a system of technical and social infrastructureworks within the region for each period consistent with thepotential of the region and the master plan for overall socio-economic development of the region;(c) Organization of space for urban systems and rural residential areasconsistent with the geographical and natural conditions of eacharea, ensuring national defence and security and appropriateexploitation of natural resources over the whole of the region.Article 16 Contents of regional construction master plansRegional construction master plans must contain the following main items:1. They must fix systems of urban and residential areas aimed at servicingindustry, agriculture, forestry and tourism; and must fix areas ofenvironmental protection, of natural resources and other functional areas.2. They must set in place a system of technical infrastructure works andarrange space and measures for protection of the environment.3. They must set the developmental direction for specialized branch works.4. They must fix reserves of land to service developmental needs; and theymust use land efficiently.Article 17 Authority to formulate, evaluate and approve regional constructionmaster plans1. The Ministry of Construction shall organize the formulation andevaluation of regional construction master plans for key areas and forinter-provincial areas and shall submit them to the Prime Minister of theGovernment for approval after obtaining the opinion of relevant ministries, branches and provincial people's committees.。
