Notes Supply and Demand

有关于人民币的英语作文The Chinese currency, the Renminbi, or RMB for short,is an essential part of China's economic development. It plays a crucial role in both domestic and international markets. The RMB is widely used in daily transactions, such as buying groceries, paying bills, or dining out. People in China often carry a wallet full of colorful RMB notes, ranging from the 1 yuan to the 100 yuan bill. These notes represent the value of goods and services and are a symbol of the country's financial stability.When it comes to international trade, the RMB is gaining popularity as a global currency. Many countries are now accepting RMB in their transactions, which reflects China's growing economic influence. This trend has led to an increase in the demand for RMB worldwide, making it an important currency in global financial markets. The RMB's internationalization has also opened up new opportunities for Chinese businesses to expand their reach and compete on a global scale.The value of the RMB is determined by various factors, such as supply and demand, interest rates, and government policies. The People's Bank of China, China's central bank, plays a vital role in maintaining the stability of the RMB exchange rate. It intervenes in the foreign exchange market to prevent excessive fluctuations and ensure a balanced and orderly market. This stability is crucial for both domestic and international investors, as it provides a reliable environment for business and investment activities.In recent years, the Chinese government has taken steps to promote the use of RMB in international trade and investment. It has established offshore RMB centers in major financial hubs around the world, allowing easier access to RMB-denominated financial products and services. This has helped to increase the RMB's global presence and enhance its status as an international currency.However, despite its progress, the RMB still faces challenges in becoming a fully convertible currency. Capital controls and restrictions on the flow of funds inand out of China limit the RMB's convertibility and hinder its full integration into the global financial system. The Chinese government is gradually relaxing these controls, but it will take time for the RMB to achieve full convertibility.In conclusion, the RMB is a significant currency that plays a crucial role in China's economy and international trade. Its increasing global acceptance and the government's efforts to promote its use have made it a currency to watch. As China's economy continues to grow, the RMB's influence is expected to expand, making it an important player in the global financial landscape.。

英语Chapter One Monetary Policy1.Money in notes and coins is calleda. cashb. capitalc. reserves2.The dollar, the ringgit and the yen are alla. currenciesb. fundsc. monies3.Money borrowed from a bank is aa. depositb. incomec. loan4.Borrowed money that has to be paid back constitutes aa. debtb. fundc. subsidy5.All the money received by a person or a company is known asa. aidb. incomec. wages6.The money earned for a week’s manual work is calleda. incomeb. salaryc. wages7.The money paid for a month’s (professional) work isa. loanb. salaryc. wages8.Money placed in banks and other savings institutions constitutesa. capitalb. depositsb. rebatec. subsidy10.The money that will ultimately be used to pay pensions is kept in aa. budgetb. depositc. fund11.The money needed to start a company is calleda. aidb. capitalc. debt12.The money paid to lawyers, architects, private schools, etc. is calleda. feesb. installmentsc. wages13.Regular part payments of debts are calleda. depositsb. loansc. installments14.part of a payment that is officially given back (for example, from taxes) is called aa. giftb. installmentc. rebate15.Estimated expenditure and income and income is written in aa. budgetb. reservec. statement16.A person’s money in a business is known as his or hera. depositb. fundc. stake17.Money given to producers to allow them to sell cheaply is called aa. loan18.Money given to developing countries by richer ones is known asa. aidb. debtc. subsidyNotes:Aid: [U] help, such as money or food, given by an organization to a country or to people who are in a difficult situation 援助，救助Budget: [C] a plan of how a person or organization will spend the money that isavailable in a particular period of time, or the money itself 预算Capital: [U] money or property , especially when it is used to start a business or to produce more wealth资本，资⾦Cash: [U] money in the form coins or bills rather than checks, credit cards etc. 现⾦Currency: [C,U] the system or type of money that a particular country uses货币，通货Debt: [C] money that you owe债务，⽋款Deposit: [C] 1. the first part of the money that you pay for something, especially something large or expensive, so that it will not be sold to someoneelse [尤指购买⼤件或贵重物品的]头款，定⾦，⾸付Down payment2. money that you pay when you rent something such as an apartment orcar, which , which will be given back if you do not damage it [租⽤公寓或汽车等的]押⾦，保证⾦3. an amount of money that is put into a bank account [银⾏账户的]存款Fund: 1. [C] an amount of money that is collected and kept for a particular purpose 基⾦2. [pl.] the money needed to do something钱，资⾦installment: [C] one of a series of regular payments, especially ones that you make until you have paid all the money you owe [分期付款中的]每期付款项loan: [C] an amount of money that you borrow from a bank, financial institution etc. [银⾏、⾦融机构等的]贷款rebate: [C] an amount of money that is paid back to you when you have paid too much tax, rent etc. [税、租⾦等的]回扣，部分退款stake: 2. have a stake in sth. To have an important part or share ina business, plan etc., so that you will gain a profit if it succeeds. 在[公司、计划等中]有股份；与…有利益关系subsidy: [C] money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, support someone who is producing goods etc. [政府或组织委平抑物价、⽀持⽣产等⽽发放的]津贴，补贴，补助⾦Chapter Two Foreign Exchange Risk and Why It Should Be Managed1. tax inspector e) A government official who checks that you are paying enough tax.h) Someone who advices you or a company on how to pay less tax.3. bankmanagera) The person who is responsible for an individual bank4. commodity trader j) Someone who buys and sells things in large quantities, especially food products such as tea, coffee, cereals, and other raw materials.5. accountant c) Someone who prepares an individual’s (or a company’s) taxreturn.6. finance director d) The person who is responsible for the financial side ofrunning a business.7.market analyst i) Someone who comments on business and share prices in a particular sector of the economy.8. financial advisor b) Someone who advises people on how to manage their financial affairs.9. insurance broker f) The person who finds you the best insurance policy at the best price.10. stockbroker g) Someone who buys and sells stocks and shares for clients, and charges a commission.1.position: A position in a company or organization is a job or post in it, usuallyinvolvingprofessional, managerial, or clerical work, not manual work 职位，职务2.count: [I] to be important or valuable 很重要，有价值3.hedge against: try to protect yourself against possible problems, especiallyfinancial loss规避4.gauge: to judge how people feel about something or what they are likely to do估计，判定Chapter 3 Tools and Techniques for the Management of Foreign Exchange Risk1. Is it true that there was a time when you could go to a bank in America and demand gold in exchange for your dollars? g. Well, in theory, yes. That was the result of Bretton Woods.2. Who was he? c. Not who, what. Or where. It was aninternational conference held in MewHampshire in 1944. It fixed the value ofthe US dollar at 1/35 of an ounce of gold,and “pegged” or fixed most other majorcurrencies against the dollar.3. So they could never change? e. Only if they were officially devaluedor revalued by the government or thecentral bank.collapsed in the early 1970s because ofinflation. There were too many dollarsand not enough gold, so President Nixonended gold convertibility. You know whatit says on dollar bills now?5. No, what? b. “In God We Trust.” Not “Gold”!6. So how does it work now? f. We have floating exchange rates,determined by supply and demand.Theoretically, the rates should reflectpurchasing power parity – the cost of agiven selection of goods and services indifferent countries.7. Why “theoretically”? a. Because in reality, they are oftendetermined by the massive amount ofcurrency speculation that goes on.Currencies appreciate or depreciate forreasons that often have little to do withthe countries’ economic performance orinternational trade.8. So there’s nothing governments can do? d. Oh sure, they can try to intervene on currency markets by buying or sellingbillions of dollars, or pounds, orwhatever. But the speculators have muchmore money than governments.Chapter 4 U.S. Foreign Exchange Intervention1. pension m) When you are old, you hope to have oneof these.2. bank b) Where you go to borrow money or getcash.3. tax a) Something that the government collectsand no one likes to pay.4.dividends l) Individuals who invest their money ina company hope to receive these regularly5. shares k) What you buy if you invest money in a6. inflation j) Rising prices, rising costs and risingwages in an economy.7. bankruptcy h) The situation where a company does nothave enough money or property to pay itsdebts, and so the company closes.8. capital spending e) A type of investment made by a companywhen buying equipment.9. profit f) What, in financial terms, a businesshopes to make.10. interest c) How you are charged for borrowingmoney.11. assets12. turnover i) the total amount of sales in ayear.13. liabilities n) The name for all the property,equipment, investments and money owned bya company (or individual).14. accounts g) What a company has to prepare everyyear for presentation to its owners andto the relevant authorities.15. mortgage d) How you can pay to buy a house, unlessyou can pay for it in a single payment. Chapter 5 Financial Markets and Intermediaries1. Commercial paper is short-term, discounted and unsecured corporate debt of large American banks and companies issued, usually for one to three months only, as a way of borrowing money.2.Zero coupon bonds pay no interest, but` are sold at a large discount and ultimately redeemed at face value. They consequently yield capital gains, often taxed at a lower rate than interest, which is considered as income.3. Detachable warrants are sometimes issued with bonds, and give the buyer the right to buy the same firm’s equities withina certain period. Unlike convertible bonds, the bond itself is not converted into shares.4. Securitization is the process of selling packages of bank debts to third party investors as bonds. It shifts the risk of default from the bank to the new owners, and releases capital with which the bank can make new loans.5. Junk bonds are high-yielding bonds issued by less secure companies and by companies seeking to finance leveraged buy-outs. 收购6. A borrower with a lot of floating loans can spread the risk via an Interest-rate swap a borrower of fixed rate loans.7. An importer who will need foreign exchange in three or six months time can buy it in advance by way of a futures contract.8. Banks can convert large deposits that cannot be withdrawn on demand into certificates of deposit : short-term, interest-bearing securities that can be traded like a share or bond.9. Debt swaps, letters of credit, options, etc. are all forms of financial business that need not be registered as loans on a balance sheet. They are consequently known as off-balance-sheet transactions.11.Issuing participation certificates -which grant their holder part of the ownership of a company, but without voting rights-rather than shares, diminishes the risk of takeovers.12. Two borrowers, each with a better credit rating in their own country, but also needing foreign currency, can arrange a swap.。

微观经济学名词解释（2）名词解释1.Scarcity（稀缺性）The limited nature of society’sresources.社会资源的有限性。

2.Efficiency（效率）The property of society getting themost it can from its scarce resources.社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益的特性。

3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本）Whatever must be given up to obtainsome item.为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

4.Market Failure（市场失灵）A situation in which a market left onits own fails to allocate resourcesefficiently.市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。

5.Externality（外部性）T he impact of one person’s actions onthe well-being of a bystander.一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

6.Circular-flow Diagram（循环流量图）A visual model of the economy thatshows how dollars flow throughmarkets among households and firms.一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。

7.Production Possibilities Frontier（生产可能性边界）A graph that shows the combinationsof output that the economy canpossibly produce given the availablefactors of production and theavailable production technology.表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。

1.credit crisis 信贷危机2.financial innovation 金融创新3.market economic system 市场经济体制4.downturn 经济滑坡，不景气5.overheating 经济过热增长过快ernment spending 政府支出7.capital-intensive sector 资本密集型产业8.global recession 全球性危机9.state-run firm 国有企业10.institutional investor 机构投资者11.stock index 股票指数12.strategic thinking 战略思维13.insider trading 内部交易14.stamp tax 印花税15.stimulus package 一揽子刺激计划1.CLSA 里昂证券（亚洲）2.Morgan Stanly摩根士丹利3.Jones Lang LaSalle(JLL) 仲量联行4.shock therapy 休克疗法5.Brooking institute 布鲁金斯研究院6.Ivy League university 美国常春藤联盟7.GOME 国美电器集团二1.emerging economies 新兴经济体2.beggar-thy-neighbor populism 以邻为壑民粹主义3.double-dip recession 双底衰退4.private sector 私营部门5.public sector 公共部门6.loose-money policy 宽松的货币政策7.reserve-requirement ratio 存款准备金率8.protective tariff 保护性关税9.free trade 自由贸易10.bailout 紧急援助11.economic and political elite 经济和政治名流12.sovereign-debt crisis 主权债务危机13.economic austerity 经济紧缩14.food-price index 食品价格指数1.world economic forum 世界经济论坛2.Goldman Sachs 高盛3.euro zone 欧元区4.OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织5.international energy agency 国际能源机构6.FAO food and agriculture organization 联合国粮农组织7.HSBC 汇丰银行8.Doha Round 多哈回合9.G-20 二十国集团三1.option 期权2.consumerism 消费主义3.economic transformation 经济转型4.economic model 经济模型5.disposable income 可支配收入6.mortgage 抵押7.market savvy 市场知识8.consumer spending 消费性开支9.economic restructuring 经济结构调整10.emerging markets 新兴市场11.turnaround 好转12.current account 经常项目13.profit margin 利润率，利润度1.Santiago 圣地亚哥2.Lehman Brothers 雷曼兄弟3.Meritage Homes 梅里蒂奇住房建设4.Mckinsey Global Institute 麦肯锡全球研究院5.American Express 美国运通6.credit card 信用卡7.charge card 签帐卡8. GDP9.J.P.Morgan Chase 摩根大通10.Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报11.AIG American International Group 美国国际集团四1.Free markets 自由市场2.economic crunch 经济崩溃，经济衰退3.pension scheme 养老金体系4.development aid 开发援助5.health insurance 医疗保险6.think tank 智囊团7.soft-power credentials 软实力资质8.turf war 争夺势力范围的战争9.trade commissioner 贸易专员10.demonstration effect 示范效应11.national interests 国家利益12.energy sources 能源13.political disputes 政治纠纷14.coalition government 联合政府1.Lisbon Treaty 里斯本条约2.climate change conference in Copenhagen 联合国气候变化大会五1.speculative stock 投机性股票2.property bubble 房地产泡沫3.budget deficit 预算赤字4.easy money 低利贷款5.deflation 通货紧缩6.expansion plan 扩展计划7.real estate 房地产8.economic order 经济秩序9.CEO 首席执行官10.psychology of deflation 通缩心理学11.price war 价格战12.personal bankruptcy 个人破产13.stagnation 经济滞胀1．Federal Reserve 美联储2．Rockefeller Center 洛克菲勒中心3．Pebble Beach 圆石滩4．Nomura Securites 野村证券5．Universal Studies 环球影城6．Columbia Pictures 哥伦比亚影业公司7．Reagan administration 里根政府8．Uniqlo 优衣库9．Economic animals 经济动物10．Liberal Democratic Party 日本自民党六1.trade sanction 贸易制裁2.export advantage 出口优势3.currency policy 货币政策petitive devaluation 竞争性货币贬值5.unfair trade 不公平贸易6.trade war 贸易战争7.business cycle 商业周期8.trading partner 贸易伙伴9.import restriction 进口限制10.exchange control 外汇管理11.import barrier 进口壁垒12.price deflation 通货紧缩13.trade restriction 贸易限制14.currency depreciation 货币贬值15.foreign exchange market 外汇市场16.exchange rate 汇率17.quantitative easing 量化宽松18.money supply 货币供应量19.excess capacity 超额生产能力1.Republican 美共和党党员2.House of representatives 美众议院3.NBC the national broadcasting company 美国全国广播公司4.NAFTA north America free trade agreement 北美自由贸易协定5.gold standard 金本位制6.stock-market crash 股票市场崩溃7.Logrolling coalition 滚木，选票互助联盟8.sound money 健全货币，稳固货币9.Chicago Fed 芝加哥联盟七1.task force 专门工作小组2.dealership 代理权，经销权bor cost 劳动力成本4.health-care expenses 医疗费用5.partnership 合伙企业，伙伴关系6.bondholder 债券持有者7.original investment 原始投资8.hot products 热销产品9.run rate 生产水平，生产能力10.sales rate 销售率11.bad assets 不良资产12.creditors 债权人13.wage-and-benefits package 薪酬福利 cash flow 净现金流量15.utilization rate 利用率16.dealer inventory 流通库存17.scrappage rate （尤指旧车）报废率18.dependability rating 可靠性评级19.manufacturing capacity 制造能力1.summit automotive partner 汽车合作伙伴峰会2.GM general motor 通用汽车公司3.COO chief operating officer 首席运营官4.united steelworkers union 美国钢铁工人联合会5.holding the cards at the negotiating table 掌握局势，稳操胜券6.Wells Fargo 富国银行7.troubled asset relief program 问题资产救助计划8.VEBA voluntary employee beneficiary association 独立信托基金9.international motor vehicle program 国际汽车规划10.cash—for clunker hill 旧车换现金法案八1.captains of industry 行业领袖2.market share 市场份额3.customer research 客户研究4.cash drain 现金流失5.leadership position 领袖地位 worth 资产净值7.annual report 年度报告8.management team 管理团队9.brain trust 智囊团10.balance sheet 资产负债表11.product cycle 产品周期12.big-picture vision 宏观愿景13.venture capitalist 风险投资人14.corporate governance 公司治理15.shareholder wealth 股东财富1.silicon valley 硅谷2.Oracle 甲骨文公司3.buy out 收购4.Intuit 财捷公司5.Universal Music 环球音乐公司scape 网景九1.monetary policy 货币政策2.quantitative easing 量化宽松ernment bonds 政府债券4.yield 收益5.currency regime 汇率机制6.capital flow 资本流动7.reserve currency 储备货币8.global reserves 全球储备9.financial crisis 金融危机10.capital mobility 资本流动性11.treasury bond 美国长期债券12.budget deficit 财政预算赤字13.SDR special drawing right 特别提款权14.lending facility 借贷工具15.currency war 货币战争16.gold-hoarding 黄金避险17.current-account deficit 经常项目赤字18.credit binge 信用狂热19.loan-to-value ratio 贷款价值比率1.capital control 资本管制2.turn to the Fed for an emergency liquidity line of dollars 专项美联储寻求紧急美元资金救援3.rule of thumb 但凭经验来做的方法，常规4.historical parallels 历史借鉴，历史类比5.exorbitant privilege 过度特权，嚣张的特权6.to honor its debts 兑现债务7.Bancor 国际货币单位班克尔8.Triffin dilemma 特里分难题，悖论9.IMF10.WTO11.European s stability and growth pact 欧洲稳定和增长公约12.plaza accord 广场协议十1.investment bank 投资银行mercial bank 商业银行3.securities house 证券公司4.attorney-general 总检察长5.merger and acquisition 兼并与收购6.private equity 私募股权投资7.hedge fund 对冲基金8.initial public offering 首次公开募股9.over-the-counter securities 场外交易证券10.capital market 资本市场11.liquidity 流动性12.credit cycle 信用循环13.investment instrument 投资工具14.credit-default swap 信用违约互换15.collateralized debt obligation 担保债务凭证16.leveraged buy-out 杠杆收购17.risk management 风险管理18.trading desk 交易宝19.stress test 压力测试20.liquidity crisis 流动性危机21.credit crunch 信贷紧缩22.risk-weighted capital 风险加权资产23.derivative 衍生品1.Citigroup 花旗银行2.Blackstone 黑石集团3.BIS bank for international settlements 国际清算银行4.bulge-bracket firm 华尔街的主要投资银行5. a new class of leveraged client 新兴的高负债客户6.red tape 官僚主义，文牍主义十一1.fringe group 激进组织2.supply and demand 市场供求关系3.anti-globalization 反全球化4.import substitution 进口代替5.fair trade 公平贸易6.foreign investment 国外投资7.economic freedom 经济自由度8.anti-dumping duties反倾销税9.export subsidy 出口补贴10.trade liberalization 贸易自由化11.mercantilist assumptions 重商理论12.dispute settlement process 解决争端程序13.market system 市场体系1.summit of the Americas 美洲高峰会2.FTAA free trade area of the Americans 美洲自由贸易区3.GA TT general agreement on tariffs and trade 关贸总协定4.Atlantic Alliance 北大西洋联盟5.mercantilist 商业主义者6.CAP common agriculture policy 共同农业政策7.Anti-dumping duty 反倾销税8.Qatar 卡塔尔9.the fringe 见解偏激的人十二1.private equity 私募股本，非上市股本2.synergy 协同效应3.equity market 股票市场，权益市场4.acquisition financing 收购筹款5.portfolio company 证券公司，风险投资公司6.capital market 资本市场7.tender offer 收购要约，投标出价8.no-shop clause 禁止接触条款9.matching rights 匹配权利10.due diligence 应有的谨慎，仔细审核11.stock exchange 证券交易所12.merger enforcement 并购执行13.vertical merger 纵向兼并14.antitrust agency 反垄断机构15.horizontal merger 横向兼并16.short-form squeeze-out merger 简式排挤性兼并1.Gymboree 金宝贝2.reverse break-up fee 反毁约金3.go-shop provision 寻购条款4.deal jumping 交易跳跃，搅局5.top-up option 股权增扩选择权6.equity collars provision 股权买卖条款7.cash-stock election provision 现今股权选择条款8.earn-out 收益外购，收益能力支付计划9.freeman consulting services 弗里曼咨询服务公司10．Sovereign wealth funds 主权财富基金11. merger guidelines 兼并指南十三1.trade union 工会2.corporate governance 公司治理3.activist investor 激进投资者4.short seller 买空者5.pension fund 养老基金6.mutual fund 共同基金7.high-yield product 高收益产品8.venture capital 风险投资9.stock option ，share option 股票期权10.pressure group 压力集团11.carbon emission 碳排放12.stakeholder 利益相关者13.free cash flow 自由现金流14.asset stripping 资产剥离15.pension scheme 养老金方案，退休金计划16.college endowment 学院捐赠基金17.subprime mortgage 次级抵押贷款18.covenant-lite loans 低门槛贷款19.payment-in-kind notes 实物支付债券20.bridge financing 过桥融资1.Financial Times 金融时报2.private equity 私募股权投资3.publicly quoted company 上市公司4.the dotcom bubble 互联网泡沫5.S&P500 标准普尔500指数6.alternative assets 另类投资十四1.green business 绿色商机2.rule of business 商业规则3.wilderness adventure 野外探险4.outdoor industry 户外产业5.flextime 灵活工作制，弹性工作制6.gross revenue 毛收入7.patented product 专利产品8.going public 公司上市9.environmental assessment 环境评估10.green initiatives 绿色倡议11.corporate America 美国企业界，美国公司三笔1.invite investment 招商2.investment in fixed assets 固定资本投资3.the joint stock system 股份制4.the joint stock cooperative system 股份合作制5.debt-to equity swap 债转股6.hyperinflation 恶性通货膨胀7.curb inflation 遏制通货膨胀8.economy of scale 规模经济9.slack market 市场疲软10.brisk market 市场火旺11.market access 市场准入12.quote a price ，give a quotation 报价13.hot money from abroad 国际游资14.absorb idle fund 吸收游资15.the system of public bidding for projects 招标投标制16.trade surplus 贸易顺差17.trade deficit 贸易逆差18.customs barrier 关税壁垒19.current account 活期账户20.savings account 储蓄账户21.check account 支票账户22.traveler s checks 旅行支票23.the principle and the interest 本金与利息24.issue stocks and bonds 发行股票债券25.financing ，fund-raising 融资26.the depression pressure on the US dollar 美元贬值的压力27.appreciate steadily against 对什么稳步升值28.stagnant debts and bad debts 呆账和坏账29.the Dow Jones industrial average 道琼斯工业平均指数30.the NASDAQ index 纳斯达克指数national association of securities dealers automatedquotation system31.the Hang Seng Index 恒生指数32.the Nikkei Index 日经指数33.City Council 市议会34.tax break 减税35.Bloomberg 布隆伯格36.trust fund 信托基金37.breeding ground 滋生地38.Barclays Wealth 巴克莱财富研究所39.the Economist Intelligence Unit 经济学家情报社40.CPI 消费者价格指数consumer price index41.经济体制改革economic restructuring42.经济市场化the marketization of the economy43.经济私有化the privatization of the economy44.vicious cycle 恶性循环45.virtuous cycle 良性循环46.鼓励兼并，规范破产encourage mergers and standardize bankruptcy procedures47.公司分立与解散separation and dissolution of a company48.国家控股公司state-controlled share company49.控股公司holding company50.创业园，孵化器high-tech business incubator pioneer park，51.企业孵化器enterprise incubator52.新的经济增长点new point of economic growth53.外向型经济export-oriented economy54.涉外经济foreign-oriented business ，foreign-related business55.长江三角洲the Yangtze River Delta56.经济技术开发区economic and technological development zone57.采取市场多元化战略adopt the strategy of a multi-outlet market58.保持良好的增长势头maintain the good of momentum of growth59.防止经济过热prevent an overheated economy60.防止国有资产流失prevent the loss of state assets61.减轻就业压力ease the pressure of unemployment62.防止泡沫经济avoid a bubble economy63.政企分开separate administrative functions from enterprise management64.实行董事会领导下的总经理负责制practice the system of the general-managerresponsibility under the leadership of the board of directors（BOD）65.president 总裁66.管理层收购MBO management buying out67.收购合并acquisition and merger68.技术更新，技术改造technological upgrading，renovation69.亏损企业money-losing enterprises （debts-ridden，unprofitable）70.扭亏为盈turn losses into profits71.减员增效increase efficiency by reducing the stuff72.外资企业foreign-investment enterprise73.外商独资企业wholly foreign-owned enterprises74.中外合资企业100强the top 100 sino-foreign joint ventures75.跨国公司a transnational corporation76.母公司the parent company77.子公司subsidy company78.分公司branch company79.办事处representative office80.吸引外资attract foreign capital81.全面投产go into full operation，become fully operational82.获薄利earn narrow profits83.hit a record high 创历史最高纪录84.总产值total output value85.扣除通货膨胀因素后的人均实际年收入the annual per-capita income in real terms（allowing for inflation）86.人均住房per-capita housing87.商品房空置的现象the vacancy problem in commercial housing88.按揭贷款mortgage loan89.按揭购房buy an apartment on a mortgage90.期房forward delivery housing91.物业管理estate management，property management92.住房公积金housing provident fund93.经济适用房affordable apartment94.廉租房low-rent housing95.增值的value-added96.海外侨胞overseas compatriot97.创业活动entrepreneurial activity98.机电产品electro-mechanical products99.与时俱进keep pace with the times100.黄金储备gold reserve101.外汇储备foreign exchange reserve102.自由兑换free convertibility103.与美元联系汇率制the system of pegging currency to the US dollar104.依法收税levy taxes according to law105.加强收税tighten tax collection106.V AT 增值税107.个人所得税individual income tax108.个人收入应税申报制度the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment 109.出口退税export tax rebate110.保护性关税protective tariffs111.反倾销anti-dumping112.补贴与反补贴措施subsidies and countervailing measures113.流动资金circulating funds114.上海证券交易所the Shanghai Securities Exchange115.股市指数the stock market index116.股票降温了the stock craze has abated117.期货市场futures market118.期货交易futures transaction119.证券组合投资portfolio investment120.牛市bull market121.熊市bear market122.拥有至少50%的股份holding a minimum of 50 percent of the equity123.list 上市124.一蹶不振的B股股市a sluggish B-share market125.综合指数composite index126.红筹股red chip stock127.蓝筹股blue chip stock128.股民，股东shareholder129.国库券treasury bond130.垃圾债券junk bond131.空头支票bad check132.保值储蓄inflation-proof bank savings133.自助银行self-service bank134.ATM自助取款机135.trading 交易136.中国人寿保险公司China Life137.中国银行the bank of China138.ICBC 中国工商银行139.定期存款fixed deposit140.债券基金bond fund141.全方位外交multi-faceted diplomacy142.民间外交people-to-people diplomacy143.elastic diplomacy 弹性外交144.holiday-making diplomacy 度假外交145.巡回大使roving ambassador146.special envoy 特使147.外交豁免权diplomatic immunity148.verbal note 普通照会149.circular note 通知照会150.formal note 正式照会151.战略核武器互不瞄准对方non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other 152.multipolarity 多极化153.stakeholder 持股人涉及利益的各方154.the Six Party Talks六方会谈155.新闻发布会a news briefing156.记者招待会a press conference157.军事扩张military expansion158.第三世界国家the Third Word countries159.奉行睦邻友好政策uphold the good-neighbor policy160.国际地位显著提高international standing has risen notably161.中国是该条约的缔约国China is a signatory state to the treaty162.打破双边关系的僵局break the stalemate in bilateral ties163.CIA164.FBI165.the Rand corporation 兰德公司166.扩大军事集团，强大军事同盟expand military blocks and strengthen military alliances 167.Cold War mentality 冷战思维168.搞强权政治practice power politics169.采取双重标准adopt dual criteria170.the NMD 国家导弹防御系统national missile defense system171.TMD theater missile defense system 战区导弹防御体系172.参拜靖国神社pay homage to Yasukuni173.粉饰战争罪行whitewash war crimes174.南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre175.不对称战争asymmetric warfare176.一只核威慑力量a nuclear deterrent force177.精确打击武器precision-striking weaponry178.巡航导弹acruise missile179.stealth bomber 隐形轰炸机180.stealth fighter 隐形战斗机181.航空母舰aircraft carrier182.suicide bomber 人体炸弹183.deadlock 僵局184.the secretary general 秘书长185.安理会the security council186.联合国教科文组织UNESCO the united nations educational，scientific，and cultural organization187.中国的主权和领土完整不容分割China s sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division188.朝多极化发展is changing towards multipolarity189.缓和国际形势ease the international situation190.缓和紧张局势ease the tension191.在边境制造紧张局势create tension along the borders192.主动权initiative。

曼昆的《微观经济学基础》课业笔记英文版IntroductionThis document presents my notes on "Microeconomics: Principles and Applications" by N. Gregory Mankiw. These notes summarize key concepts and ideas covered in the book, aiming to provide a helpful overview of microeconomics.Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics- People face trade-offs: individuals and societies must make choices due to scarcity.- The cost of something is what you give up to get it: when making decisions, considering both the direct and opportunity costs is crucial.- Rational people think at the margin: making decisions by evaluating incremental benefits and costs.- People respond to incentives: incentives can influence individuals' behavior and decision-making.- Trade can make everyone better off: voluntary exchange benefits all parties involved.- Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity: markets coordinate exchanges efficiently.- A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services: productivity is key.- Prices rise when the government prints too much money: inflation can be caused by excessive money supply growth.- Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment: the Phillips curve illustrates this trade-off.Chapter 2: Thinking Like an Economist- Economists use models to simplify reality and understand economic behavior.- Assumptions in economic models help focus on essential elements.- Opportunity cost is the true cost of something and is measured by what we give up to obtain it.Chapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade- Specialization and international trade result in greater production efficiency and consumption possibilities.- Both parties benefit from trade even if one has an absolute advantage in both goods.- Prices reflect the opportunity cost and guide resources to their most valued uses.Chapter 4: The Market Forces of Supply and Demand- Markets consist of buyers and sellers, and their interactions determine prices and quantities.- Demand curve shows the relationship between price and quantity demanded, while supply curve reflects the relationship between price and quantity supplied.- Market equilibrium occurs when quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.- Changes in demand or supply shift their respective curves, leading to changes in equilibrium price and quantity.ConclusionThese notes provide a brief summary of the key concepts covered in "Microeconomics: Principles and Applications." Studying this bookallows for a deeper understanding of microeconomic principles and their applications in the real world.。

以下是一些常见的经贸英语词汇：- Economy 经济- Trade 贸易- Commerce 商业- Business 商业，生意- Market 市场- Supply and demand 供求- Profit 利润- Loss 损失- Inflation 通货膨胀- Unemployment 失业- Interest rate 利率- Exchange rate 汇率- Import 进口- Export 出口- Tariff 关税- Trade deficit 贸易逆差- Trade surplus 贸易顺差- Free trade 自由贸易- Protectionism 保护主义- Globalization 全球化- International trade 国际贸易- Economic growth 经济增长- Economic development 经济发展- Economic policy 经济政策- Fiscal policy 财政政策- Monetary policy 货币政策- Capital 资本- Investment 投资- Stock market 股票市场- Bond 债券- Entrepreneur 企业家- Corporation 公司- Partnership 合伙企业- Franchise 特许经营- Small business 小企业- Startup 创业公司- Merger and acquisition (M&A) 并购- Supply chain 供应链- Logistics 物流- Distribution 分销- Wholesale 批发- Retail 零售- E-commerce 电子商务- Digital economy 数字经济- Intellectual property (IP) 知识产权- Patent 专利- Trademark 商标- Copyright 版权- Licensing 许可证- Contract 合同- Negotiation 谈判- Bid 竞标- Auction 拍卖- Deal 交易- Invoice 发票- Payment 付款- Credit 信用- Debtor 债务人- Creditor 债权人- Bankruptcy 破产- Audit 审计- Accounting 会计- Budget 预算- Finance 金融- Venture capital (VC) 风险投资- Private equity (PE) 私募股权- Angel investor 天使投资人- Stock option 股票期权- Dividend 股息- Bonus 奖金- Salary 薪水- Wage 工资- Cost 成本- Price 价格- Profit margin 利润率-Markup 加价- Discount 折扣- Marketing 营销- Advertising 广告- Brand 品牌- Customer 顾客- Sales 销售- Market research 市场调研- Product development 产品开发- Quality control 质量控制- Packaging 包装- Distribution channel 分销渠道- Supply chain management (SCM) 供应链管理- Logistics management 物流管理- Inventory management 库存管理- Just-in-time (JIT) 准时制- Lean manufacturing 精益生产- Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理- Six Sigma 六西格玛- ISO 9000 国际标准化组织9000 系列标准- ERP 企业资源规划系统- CRM 客户关系管理系统- SCM 供应链管理系统- B2B 企业对企业电子商务- B2C 企业对消费者电子商务- C2C 消费者对消费者电子商务- Online payment 在线支付- Digital wallet 数字钱包- Cybersecurity 网络安全- Data protection 数据保护- Privacy 隐私- Encryption 加密- Cloud computing 云计算- Artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能- Blockchain 区块链- Big data 大数据- Internet of Things (IoT) 物联网- 5G 第五代移动通信技术这些只是经贸英语词汇中的一部分，经贸领域非常广泛，涉及到众多专业和行业，因此还有很多其他的词汇和术语。

在经济和政治方面英语作文In terms of the economy, it's all about supply and demand. When there's high demand for a product or service, the price goes up. But if the supply is low, the price goes up even more. It's a delicate balance that can easily be disrupted by outside factors like government policies or natural disasters.Politics is a messy game of power and influence. It's all about who can pull the strings and make the decisions that affect everyone else. Sometimes it feels like the people in charge are more interested in their own agendas than actually helping the people they're supposed to represent.The economy is like a rollercoaster – it goes up and down, and you never really know what's coming next. One minute everything is booming, and the next, there's a recession. It's enough to make your head spin.When it comes to politics, it often feels like we're just pawns in a giant game of chess. The decisions that are made by those in power can have a huge impact on our lives, but we often feel like we have little to no control over what happens.At the end of the day, it's all about finding a balance between the needs of the economy and the desires of the people. It's a delicate dance that requires careful consideration and thoughtful decision-making.Politics and the economy are like two sides of the same coin – they're interconnected and constantly influencing each other. It's a complex relationship that requires a deep understanding of both to navigate successfully.。

Financial MarketsFinancial market金融市场: A financial market is a market in which people and entities can trade financial securities, commodities and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflects supply and demand.International financial market国际金融市场: A financial market that involves participants all over the world.(查不到自己编的，请慎重考虑)Direct financing直接融资: An investor purchases the securities issued by ultimate borrowers (i.e. without intermediaries).Indirect financing间接融资: Indirect financing is where borrowers borrow funds from the financial market through indirect means, such as through a financial intermediary.Money market货币市场: Money market is a component of financial market for assets involved in short-term borrowing, lending, buying and selling with ORIGINAL maturities of one year or less. Capital market资本市场: Capital market provides for the buying and selling of long-term(over 1 year) debts or equity-backed securities.Foreign exchange market (or currency market)外汇市场: Foreign exchange market deals with the exchanges of different means of payment.Primary market一级市场: A primary market is a market in which new issues of a security (like a bond or a stock), are sold to initial buyers by the corporation or government agency borrowing the funds.Secondary market二级市场: A secondary market is where is where the sale of previously issued securities takes place.Exchange market交易所市场: It is a highly organized market where tradable securities, commodities, foreign exchanges, futures and option contracts are sold and bought.OTC market柜台市场: over-the-counter market. A decentralized market of securities not listed on an exchange where market participants trade over the telephone, facsimile or electronic network instead of a physical trading floor.Technical analysis技术分析: It is the art of deducing probable future trend from historical records of stock trading. (the study of the stock market itself rather than external factors) Fundamental analysis基本面分析或基础分析: It examines all relevant factors affecting the stock price in order to determine an intrinsic value for that stock.The top-down approach or Economy-Industry-Company(EIC) model自上而下法:1)select a country which could offer the investors better returns from other economies;2)select promising industries and companies in this country.The bottom-up or stock picking approach自下而上法: It is to find undervalued stocks regardless of the market and industry factors.Capital MarketBond债券: Bonds are securities that represent a debt owed by the issuer to the investor. They obligate the issuer to pay a specified amount at a given date.Government notes and bonds(Treasury bonds)国库券: They are issued to finance the national debt. Difference: notes have a original maturity of 1year to 10 years while bonds have a original maturity of 10-30 years. Note that they are free of default risk.Corporate bonds公司债券: Large corporations issue bonds in order to borrow funds for long periods of time. The bond indenture is a contract that states the lender’s rights and privileges andthe the borrower’s obligations.Stock股票: Shares of stock in the firm represent ownership.Outstanding stock流通股: The shares of a corporation’s stock that have been issued and are in the hands of the public.Mortgage loan抵押贷款: A mortgage loan is a loan secured by real property.Foreign Exchange MarketExchange rate汇率: The ratio of two different currencies.Bills of exchange票据: They are financial documents that require the individual or business that is addressed in the document to pay a specified amount of money on a date that is cited in the document.Demand draft即期汇票: It is a check created by a merchant with a buyer’s checking account number on it, but without the buyer’s original signature.Bankers draft银行汇票: It is a check where the funds are taken directly from financial institutions rather than the individual drawer’s account.Foreign bond外国债务: A bond issued in a domestic market by a foreign entity, in the domestic market’s currency.Dividend check股利支票: A share of profits in the form of checks received by a stockholder. （查不到自己编的，请慎重考虑）Pension check养老金支票: A sum of money in the form of checks paid regularly as a retirement benefit or by way of patronage.(查不到自己编的，请慎重考虑。