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MVC框架中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)译⽂：Web 2.0下的Spring MVC框架摘要 - 当要建⽴丰富⽤户体验的WEB应⽤时，有⼤量的WED应⽤框架可以使⽤，却很少有该选择哪⼀种的指导。
WEB 2.0应⽤允许个体管理他们⾃⼰的在线⽹页，并能与其他在线⽤户和服务器共享。
这样分享需要访问控制器来实现。
然⽽，现有的访问控制器解决⽅案不是令⼈很满意。
因为在开放且由⽤户主导的WEB环境下，它满⾜不了⽤户的功能需求。
MVC框架是在所有的WEB开发框架中最受欢迎的。
模型-视图-控制器（MVC）是⼀种软件架构，如今被认为是⼀种体系结构在软件⼯程模式中使⽤。
该模式从⽤户界⾯（输⼊和演⽰）分离出了“领域逻辑”（基于⽤户的应⽤逻辑），它允许独⽴地开发，测试和维护每个分离的部分。
模型-视图-控制器（MVC）模型创建的应⽤分离为不同的层次应⽤，同时在每两者之间建⽴松散的耦合。
关键字 - Spring MVC, 结构， XStudio, SOA, 控制器I.绪论如何确切地定义⼀个⽹站为“WEB 2.0”的呢？关于这有着许多不同见解，使它很难精确地下⼀个确切的定论。
但当我们将所有的WEB开发框架过⼀遍之后它就会变得清晰了。
各种基于WEB开发的架构如下：●Ntier架构（Ntier Architecture）在软件⼯程中，多层架构（常被称为n-tier架构）是⼀种表⽰层，应⽤处理层和数据管理层在逻辑上分开处理的客户端-服务器架构。
例如，⼀个应⽤在⽤户与数据库之间使⽤中间件提供数据请求服务就⽤到了多层体系结构。
最为⼴泛应⽤的多层体系结构是三层架构。
N-tier 应⽤架构为开发者提供了⽤来创建了⼀个灵活且可复⽤的模型。
通过打破应⽤层次，开发者只需修改或添加⼀个特定的层，⽽不是要去重写⼀遍整个应⽤。
它需要有⼀个表⽰层，⼀个业务层或者数据访问层和⼀个数据层。
层（layer）和层(tier)之间的概念常常是可以互换的。
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题
Worlds Collide:
Exploring the Use of Social Media Technologies for
Online Learning
译文标题
世界的碰撞：
探索社交媒体技术在在线学习的应用
作者所在系别计算机科学与工程系作者所在专业计算机科学与技术作者所在班级
作者姓名
作者学号
指导教师姓名
指导教师职称讲师
完成时间2013年2月
北华航天工业学院教务处制
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：MVC设计模式文献、资料英文题目：THE MVC-WEB DESIGN PATTERN文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14MVC设计模式Ralph F. Grove计算机科学，詹姆斯麦迪逊大学，哈里森堡，美国弗吉尼亚州***************Eray Ozkan计算机科学，詹姆斯麦迪逊大学，哈里森堡，美国弗吉尼亚州*****************关键字：web，web框架，设计模式，模型-视图-控制器模式摘要：模型-视图-控制器模式被引用为许多web开发框架的基础架构。
然而，用于web开发的MVC 版本随着原来的Smalltalk的MVC的演变而发生了一些改变。
本文介绍了对这些变化的分析，并提出了一种独立的Web-MVC模式，用于更准确的描述MVC是如何在web框架中实现的。
1.介绍模型-视图-控制器(Modle-View-Controller，MVC)设计模式被一些web应用框架作为基础架构，例如，Rails，以及Struts。
MVC最初是在施乐帕克研究中心(Goldberg和Robson，1985)开发的Smalltalk编程环境中实现的。
为了适应web框架，MVC已经演变成了另一种方式，最终成为一种不同于其他任何设计模式，也与原始的Smaltalk完全不同的模式的实现。
本文的第一个目标是介绍MVC设计模式，其中包括它的原始形态(第2节)以及现代众所周知的用于web应用框架的变更后的形态(第3节)。
第二个目标是对这个模式演变后发生的变化进行评估，同时呈现演变后版本的有效性(第3节)。
最后，我们提出了一个标准的MVC-Web设计模式的描述，用于反映目前在web框架中模式的使用，同时又能保持原始的MVC中令人满意的特性。
基于MVC的web应用框架的修订版本已经被提出了(Chun, Yanhua, 和Hanhong, 2003) (Barrett和Delaney, 2004)。
英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。
2、一些免费的外文数据库或网站，为了方便大家查找，编者整理成文档供大家下载：国外免费文献数据库大全下载3、谷歌学术检索工具，检索时设置成只检索英文文献，键入与专业相关的关键词即可检索。
二、英文论文翻译格式与要求翻译的外文文献的字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
字数达到的文献一篇即可。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用＂脚注＂形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，不得采用翻译软件翻译。
中文译文的编排结构与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。
参考文献不必翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参考文献要求同），参考文献的序号应标注在译文中相应的地方。
中英文资料外文翻译计算机网络计算机网络，通常简单的被称作是一种网络，是一家集电脑和设备为一体的沟通渠道，便于用户之间的沟通交流和资源共享。
网络可以根据其多种特点来分类。
计算机网络允许资源和信息在互联设备中共享。
一．历史早期的计算机网络通信始于20世纪50年代末，包括军事雷达系统、半自动地面防空系统及其相关的商业航空订票系统、半自动商业研究环境。
1957年俄罗斯向太空发射人造卫星。
十八个月后，美国开始设立高级研究计划局(ARPA)并第一次发射人造卫星。
然后用阿帕网上的另外一台计算机分享了这个信息。
这一切的负责者是美国博士莱德里尔克。
阿帕网于来于自印度，1969年印度将其名字改为因特网。
上世纪60年代，高级研究计划局(ARPA)开始为美国国防部资助并设计高级研究计划局网(阿帕网)。
因特网的发展始于1969年，20世纪60年代起开始在此基础上设计开发，由此，阿帕网演变成现代互联网。
二．目的计算机网络可以被用于各种用途:为通信提供便利:使用网络，人们很容易通过电子邮件、即时信息、聊天室、电话、视频电话和视频会议来进行沟通和交流。
共享硬件:在网络环境下，每台计算机可以获取和使用网络硬件资源，例如打印一份文件可以通过网络打印机。
共享文件：数据和信息: 在网络环境中，授权用户可以访问存储在其他计算机上的网络数据和信息。
提供进入数据和信息共享存储设备的能力是许多网络的一个重要特征。
共享软件:用户可以连接到远程计算机的网络应用程序。
信息保存。
安全保证。
三．网络分类下面的列表显示用于网络分类：3．1连接方式计算机网络可以据硬件和软件技术分为用来连接个人设备的网络，如：光纤、局域网、无线局域网、家用网络设备、电缆通讯和G.hn（有线家庭网络标准）等等。
以太网的定义，它是由IEEE 802标准，并利用各种媒介，使设备之间进行通信的网络。
经常部署的设备包括网络集线器、交换机、网桥、路由器。
无线局域网技术是使用无线设备进行连接的。
网页设计与制作外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：网页设计与制作摘要论文将对个人网页设计与制作的方法、工具等展开研究和探讨。
在介绍网页设计与制作语言的基础上，着重使用JavaScript作为工具语言进行网页设计与制作的实际操作，分别对基于对象的JavaScript语言、内部对象系统的使用及WEB页面信息交互——窗口和框架进行详细描述，并利用具体的实例进行验证。
1.前言随着21世纪的到来，人们更深切地感受到计算机在生活和工作中的作用越来越重要，越来越来的职业需要具有计算机的应用技能。
掌握计算机是职业的需要，更是事业发展的需要。
网页设计与制作是计算机能力的具体表现，本章主要介绍网页设计的相关知识。
1.1 网页设计概述网站是企业向用户和网民提供信息(包括产品和服务)的一种方式,是企业开展电子商务的基础设施和信息平台，离开网站（或者只是利用第三方网站）去谈电子商务是不可能的。
企业的网址被称为“网络商标”，也是企业无形资产的组成部分，而网站是INTERNET 上宣传和反映企业形象和文化的重要窗口。
1.2 网页设计的要素网页设计的两大要素是：整体风格和色彩搭配。
一、确定网站的整体风格第二章HTML网页设计技术的应用2.1 HTML语言介绍HTML（HyperText Mark-up Language）即超文本标记语言或超文本链接标示语言，是目前网络上应用最为广泛的语言，也是构成网页文档的主要语言。
HTML文本是由HTML命令组成的描述性文本，HTML命令可以说明文字、图形、动画、声音、表格、链接等。
HTML的结构包括头部（Head）、主体（Body）两大部分，其中头部描述浏览器所需的信息，而主体则包含所要说明的具体内容。
2.1.1 HTML语言的特点HTML文档制作不是很复杂，且功能强大，支持不同数据格式的文件镶入，这也是WWW盛行的原因之一，HTML语言的特点如下：1、简易性，HTML版本升级采用超集方式，从而更加灵活方便。
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。
1 . Introduction To Objects1.1The progress of abstractionAll programming languages provide abstractions. It can be argued that the complexity of the problems you’re able to solve is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction。
By “kind” I mean，“What is it that you are abstracting?” Assembly language is a small abstraction of the underlying machine. Many so—called “imperative” languages that followed （such as FORTRAN，BASIC, and C) were abstractions of assembly language。
These languages are big improvements over assembly language，but their primary abstraction still requires you to think in terms of the structure of the computer rather than the structure of the problem you are trying to solve。
The programmer must establish the association between the machine model (in the “solution space，” which is the place where you’re modeling that problem, such as a computer) and the model of the problem that is actually being solved (in the “problem space,” which is the place where the problem exists). The effort required to perform this mapping, and the fact that it is extrinsic to the programming language，produces programs that are difficult to write and expensive to maintain，and as a side effect created the entire “programming methods” industry.The alter native to modeling the machine is to model the problem you’re trying to solve。
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为一项工程进行开发的。
这项工程的目的，是为了建立远距离之间点与点的通信，以便处理国家军事范围内的紧急事件，例如核战争。
这项工程被命名为ARPAnet，它就是Internet的前身。
建立此工程的主要应用对象就是军事通讯，那些负责ARPAnet的工程师们当时也没有想到它将成为“Internet”。
根据定义，一个“Internet”应该由四或者更多的计算机连接起来的网络。
ARPAnet是通过一种叫TCP/IP的协议实现连网工作的。
此协议最基础的工作原理是：如果信息在网络中的一条路径发送失败，那么它将找到其他路径进行发送，就好象建立一种语言以便一台计算机与其他计算机“交谈”一样，但不注意它是PC，或是Macintosh。
到了20世纪80年代，ARPAnet已经开始变成目前更为有名的Internet了，它拥有200台在线主机。
国防部很满意ARPAnets的成果，于是决定全力将它培养为能够联系很多军事主机，资源共享的服务网络。
到了1984年，它就已经超过1000台主机在线了。
在1986年ARPAnet关闭了，但仅仅是建立它的机构关闭了，而网络继续存在与超过1000台的主机之间。
由于使用NSF连接失败，ARPAnet才被关闭。
NSF是将5个国家范围内的超级计算机连入ARPAnet。
随着NSF的建立，新的高速的传输介质被成功的使用，在1988年，用户能通过56k的电话线上网。
在那个时候有28，174台主机连入Internet。
到了1989年有80，000台主机连入Internet。
到1989年末，就有290，000台主机连入了。
另外还有其他网络被建立，并支持用户以惊人的数量接入。
于1992年正式建立。
现状——Internet如今，Internet已经成为人类历史上最先进技术的一种。
每个人都想“上网”去体验一下Internet中的信息财富。
中英文资料翻译With the popularity of the Inter NET applications, a variety of Web Information System Has become a pressing issue. Establish the essence of Web information systemsDevelopment of a Web repository (database as the core of a variety of Web letterInformation storage) as the core Web applications. Currently, the Web repositorydevelopment technologyOperation of a wide range of different characteristics. Various periods at all levels, a variety of purposes Technology co-exist, dizzying mirror chaos, it is difficult to choose. More popularJava of Ser vet Web repository development program a more practical Of choice.Servlet is running the applet on the Web server, can be completed Xu Multi-client Applet can not complete the work, which runs on the server and clientsNo end, do not download do not by the client security restrictions, the running speedGreatly increasedAndApplet running in a browser and extend the browser's ability similar Like, Serv the let run in the Web server to enable Java Serv the let engineAnd expand the capacity of the server. Therefore, we can say Serv the let is run inApplet on a Web server, Serv the let Jav a Ser vlet API And Jav a program of classes and packages.1Servlet access model2Serv the let, there are three access models:(1) an access model1 browser to Web server to issue a retrieval request.2 the Web server after receipt of therequest, the request forwarded to the Servle tengine.3 Serlet engine to perform the requested the Servlet and directly through JDBC4Servlet throughJDBC toretrieve searchresults to generate the html page andPage back to the Web server.5 the Web server the page is sent back to the browser.(2)The second access model1 browser to Web server to issue a retrieval request.2 the Web server receives the request afterthe request forwarded to the of Ser v the letengine.3 Serv let engine to perform the request the the Servlet and retrieve sentJa, vabean access to the data.4data access the Ja vabean searchable database through JDBC informationAnd from the search results stored in itself.5Servlet remove searchresults from the data access Javabean generateHtml page and Ht ml of page back to the w eb server.6 the Web server the page is sent back to the browser.(3) The third access model1 A browser issue a retrieval request to the Web server.2 Web server receives the request after the request forwardedto the of Ser v the let engine.Of Ser vlet engine to perform therequested Servlet directly through JDBC inspection3 The cable database and search results are stored in the result is stored the Jav abean into.Javabean,4. Ser v the let from the results arestored to remove the search results andJSP files to format the output page.2 Servlet functionality and life cycle2.1Servlet functions(1) Create and return dynamic Web pages based on customer requests.(2) create can be embedded into existing HTML pages as part of HTML Page (HT fragment) of the ML.(3) and other server resources (including databases and applications based on the Jav aProgram) to communicate.(4) to handle multiple client connections,receiving the input of more than one client, and The results broadcast to multiple clients. For example, Ser vlet is a multi-participantGame server.(5) of MIM E type filter information on the special handling, such as imageConversion and server-side include (SSI).(6) custom processing available to all servers in the standard routine.2.2Servlet lifecycleServlet life cycle begins with it into the Web server's memory And end in the termination or re-loaded Serv the let.(1)load.Load the servlet at the following times:1.If you have configured automatic load option,and then start the Web server automatically loaded2.After the start of the Web server, the client Serv thelet issued for the first time, please Demand.3.Reload Serv the let.Loaded Servlet, Web servers to create a servlet instance, and Servlet's init () method is called. Servlet initialization parameters in the in itialization phase, The number is passed to the Servlet configuration object.(2)terminateWhen the Web server no longer needs the servlet, or reload ServletA new instance of the server calls Serv the let's destroy () method, remove it from the Memory deleted.3 How to call ServletMethod of Ser vlet is called Total five kinds: call in the URL in the form<Form> Tag call, call, in HT the ML page in the JSP files Call, call in an ASP file. The following itemized to be introduced.(1)call the servlet in the URL.Simply input format in the browser as http: ∥ yo ur webser ver the same the ser vlet name name / servlet path / servlet the URL toThe site canbe. Ofwhich:your webser ver name is to refer to the Servlet where theWeb server name, the servlet path is the path refers to the Servlet, the servletThe name refers to the Servlet real name or an alias.(2)call the Servlet <FORM> tagsCall of Ser the let the the <FORM> tag allows users to input data on the Web page, andinput data submitted to the vlet of Ser.Serv the let will be submitted to receive data in different ways.For example: <FORM METHOD = "POST / a GET" the ACTION = "/ servletpat h / serv let name"> {place the text inputarea tags, buttons and other logos}(3)in the HTML page to call the servlet.Use <SERVLET> mark <FORM> tags, no need to create a complete HTML page.Instead,the servlet output isonly part of the HTMLpage ( HTML fragment) and dynamicallyembedded into the static text in the original HTML page.All this happened on the server andsent to the user only the resulting HTML page.<SERVLET> </ SERVLET> tag contained in the originalHTML page.Servlet will be invoked in these two markers and the Ser vlet response will cover these two markersbetween all things and mark itself, for example:〈SERVLET NAME= “my serv let ”CODE= “my serv let .class”CODEBASE= “u r l”initpar am= “v alue”〉〈PARAM NAME= “parm1”VALU E= “v alue1”〉〈PARAM NAME= “parm2”VALU E= “v alue2”〉⋯⋯〈/SERVLET 〉(4)call the servlet in the JSP files.Call in the JSP file format used by the Servlet and HTML page to call exactly the same.Andthe principles are identical. Only reconcile its dynamic JSP file is not a static HTML page.(5)in an ASP file calls the servlet.Ifyou Micr oso ft I nt ernet Informatio n-Ser ver (II S) on the legacy of the ASP file, and can not be ASP files transplanted into a JSP file, you can use the ASP file to of Ser vlet iscalled.But it must be through a special ActiveX control, an ASP file is only through it can callthe servlet.4Servlet Howto use ConnectionManager to efficiently manage the databaseconnection(1)the functionality of the Connection Manager.For non-Web applications, Web-based application access to the database will lead tohigher and unpredictable overhead, whichis due to more frequent Web users connect anddisconnect.Normally connected to the resources used and disconnect from the databasewill farexceed the resources used in the retrieval.ConnectionManager function is tominimize the additional occupancy of the usersof the database resources to achieve thebestperformance of database access.Connection Manager sharing overhead through the establishmentof the connection poolwill connect users Servlet available to multiple users request.In other words, each userrequest onlythe connect / disconnect with a smallportion of the overhead costs.Initialresources toestablish the connection of the buffer pool, the rest of th e connect / disconnectoverhead is not big, because this isonly reuse the existing connection.Serv the let in the following manner using the connectionpool: When a user throughRequest Web Serv the let the let Serv use anexisting connection from the buffer poolNext, this means that the user requests do notcause the connection to the databasesystem overhead. InAfter the termination of serv the let it connect toreturn to the pool for its Connection ManagerThe Ser vlet. Thus, the user request does not cause the database is disconnectedOf system overhead.Connection Manager also allows users to be able tocontrol the concurrency of thedatabase products evenThen the number. When the database licenseagreement limit the number of users, this feature isVery useful. Create a buffer pool for the database, and connection managementBuffering pool "maximum number of connections" parameter setto the database product license limitGiven maximum number of users. If you use otherprograms without Connection ManagerconnectionsDatabase, you can not guarantee that the method is effective.(2)the structure of the Connection Manager.(3)Connection Manager connection pool to maintain a connection to aspecific database is open. Step 1: When the first Serv the let trying to Connection Manager communications is loaded by the Java Application Server Connection Manager. As long as the Java application server running the Connection Manager has been loaded. Step 2: The Java application server passes the request to a servlet. Step 3: Servlet Connection Manager requests a connection from the pool. Step four: the buffer pool to Ser vlet allocated a pool of existing idleconnection. Step 5: servlet to use to connect a direct dialogue with the database, this process is the standard API for a particular database. Step 6: the database through Ser vlet the connection returns data. Step 7: When the Servlet end to communicate with the database, servlet connections returned to the connection manager pool for other servlet uses. Step 8: Servlet Jav a application server to the user sends back response.Servlet requests a connection, if the buffer pool, there is no idle connection, then the connection manager directly communicate with the database. Connection Manager will: Step 9: to the database requests a new connection. Step 10: Add connections to the buffer pool. If the buffer pool is connected to the prescribed ceiling, connect to the serverWill not be a new connection to join the buffer pool(3) the performance characteristics of the Connection Manager. Buffer pool to create a new connection is a high overhead tasks, new connections will use the resources on the database. Therefore, the Connection Manager the best use of existing connections of the buffer pool to meet the request of the Servlet. Meanwhile, the connecting tubeThe processor must be as much as possible to minimize the buffer pool idle connections, because this is a great waste of system resources. Connection Manager Serv the let with the implementation of these minimize and maximize task. Connection Manager to maintain each connection verification time stamp, and recently used tags and use the logo. When the a Ser vlet first the connection, connection verification time stamp, and most recent time stamp is set to the current time, the connection is being used flag is set totrue.Connection Manager can be removed from a Serv the let along-unused connections, this length of time specified by the Connection Manager, the longest cycle parameters.Connection Manager can view recently used mark is being used to connect. If the time between the most recently used time and time difference is greater than the longest cycle configuration parameters, the connection will be considered to be a residual connection, which indicates Serv the let take its discontinued or no response. Residual connection will be returned to the pool for other Ser vlet, it is being used flag is set to false, authentication and time stamp is set to the current time. If Ser vlet is ready within a longer period of time to use the connection with the database several timesCommunications, you must code to the Serv the let, so that each time you use to connectConfirm that it still occupies this connection.Connection Manager can be removed from the buffer pool idle connections, because theyWould be a waste of resources. In order to determine which connection is idle, Connection Manager will checkInvestigation connected the sign and time stamp, this operation is connected by periodic access toBuffer pool information. Connection Manager checks have not been any Ser vlet makeWith the connections (these connections is to use the logo isfalse). If you have recently usedBetween time and the current time difference exceeds a maximum idle time configuration parameters, theThat the connection is idle. Idle connection will be removed from the buffer pool, down toMinimum number of connections configuration parameter specifies the lower limit value.翻译：随着Inter net 的普及应用, 各种Web 信息系统的建立已成为一个迫在眉睫的问题。
