英文文献讲解

英文文献讲解评分标准表Alright, here's a sample of a grading criteria sheetfor English literature presentations, written in an informal and varied style:---。

When grading English literature presentations, there are a few key things we look for. First off, clarity of expression. We want to hear ideas explained in a way that's easy to understand, without too much jargon or complicated language. Simple, yet effective communication is key.Next, depth of analysis. A good presentation digs into the text, exploring themes, characters, and plot devices. It doesn't just skim the surface but goes deep, providing insights that make us see the work in a new way.Visual aids and organization are also important. Awell-structured presentation with relevant slides orhandouts helps keep the audience engaged. It shows that the speaker has planned their talk and knows how to present information in a logical, easy-to-follow manner.Creativity and originality are always a plus. It's great to hear fresh perspectives on familiar texts. When a speaker brings something new to the conversation, it keeps things interesting and opens up new avenues for discussion.Finally, we look for enthusiasm and confidence. A speaker who's passionate about the.。

专业英语文献阅读专业英语文献阅读在学术研究中扮演着重要的角色，它不仅可以帮助我们了解最新的研究进展，还能够提升我们自身的学术水平。

然而，对于许多非英语母语的研究者来说，阅读英语文献可能会成为一种挑战。

本文将就专业英语文献阅读进行讨论，并分享一些提高阅读能力的方法。

首先，要提高英语文献阅读的效率和质量，最基本的要求是具备扎实的英语基础。

这包括对英语语法、词汇、句型等方面有一定的了解。

同时，熟悉学术英语的特点也是必不可少的，比如常用的学术词汇、写作风格等。

只有具备了这些基础知识，才能更好地理解文献内容，把握作者的观点和论证。

其次，要善于利用工具和资源来辅助阅读。

现在有许多在线词典和翻译工具可以帮助我们随时查阅生词的意思，或者翻译不懂的句子。

此外，一些学术搜索引擎和数据库也是我们获取文献信息的重要途径。

通过这些工具和资源，我们可以更快地找到我们需要的文献，提高阅读效率。

再者，要注重阅读策略的培养。

在阅读英语文献时，我们可以采取一些策略来帮助我们更好地理解文本。

比如，可以先快速浏览全文，把握文章的结构和主要内容；然后再仔细阅读每一段落，理清作者的论证逻辑；最后，可以总结文章的主旨和亮点，加深对文献的理解和记忆。

此外，要多加练习和积累经验。

阅读英语文献是一个技能活动，需要不断地练习和积累经验才能提高。

可以选择一些感兴趣的主题或领域，多读一些相关的文献，逐渐提升阅读能力。

同时，可以参加一些学术讨论或研讨会，和他人交流和分享自己的阅读体会，从中获取更多的启发和经验。

总的来说，专业英语文献阅读对于学术研究者来说是一项必备的技能。

通过不断地学习和练习，我们可以提高自己的阅读能力，更好地理解和运用英语文献，为自己的学术研究打下坚实的基础。

希望以上提到的一些方法和建议能够对大家有所帮助，让我们在英语文献的海洋中畅游自如。

附录How Clutches WorkIf you drive a manual transmission car, you may be surprised to find out that it has more than one clutch. And it turns out that folks with automatic transmission cars have clutches, too. In fact, there are clutches in many things you probably see or use every day: Many cordless drills have a clutch, chain saws have a centrifugal clutch and even some yo-yos have a clutch.CIn!cp I山g?e CgIIeL入D!g?Lg山 o\ cgL 2poM!u? cIn!cp Iocg!!ou. eee 山oLe cIn!cp !山g?e2In this article, you'll learn why you need a clutch, how the clutch in your car works and find out some interesting, and perhaps surprising, places where clutches can be found. Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one of the shafts is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another device. In a drill, for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together and spin at the same speed,or be decoupled and spin at different speeds.In a car,you need a clutch because the engine spins all the time,but the car's wheels do not. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnectedf rom the engine somehow. The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them.To understand how a clutch works, it helps to know a little bit about friction, which is a measure of how hard it is to slide one object over another. Friction is caused by the peaks and valleys that are part of every surface -- even very smooth surfaces still have microscopic peaks and valleys. The larger these peaks and valleys are, the harder it is to slide the object. You can learn more about friction in How Brakes Work.A clutch works because of friction between a clutch plate and a flywheel. We'll look at how these parts work together in the next section.Fly Wheels,Clutch Plates and FrictionIn a car’s clutch, a flywheel connects to the engine, and a clutch plate connects to the transmission. You can see what this looks like in the figure below.When your foot is off the pedal, the springs push the pressure plate against the clutch disc, which in turn presses against the flywheel. This locks the engine to the transmission input shaft, causing them to spin at the same speed.Pressure plateThe amount of force the clutch can hold depends on the friction between the clutch plate and the flywheel, and how much force the spring puts on the pressure plate. The friction force in the clutch works just like the blocks described in the friction section of How Brakes Work, except that the spring presses on the clutch plate instead of weight pressing the block into the ground.W h en the clutch pedal is pressed, a cable or hydraulic piston pushes on the release fork, which presses the throw-out bearing against the middle of the diaphragm spring. As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc (see below). This r eleases the clutch from the spinning engine.Common ProblemsFrom the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and 70,000 miles from your car's clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 miles if you use them gently and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start to break down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequently tow heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches.Photo courtesy Carolina MustangClutch plateThe clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. It's only when the clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, you'll wear out your clutch a lot faster.Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. If your clutch won't release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding, or completely p revent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutch may stick are: Broken or stretched clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount of tension to push and pull effectively.Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep the cylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure.Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space the fluid needs to build pressure.Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits the wrong amount of force.Mismatched clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your clutch.depress fully. If you have to press hard on the pedal, there may be something wrong. Sticking or binding in the pedal linkage, cable, cross shaft, or pivot ball are common causes. S o metimes a blockage or worn seals in the hydraulic system can also cause a hard clutch. Another problem associated with clutches is a worn throw-out bearing, sometimes called a clutch release bearing. This bearing applies force to the fingers of the spinning pressure plate to release the clutch.If you hear a rumbling sound when the clutch engages,you might have a problem with the throw-out.Types of ClutchesThere are many other types of clutches in your car and in your garage.An automatic transmission contains several clutches. These clutches engage and disengage various sets of planetary gears. Each clutch is put into motion using pressurized hydraulic fluid. When the pressure drops, springs cause the clutch to release. Evenly spacedridges, called splines, line the inside and outside of the clutch to lock into the gears and the clutch housing. You can read more about these clutches in How Automatic Transmissions Work.An air conditioning, compressor in a car has an electromagnetic clutch. This allows the compressor to shut off even while the engine is running. When current flows through a magnetic coil in the clutch, the clutch engages. As soon as the current stops, such as when you turn off your air conditioning, the clutch disengages.Most cars that have an engine-driven cooling fan have a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch -- the temperature of the fluid actually drives the clutch. This clutch is positioned at the hub of the fan, in the airflow coming through the radiator. This type of clutch is a lot like the viscous coupling sometimes found in all-wheel drive cars. The fluid in the clutch gets thicker as it heats up, causing the fan to spin faster to catch up with the engine rotation. When the car is cold, the fluid in the clutch remains cold and the fan spins s lowly, allowing the engine to quickly warm up to its proper operating temperature.Many cars have limited slip differentials or viscous couplings, both of which use clutches to help increase traction. When your car turns, one wheel spins faster than the other, which makes the car hard to handle. The slip differential makes up for that with the help of its clutch. When one wheel spins faster than the others, the clutch engages to slow it down and match the other three. Driving over puddles of water or patches of ice can also spin your wheels. You can learn more about differentials and viscous couplings in How Differentials Work.Gas-powered chain saws and weed eaters have centrifugal clutches, so that the chains or strings can stop spinning without you having to turn off the engine. These clutches work automatically through the use of centrifugal force. The input is connected to the engine crankshaft. The output can drive a chain, belt or shaft. As the rotations per minute increase, w eighted arms swing out and force the clutch to engage. Centrifugal clutches are also often found in lawn mowers, go-karts, mopeds and mini-bikes. Even some yo-yos are m anufactured with centrifugal clutches.C lu tches are valuable and necessary to a number of applications. For more information on clutches and related topics, check out the links on the following page.离合器工作原理如果您驾驶手动变速箱的汽车，您可能会惊讶地发现，它有一个以上的离合器。

专业英语英文文献
专业英语文献是指用英语撰写的学术或专业性质的文献，涵盖
各个领域的研究成果、学术论文、期刊文章、书籍、报告等。

这些
文献通常具有较高的学术水平和专业性，用于传播学术知识和研究
成果，促进学术交流和学科发展。

专业英语文献的特点包括严谨的
逻辑结构、丰富的学术术语和专业名词、精准的表达和专业化的语
言风格。

在不同学科领域，专业英语文献的写作风格和要求会有所不同。

例如，在科学领域的文献中，通常会包括研究方法、实验数据、结
果分析和结论等内容，语言严谨、精准；而在人文社科领域的文献中，可能更注重理论探讨、案例分析和学术观点的阐述，语言可能
更富有文学性和表达力。

阅读专业英语文献有助于学术研究者了解最新的研究成果和学
术观点，促进学术交流和合作。

同时，撰写专业英语文献也是学术
研究者交流学术成果、推动学科发展的重要方式。

因此，掌握有效
的英语写作技巧和学术表达能力对于从事学术研究的人来说至关重要。

总之，专业英语文献在学术交流和学科发展中扮演着重要的角色，对于学术研究者来说，阅读和撰写专业英语文献都是必不可少的能力和技能。

通过不断的学习和实践，提升自己的英语写作水平和学术表达能力，将有助于更好地参与到学术交流和学科建设中。

《the road to success课文讲解》
《the road to success》是一篇关于成功的课文，它通过讲述一个成功人士的成长经历，向读者传达了成功的道路并不是一蹴而就，而是需要不断的努力和坚持。

本文将从背景介绍、课文分析、重点词汇和短语、思考与探究以及参考文献五个方面进行讲解。

一、背景介绍
《the road to success》是一篇经典的英文课文，它以一个成功人士的成长经历为例，向读者展示了成功的道路并不容易，需要经历无数的挫折和困难。

这篇课文旨在鼓励读者勇敢面对挑战，坚持不懈地追求自己的梦想。

二、课文分析
1. 主题明确：本文以“成功”为主题，通过讲述一个成功人士的成长经历，向读者传达了成功的真谛。

2. 结构清晰：文章结构严谨，层次分明，通过描述主人公的成长经历，逐步揭示成功的秘诀。

3. 语言简练：文章语言简练，表达清晰，易于理解。

三、重点词汇和短语
1.词汇：succeed、achieve、struggle、persevere、setback、encourage、motivate 等。

2.短语：through hard work、with perseverance等。

四、思考与探究
1. 你认为成功的关键是什么？结合自身经历谈一谈。

2. 你在追求成功的过程中遇到了哪些困难？你是如何克服的？
3. 联系实际，谈谈你对“坚持不懈”的理解。

五、参考文献
1. 《新概念英语》教材
2. 相关学术文章和书籍推荐
通过以上五个方面的讲解，相信读者们能够更好地理解《the road to success》这篇课文，并从中汲取到成功的智慧和力量。

Citing Sources: Principles and ExamplesRichard N. L. AndrewsUpdated August 2008It is very important that you develop good habits of documenting the sources of both factual statements and the ideas, opinions, and arguments of other people that you use in any paper you write. One basic reason for this is to be able to support the statements you make and the facts you use if someone else should challenge or disagree with them. A second is to distinguish clearly between someone else’s ideas and arguments and your own, and not confuse the two. And a third is to protect your own integrity against either deliberate or accidental representation of someone else’s ideas or work as your own, which if intentional is known as plagiarism and is a serious violation of the UNC Honor Code and of the standards of ethical writing.Here are a few key recommendations:1.When you take notes on readings, either (1) take direct quotations (usingquotation marks, even in your notes) and a full, exact citation with it at the sametime (i ncluding page number, so that you don’t have to go back and find it again), or (2) write your notes in sentences beginning, “Jones argues that…” or “Smithsays that…” (and again, take an exact citation for future reference). Do not justcut and paste without including quotation marks and a citation, and do not writeout directly copied or closely paraphrased material without including a citation of where it was from – both these practices may lead you later to misremember orrationalize what was your own w riting versus what was the original author’s.2.When you use other authors’ materials in your paper, always use it in the formsdiscussed above, and always cite it (e.e. Andrews, 2003: 2). This also has thebenefit of setting up the other author’s point for you to interpret or critique usingdifferent facts or your own counter-arguments, clearly showing your own ideas as different (“Adams argues that …, on the basis that …. In the case we are presently discussing, however, I believe a different interpretatio n is more persuasive [or, “In this case, however, the facts seem to lead to a different conclusion….”] Forexample, ….”).3.Citations can be done in any of several different ways in different fields andpublications. Unless there is a good reason to do otherwise, I encourage studentsto use the “Author, date: page” citation system (e.g. Andrews et al., 2003: 26).This is the simplest and most efficient way to do it, and it allows you to relateyour references to a single alphabetical reference list or bibliography, avoidcomplicated footnoting (id., ibid., op. cit., etc.), and use footnotes only for moredetailed explanation or interesting side-issues on a particular point in the text ofthe paper.4.Materials cited from on-line sources must include (1) the author and title of theactual document found, and the exact Internet URL where it is located (not justthe search engine page, or the main home page of the site on which you found it);(2) the actual date of its publication, if given; (3) any additional informationavailable about the actual original date of publication and publisher; and (4) thedate on which you accessed the web page (since Internet sites can change overtime, and documents be moved around). If something you find on the Internetcannot be identified in this way, it should be used only as the opinion or positionof the group that runs that site (and should be cited accordingly), or as anunreliable source of information.5.Particularly when using materials from Internet sites, be a critical reader, and docareful checking yourself to determine both the quality of the evidence andreasoning of the paper itself, and what sort of organization is providing thisinformation. Many are ideologically-oriented advocacy groups, even thoughlabeled as “n on-partisan research organizations” or “foundations” or “institutes”;some are deliberately misleading, seeking to persuade you of their credibility orneutrality when they are in fact covertly “fronting for” a different point of view(this is true for example of some groups attacking environmental policies). Check the group’s mission statement and other subsidiary pages about it and about itsagenda; check what kinds of other sites it links you to; check the names of keyindividuals associated with the sit e (you can “Google” them to see what they’vewritten or who else they’re affiliated with); check even the webmaster’s or“contact us” email address to see if it takes you to some other underlying group’s web site. Then read the articles themselves skeptically, as you should anythingelse, with careful attention to evidence and reasoning; and always be aware thatthere may be at least one differing point of view, and look carefully to see whichone you think is most persuasive. For an excellent guide to evaluating evidence in printed sources, which is also a very good starting point on the same issues inInternet sources, see /depts/wcweb/handouts/evidence.html.6.For a very good handout providing additional detail on proper citation,plagiarism, and how to use other authors’ materials properly, see/depts/wcweb/handouts/plagiarism.html (accessed August 22, 2008). Please read it, and print it or download it to your own computer forfuture reference. For excellent handouts on many other aspects of good writingpractices, see /depts/wcweb/handouts/ (accessed August 22,2008).Here are some examples of how to accurately cite several kinds of materials: a book, a book chapter, a journal or magazine article, a newspaper article, a government report, and a report on the Internet:Andrews, Richard N. L. 1999. Managing the Environment,. Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press. 416 pp. [Cite in paper as Andrews, 1999: pp.]Applebaum, Richard P., and Gary Gereffi. 1994. Power and Profits in the Apparel Commodity Chain. Chapter 3 in Global Production: The Apparel Industry in thePacific Rim, edited by Edna Bonacich et al. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, pp. 42-62. [cite in paper as Applebaum and Gereffi, 1994: pp.]Darnall, Nicole; Gallagher, Deborah R.; Andrews, R. N. L.; and Deborah Amaral. 2000.Environmental Management Systems: Opportunities for Improved Environmental and Business Strategy? Environmental Quality Management 9(3): 1-9. [This means Volume 9, Number 3, pages 1-9. Cite in paper as Darnall et al., 2000: pp.]Rives, Karen. 2002. The High Price of Free Trade: No End in Sight to N.C. Job Losses.Raleigh News & Observer, August 18, 2002, p. 1A. [Note that while this is anewspaper article found on line, the proper citation is to the author of the article and the actual date of its publication, and the page number if available, not just to the web site or search engine].U. S. Congress. House Committees on Agriculture and on Foreign Affairs. 1990. Review of U.S. International Food Assistance Programs. Joint hearing, November 1, 1989, Serial no. 101-32. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. [This showsproper citation for a government document – in this case a Congressional hearing –showing how to cite the report of a specific committee of the Congress, or of aspecific office or bureau within a larger government agency. If available on theInternet, you would also add the Internet citation using the style below, being sure to use an actual Internet page URL and not simply a search-engine character string.] Connor, Timothy. 2002. We Are Not Machines: Indonesian Nike and Adidas Workers.Ottawa, Canada & Victoria, Australia: Oxfam. On line at/campaigns/nike/pdf/Wearenotmachines.pdf,accessed September 24, 2002. [Note that this is a good example of a paper actually written by one individual and published by one organization, but posted on line on another group’s web site. Be sure to identify the original author and publisher ifidentifiable. Also be sure you are getting an actual URL web address for this specific document, not simply a “frame” citing only the organization’s m ain home page].。