Chapter 4 练习题

Chapter Four From Word to TextI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.of the following term does NOT mean the same as the relation of substitutabilityA. Associative relationB. Paradigmatic relationC. Vertical relationD. Horizontal relation2. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjuncts clauses and _______.A. relative clausesB. adverbial clausesC. coordinate clausesD. subordinate clauses3. Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT ______.A. subjects and objectsB. objects and predicatorsC. modifiers and complementsD. endocentric and exocentric4. In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of perception and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT _______.A. inflectionB. following a prepositionC. word orderD. vertical relation5. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by _____ and ____.A. subject; objectB. subject; predicateC. predicate; objectD. object; predicate6. Phrase structure rules have _____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Which of the following is NOT among the three basic ways to classify languages in the worldA. Word orderB. Genetic classificationC. Areal classificationD. Social classification8. The head of the phrase the city Rome is ______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase on the shelf belongs to ______ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves is a _____ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1.The relation of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations,partly to paradigmatic relations.2.One property coordination reveals is that there is a limit on the numberof coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.3.According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, deep structure contain allthe information necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences.4.In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to wordorder and by inflections of pronouns.5.Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-onerelation.ually noun phrases, verb phrases and adverbial phrases belong toendocentric types of constriction.7.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct objectusually follows the verb.8.In the exocentric construction John kicked the ball, neitherconstituent stands for the verb-object sequence.9.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.10.In a coordinate sentence, two (or more) S constituents occur asdaughters and co-heads of a higher S.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.1.The subordinate constituents are words which modify the Heads andconsequently, they can be called m____________.2.John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The partin the bracket is a c_________ clause.3.In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, wehave another two terms, p____________ and n__________.4.There is a tendency to make a distinction between phrase and w_______,which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.5.Recursiveness, together with o_______, is generally regarded as thecore of creativity of language.6.Traditionally, p_________ is seen as part of a structural hierarchy,positioned between clause and word.7.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identitythe s______ relationship between words in a sentence.8.Clause can be classifies into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, the latterincluding the traditional infinitive phrase, p__________, and gerundial phrase.9.Gender displays such contrasts as masculine: feminine: n_______.10.English gender contrast can only be observed in g__________ and a smallnumber of l__________ and they are mainly of the natural gender type.IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1.Syntax2.IC analysis3.Relation of co-occurrence4.Category5.RecursivenessVI. Answer the following question.1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction2.What are the basic functional terms in syntaxVII. Essay question.1.Explain an comment on the following sentence a and b.a.John is easy to please.b.John is eager to please.ment on the statement, “Linguistic structure is hiearchical”I. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but they arecapable of yielding an infinite number of sentences.2.Although, a single word can also be uttered as a sentence, normallya sentence consists of at least a subject, its predicate and an object.\3.The sentences are linearly structured, so they are composed of sequenceof words arranged in a simple linear order.4. his upon an idea.idea hit upon John.In the above sentences, the subject and object constituent by the sentences switch their position. Although sentence b is absurd, it is still grammatical, because John and an idea are of the same phrasal category.5.Though they are of a small number, the combinational rules are powerfulenough to yield all the possible sentences and rule out the impossible ones.6.In a sentence like Mary likes flowers, both Mary and flowers are notonly Nouns, but also Noun Phrases.7.The recursive property can basically be discussed in a category-basedgrammar, but not in a word-based grammar.8.An XP must contain an X which is called the phrasal head.9.In the phrase this very tall girl, tall girl is an obligatory elementand the head of the phrase.10.a. The man beat the child. b. The child was beaten by the man.In the above sentences, the movement of the child from its original place to a new place is a WH- movement.11.Tense and aspect, the two important categories of the verb, nowadaysare viewed as separate notions in grammar.12.The structuralists regard linguistic units as isolated bits in astructure (or system).13.IC analysis can help us to see the internal structure of a sentenceclearly and it can also distinguish the ambiguity of a sentence. 14.Structural linguists hold that a sentence does only have a linearstructure, but it has a hierarchical structure, made up of layers of word groups.15.In Saussure’s view, the linguist cannot attempt to explain individualsigns in a piecemeal fashion. Instead he must try to find the value of a sign from its relation to others, or rather, its position in the system.16.The theme-rheme order is the usual one in unemotional narration, whichis a subjective order.17.What is new in Halliday is that he has tried to relate the functionsof language to its structure.18.Sentence is a basic unit of structure in functional grammar.19.The interpersonal function of language refers to the idea held byHalliday that language serves ot establish and maintain social relations.20.Finite is a function in the clause as a representation, both therepresentation of outer experience and inner experience.21.The relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations,partly to paradigmatic relations.22.According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able togenerate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language.23.In English, the subject of a sentence is said to be the doer of anaction, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer.Therefore, the subject is always an agent and the patient is always the object.24.In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to wordorder and by inflections of pronouns.25.Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-onerelation.26.The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, and there area limited number of sentences which can be produced.27.Structuralism views language as both linearly and hierarchicallystructured.28.Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntacticcategories are formed and sentences generated.29.UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specificgift which exists in the mind of a normal human being.30.Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and theywere separated in traditional grammar.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s). 1.As is required by the ______, a noun phrase must have case and caseis assigned by verb, or preposition to the _________ position or by auxiliary to the ________ position.2.Adjacency condition states that a case _________ and a case _______should stay adjacent to each other.3.The general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of anyconstituent movement is called __________.4.The phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generatesentences at the level of _________.5.The application of syntactic movement rules transforms a sentence fromthe level of ________ to that of ______.6.In English there are two major types of movement, one involving themovement of an NP is called __________ movement and the other a WH-word is called _________movement.7.a. The boy ate the apple.c.The apple was eaten by the boy.In Sentence b, the boy and the apple are moved from their original positions in Sentence a to new positions, with the boy _________ to the right and the man ________ to the left.8.In the sentence the man was bitten by a dog, the man is both the _______subject and the ___________ object.9.The decision on where to make the cuts in IC analysis relies on ________:whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same.10.IC Analysis is different from the traditional parsing in that ICemphasizes the function of the _________ level-word group, seeing a hierarchical structure of the sentence as well.11.The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head andconsequently, they can be called __________.12.John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman).The part in the bracket is a __________ clause.13.In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, wehave another two terms, ________ and _________.14.English gender contrast can only be observed in ________ and a smallnumber of _______ and they are mainly of the natural gender type. 15.There is tendency to make a distinction between phrase and ________,which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.16.Recursiveness, together with _________, is generally regarded as thecore of creativity of language.17.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicatewhich contains a ________ verb or a verb phrase.18.The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structureof a sentence is ________.19.The starting point of an utterance which is known in the givensituation and from which the speaker proceeds is named ________. 20.___________ structure can become the sole responsible structure forsemantic interpretation by the introduction of the trace theory.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.sentence John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history is a _______ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. complexD. relational2. In the sentence Mary told Jane that John liked linguistics the introductory word that is called _______.A. coordinating conjunctionB. conjunctionC. subordinatorD. embedded word3. The student The above segmentation truthfully reveals the _______ nature of sentence structure.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. horizontalD. parallel4. The sentence The tall man and women left can be illustrated by tree diagram _____.A.(1)B.(2)C. both (1) and (2)D. neitherto the following three diagram, V can only be replaced by ____.A. satB. broughtC. pushedD. nonewas linguistics that John liked the mostWhich of the following statements about the two sentences (a and b) given above is NOT trueA. In both sentence a and sentence b, John is the logical subject.B. In structural concept, John is the structural subject of asentence.C. It in sentence b is the structural subject of the matrix clause.D. John is the structural subject in both a and b.conclusion that a set of principles or rules govern language use is based on the observation that _________.make acceptability judgment about sentences they have never heard before.is a habit-structure.accounts for language acquisition.information must form part of syntactic movement.symbol N indicates a/an ________.category categorycategory D. lexical insertion rulethe following combination possibilities, ______ can NOT be generated from the following rule: NP →(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S).A. NP →N →Det Adj S →Det N →Det Adj N PPS.advantage of X-bar syntax over phrase structure syntax is that X-bar. a ploliferation of redundant intermediate categories.us to identify indefinitely long embedded sentences.C. allows as to postulate categories other than lexical and phrasal.D. forces us to conclude that the ambiguity of phrases like the EnglishKing is lexical rather than structural.11. Which set of rules generates the following tree structuresA. S →NP VPB. NP → VPNP→ N PP NP→ NP NP PPVP→ V NP VP→ V NP PPPP →P NP PP →P NPNP→ N NP →NVP VP D, S NP VPNP→ (NP/PP) NP →NP (NP /PP)VP →V NP VP →V NPPP →P NP PP →P NPNP→ N NP →Nseems they are quite fit for the job.b. They seem quite fit for the job.Sentence b is a result of ______ movement.. D. None13. The head of the phrase underneath the open window is _______.following statements are in accordance with Hallliday’s opinion on language EXCEPT _______.use of language involves a network of systems of choices.B. Language is never used as a mere mirror of reflected thought.is a system of abstract forms and signs.functions as a piece of human behavior.is more concerned with ____ relations in his approach to syntax.is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in Certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.C. BindingD. Co-command17. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjunct clauses and _____.clauses clausesclauses clausesof the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT_____.and objects and predicatorsand complements D. endocentric and exocentricEnglish, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of preposition and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT ______.a preposition order relation20. Clauses can be classified into finite and non-finite clauses, _____ including the traditional infinitive phrases, participial phrase and gerundial phrase.A. the formerB. the latter D. neitheris the _______ on case assignment that states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.A. Case Condition ConditionCondition Parameter.analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phrase…d. sentenceof the following italic parts is NOT an idiomA. How to you doB. How did you doC. He went to it hammer and tongs.D. They kept tabs on the Russian spy.we say that we can change the second word in the sentence she is singing in the room with another word or phrase, we are talking about ______.A. governmentB. linear relationsC. syntactic relationsD. paradigmatic relationsthe phrase structure rule S→NP VP, the arrow can be read as ______.A. hasB. generatesC. consists ofD. is equal toIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1.The following two sentences are ambiguous. Show the two readings ofeach by drawing its respective tree diagrams.(1)The ball man and woman left(2) Visiting professor can be interestinge an example to show what a tree diagram is (as it is used inTransformational-Generative Grammar).e an example to show what IC analysis is.4.What are the three general functions of language according to Halliday5.What distinguishes the structural approach to syntax from thetraditional one6.Some grammar books say there are three basic tenses in English-thepresent, the past and the future; others say there are only two basic tenses –the present and the past. Explain what tense is and whether it is justifiable to say there is a future tense in English.。

第四章细胞质膜及其表面一、名词解释：1. 糖萼（glycocalyx）2. 磷脂转换蛋白（phospholipid exchange proteins）3. 膜骨架(membrane skeleton)4. 血型糖蛋白(glycophorin )5. 单位膜模型(unit membrane model)6. 翻转扩散(transverse diffusion)7. 侧向扩散(lateral diffusion)8. 脂锚定蛋白(lipid-anchored)9. 外周蛋白(peripheral protein)10. 整合蛋白(integral protein)11. 脂质体(liposome)12. 血影蛋白(spectrin)二、选择题：请在以下每题中选出正确答案，每题正确答案为1-6个，多选和少选均不得分1. 动物细胞质膜外糖链构成的网络状结构叫做A.细胞外被B.微绒毛C.膜骨架2. 以下关于质膜的描述哪些是正确的A.膜蛋白具有方向性和分布的区域性B.糖脂、糖蛋白分布于质膜的外表面C.膜脂和膜蛋白都具有流动性D. 某些膜蛋白只有在特定膜脂存在时才能发挥其功能3. 以下哪一种去污剂为非离子型去污剂A.十二烷基磺酸钠B.脱氧胆酸C.Triton-X100D.脂肪酸钠4. 用磷脂酶处理完整的人类红细胞，以下哪种膜脂容易被降解A.磷脂酰胆碱，PCB.磷脂酰乙醇胺，PEC.磷脂酰丝氨酸，PS5. 以下哪一种情况下膜的流动性较高A.胆固醇含量高B.不饱和脂肪酸含量高C.长链脂肪酸含量高D.温度高6. 跨膜蛋白属于A.整合蛋白（integral protein）B.外周蛋白（peripheral protein）C.脂锚定蛋白（lipid-anchored protein）7. 用磷脂酶C（PLC）处理完整的细胞，能释放出哪一类膜结合蛋白A.整合蛋白（integral protein）B.外周蛋白（peripheral protein）C.脂锚定蛋白（lipid-anchored protein）D.脂蛋白（lipoprotein）8. 红细胞膜下的血影蛋白网络与膜之间具有哪两个锚定点A.通过带4.1蛋白与血型糖蛋白连结B.通过带4.1蛋白带3蛋白相连C.通过锚蛋白（ankyrin）与血型糖蛋白连结D.通过锚蛋白与带3蛋白相连9. 质膜A.是保持细胞内环境稳定的屏障B.是细胞物质和信息交换的通道C.是实现细胞功能的基本结构D.是酶附着的支架（scaffold）10. 鞘磷脂（Sphngomyelin SM）A.以鞘胺醇（Sphingoine）为骨架B.含胆碱C.不存在于原核细胞和植物D.具有一个极性头和一个非极性的尾11. 以下关于膜脂的描述哪些是正确的A.心磷脂具有4个非极性的尾B.脂质体是人工膜C.糖脂是含糖而不含磷酸的脂类D.在缺少胆固醇培养基中，不能合成胆固醇的突变细胞株很快发生自溶。

DC-AC变换器（无源逆变电路）一、学习目的：通过本章的学习，学者可以了解逆变器的电路结构、分类、特点及主要性能指标；对三种基本变换方式——方波变换、阶梯波变换、正弦波变换，有一定的认识；可以理解采用各种变换方式的逆变器的工作原理；了解空间矢量PWM控制的基本原理。

二、主要内容：1、基本概念DC-AC变换器是指能将一定幅值的直流输入电压（或电流）变换成一定幅值、一定频率的交流输出电压（或电流），并向无源负载（如电机、电炉、或其它用电器等）供电的电力电子装置，又称为无源逆变电路，常简称作逆变器（Inverter）。

完成直流电压变换的逆变器称为电压型逆变器，而完成直流电流变换的逆变器则称为电流型逆变器。

2、变换方式的分类（1）方波变换方式逆变器的交流输出有两种基本调制方式：脉冲幅值调制（PAM－Pluse Amplitude Modulation）和单脉冲调制（SPM－Single Pluse Modulation）。

所谓脉冲幅值调制（PAM）是指：逆变器的输出频率可由180°方波或120°方波（如图4-3b 所示）的周期来控制，而逆变器输出基波的幅值则由输出方波的幅值即逆变器直流侧电压（或电流）的幅值来控制。

显然，采用PAM控制方式时，其方波的导通角恒定（180°方波或120°方波）。

所谓的单脉冲调制（SPM）是指：逆变器的输出频率仍由方波的周期来控制，而逆变器输出基波的幅值则由逆变器输出方波的导通角进行控制，即可使导通角在0°～180°范围调节。

显然，采用SPM控制方式时，逆变器输出方波的幅值即逆变器直流侧电压（或电流）的幅值恒定。

（2）阶梯波变换方式（3）斩控调制方式：是指逆变器输出的调制脉冲幅值固定不变，而逆变器中的功率管以一定的控制规律进行调制。

斩控调制方式主要有以下二类即：①脉冲宽度调制（PWM）；②脉冲频率调制（PFM）3、逆变器的分类（1）按直流侧储能元件的性质，逆变器可分为电压型逆变器（VSI－Voltage Source Inverter）和电流型逆变器（CSI－Current Source Inverter）。

Chapter 4 Exchange Rate Determination1. The value of the Australian dollar (A$) today is $0.73. Yesterday, the value of theAustralian dollar was $0.69. The Australian dollar ________ by _______%.A) depreciated; 5.80B) depreciated; 4.00C) appreciated; 5.80D) appreciated; 4.00ANSWER: CS t– S t –1S t –1SOLUTION: ($0.73 - $0.69)/$0.69 = 5.80%2. If a currency's spot rate market is ________, its exchange rate is likely to be __________ to a single large purchase or sale transaction.A) liquid; highly sensitiveB) illiquid; insensitiveC) illiquid; highly sensitiveD) none of the above.ANSWER: C3. _________ is not a factor that causes currency supply and demand schedules tochange.A) Relative inflation ratesB) Relative interest ratesC) Relative income levelsD) ExpectationsE) All of the above are factors that cause currency supply and demand schedules to change. ANSWER: E4. A large increase in the income level in Mexico along with no growth in the U.S. incomelevel is normally expected to cause (assuming no change in interest rates or other factors)a(n) ______ in Mexican demand for U.S. goods, and the Mexican peso should _______.A) increase; appreciateB) increase; depreciateC) decrease; depreciateD) decrease; appreciateANSWER: B收入水平提高或经济复苏增大货币消费量，造成货币贬值5. An increase in U.S. interest rates relative to German interest rates would likely________ the U.S. demand for euros and _________ the supply of euros for sale.A) reduce; increaseB) increase; reduceC) reduce; reduceD) increase; increase美国利率提高，人们更愿意去美国投资。

中考完型练习Chapter4 科普文化Text 1 团队运动A. Warming up exercise: Fill in the blanks with a proper word and its part of speech.1. Vice Premier Wang Qishan has encouraged foreign investors (投资者) to believe in China’s d__________.2. The consumer price index (消费价格指数) in China is expected to rise 1 percent this year, according to thel__________ report of the National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局).3. Former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson (前重量级拳王泰森) visited the memorial Hall dedicatedto late Chairman Mao Zedong (毛主席纪念堂) in Beijing’s Tian’anmen S__________ during his three-day visit to China.1. d__________2. 1__________3. S__________B. Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with proper words.Yes, Team SportsWe all know that it is important to get exercise. But how can we get enough exercise and have fun as (1) w_________?The answer is: team sports! Team sports are great. When we’re playing, our friends will (2) e__________ us if we are doing a good job, and there will be friends to give us cool (3) a__________ on how to play the sport better. Many times, we get to meet and make some new friends!Sometimes it can be hard to find a team that works for us. But we can always start one! Start a team with some of our best friends; finding (6) o__________ what kind of sports we like. It could be swimming, basketball, football, dancing, or something else.And while we’re playing team sports, we should remember to play safe, too! We need to listen to our parents and teachers (7) b__________ we have fun!1. w__________2. e__________3. a__________4. h__________5. h__________6. o__________7. b__________美言金句运动给我们带来健康，带来欢乐，也可以培养我们的团队合作精神。

语言学C h a p t e r4课后练习答案(总15页)-本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntaxSyntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure ruleThe grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements . specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category How to determi ne a word’s categoryCategory refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it haveThe structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appearprior to the conjunction.2) a category at any level a head or an entire XP can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type ofthe elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element playA phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structureThere are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposalsd) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdvThe man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN NMary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPNYou know that I hate warb) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NAGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English examc) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royced) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APNP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure: CPC SDeep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPNHerbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNHerbert bought a house that she loved ec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure: CPC SNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrowDeep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure: CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPb) What did Helen bring to the partyDeep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the partySurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPc) Who broke the windowDeep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the windowSurface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N。

Chapter 4：SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_____condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen-tences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence38. syntactic categories 39. grammatical relations40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules42. D-structureV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What are the major types of sentences Illustrate them with examples.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.48. Explain and exemplify the following PS rules.(1) NP {(D)N / Pron }(s)(2) Aux—t(M)(have-en)(be-ing)49. What is the nature of Transformational-generative grammar? What are its main aspects?50. Which of the following sentences are ambiguous? For those you find ambiguous, paraphrase them so as to illustrate why they are ambiguous?(1) This is my colleague, Frank.(2) Are you tired of cleaning yourself? Let us do it.(3) In the film, Pat was a witch.(4) He promised me to come next week.(5) Patent medicines are sold by frightening people.(6) Dog for sale; eats anything and is fond of children.(7) I found something interesting on the Internet.51. Some grammar books say there are three tenses in English—the present, the past and the future; others say there are only two basic tenses—the present and the past. Explain what tense is and whether it is justifiable to say there is a future tense in English.52. On the basis of the following data, write out the phrase structure rules for adverb phrases and verb phrases.(1) John walked slowly.(2) Tom talked with Jack very quietly.(3) Alice discussed the matter with her best friend quite early.Chapter 4 SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex 20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.CaseIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, asentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence ?Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example:John reads extensively.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example:John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparingfor her history exam.A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam-ple:Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N Vt NPDet NThe boy likes the music.46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures ?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.NP movement in-volves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice:(A) The man beat the child.(B). The child was beaten by the man.B is the result of the movement of the noun phrases "the man" and "the child" from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right and "the child" is preposed to the left.Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. For example:(C) It seems they are quite fit for the job.(D) They seem quite fit for the job.These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superficial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underlying structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.48. (1) The rule means that a noun phrase can be written as a determiner plus a noun or a pronoun, and may then be followed by a sentence. For example, (a) the man who came to see me last night, and (b) He who had never been there before.(2) The rule means that an auxiliary can be represented by a number of ways. An auxiliary should contain tense element (t) and a modal verb (M), or a past perfect form (have-en), or be plus an –ing form of a verb, e.g.: Aux—t(M): May I read your paper? Aux—t(have-en): Have you finished your paper? Aux—t(be-ing): Are you reading your paper?49. Transformational-generative grammar linguistic theory is associated with Noam Chomsky, particularly with his Syntactic Structures(1957). Generative grammar attempts to define rules that can generate the infinite number of grammatical(well-formed) sentences possible in a language. It starts not from a behaviorist analysis of minimal sounds but from a rationalst assumption that a deepstructure underlies a language, and that a similar deep underlies all languages. Transformational grammar seeks to identify rules (transformations) that govern relations between parts of a sentence, on the assumption that beneath such aspects as word order a fundamental structure exists. Transformational and generative grammar together were the starting point for the tremendous growth in linguistic studies since 1950s.TG Grammar has the following features. First, it seews language as a set of rules or principles. Second, the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the linguistic competence of the native speaker. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals. Third, grammarians are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker‟s knowledge instead of what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition. Fourth, the methodology used is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure—a general linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars of particular languages, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory. Finally, the reaearchers follow rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.50. (1) This sentence is ambiguous, since it can be interpreted in two ways; first, it could be interpreted as that “I” was introducing my colleague Frank to someone else. Second, it could also means “I” was introducing my colleague to Frank.(2) This sentence is ambiguous. First, “Are you tired of cleaning all by yourself?”Second, “Are you tired of taking bath yourself?”(3) This sentence is ambiguous. First, “In the film, there is a character called “Pat”, who is a witch”. Second, “ Pat is an actor, and he plays the role of witch in the film.”(4) This sentence is unambiguous.(5) This sentence is ambiguous. First, “it is frightening people who sell patent medicines‟. Second, “ The way of selling patent medicines is by frightening people.”(6) This sentence is ambiguous. First, this dog is not particular about food, and is friendly to children; Second, this dog eats anything, especially children.(7) This sentence is ambiguous. First, “on the internet there was something interesting‟ (I found/something interesting on the internet). Second, “ I have surfed the internet for …the interesting thing‟” (I found something interesting/ on the internet). 51. Tense is primarily used to indicate the thime at which an event took place(but also has secondary uses, as in I wish I took you seriously). Tense and aspect are two imporant categories of the verb, and they were not separated in traditional grammar. Based on the tense system in Latin grammar, English used to be said to have 16 tenses. Nowadays, linguists make two distinctions: one between time andt ense, and the other between tense and aspect. Time is a universal concept, which every language is capable of expressing; while tense is a linguistic concept, which varies from language to language. The difference between tense and aspect is that the former is deictic, i.e. indication time relative to the timeo of utterance; while the latter is not deictic, the time indicated is not relative to the time of utterance, but relative to the time of another event described, or implied, in te narrative. As a result, there are only two tenses recognized now: past and present. The so-called future tense is not expressed inthe same way as these two. That is , it is not expressed by morphology, not by the different forms of the verb, but by various other means, such as “will/shall +infinitive”, “be going to + infinitive”, “present progressive aspect”“simple presnet tense” and “will/shall +progressive infinitive”. And will and shall are basically modal verbs like can and may.52. Adverbs may be preceded by a very tiny class of adverbs, as shown by the above sentences. The class of adverbs in these sentences leads to the following new Phrase Structure rules:AdvP→(Deg) Adv(Deg stands for degree words)VP→V(NP)(PP)( AdvP)。

英概Chapter4一、选择题1、The name Wars of Roses was, in fact, coined by the great 19th century novelist Walter Scott.2、The Puritain Revolution overthrow the feudal system in England and is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.3、The purpose of Henry VIII’ s reform was the following EXCEPT ______A_____.A、to alter theology in any wayB、to get rid of papal interferenceC、to make an independent Church of EnglandD、to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope.4、The Wars of the Roses broke out shortly after the Hundred Years’ War.5、The wars between the House of Lancaster and the House of York from 1455 to 1485 have been known as Wars of the Roses.6、Which statement about the “Wars of Roses“is not true? (B)A、The King’s power now became supreme.B、Ordinary people were seriously affected.C、The wars were waged intermittently for 30 years.D、From these wars feudalism received its death blow.7、The last battle of the Wars of Roses was at Bosworth Field in 1485.8、Henry VII was a very different type of king from any European monarchs of that time because he did not have total power.9、The Tudor monarchy ruled England and Wales for just over two hundred years following the end of the Wars of the Roses.10、The Tudor monarchy was founded by William.11、Henry VIII’ s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the pope and to make an independent Church of England.12、The Religious Reformation in England was led by King Henry VIII, and the direct cause was his divorce case with Catherine of Aragon.13、Henry VIII started the practice of appointing Justices of the Peace and gave them full power over law and administration in the provinces.14、The religious reform in England in the 16th century increased the importance of Parliament because its active participation in the reform.15、Mary Tudor is remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.16、Elizabeth I’ s religious reform was a compromise of views.17、Elizabeth I’ s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.18、Elizabeth I was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland who was also known as James I of England .19、England showed its superiority as a naval power by destroying the Spanish in Armada Elizabeth I’ s time.20、The Armada was defeated by England in 1588.21、Which is not the characteristic of the English Renaissance? （B）A、England followed a course of history greatly independent of the others inEurope.B、The native literature was sufficiently subjected by foreign influences.C、English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic rather than philosophical and scholarly.D、The Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.22、Hamlet is the tragedy of Shakespeare.23、Christopher Marlowe established blank verse in plays.24、During the Civil Wars Charles I’ s men were called Cavaliers.25、English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution.26、One of Cromwell’s first acts after declaring England a Commonwealth, was to crush a rebellion in Ireland.27、In English history the “Rump” referred to the Cavaliers who supported CharlesI who voted for Charles I’ s execution.28、After Charles I was executed England became known as the Commonwealth.29、The T est Act passed after Restoration excluded all Catholics from public office.30、After Restoration, Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code.31、The Disabling Act forbade any Catholics to sit in either House of Parliament.32、Constitutional monarchy is system under which the powers of the king or queen are limited by Parliament or the constitution.33、England and Scotland was officially united into Great Britain by the Act of Union.34、Irish Catholics associate 1690 with William of Orange’ s punishment of them by confiscating their lands.二、简答题1、How did the Wars of Roses get its name?Its name was coined by Sir Walter Scott; the House of Lancaster was symbolized by the red roses and the House of York, by the white.2、What was the result of the Wars of Roses?The House of Lancaster won the war and T udor monarchs’ rule began.3、What were the three causes of Henry VIII’ s religious reform?The three causes were: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come, and Henry wanted get money from the wealth of the church.4、Who were Justices of the Peace in Henry VIII’ s time?Justices of the Peace were appointed by the king from the gentry. They were given full power to carry out law and do administrations work in the provinces.5、What did Henry VIII do in his religious reform?He got rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope. He made an independent Church of England. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries. He made himself Supreme Head of the Church of England.6、What made the relationship between Parliament and Elizabeth I turbulent? The two factors that made Elizabeth’ s relationship with Parliament turbulent wereas follows: Parliament wished its customary right of speech confirmed in writing; and it wanted to be allowed to start discussion of important questions at will, not by invitation. Elizabeth would not permit either thing.7、How do you describe the relationship between Elizabeth I and Parliament? Elizabeth was able to work with Parliament, but her relationship with Parliament was often turbulent.8、What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.9、What were the two countries Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years?France and Spain were the two countries that Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years.10、How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain a friendly relationship with France? Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth I managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France.11、How did the Renaissances begin in England?In England, the Renaissance was usually though of as beginning with the accession of the House of T udor to the throne in 1485.12、Who were the finest exponents of the English Renaissance?The finest exponents were William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson.13、What was Puritanism noted for?It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian attitudes.14、What did the Restoration refer to in English history?After the death of Cromwell, the regime he established began immediately to collapse. The Parliament elected in 1660 decided to solve the Crisis by asking Charles I’ s son to return and to become King Charles II. This has been called the Restoration.15、What was the direct result of the Glorious Revolution?The result was that a constitutional monarchy was last founded in England.16、Which war was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the King in Britain?It is the Glorious Revolution.17、What were the contents of the Bill of Rights passed by the English Parliament in 1689?It excluded any Roman Catholics from the succession to the English throne. It confirmed the supreme power of the Parliament and guaranteed free speech within the Parliament.二、名词解释1、Henry VIII: He was a great king and is usually remembered for his religious reform of the church . His reform stressed the power of the monarch and strengthened the Parliament’s importance.2、Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’ s daughter and she was a Catholic. After shebecame Queen, she persecuted many people for their Protestant religious views and some were put to death. As a result, people call her “Bloody Mary”.3、Elizabeth I: One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.4、William Shakespeare: He is the greatest writer in the English language. As a poet and dramatist, he wrote over 100 sonnets and 37 plays including comedies such as Merchant of Venice, tragedies such as Hamlet and historical plays.5、Roundheads: Roundheads were supporters of Parliament in the English Civil Wars. They were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.。

Chapter 4 科普文化Text 1 团队运动A. Warming up exercise: Fill in the blanks with a proper word and its part of speech.1.Vice Premier Wang Qishan has encouraged foreign investors (投资者) to believe in China’sd__________.2.The consumer price index (消费价格指数) in China is expected to rise 1 percent this year,according to the l__________ report of the National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局).3.Former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson (前重量级拳王泰森) visited the memorialHall dedicated to late Chairman Mao Zedong (毛主席纪念堂) in Beijing’s Tian’anmen S__________ during his three-day visit to China.1. d__________2. 1__________3. S__________B. Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with proper words.Yes, Team SportsWe all know that it is important to get exercise. But how can we get enough exercise and have fun as (1) w_________?The answer is: team sports! Team sports are great. When we’re playing, our friends will (2) e__________ us if we are doing a good job, and there will be friends to give us cool (3) a__________ on how to play the sport better. Many times, we get to meet and make some new friends!We play team sports for fun and good (4) h_________. We play team sports to learn about the team spirit. However, some teams try hard to win every game and become very competitive. If we are on such a team, we will have too much pressure. And we may even get (5) h__________.Sometimes it can be hard to find a team that works for us. But we can always start one! Start a team with some of our best friends; finding (6) o__________ what kind of sports we like. It could be swimming, basketball, football, dancing, or something else.And while we’re playing team sports, we should remember to play safe, too! We need to listen to our parents and teachers (7) b__________ we have fun!1. w__________2. e__________3. a__________4. h__________5. h__________6. o__________7. b__________美言金句运动给我们带来健康，带来欢乐，也可以培养我们的团队合作精神。

语⾔学chapter4习题Chapter 4 SyntaxMultiple Choice1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome5. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate6. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex7. In the sentence “Mary gave a book to him”, “him” is with a(n) _________ case.A. accusativeD. nominative8. The relation between any two words in “What a nice day!” is known as ___________.A. choice relationB. paradigmatic relationC. vertical relationD. syntagmatic relation9. __________is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.A. GenderB. TenseC. AspectD. Number10. Paradigmatic relation is known as _______________.A. horizontal relationB. chain relationC. choice relationD. semantic relation11. Which of the following phrases is exocentric?A. a clever girlB. an ugly manC. in timeD. fork and knife12. refers to the relations holding between elements replaceable with each at particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.A. Syntagmatic relationB. Paradigmatic relationC. Co-occurrence relationD. Exocentric relation13. ______ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine: feminine: neuter, animate: inanimate, etc.A. CaseB. GenderC. NumberD. Category14. Syntactically, English is an example of ________ language.C. SOVD. OSV15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. the relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc. e.g between s, p and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such Bill hunts is called .A. syntagmatic relationB. paradigmatic relationC. positional relationD. relation of substitutabilityFill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.3. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.6. construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb + object) construction, and connective (be complement) construction.7. IC is the short form of immediate used in the study of syntax.8. A sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.2. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.3. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.4. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.5. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.6. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.7. In the phrase “in the near future”, the word “future” is head.8. Words like “actor”and “actress” manifest that grammatical gender strictly corresponds to biological gender.9. Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.10.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.Define the following terms1. Syntax2. IC analysisAnswer the following questions.1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉⼤学，2004）2.Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第⼆外国语⼤学，2004）3. Suggest a tree diagram of the sentence The little girl ran into the garden. The student wrote a letter yesterday. Examine each of the following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, coordinate, complex or compound complex sentences:（1）Jane did it because she was asked to.（2）The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.（3）David was never there, but his brother was. （4）She leads a tranquil life in the country. （5）Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town..Draw on your linguistic knowledge of English and paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:（1）After a two-day debate, they finally decided on the helicopter.（2）The little girl saw the big man with the telescope.(3) The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(4) He saw young men and women present.。

国际商务题库Chapter4C HAPTER 4E CONOMIC S YSTEMS AND D EVELOPMENTTRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS1. China is developing its economy based on natural resources and cheap labor while India is relying on the brainpower of its people.2. Incentives and rewards for individual business initiatives are an important component of collectivist cultures.3. Collectivist cultures tend to offer fewer incentives and rewards than individualist cultures.4. Entrepreneurs are businesspeople who accept the risks and opportunities involved in creating and operating new business ventures.5. A country’s economic system consists of the structure and processes it uses to allocate its resources and conduct its commercial activities.6. Similar to how national cultures are neither completely individualistic or completely collectivist, no economic system reflects a completely individual or group orientation.7. In a centrally planned economy, entrepreneurs own a nation’s land, factories and other economic resources in a strategic fashion.8. In a centrally planned economy, the government makes nearly all economy-related decisions including who produces what and the prices of products, labor, and capital.9. Central planning is rooted in the ideology that the welfare of the group is more important than individual well-being.10. German philosopher Helmut Newton popularized the idea of central planning in the nineteenth century.11. Nearly all economic-related decisions in a centrally planned economy are determined by the interplay of supply and demand.12. In a market economy, the majority of a nation’s land, factories, and other economic resources are government owned.13. The price mechanism dictates supply and demand in a market economy.14. Market economics is rooted in the belief that group concerns should be placed above individual well-being.15. Canada and the United States are examples of contemporary market economies.16. One key feature of a market economy is price flexibility, which allows most prices to rise and fall to reflect the forces of supply and demand.17. Free choice in a market economy gives individuals access to alternative purchase options.18. Free enterprise in a market economy gives companies the ability to decide which goods andservices to produce and the markets in which to compete.19. A monopoly occurs when one company is able to control a product’s supply and, therefore,its price.20. Technological dualism occurs when a country uses the latest technologies in its economy butexports outdated technologies to developing countries.21. Managers in the poorest transitional countries tend to lack training in all areas of businessmanagement.22. Transition replaces a people’s dependence on government with greater reliance on socialwelfare and unemployment benefits.23. Political instability in the form of intensified nationalism is threatening Russia’s furtherprogress toward transition.24. The absence of a well-functioning tax code is one major problem facing Russia today.25. Russia has established a strong tax revenue system to fund its transition to a market economy. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS1. In most failed centrally planned economies, ________.a. market conditions helped determine who produced what goodsb. prices of products were a function of supply and demandc. central planning agencies specified production goals and decided pricesd. central planners paid a great deal of attention to efficiency2. In which of the following systems is a nation’s land, factories, and other economic resourcesowned by the government?a. Mixed economyb. Public economyc. Market economyd. Centrally planned economy3. Who makes nearly all economy-related decisions in a centrally planned economy?a. Consumersb. Entrepreneursc. Governmentd. Employees4. All the following are true of centrally planned economies EXCEPT ________.a. government determines who produces what productsb. government determines the prices of products and laborc. factories are privately ownedd. government sets production goals5. Who popularized the idea of central economic planning?a. Jiang Zeminb. Karl Marxc. Mikhail Gorbachevd. Henry Fayol6. All the following factors contributed to the collapse of centrally planned economies EXCEPT ________.a. failure to provide incentivesb. failure to satisfy consumer needsc. failure to create political valued. failure to measure up7. Factors contributing to the collapse of centrally planned economies include all the following EXCEPT ________.a. little attention was paid to the task of producing quality goods and services at thelowest possible costb. government ownership of economic resources reduced incentives for people and organizations to maximize the benefits obtained from the resourcesc. economic growth in countries like Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwantook opportunities away from the centrally planned economies and caused economic distressd. would-be consumers in many centrally planned economies were tired of standards of living that had slipped far below those of their counterparts in market economies8. North Korea practices a policy of self reliance that it calls ________.a. guanxib. laissez-fairec. juched. privatization9. Which of the following was NOT true of centrally planned economies?a. At the time of their collapse, standards of living in most centrally planned economieswas at or above that of market economies.b. Basic necessities were often not provided to citizens in centrally planned economies.c. Underground economies for goods and services thrived in most centrally planned economies.d. Prices on the black market were much higher than the official prices set by governments.10. When the government controls the economic sectors it considers important to nationalsecurity and long-term stability, it is said to have a(n) ________ economic system.a. marketb. mixedc. centrally plannedd. open11. France, Germany, and Sweden are examples of ________.a. centrally planned economiesb. market economiesc. closed economiesd. mixed economies12. All of the following comprise the ultimate goal of a mixed economy EXCEPT ________.a. low unemploymentb. low povertyc. low economic growthd. an equitable distribution of wealth13. Extensive government ownership of assets in centrally planned and mixed economies tends to result in ________.a. a lack of responsibility and accountabilityb. defective productsc. rising costsd. slow economic growthe. all of the above14. The sale of government-owned economic resources to private operators is called ________.a. the price mechanismb. laissez-faire economicsc. privatizationd. guanxi15. The main goal of privatization is to ________.a. lower responsibility and accountabilityb. increase economic efficiencyc. increase subsidies to companiesd. slow economic growth16. In a ________, the majority of a nation’s land, factories, and other economic resources are privately owned by individuals or businesses.a. market economyb. centrally planned economyc. communist systemd. mixed economy17. In a market economy, nearly all economy-related decisions are determined by the interplay of ________.a. government and individualsb. supply and demandc. customers and employeesd. large and small businesses18. Supply and demand in a market economy are dictated by what is called ________.a. privatizationb. the black marketc. the price mechanismd. government intervention19. Market economics is rooted in the belief that ________.a. group concerns should be placed above individual concernsb. individual concerns should be placed above group concernsc. neither individual or group concerns are importantd. totalitarianism enhances a country’s economic well-being20. Unstable economies are often characterized by ________.a. high employmentb. low interest rates and low inflationc. high economic growthd. high inflation and high unemployment21. Inflation can be controlled through ________.a. stable pricing policiesb. fiscal and monetary policiesc. monitoring competitiond. effective trade policies22. Fiscal policies deal directly with ________.a. taxing imports and exportsb. monitoring consumer spendingc. taxation and government spendingd. controlling the money supply and interest rates23. Monetary policies deal directly with ________.a. taxing imports and exportsb. monitoring consumer spendingc. controlling the money supply and interest ratesd. taxation and government spending24. ________ policies are used to control the money supply and interest rates.a. Fiscalb. Monetaryc. Bureaucraticd. Development25. Government can help control inflation through which of these?a. Effectively raising pricesb. Increasing consumer spendingc. Effective monetary policiesd. Effective fiscal policiese. Both c and d26. Which of the following is NOT true?a. Economic freedom guarantees a high per capita income.b. Countries with the greatest economic freedom tend to have the highest standards of living.c. Countries with the lowest economic freedom tend to have the lowest standards of living.d. The connection between economic freedom and economic growth is not at all certain.27. The economic well-being of one nation’s people compared with that of another nation’s people is reflec ted in the country’s ________.a. level of trade developmentb. level of capital developmentc. level of economic developmentd. purchasing power parity28. A country’s level of economic development reflects all of the following EXCEPT its________.a. economic outputb. currency value relative to that of other countriesc. infrastructured. people’s physical health and level of education29. The broadest measure of economic development is ________.a. gross domestic product (GDP)b. purchasing power parity (PPP)c. gross national product (GNP)d. human development index (HDI)30. The human development index (HDI) measures the extent to which a government satisfies itspeople’s needs along all the following dimensions EXCEPT ________.a. a decent standard of livingb. a long and healthy lifec. an educationd. rapid economic development31. The United Nations’ human development index ________.a. is another name for purchasing power parityb. measures the extent to which a people’s needs a re satisfied and the degree to whichthese needs are addressed equally across a nation’s entire populationc. measures the extent to which a people’s needs are satisfied according to their abilityto buy a home, finance an education, and find steady employmentd. incorporates life expectancy, educational attainment, and family size32. Highly industrialized, highly efficient countries whose people enjoy a high quality of life arecalled ________.a. developed countriesb. newly industrialized countriesc. emerging marketsd. super-rich countries33. Australia, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand are all ________ countries.a. developedb. newly industrializedc. less-developedd. emerging34. A country that has recently increased the portion of its national production and exportsderived from industrial operations is called a(n) ________.a. developed countryb. newly industrialized countryc. emerging marketd. developing country35. When we combine newly industrialized countries with countries that have the potential to become newly industrialized, we arrive at a category called ________.a. developed countriesb. newly industrialized countriesc. emerging marketsd. developing countries36. Most newly industrialized countries are found in ________.a. Asia and Latin Americab. Latin America and Europec. Asia and Europed. None of the above37. Nations having the poorest infrastructures and lowest personal incomes are called ________.a. developed countriesb. newly industrialized countriesc. emerging marketsd. developing countries38. Countries that make use of the latest technologies in some sectors of the economy coupledwith the use of outdated technologies in other sectors are said to be characterized by a highdegree of ________.a. povertyb. technological dualismc. uneven income distributiond. economic transition39. Economic transition refers to the process of moving from ________.a. developing to developed economicsb. central planning to free-market economicsc. newly industrialized to developed economicsd. free-market to centrally planned economics40. Which of the following is NOT true of Russia as it moves forward with its transition to a market economy?a. Managerial talent needs to be fostered.b. The country needs tax revenue to establish the institutions essential to the functioningof a market economy.c. The country can consider its battle to wipe out organized crime a success.d. Political instability remains a threat.SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS1. ________ refers to the sale of government-owned economic resources to private operators.2. The main goal of privatization is to increase ________ and ________.3. In a(n) ________, the majority of a nation’s land, factories, and other economic resources areprivately owned by individuals or businesses.4. The quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to provide at a specific sellingprice is called ________.5. ________ is the quantity of a good or service that buyers are willing to purchase at a specificselling price.6. Supply and demand are dictated by what is called the ________.7. The approach to national economics that calls for less government interference in commerceand greater individual economic freedom is called ________.8. To function smoothly and properly, a market economy requires three things: free choice,________, and price flexibility.9. ________ in a market economy gives individuals access to alternative purchase options.10. The economic well-being of one nation’s people as compared with that of another nation’speople is reflected in the country’s ________.11. The broadest measure of economic development is ________.12. When we add to a nation’s GDP the income generated from exports, imports, and theinternational operations of its companies over a one-year period, we arrive at a measurecalled ________.13. ________ is the value of all goods and services produced by a nation’s domestic economyover a one-year period.14. A country’s ________ is simply its gross national product divide d by its population.15. ________ is the exchange of goods and services for other goods instead of money.16. The value of goods and services that can be purchased with one unit of a country’s currencyis called ________.17. Relative ability of two cou ntries’ currencies to buy the same basket of goods in those twocountries is called ________.18. The ________ measures the extent to which a government satisfies its people’s needs and thedegree to which these needs are addressed equally across a nation’s population.19. ________ countries are highly industrialized, highly efficient, and their people enjoy a highquality of life.20. ________ is the process by which a nation changes its fundamental economic organization and creates new free-market institutions.ESSAY QUESTIONS1. Describe each of the three main types of economic systems.2. Explain why many mixed economies are converting to market-based systems.3. Explain what a market economy is and what it requires to function smoothly.4. Discuss the varied roles of government in a market economy.5. Discuss the importance of economic development for international business.6. Differentiate between GDP and GNP. Briefly discuss the drawbacks of using GDP and GNP as indicators of economic development.7. Describe the main points of difference between purchasing power parity and the human development index.8. Discuss the three overall classifications of countries. Provide an example country for each classification.9. What is economic transition? Describe the remaining obstacles that countries face in their economic transition.10. Explain how a lack of managerial expertise has affected former centrally planned countries as they transition to market economies.11. What is the role of privatization in economic transition?12. Compare and contrast the transition and challenges faced by China and Russia.。

Chapter 4 The Network Layer 1．What is the name of a network-layer packet?（）A.messageB.segmentC.datagramD.frame2．What are the two most important network-layer functions in a datagram network? （）A.forwarding & routingB.forwarding & filteringC.routing & detectingD.routing & checking3．When a packet arrives at a router’s input link, the router must move the packet to the appropriate output link, this action is called ____? （）A.ForwardingB.routingC.cut throughD.filtering4．The network layer must determine the path taken by packets as they flow from a sender to a receiver. This action is called____? （）A.ForwardingB.routingC.cut throughD.examine5．A router forwards a packet by examining the value of a field in the arriving packet’s header, and then using this value to index into the router’s forwarding table, this value is? （）A.destination IP addressB.source IP addressC.destination MAC addressD.source MAC address6．IP belongs to ____ layer? （）A.transportworkC.data linkD.physical7．Which layer provides host-to-host services? （）A.transportworkC.data linkD.physical8．Which layer provides a connection service calledvirtual-circuit networks and a connectionless service called datagram networks? （）A.transportworkC.data linkD.physical9．IPV4 has a ___ bit address? （）A.48B.16C.32D.6410．MAC address is ____ bits? （）A.48B.16C.32D.6411．The Internet’s network layer has three major component s, the first component is the IP protocol, the second component is the routing protocol, the final component is____? （）A.forwardingB.address translationC.checkD.ICMP12．How many bits specify the IP protocol version in a datagram? （）A. 1 bitB. 2 bitsC. 4 bitsD.8 bits13．Most IPV4 datagram do not contain option field, how many bytes a header has in a typical IP datagram? （）A. 4 bytesB.8 bytesC.16 bytesD.20 bytes14．How many bits used in IP datagram express total length of the IP datagram? （）A. 4 bitsB.8 bitsC.16 bitsD.20 bits15．Data-grams are rarely larger than ____?（）A.1500 bytesB.65535 bytesC.500 bytesD.1024 bytes16．New version of IP----IPV6 does not allow fragment in ____?（）A.RouterB.HostC.Both of aboveD.None of above17．How does the TTL changed by one each time the datagram is processed by a router? （）A.decreaseB.increaseC.no changeD.always 018．Which layer protocol is indicated by the value of protocol field in IP datagram? （）A.applicationB.transportworkD.data link19．IP option is dropped in the ____ header. （）A.IPv6B.IPv4C.TCPD.UDP20．The data field in IP datagram can carry many types of data except ____. （）A.TCPB.UDPC.ICMPD.MAC21．ICMP is used for____?（）A.Reliable data transferB.Error reportingC.Flow controlD.Congestion control22．Suppose you receive an IP datagram from one link and check your forwarding table to determine the outgoing link, but this outgoing link has an MTU that is smaller than the length of IP datagram. Which technology will be used? （）A.resendB.discardC.fragmentD.none23．The designer of IPv4 decided to put the job of datagram reassembly in____.（）A.routerB.switchC.hubD.end system24．IP addressing assigns an address to 223.10.198.250/29, the network address for this network is____.（）A.223.10.198.248B.223.10.198.250C.223.10.198.0D.223.10.0.025．If all data-grams arriving at the router from WAN have the same destination IP address, then how does the router know the internal host to which it should forward a given datagram? The trick is to use ____ table at router, and include port numbers as well as IP address in the table entries. （）A.routingB.forwardingC.ARPD.NAT translation26．When running a Telnet, FTP, or HTTP session, you may haveencountered an error message such as “Destination network un-reachable”, This message had its origin in ____. （）A.IGMPB.EGPC.ICMPD.BGP27．The well-known ping program sends an (a) ____ type 8 code 0 message to the specified host. The destination hosts seeing the echo request, send back a type 0 code 0 ICMP echo reply. （）A.ICMPB.IGMPC.TCPD.UDP28．Tracer-out is implemented with ____ messages. （）A.IGMPB.TCPC.UDPD.ICMP29．The standard Tracer-out program actually sends sets of ____ packets with the same TTL. （）A.oneC.threeD.four30．IPv6 increases the size of the IP address from 32bit to ____ bit. （）A.64B.128C.256D.51231．How many bytes are there in header of IPv6? （）A.8B.20C.40D.3232．IPv6 does not allow for fragmentation and reassembly at inter-media ____. （）A.routersB.switchesC.end systemD.hubs33．From sender to receivers, all packets will take the same path, this is we use a ____ service. （）B.VCC.circuitD.Ethernet34．____ means moving packets from router’s input port to appropriate router output port? （）A.forwardingB.filteringC.routingD.switching35．____ means determining route taken by packets from source to destination? （）A.forwardingB.filteringC.routingD.switching36．A router works in ____ layer? （）workingB.Data linkC.ApplicationD.Physical37．A switch works in ____ layer? （）workingB.Data linkC.ApplicationD.Physical38．Networking layer provides services between two ____.（）A.HostsB.ProcessesC.ApplicationsD.Machines39．Link layer provides services between two ____. （）A.HostsB.ProcessesC.ApplicationsD.Machines40．The internet’s network layer provides a singleservice----that is ____.（）A.Reliable data transferB.Flow controlC.Congestion controlD.Best-effort-service41．Datagram network provides network-layer____.（）A.connectionless serviceB.connection serviceC.both of aboveD.neither of A and B42．VC network provides network-layer ____. （）A.connectionless serviceB.connection serviceC.both of aboveD.neither of A and B43．In VC network, each packet carries ____. （）A.VC identifierB.destination host addressC.IP addressD.Mac address44．A VC consists of three part, this three parts do not include____. （）A.Path from source to destinationB.VC numbers, one number for each link along pathC.Entries in forwarding tables in routers along pathD.Destination address45.In ____ networking, a series of packet may follow different paths and may arrive out of order? （）A.DatagramC.TCPD.None of above46．The internet is a (an) ____ network? （）A.DatagramB.VCC.Both of aboveD.None of above47．The four components of a router do not include____? （）A.Input and output portsB.Switch fabricC.Routing processorD.Switching processor48．There are three kinds of switch fabric for a router normally, those three switch fabric do not includes____?（）A.Switching via memoryB.Switching via a busC.Switching via an Interconnection-NetworkD.Packet switching49．Which of the following protocol is used for error reporting? （）A.ICMPC.IPD.UDP50．Which of the following is not a routing protocol? （）A.TCPB.RIPC.OSPFD.BGP51．IPV4 has a ___ bits address? （）A.32B.64C.16D.12852．IP address is identifier for ____. （）A.HostB.Router interfaceC.Both of aboveD.None of above53．“233.1.1.0/24”, where the /24 notation, sometimes known as a____. （）A.Subnet maskworking addressC.Host addressD.None of above54．Subnets with an 8-, ____-, and 24-bit subnet addresses were know as class A, B, and C networks respectively. （）A.9B.10C.12D.1655．IPV6 has a ___ bits address? （）A.32B.64C.16D.12856．____ means that IPv6 nodes also have a complete IPv4 implementation as well? （）A.Dual stackB.TunnelingC.Bridge connectionD.Forwarding57．____ means that IPv6 carried as payload in IPv4 data-gram among IPv4 routers? （）A.Dual stackB.TunnelingC.Bridge connectionD.Forwarding58．Typically a host is attached directly to one router, the ____ for the host. （）A.Default routerB.Source routerC.Destination routerD.Core router59．The default router of the source host is known as ____.（）A.Default routerB.Source routerC.Destination routerD.Core router60．The default router of the destination host is known as ____. （）A.Default routerB.Source routerC.Destination routerD.Core router61．A path between the source and destination that has beastcost is known as____. （）A.Least cost pathB.Shortest pathrgest cost pathD.None of above62．The path with the smallest number of links between the source and the destination is known as ____. （）A.Least cost pathB.Shortest pathrgest cost pathD.None of above63．Which of following about DV is not correct? （）A.IterativeB.SynchronousC.DistributedD.Self-terminating64．Which of the following is not intra-AS routing protocol? （）A.RIPB.OSPFC.IGRPD.BGP65．RIP is a kind of ____ algorithm. （）A.DVB.LSC.Both of aboveD.Neither of A and B66．OSPF is a kind of ____ algorithm. （）A.DVB.LSC.Both of aboveD.Neither of A and B67．The router in non-backbone areas and perform only intra-AS routing is known as ____. （）A.Internal routersB.Area border routersC.Backbone routersD.Boundary routers68．____“summarize” distances to nets in own area, advertise to other Area Border routers. （）A.Internal routersB.Area border routersC.Backbone routersD.Boundary routers69．____ runs OSPF routing limited to backbone. （）A.Internal routersB.Area border routersC.Backbone routersD.Boundary routers70．____ connect to other AS’s. （）A.Internal routersB.Area border routersC.Backbone routersD.Boundary routers71．Which of the following is an inter-autonomous system routing protocol? （）A.RIPB.OSPFC.IGRPD.BGP72．____means sending a packet to all other nodes in the network. （）A.BroadcastB.MulticastC.Any-castD.Uni-cast73．A ____ packet is delivered to only a subset of network nodes. （）A.BroadcastB.MulticastC.Any-castD.Uni-cast74．Means that the switch must receive the entire packet before it can begin to transmit the first bit of the packet onto the outbound link. （）A.store-and-forward transmissionB.FDMC.End-to-end connectionD.TDM75．Datagram networks and virtual-circuit networks differ in ____.（）A.Datagram networks are circuit-switched networks, andvirtual-circuit networks are packet-switched networks.B.Datagram networks are packet-switched networks, andvirtual-circuit networks are circuit-switched networks.C.Datagram networks use destination addresses andvirtual-circuit networks use VC. Numbers to forward packets toward their destination.D.Datagram networks use VC. Numbers and virtual-circuitnetworks use destination addresses to forward packetstoward their destination.76．The Internet’s network layer is responsible for moving network-layer packets known as ____ from one host to another. （）A.frameB.datagramC.segmentD.message77．The protocols of various layers are called ____. （）A.the protocol stackB.TCP/IPC.ISPwork protocol78．The two important network-layer functions are ____. （）A.multiplexing and de-multiplexingB.routing and forwardingC.lookup and forwardingD.routing and IP addressing79．The virtual circuit includes three identifiable phases but ____. （）A.setupB.data transferC.forwarding VC numbersD.teardown80．There are some ways to accomplish the switching in the router, which one is not included? （）A.switching via memoryB.switching via a busC.switching via hubD.switching via an interconnection81．In the router, the packet queues can form at ____.（）A.institutional cacheB.switch fabricC.input portD.routing processor82．In IPV4 datagram header, which field is to ensure that datagram do not circulate forever in the network? （）A.type of serviceB.time-to-liveC.header checksumD.version83．Suppose one IP datagram of 5,000 bytes (20 bytes of IP header)and it must be forwarded to a link with an MTU of 1,500 bytes, the offset and flag of the second fragment in header are ____. （）A.185, 0B.185, 1C.370, 1D.370,084．Given the IP address 202.96.104.8/20, its subnet address is ____. （）A.202.96.104.0B.202.96.96.0C.202.96.104.255D.202.96.111.25585．If the subnet mask is 255.255.240.0, then how many bits indicate the host address? （）A.20B.24C.12D.1686．In the following four fields, which is in IPV6 header but not in IPV4? （）A.source addressB.destination addressC.versionD.flow label87．One host is attached directly to one router, the router is ____.（）A.NAT routerB.gateway routerC.first-hop routerD.interval router88．The Internet’s network layer includes the following components but ____.（）A.IP protocolB.the Internet Message Control ProtocolC.Routing ProtocolD.Channel Partitioning Protocol89．In the following protocols, which one is inter-AS routing protocol? （）A.RIPB.OSPFC.BGPD.ICMP90．In the following four descriptions about autonomous system,which one is not correct? （）A.An autonomous system is a collection of routers underthe same administrative and technical control.B.All routers in an autonomous system run the same routingprotocol.C.The routing algorithm running within an autonomoussystem is called an intra-AS routing protocol.D.The routers that connect AS-s to each other are calleddefault router.91．In the loop of the Dijkstra’s algorithm, for node x, add y to N’, and update the cost of y’s neighbor v, then D(v) is ____. （）A.c(x, v)B.min{D(v), D(x)+c(x, v)}C.min{D(v), D(y)+c(y, v)}D.c(y, v)92．Consider the data D is 01110010001, if use even parity checking approach, the parity bit is ( ), if use odd parity checking approach, the parity bit is ____. （）A.0, 0B.0, 1C.1, 0D.1, 193．The ability to determine the interfaces to which a frame should be directed, and then directing the frame to those interfaces is ____.（）A.filteringB.forwardingC.self-learningD.optimal routing94．Given that costs are assigned to various edge in the graph abstraction. In the following four descriptions, which one is not correct? （）A.The shortest path is the path with smallest number oflinks between the source and destination.B.The least cost path is not always the shortest path.C.If all edges have same cost, the least cost path mustbe the shortest path.D.If all edges have various costs, the least cost path mustnot be the shortest path.95．Given the IP address 202.96.104.8/20, its broadcast address is ____. （）A.202.96.104.0B.202.96.96.0C.202.96.104.255D.202.96.111.25596．If the subnet mask is 255.240.0.0, then how many bits indicate the host address? （）A.20B.12C.24D.1697．In IPV6 datagram header, the field Next-header is equivalent to the field ( ) in IPV4. （）A.upper-layer protocolB.time-to-liveC.header checksumD.version98．For one host, its source router is also called ____. （）A.NAT routerB.gateway routerC.first-hop routerD.interval router99．In the following four descriptions about link-state (LS) algorithm, which one is not correct? （）A.The LS algorithm must be aware of the cost of each linkin the network.B.The LS algorithm is a decentralized algorithmC.The LS algorithm computes the least cost path betweena source and destination using complete global knowledgeabout the networkD.The calculation of LS algorithm can be run at one siteor multiple sites100．In the initialization of the Dijkstra’s algorithm, for node x, if y is not a neighbor of x, then D(y) is ____. （）A.0B. 1C.∞D.c(x, y)101．In DV algorithm, when one node updates its distance vector, it must ____.（）A.send the updated routing table to its neighborsB.send the updated routing table to all the nodes in theASC.send the updated routing table at randomD.do nothing102．Now we had known IP address is 211.197.3.158/26, Pleasecompute :(1). Network address?(2). Broadcast address?(3). How many hosts are there in the network?(4). Fist host IP address?(5). Last host IP address? 103．For the given topology of the network, use Dijstra’s shortest path algorithm to compute the shortest path from A to all network nodes. Give a shortest path tree and node A’s routing table.104．The topology of a network shown as below. Using Link State routing algorithm to calculate the routing table in the node A. The vectors arrive to node C as bellow: B:( 4, 0, 8, 12, 6, 2 ); D:( 13, 10, 6, 0, 9, 10 ); E:( 7, 6, 3, 9, 0, 14 ). The delays measured from C to B, D, E are 4, 2, and 3separately. Update router C’s route table please.31。

Chapter 4 (1)Ⅰ. Choose the best answer.( ) 1. There is _______ “I” in the word “plenty”.A. aB. anC. theD. /( ) 2. We know that the River Thames flows _______ London.A. throughB. acrossC. overD. pass( ) 3. Who teaches _______ chemistry?A. theyB. themC. theirD. themselves( ) 4. We should eat _______ vegetables and _______ meat.A. many, a littleB. a few, muchC. much, a fewD. a little, many ( ) 5. A: Must I go to buy the ticket for you? B: No, you _______ .A. mustn’tB. can’tC. may notD. needn’t( ) 6. Please stay at your seats. I have got _______ to tell you.A. something importantB. anything importantC. important somethingD. important anything( ) 7. Mary looks very _______ about the news.A. sadlyB. lovelyC. happyD. happily( ) 8. _______ he tried his best, he still failed in the match.A. BecauseB. HoweverC. SoD. Although( ) 9. My sister got up _______ earlier today than yesterday.A. moreB. manyC. veryD. much( ) 10. The computer _______ to the printer by a wire.A. connectB. connectedC. is connectedD. connects( ) 11. Please _______ the length of the bed with a ruler.A. measureB. cutC. doD. make( ) 12. Can you help me to think _______ a good idea?A. ofB. aboutC. forD. in( ) 13. _____ good news you have told us!A. What aB. How aC. WhatD. How( ) 14. The little girl is _______ her mother.A. likesB. likeC. likingD. liked( ) 15. The heavy snow made the mountain climbers _______ halfway.A. stopB. to stopC. stoppingD. stopped( ) 16. The work is well done in a way. The underlined part means “_______”.A. partB. on the wayC. by the wayD. partly( ) 17. Do you enjoy _______ in China?A. liveB. livingC. livesD. to live( ) 18. I will tell him the good news if he _______ back this week.A. comeB. will comeC. comesD. came( ) 19. A: I’m sorry to keep you waiting for so long. B: _______A. That’s wrong.B. It doesn’t matter.C. Thank you.D. You are welcome. ( ) 20. He asked me how much _______.A. the watch costs meB. does the watch cost meC. did the watch cost meD. the watch cost meⅡ. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.1. Air is __________. We can’t see it, but we can feel it. (visible)2. Sometimes electricity is __________ if you are not careful enough. (danger)3. Who is the lady’s __________? (serve)4. The magazine “Readers” comes __________. (month)5. If you drive __________, you will be safe. (care)Ⅲ. Rewrite the following sentences as required.1. We have already finished our homework . (改为否定句)We __________ finished our homework __________.2. The girls arrived at the airport in the end. (保持原意)The girls arrived at the airport __________ __________.3. He went to the shop because he wanted to buy some food. （对划线部分提问）__________ __________ he go to the shop?4. The plane will take off in fifteen minutes. (对划线部分提问)__________ __________ will the plane take off?5. The wooden ball is heavy, but that iron ball is heavier. (保持愿意)That iron ball is __________ __________ the wooden ball.A dangerous servant (Ⅰ)“That’s not a bad __________ ,”said Dad, “although electricity is much more dangerous __________ water , electricity is a good servant, but a dangerous __________. You must always be careful with it. Can you tell me what it __________ like ? ”Benny scratched his head. Dad said, “Nobody’s ever seen __________. It’s invisible. But we can see, hear or feel. Can you think of an example? ”Benny said, “Light! The __________ in a light bulb.”1.—Could I borrow your dictionary?—Yes,of course you _______.A. mightB. willC. canD. should2. The baby is sleeping. You _______ make so much noise.A. won’tB. can’tC. shouldD. needn’t3. I wasn’t sure whether I _______ offer to help or not.A. shouldB. mightC. wouldD. needed4. —Can you speak Japanese?—No, I _______.A. mustn’tB. can’tC. needn’tD. may not5. —Would you like to go boating with us? —Yes, _______.A. I’d likeB. I wantC. I’d like toD. I do6._______ you like to have another try?A. CouldB. WillC. WouldD. Do7. Excuse me. _______ you please pass me thatbook?A. DoB. ShouldC. WouldD. Must8. This pen looks like mine, yet it isn’t. Whose _______ it be?A. mustB. canC. mayD. might9. Two eyes _______ see more clearly than one.A. canB. mayC. willD. should10. —_______ you come and join us?—I wish I could, but I am busy at the moment.A. MustB. MayC. WouldD. Should。

Chapter 4 (9A) TestClass _____________ Name ____________ No ___________I.Choose the right answer. (36%)1.Mr. John often has milk and bread for ________ breakfast at _______ home.A. the, /B. /, /C. a, /D. /, the2. Our teacher is _______ my work.A. covered withB. kind toC. friendly toD. pleased with3. ______ my teacher, I got full marks in the exam.A. According toB. Listening toC. Saying byD. Talking to4. You’ll do much better _______ you’re more careful with your spelling.A. ifB. beforeC. althoughD. unless5. You have already tried your best, so you ________ worry about the matter.A. can’tB. needn’tC. mustn’tD. couldn’t6. Six of the dishes on the table are clean, _______ are dirty.A. anotherB. the otherC. the othersD. others7. It is over ______ drive from Shanghai to Hangzhou.A. two hours’B. two hour’sC. two hoursD. two hour8. The plane _______ for about ten minutes.A. has leftB. leftC. has been awayD. has taken off9. Simon did as _______ as his brother in the exam. But his friend David did even _______.A. bad, badB. badly, badC. badly, worseD. bad, worse10. Paul is such a boy of independence that he _______ any help.A. needn;tB. doesn’t needC. needsD. isn't need11. The _______ book made all of us very _______.A. interested, interestingB. interested, interestedC. interesting, interestedD. interesting, interesting12. Tom went to school because he felt _______.A. enough wellB. well enoughC. good enoughD. enough good13. The workers recycle the old newspaper and magazines _______ waste them.A. so as toB. so thatC. so that don'tD. so as not to14. Peter’s grandma lives a very comfortable _______.A. lifeB. liveC. livingD. alive15. If you keep on trying studying hard, you will succeed in ________ an exam.A. passB. to passC. passingD. passes16. ______ fun it is to jump into pool or go swimming in summer!A. What aB. HowC. How aD. What17. Could you tell me ________?A. when the palaces change into the Palace MuseumB. when were the palaces changed into the Palace MuseumC. when did the palaces change into the Palace MuseumD. when the palaces were changed into the Palace Museum18. –Sam hurt his leg yesterday. Now he is in hospital. -- _________.A. That’ all.B. That’s all right.C. I hopr you’ll feel better soon.D. I’m sorry to hear that.plete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms. (26%)1.I don’t think there is any __________ fish in the world. (visible)2.Watch __________, you’ll find something different between them. (close)3.Whales are one of the biggest creatures ___________. (live)4.___________, he didn’t pass the exam. (lucky)5.It’s a ____________ to talk to you. (please)6.Could you tell me your ___________ time? (depart)7.We would feel more ___________ and that is good for studying. (comfort)8.I’m __________ sorry for being late. (true)9.It’s __________ believed that science is making life better. (wide)10.He always receives a ____________. (complain)11.His illness is getting ___________. (badly)12.Are the taxi __________ good in Shanghai? (serve)13.Jack made an ___________ for what he did. (apologize)III.Rewrite the following as required.(20%)1.The African Ghost Fish need no food. （反意疑问句）The African Ghost Fish need no food, __________ _________?2.Once a year, the female Ghost Fish lays eggs.（划线提问）________ ________ have you worked as a teacher?3.He sells fish every day.（被动语态）Fish ________ __________ every day.4.It is really sunny today, why don’t you have a picnic?（同意转换）It is really sunny today, why ________ _________ a picnic?5.The teacher was pleased with Mary’s answer. （同意转换）The teacher was _________ ________ Mary’s answer.IV.Fill in the blanks with proper words. (14%)China is famous for its places of historic interest. The most famous place may be the Great Wall. Have you e_________ been to the Great Wall in China? It is located in Beijing. It is one of the wonders of the world and it is k_________ to people all over the world. If you ask a foreigner what he knows about China, he may say “the Great Wall”.The Great Wall has been built long long ago. Everybody in China will tell you that it was built in the Qin Dynasty. In fact people s_________ a long period of time building it in China’s history. We can h_________ tell you how many years it took. We don’t know how many stones were used to build the wall. We don’t know how many people died in building the Great Wall. We j_________ can say that it was built w_________ the blood and sweat of the Chinese working people.The Great Wall has stood there for years and years. It is the pride of the Chinese nation. If you have a c_________ to go the China some day, be sure to go there and have a look at the Great Wall.V.True or false (6%)Different people have different ages. Almost everyone in the world wants to live longer. Butnot everyone is lucky enough to live over 85. In many parts of the world, people live to a healthy old age. Many people want to know what the secret of their long lives is. In fact, three things seem to be very important: fresh air, fresh food and a simple way of life. The Hunzas, people who live in the Himalayas, are famous all over India for their long and healthy lives. They work near their homes in the clean mountain area. They do not travel a long way by bus, car or train. They do not sit all day in busy offices or factories. They take more exercise and eat less food than people in cities. They eat vegetables grown by themselves. They drink milk taken from their own cows. Their lives are really different from ours. They do not need lawyers, for there is no divorce（离婚）.They do not need doctors, for there is not much illness. They are happy and peaceful people.1.Fresh air is one of the secrets of long lives.2.The more food you have, the healthier you are.3. A simple way of life is good for people.4.Nobody likes to be a policeman in the Humalayas.5.There is no doctors because it is far away from the city.6.Most of the Hunzas have long and healthy lives. 。

Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appearprior to the conjunction.2) a category at any level a head or an entire XP can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the categorytype of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposals d) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdv The man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPN You know that I hate war b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NAGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English examc) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him aRoll-Royced) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings 12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was excellentb) Herbert bought a house that she loved.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house that she lovedec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure:CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPAdvWould You e come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPN PPP Det NPN What did Helen e bring e to the partyc) Who broke the window?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the windowSurface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N Who e broke the window。