外文翻译---旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例

国际旅游服务贸易竞争力分析摘要:本文基于笔者多年从事国际经济与贸易的相关研究,以国际旅游服务贸易竞争力为研究对象,分析了当前我国旅游服务贸易竞争力的概况,探讨了提升我国旅游服务贸易竞争力的对策,全文是笔者长期研究基础上的理论升华,相信对从事相关工作的同行能有所裨益。

关键词:国际旅游贸易竞争力对策旅游服务贸易是指一国(地区)旅游从业人员向其它国家(地区)的旅游服务消费者提供旅游服务并获得报酬的活动,既包括外国旅游者的入境游,即国际收入游,又包括本国旅游者的出境游,即国际支出游。

按WTO服务贸易理事会国际服务贸易分类表,旅游及相关服务包括:宾馆与饭店、旅行社及旅游经纪人服务社、导游服务以及其它。

1 我国旅游服务贸易竞争力的概况1.1 世界旅游服务贸易的现状旅游业是当今世界服务业中发展最快的产业之一,是随着经济社会发展和人的生活质量提升而获得持续增长的产业;同时,旅游业的发展也带来其国际交换范围和程度的扩展,旅游服务贸易增长势头迅猛,在国际服务贸易中占有愈益重要的份额。

据统计,2007年世界旅游服务贸易出口总额为8620亿美元,占世界服务贸易出口总额的比重为26.5％,比2006年下降1.3个百分点。

旅游服务出口增长率为14％。

旅游收入增长呈现停滞,且低于世界平均水平。

而亚洲地区出口方面有所增长,但在进口方面,旅游支出的增长要低于运输和其他商业服务。

在北美洲地区,由于受美国经济减速影响,刺激了加拿大人在美国的旅游支出。

中南美洲地区,2007年服务进口增速快于出口,出现这种变化的主要原因是,该地区的旅游支出约增长了25％,是旅游收入增长的2倍。

据世界旅游组织的预测显示,在未来几年里国际旅游服务贸易任将保持良好的发展势头,2010年全球国际旅游人次将达到10亿人次,2015年12亿人次,2020年16亿人次,2020年全球国际旅游消费收入将达2万亿美元,届时国际旅游人口将占世界总人口的3.5％,旅游服务贸易将在全球经济结构中发挥重要作用。

旅游服务贸易的比较优势外文翻译外文翻译原文The comparative advantages of trade in tourism servicesMaterial Source:World Tourism EconomyAuthor:David JamesThe thought of comparative advantage was mentioned earliest in The Wealth of Nation of Adan Smith, then David Ricardo came out the theory of Comparative Advantage. By the research of Eli F Heckscher and Bertil Ohilin, factor was added into the theory and the theory of comparative advantage was further perfected. With the development of international trade, people found that something happening in international trade could not be explained by the theory of comparative advantage. So, Michael Porter came out the theory of comparative advantage of nations and constructed competitive advantage of nations and constructed comparative perfect theory system.International service trade came forth later in international trade, but with the share of it becoming bigger and bigger, all the countries attached more importance to service trade. So, service trade was brought into multilateral trade system of GATT. The tourism trade shared a large portion in the service trade, and brought forth a moreconcern of every government.With opening up of China’ tourism market, the tourism service trade face opportunities and challenges never met before. This thesis was separated into four parts. The first partintroduce China’ tourism service trade and analyze the importance to china’ trade. Classic Comparative Advantage Theory and Competitive Advantage Theory were discussed in chapter twoIn chapter three, these two theories were used to analyze actuality of China tourism trade. In chapter four, some countries’ good measure were discussed, and relevant measures were brought forward to improve the competitive adva ntage of China’ tourism service trade in the world.The service trade is the most rapidly developing area in the international trade domain. In the recent several decades, the volume growth of service trade in western developed country has gone far beyond the growth of the goods trade. As the most important component in the service trade, and as one of a few key industries which have international competitive advantages after China enters WTO, the tourism industry obtains the widespread attention. Tourism in our country has already obtained huge achievement during the 30 years of reform and open. But it is an unavoidable question to promote international competitiveness of China's tourism for China transforming from the traveling great nation to the traveling powerful one. This paper utilizes the theory ofindustrial international competitiveness in tourism and does a research on the problem of international competitiveness of tourism in our country. And by illustrating the current developing situation of tourism in China, the author uses Mr. Porter's "state Diamond" model to analyze the existing key factors which could significantly affect our international competitiveness of tourism. Furthermore, this paper sets up an index system basing on the tourism service data of import and export, which is composed of three indices such as International Market Occupancy Factor, Trade Competitive Power Index, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, makes a worldwide comparative analysis of our tourism competitiveness. World tourism resources and the tourism industry are the external environment of China's tourism, and have the most significant impact to China's tourism. So in the four part of this thesis, the paper introduces some development patterns in the world, analyzes three countries' tourism and gets some new ideas on how to develop China's tourism services. Finally, bases on the conclusion made by the certain analysis and practical evaluation, the author provides some useful suggestions for promoting China's tourism competitiveness from the tourism product structure, regional structure of the tourism industry and so on.The tourism is one of the biggest and develops quickest service industries in the world. and is regard as “the forever sunrise industry”. On Ju ly 21, 2005, Peoples Bank of China announced our countrystarts to implement take the market supply and demand as a foundation, refers to a basket currency to carry on the adjustment, to have the management floating exchange rate system. From now on, the price of Renminbi was increased , and brought the profound influence for our country’s tourism. Under the Renminbi revaluation background, how big of the traveling service trade’s competitive in the international market; how to became a powerful traveling nation in the world; pay more attention to the competitive while make a strategy of traveling developmental and use the theries conduct t the practice are the main viewpoints in this article This article utilizes the domestic and foreign traveling competitive power theory in the traveling service trade domain, research the competitive power of our country’s traveling service trade international under the background of Renmibirevaluation. First, this article to the domestic and foreign traveling international competitive power theory which has carried on the elab omtion with to organize, discusses the suitable in the traveling service trade domain, has emphatically introduced the baud conpetitiv -e advantage theory。

国际服务贸易案例案例1 WTO服务贸易第一案——2004年美墨电信服务案【概要】2004年，WTO 专家组审结了美国与墨西哥之间的一起关于电信服务贸易的争端，该案是WTO建立以来处理的第一个关于服务贸易的争端，其争议焦点是WTO历来十分关注的电信服务。

由于无论在GATT还是WTO 体制内，服务贸易领域在本案之前没有任何争端解决的先例可循，本案专家组报告的分析思路及其对有关文件的解读具有重大的参考价值，并在一定程度上具有开创性意义。

【案情】1997年之前, 墨西哥的国内长途和国际电信服务一直由Telmex公司所垄断; 1997年之后,墨西哥政府授权多个电信运营商可以提供国际电信服务, 但根据墨西哥国内法, 在国际电信市场上对外呼叫业务最多的运营商有权利与境外运营商谈判线路对接条件, 而Telmex公司作为墨西哥对外呼叫业务最多的运营商,自然就享有了该项谈判权利, 事实上就拥有了排除外部竞争者的权力, 从而引发了希望大举进入墨西哥市场的美国电信业巨头的不满。

2000年8月17日, 美国以墨西哥的基础电信规则和增值电信规则违背了墨西哥在GATS中的承诺为由, 向墨西哥提出磋商请求, 之后, 美墨双方进行了两次磋商, 但未能达成共识。

2002年4月17日, 根据DSU第6款,成立了专家组, 因双方未能在规定期限内就专家组的组成达成一致, 2002年8月26日,WTO总干事最终任命了以Ernst- Ulrich Petersman为首的三人专家组。

另有澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、欧共体、古巴、日本、印度、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和尼加拉瓜等十国提交了他们的书面意见。

专家组分别于2003年11月21日和2004年4月2日提交了中期报告和最终报告, 2004年6月1日, 经过再次磋商, 墨西哥放弃了上诉, 正式接受了专家组的最终报告, 并最终就此电信服务争端与美国达成协议。

协议中, 墨西哥同意废除本国法律中引起争议的条款, 并同意在2005年引进用于转售的国际电信服务; 美国同意墨西哥继续对国际简式电信服务进行严格限制以组织非授权的电信传输。

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Trade in services出处：Belconnen ACT 2616作者：Philippa Dee译文：服务贸易本篇观点是为“关于贸易自由化协定对拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区的影响”的会议准备，该会议于2001年11月5-6号在华盛顿D.C.的美洲开发银行召开。

本篇所表达的所有观点均来自相关工作人员，并不一定反映生产力委员会的意见。

一、为什么要担心为什么贸易理论家和贸易方针的实践者要担心服务贸易呢？首先，世界生产总值的60%（2001年世界银行）。

这不仅仅是一个富国才有的现象—在世界发展报告中的132个国家有119个国家服务业占国内生产总值超过了他们的行业占有率。

来自服务行业的从孟加拉国，博茨瓦纳到赞比亚和津巴布韦等81个国家GDP中的服务业份额超过了50%。

第二，接近三分之一的世界贸易产于服务业（Karsenty 2000）。

它不再是站不住脚的，即使它曾经是，曾经也被认为是非贸易性的。

大多数服务贸易是通过商业存在而存在的，因此与商品贸易没有可比性，这种说法也是不确切的。

Karsenty在现有统计资料的基础上表明，传统的服务贸易—被用来衡量跨境交易—现在绝对比企业性质的服务贸易的规模大的多。

相对而言，一些主要依靠服务贸易发展的经济体同时也是最贫困的（如亚美尼亚，莱索托和基里巴斯）。

第三，服务贸易障碍是不容忽视的。

因为它们是主要的监管，与传统的关税配额大不同。

没有简单的能与商品贸易障碍等同的关税。

但是障碍清除之后会产生巨大的作用。

举个例子，Dee 和Hanslow(2001)认为依据对这些障碍的初步预算，消除其服务贸易壁垒，取得的全球效益与消除在工业和农业上所有剩余的贸易壁垒，取得的收益基本相同,显著的收益得益于发展中的经济体。

第四，目前，服务贸易的障碍受制于多边和区域论坛的协商。

多边的服务贸易谈判正在进行中，世贸组织“内置”议程的一部分已经超出了制定谈判方针阶段,已经到了“谈火鸡”阶段—服务贸易自由化的建议已经出现在了谈判桌上。

外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例Chapter 12The International Competitiveness of Trade inTourism Services: Evidence from RomaniaAna Bobirca and Cristiana Cristureanu12.1 IntroductionTourism is the only service activity that can potentially provide trading opportunities for all nations, regardless of their level of development. However, it is also a sector where there is clearly an uneven distribution ofbenefits that is largely dependant on countries’ ability to strengthen their performance in the global economy, which in turn requires improving their competitiveness.Since the beginning of the 1990s, Romania has experienced major changes in its tourism exports volume, growth rate and structure. These disparate fluctuations have all influenced the relative competitive position of Romania on the international tourism market and have been associated with changes in its tourism trade balance. In the same time, the new and more heterogeneous European architecture has induced significant changes in Romania’s regional tourism competitiveness.Against this background, the paper attempts to suggest a framework for assessing the international competitiveness of Romania’s tourismservices trade, by focusing on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance.To this end, the first part starts by introducing the concept of international competitiveness and by presenting, evaluating and systematizing key issues of the complex analysis on international competitiveness. The paper subsequently considers the relationship between export performance and international competitiveness, as well as its relevance for international tourism. The second part includes a macro overview of the tourism sector, focusing specifically on its importance to the economy. The third part of the paper sets out indetail the framework for calculating the proposed measures of competitiveness and shows the importance of the methodological approach in interpreting the information provided by these indicators. It also illustrates the recent performance of Romanian tourism, based on an integratedA. Bobirca (B) Faculty of International Business and Economics, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania e-mail:Ana.Bobirca@rei.ase.roA. Matias et al. (eds.), Advances in Tourism Econo-mics, DOI10.1007/978-3-7908-2124-6_12, ? Physica-Verlag Heidelberg 2009 measure of international trade competitiveness. The paper concludes by explaining the competitive position of 189 Romania on the European tourism market and by identifying research issues that require further study.190 A. Bobirca and C. Cristureanu12.2 Perspectives on International Competitiveness - TheRelationship Between Export Performance andInternational Competitiveness and its Relevance forInternational TourismThe concept of international competitiveness, although controversial and elusive, has gained acceptance and continues to attract theattention of both academics and policymakers worldwide.Most measures of international competitiveness that have so far been considered were undertaken at the economy-wide level (Garelli 2003) and generally refer to the ability of a country to produce goods andservices that meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of its citizens (European Commission 2007).Because competitiveness ultimately depends upon firms in a country competing successfully on the domestic and international markets, attention has focused on competitiveness at the firm level (Porter 1990), where it is generally understood to refer to .. the ability of the firm to retain and, better still, enlarge its global market share, increaseits profits and expand” (Clark and Guy 1998, OECD 1993).According to traditional economic theory, a firm can gaincompetitive advantage through comparative cost of production by, for example, reducing labor cost. However, recent research suggests thatnon-price factors are equally important determinants of competitiveness.The range of non-price factors is diverse and includes human resource endowment, such as skills; technical factors, such as research and development capabilities and the ability to innovate; managerial and organizational factors, both internal to the firm and externally organized through relationships with other bodies, customers, suppliers, public and private research institutes, and other firms (Clark and Guy 1998, Fagerberg 1986). Together, these factors determine the ability of the firm to compete successfully in international markets, on the background of changing technological, economic, and social environments. Export performance and the ability of the firm to maintain its market share remain the ultimate indicators of international competitiveness.Consequently, although widely proclaimed, the theoretical bases of internationalcompetitiveness as it relates to national economies and their international trade have been less analyzed in academic literature. Thus, the nature, benefits and constraints on a nation of beinginternationally competitive remain ambiguous (Coldwell 2000, Krugman 1994, 1996).International competitiveness, within the context of trade in goods and services, refers to a nation securing and maintaining a trade advantage vis-a-vis the rest of the world.International competitiveness is advanced whenever the economic welfare of a nation is enhanced through an increase in the flow of trade or through an alteration in the conditions of trade startingfromapresumed initial equilibrium (Coldwell 2000). Trade theory asserts that economic welfare is dependent on the production of goods and services that a country has comparative advantage in. This, in effect, means that 5international competitiveness is secured when production is in line with a countryscomparative advantage situation. If countries perform well internationally and compete successfully for export markets, this could be a sign of their sound international competitiveness.Therefore, at the international level, competitiveness can be defined as the ability of12 Evidence from Romania 191an economy to attract the demand for its exports and the investment to supply that demand, all within social norms that result in an improved standard of living for its citizens. This, in turn, depends on the macro and microeconomic policies, regulations and institutions that affect the productivity of the economy’s factors of production and the costs of doing business.A review of available literature and empirical evidences supports the notion that international competitiveness can be explained, to some extent, by a country’s ability toexport (Dollar and Wolff 1993, Fagerberg et al. 2004). There is, in fact, a self-recurring relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Exports are the first level of international competitiveness affirmation. The improvement in exportperformance leads to an increase in a country’s competitiveness.This effect is a result ofenterprises’ skills, knowledge, propensity to innovate and use new technology, ability toexploit technological opportunities in a successfully commercial way, etc. On the other hand, in striving to achieve successful exports in highly competitive global markets, a country is forced to improve its competitiveness. The more competitive a country is, the moreeconomically powerful it is. Consequently, it is more capable to compete on the global market, to attract people with higher level of knowledge, skills, to buy new technologies, etc., and to improve its export performance, as well as to achieve better export results. This can, in turn, favor additional innovations and trigger an improvement in its competitiveness.Consequently, export performance and competitiveness should not be considered in isolation, since they are mutually interdependent.However, competitiveness should not be equated only with acountry’s ability to export. The evolution of export market shares is also an important element of trade competitiveness, while the latter is just a component of a nation’s competitivenessdefined by the European Declaration ofLisbon as the capacity to improve and raise the standard of living of its habitants by providing more and higher quality employment, and a greater social cohesion. The gains or losses of world market shares by individual countries are oftenconsidered as an index of their trade competitiveness. However, market share growth depends also on structural factors. Due to changes in demand, a country’s geographical and sectoral specialization at the beginning of a period is animportant factor shaping future market share growth. Similarly, the country’s ability to adapt its exports to such changes will also affect the final outcome.Furthermore, the concept of international competitiveness in tourism services also encompasses qualitative factors, that are difficult to quantify; the quality of servicesinvolved, the degree of specialization, the capacity for technological innovation, the quality of human resources (Rubalcaba and Cuadrado 2001) are factors that may 5influence a countrys tourism trade performance favorably. Likewise, high rates of productivity growth are often sought as a way of strengthening competitiveness. But it is not necessarily the case that favorable structural factors of this sort will give rise to increased sales on foreign markets. They may, instead, show up as improving terms of trade brought about through exchange-rate appreciation, while leaving export performance broadly unchanged. It is for this reason, as well as because these factors are hard to measure in quantitative terms, that consideration here is confined to a more5specific and integrated method for determining Romanias relative competitive positionin international tourism.192 A. Bobirca and C. Cristureanu12.3 An Overview of Romanians InternationalTrade in Tourism Services12.3.1 Ke^y Facets51Romanias Travel and Tourism Economy currently shows a return to positive territory,following negative results posted during the early years of economic transition, with an optimistic outlook for growth over the next ten years, much stronger than that of the EU. With a 4.8% contribution of tourism to GDP, Romania ranks the 162nd among 174 countries, being currently among the lower-tier, tourism-intensive countries of theregion and the world. However, Romania's prospects for tourism sector growth are better than for most of its neighbours and competitors within the regional and world ranking, i.e. 6.7% contribution to GDP over the next 10 years and 12th position, respectively (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007). 52Romanias Travel and Tourism Industry contributed 1.9%to GDP in 2006, rising to2.5% of total GDP by 2016, while in the European Union, the Travel and Tourism Industry posted a GDP contribution of3.9% in 2006 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).While the Travel and Tourism Economy accounts for 8.7% of global employment, Romania's Travel and Tourism Economy employment wasestimated at 485,000 jobs in 2006, representing 5.8% of total employment, or one in every 17.4 jobs. The current 265,000 Travel and TourismIndustry jobs account for 3.1% of total employment, as compared with4.2% of total employment in the European Union (8.6 million jobs) (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).Travel and Tourism represented, in the European Union, 13.0% oftotal exports in ,2006. In Romania, exports make up a very important share of Travel and Tourismscontribution to GDP. Out of the total Romanian exports, Travel and Tourism represented 5.2% (1.2 billion Euros) in 2004, with a prospect to increase, in nominal terms, to 1.8 billion Euros (4.6% of total) by 2016 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007). The vast majority of international arrivals in Romania are from Europe. Since 2000, some 95% of visitors every year have been intra-regional. Out of these, a growing number - 75% according to 2004 figures - represent arrivals from thefive countries with which Romania shares a border: Ukraine, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.12.3.2 MajorFindingsThe analysis shows that, while still lagging behind the developed economies, the trend towards a service-oriented society is observablefor Romania. This is also reflected by the increasing proportion of GDP attributable to tourism services and the growing share of employment in the tourism services sector.Although the overall tourism balance of Romania is positive, EU represents a net exporter of tourism services to Romania (the tourismbalance is negative, with a worsening deficit from 2005 to 2006); still, the propensity to trade with EU partners is1 Broad concept developed by the World Tourism and Travel Council and used in Tourism Satellite Accounting, referring to both the direct and indirect economic impacts of tourism. 2Narrower concept developed by the World Tourism and Travel Council and used in Tourism Satellite Accounting, referring only to the direct economic impact of tourism.12 Evidence from Romania 193stronger in this field, reflecting a higher degree of integrationinto the EU tourism services market (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006).5-While Romanias Travel and Tourism is growing in terms of international visitors, the 5countrys tourism receipts have been lagging considerably behind neighboring countries. In 2004, Romania registered some 38% of those registered by Bulgaria, approximately 12% of those registered by Hungary and the Czech Republic and a mere 7% of Croatia’s receipts. This reflects the fact that many of Romania’s visitors do not stay overnight or spend anything while they are in the country, an important weakness to address for any tourism plan going forward (EUROSTAT2003, 2004, 20058, 2006).-Within EU-15 countries, Romania’s largest markets are Germany, Italy, France, Austriaand the UK. Worryingly, arrivals from all of the EU-15 countries showed negative growth in 2004. This can be attributed in part to theaccession of ten new countries to the EU and related incentives for visitors to these countries, such as low-cost airlines. - Growth in 2004 was driven by Hungary, which showed a 69% increase in arrivals in Romania. Outside Europe, Romania’s main international markets are the USA, which has shown steady growth since 2000, to 111,000 arrivals in 2004, as American tourists have started to be aware of the fact that Romania is more than a “Dracula” destination; and Israel, although the Israeli market has remained stagnant in recent years. Tourists from China are also expected to increase in the future, as Romania received approved destination status in June 2004 (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006).-Analysis of accommodation figures shows that a large number ofthese visitors do not stay in registered facilities and either reside with friends or relatives, or do not overnight in Romania. Thus, it is difficult to quantify their impact on the economy. -The majority of international arrivals to Romania are by road, again mirroring the large proportion of the country’s visitors from bordering countries. However, arrivals by air have also seen a healthy rise over the past five years, with increased frequency of scheduled services and some charters operating in regional airports. As Romania is forced to liberalize its aviation industry as a consequence of EU accession, air transport is set to rise dramatically in the near future. Arrivals by rail are decreasing at almost the same rate that air arrivals are increasing, as air travel becomes cheaper and more accessible.12.4 Methods for Assessing the International Competitiveness of Tradein Tourism Services12.4.1 TheResearchMethodFor the specific assessment of the international competitiveness of trade in tourism services, the underlying methodological approach undertaken in this study is based on the idea that the economy with an improving degree ofcompetitiveness in tourism services is the one able to enhance the size ofits tourism services exports to a certain market.Similarly, the economy with a declining degree of competitiveness is the one that increases the size of its tourism services imports coming from other countries. The greater or smaller degree of competitiveness a country (or sector) has shows the nature and degree of participation it has - through its exports - in the imports carried out by the analyzed market, i.e., a country improves its competitiveness in the way that the other country increases its imports coming from the former one (Mandeng 1991).194 A. Bobirca and C. CristureanuIn addition, the process of inserting a country in the international economy is relatednot only to its exporting progresses, but also to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The model is adapted from De la Guardia, Molero, and Valadez (De la Guardia et al. 2004) that introduced theaspect of the dynamic nature of markets and implemented through their work an ex—post assessment of services competitiveness, by providing a descriptive reference on the changes produced in the competitiveness level and specialization degree, in international trade.The commercial advantage is revealed through the evolution oftourism exports -which reflects improvements in competitiveness, and through the evolution of tourism imports that reflects a worsening of the commercial advantage.Based on the aforesaid, the changes in the international tourism services trade competitiveness are measured through the analysis of different variables: 1. the first variable is the market share or participation in the market, and measures theportion of the market that is supplied by a certain country or the tourism sector of this country;12 Evidence from Romania 1952. the second variable used is the export structure of the analyzed country. This variablereflects the relative weight of the tourism sector in the total exports of that country; 3. finally, by means of the import structure of the market, the degree of dynamism thatthe tourism sector has in the analyzed import market can be determined. Through the combination of the aforementioned variables, three “tourism com-petitiveness matrices” (see Table 12.1) are constructed, that allow for the description 5ofRomanias international tourism trade development profile. 5The Market Share Competitiveness Matrix illustrates the fact that a countrys tourismexports can be classified according to their international competitiveness starting from the behavior of the country’s marketshare in tourism exports and the evolution of the world tourism services imports over time.In effect, the world market share held by each country in tourism services exports can increase or diminish throughout time; such modifications take place in the same time with the increase or decline that tourism imports register in international trade. This allows forthe classification of a country’s tourism exports as performing, missed opportunities, declining and retreating.Tourism services are performing when a country enhances its market share in tourism,in circumstances in which this activity has an increasing importance in world-wide trade. Tourism services are missed opportunities when a country is losing market share,while international trade in the sector is enhancing.Declining are those tourism services in which the exporting country increases its market share, while the international market is shrinking.Finally, we define the situation of tourism services as retreating when this economicactivity, besides losing market share, registers a decline of dynamism in international trade.The competitiveness matrix ofthe export structure is obtainedrelating the behavior ofa country’s tourism services export structure with the tourism services import dynamism of the international market.This matrix shows how the adjustments of the export structure can take place in the same direction or in the opposite direction with respect to the changes in world imports structure.Table 12.1 The tourism competitiveness matrixMarket share Export Declining Performing Missed Retreating structure opportunity Specialization index Import market structure Source: adapted from De la Guardia et al., 2004196 A. Bobirca and C. CristureanuThe different segments of services exports, including tourism, canbe classified, from the point of view of their international competitiveness, through the changes that take place in the services export structure of the country and the world services imports structure throughout time.Combining these two variables, tourism, as a services exporting sector can be classified as performing, missed opportunity, declining and retreating, with theequivalent meaning mentioned before.Finally, tourism exports can also be classified from the point of view of their international competitiveness throughout time, when the degree of trade specialization ofeach country and the evolution of the world imports are simultaneously analyzed. The specialization index is defined as the relative participation that an exporting 3sector of a country has in world trade.Similarly, tourism, as an exporting sector can be classified as performing, missedopportunity, declining and retreating, with an identical interpretation to the onespreviously indicated.Our aim here is to adapt and apply the model developed by De la Guardia, Molero, and Valadez in order to assess the international competitiveness of tourism services, using information related to the current situation of the EU-25 countries and to that of Romania, based on the statistical information available.Balance of payments transactions for tourism services are less easy to link to actual tourism services provision than is the case for goods; some tourism activities may be difficult to disentangle from goods or capital transactions. Countries have developed unique national methods for assembling the data: some have tended to rely more on statistical surveys and others have relied more on central banks’ administrative systems. Even so, there has been and still remains considerablevariation in data collection methods. To compound the picture, methods of collection have changed considerably over time.Despite these troubles, we believe that the forthcoming descriptive analysis could bring some highlights on international competitiveness and the factors determining the commercial position in tourism services trade.The sample data is drawn from UNCTAD-IMF-BOP Statistics on Trade in Services by sector and country (OECD 2003, 2004, 2005,2006, UNCTAD 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006), a data-set which covers exports (credits) and imports (debits) of three main services categories: transportation, tourism and travel and other commercial services, according to the concepts and definitions of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual with a focus on tourism services. Data-set comprises the 25 EU countries, Romania and the world (178 countries) and covers a yearly time period comprising 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006.12.4.2 TheResearchResults 12.4.2.1 The IndicatorsThe evolution of the market share shows the penetration ability of tourism as a servicesexporting sector of each country in the international economy.The data reveal that, for the analyzed period, the EU-25 economies were among the main world suppliers of tourism services, since they maintained an overall participation next to 45% of the world supply in tourism exports.3The specialization index is defined as the ratio of a services category exports to total services exports of a country with respect to the same ratio to the world economy. The index measures the country’s revealed comparative advantage in exports according to the Balassa formula. Values above 1 indicate that the country is specialized in the sector under review.12 Evidence from Romania 197Altogether, the group constituted by these countries slightly diminished the held proportions of the world quota in tourism services (-0.68% growth rate). From the perspective of individual countries, the economies that registered an increase of their quotas in the world market of tourism services were, in order, those ofPoland, Estonia, Lithuania, UK and Luxemburg.By contrast, especially significant are the results registered by countries like Hungary, Finland and Spain, which decreased their market share in tourism.Romania’s market share in tourism services exports declined atboth world level(Romania - world) and in relation to EU-25 countries (Romania - EU-25), but thedecrease in the latter case was more severe (20.85%, as opposed to 4.65%). Also, the reduction in Romania’s market share on the EU-25 market was much higher then theoverall European market retreat.Through the analysis of the export structure we can appreciate the importance thatexport of services has as currency provider for the EU-25 economies and Romania. Data show that, in relation to the examined services sectors, the exports of tourism services represent about 27% of the overall services exports in the EU- 25 countries and about 28% at world level, meaning that, compared to the world export structure, the EU-25 countries exhibit a similar pattern, with a slight negative deviationfor tourism services.In the analyzed period, most of the countries registered minor decreases in their currency entry through exports of tourism services. The countries that opposed this trend were Poland, Estonia, Malta, Germany, UK.In Romania, tourism services represent about 14% of the overall services exports, which is below the world and European average (27-28%).The evolution is similar with that signaled above, meaning that the structure of Romania’s exports is altered in thedetriment of tourism services, that are decreasing both in relation to the world and to the EU-25 countries, but with a much higher amplitude in the latter case (27.85%, as compared to 6.14%).Finally, through the analysis of the import structure, we can illustrate the changes thathave taken place in the world imports of tourism services.The first relevant fact reflected by the data is that EU-25 tourism import activities evolved in the same direction as compared to the world, but with a different growth rate (0.98% increase in tourism imports for EU-25 countries, as compared to 2.31% at world level). With respect to the services import structure itself, it is similar at EU-25 level and world level, with tourism services representing about 26-28% of services imports. The highest increase in the contribution of tourism imports to the overall imports was 5felt in Poland, Lithuania, Spain and The Nederlands.The structure is different in Romania, with tourism services accounting for only 16% of the overall services imports. In relation to the EU-25 countries, the percentage is slightly higher, i.e. 18.2%.While at the world level and the EU-25 countries level the greater relative weight of the imports increase corresponded to the activity of tourism, these services are decreasing their contribution to services imports in Romania; the corresponding rate is much higher at world level (14.19%) than in relation to EU-25 countries (4.95%).12.4.2.2 The Tourism Competitiveness Matrices5As it has already been indicated, a first assessment procedure of a countrys compet-itiveness in tourism services consists of analyzing simultaneouslythe market share that198 A. Bobirca and C. Cristureanu。

产业经济Һ㊀中国旅游服务贸易竞争力分析 基于ＳＷＯＴ模型刘㊀青摘㊀要：近年来，中国旅游服务贸易发展迅速，成为世界第五大客源目的地，发展势头良好㊂但同样由于经济全球一体化的快速发展，世界各国对旅游业发展的重视，未来我国旅游业可能会面临更加激烈的竞争㊂文章基于ＳＷＯＴ模型对我国旅游服务贸易发展的优势㊁劣势㊁机会及威胁进行了深入分析，客观评价中国旅游服务贸易的竞争力及面临的问题，充分发挥我国丰富的旅游资源和市场空间优势，推动旅游服务贸易的可持续发展㊂关键词：旅游服务贸易；竞争优势；竞争劣势；发展机会一㊁引言近年来，随着国民经济发展和我国居民生活水平的提高，我国大力发展旅游业，不断促进旅游服务贸易的发展㊂在良好的发展背景下，应充分发挥自己的优势，利用现有的市场机会，规划最舒适的贸易模式㊁最适合的营销策略促进旅游服务贸易发展，迎接新的挑战㊂文章基于ＳＷＯＴ模型，Ｓ（Ｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｓ）优势㊁Ｗ（Ｗｅａｋｎｅｓｓｅｓ）劣势，Ｏ（Ｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ）机会㊁Ｔ（Ｔｈｒｅａｔｓ）威胁等四个方面系统研究了中国旅游服务贸易发展优势及面临问题，促进我国旅游服务贸易的发展㊂二㊁中国旅游服务贸易发展优势我国旅游业开放程度日益加深，越来越多的城市都有旅游景点㊂根据‘２０１９－２０２０年中国旅游景区发展报告“，截至２０１９年底，我国共有Ａ级景区１２４０２家㊂除此之外，还有很多非Ａ景区在各个城市出现供旅客体验㊂部分地区已初步形成共同合作发展旅游服务，形成多个地区实施旅游联盟的联动发展计划，共同促进地区的旅游产业，有效推动协同发展㊂通过地方景区的吸引，人流量增多，使周围商店产生一条链服务，从而促使当地社会的发展㊂发展旅游产业的同时，我国也注重历史文化㊂文化在旅游过程贯穿其中，开展旅游服务，铭记历史㊂在特色文化旅游中，游客通过如历史遗迹㊁特色建筑㊁民族艺术等内容了解独特的地域历史文化，丰富知识，感受传承至今的传统文化㊂在如今数据化时代，尽可能保留并发扬优秀的传统文化，升华城市文化精神㊂互联网＋旅游平台发展日益成熟㊂如今人民的生活方式都趋于便捷，逐渐无纸化和电子化，各种网络平台应运而生，网络无国界，是沟通国内外最好的桥梁，通过旅游推广平台，吸引更多的国内外游客，如今旅游网站上盛行的各种一条龙服务为旅客远程旅行提供了便利和保障㊂我国的网络平台不是单独针对一个方面运营的，各个平台均讲究合作，如推广平台就有相应的餐饮住宿和机票预订链接，第三方的支付平台更是给予了双方交易的资金安全保障㊂讲究合作共赢是我国网络技术平台日趋成熟的表现㊂三㊁中国旅游服务贸易发展面临的劣势随着旅游规模的日益扩大，旅游区域的贸易服务越来越多样，但整体的服务水平却让人诟病，部分旅游企业和店铺为了获得眼前的蝇头小利，损害消费者的权益，旅游企业质量参差不齐，旅游服务行业中出现的不良现象愈演愈烈，导致旅游环境恶化㊂旅客在旅游团行程中，在景区等地区被强制消费，强制要求消费本不必要购买的商品；在某些旅游软件平台 捆绑销售 ，旅客在购买选择的旅游产品之后，在结算页面自动出现保险费等自愿购买费用，使旅客在结算费用前提心吊胆㊂景区过度开发，景区环境遭到破坏㊂近年来，我国自然资源过度开发，只注重经济效益的旅游资源开发模式，却没有进行充分保护，自然资源遭到破坏，造成难以修复的伤害㊂再有部分旅客肆意破坏旅游资源，２０１８年８月，一位旅客破坏丹霞地貌，使丹霞地貌一些地方踩踏严重，２０１９年５月，山东临沂一处景区的钟乳石被游客暴力破坏，上百万年的珍贵钟乳石再无恢复可能㊂破坏自然资源的事件频频发生，这种不文明行为应及时制止㊂部分历史文化类旅游景区单纯为参观建筑和了解历史事件，缺乏吸引力与创新性，在参观过程中旅客容易产生视觉疲劳㊂单一的旅游产品和平淡的物品展示并不能吸引旅客的注意力，从而使旅游区域失去年轻旅客群体㊂缺少创新会使旅游发展停滞不前，无法转型升级㊂四㊁中国旅游服务贸易发展的机会国内外旅游市场逐渐打开㊂当前，世界各国地区对旅游需求和供给逐渐增大，旅游服务贸易已成为世界经济热门的服务贸易类型㊂我国旅游服务便与世界有频繁接轨，入境与出境旅游市场经济均有所增加，国内外市场逐步打开㊂随着我国公民收入的增加，出国旅游成为活跃话题，近距离㊁短程出境游非常热门，入境国际旅游服务贸易也飞速发展㊂注重一带一路 沿线旅游服务发展㊂我国作为 一带一路 倡议的发起者，占据了重要主导地位㊂在这一背景下，以 一带一路 沿线国家和地区为重点旅游服务贸易发展对象，推动地区总体发展，发掘沿线旅游服务资源的潜力，将会为旅游服务贸易发展提供新空间㊂我国必须在这样的历史机遇下精确判断，果断出手，积极深化旅游产业改革，推动旅游产业结构升级，加快转变旅游产业发展方式，使我国旅游消费结构更加完善，完成国际旅游大国向旅游强国的转变㊂便捷的城市交通会使外来游客在不浪费更多时间和金９２钱的同时到达更多的旅游胜地，提升其旅游服务满意度，更能够使其对城市留下美好的印象㊂我国高速铁路的快速发展，打造 八纵 八横 主干通道，实现城市与城市之间的高速铁路网，加大地缩短了出游的路程时间㊂高铁动车的飞速发展，能有效改变游客在途时间长的劣势，有助于增加旅游服务贸易的单位时间价值，使剩余时间能更好地被旅客利用㊂五㊁中国旅游服务贸易发展面临的威胁我国旅游服务发展水平参差不齐，各个地区的社会经济发展水平㊁历史文化和自然资源均有差异，如此便影响了当地旅游行业的发展㊂从空间格局上来看，沿海地区城市的旅游发展水平是高于西部内陆地区的，其中一部分因素是因为沿海城市社会经济发展优于西部内陆地区，其开放程度较高，条件更为优异㊂有足够的宣传力度才能将旅游品牌打造出来，才能引起群众对地区旅游的关注㊂旅游产业需要借助当前大数据㊁互联网提供的便利条件吸引旅客㊂旅游服务状态不规律㊂近年来，我国旅游业发展迅速，但也出现了服务能力与客户需求不匹配等现实性问题㊂因旅游业存在淡旺季的特点，旅游旺季时，景区普遍有着人口密集拥挤㊁旅游企业服务水平严重下降等弊端，拥堵㊁等待㊁滞留等现象是一直解决不掉的安全隐患㊂随着‘旅游法“的有效实施以及在节假日期间高速公路免费通行政策的刺激下，一到 十一 等黄金假期，全国旅游景区旅客人数便呈现出 井喷式 增长，旅游景区开始出现严重的拥堵现象，人山人海，人满为患，促使各种不文明旅游现象频频发生㊂游客的增长速度远远超过景区内现有的服务基础设施和服务能力，很大程度上影响了游客的出游意愿，破坏对当地的印象值㊂虽然我国的旅游服务贸易的总额不断增加，且近两年处于顺差状态，但顺差额呈收窄趋势㊂我国的入境旅游呈缓慢增长态势，但是随着经济的发展和居民收入的增长，我国民众对于出境旅游的需求大增，出境旅游发展势头强劲，出入境旅游之间的增长差距越来越明显，导致我国旅游业呈现出入境旅游发展的非均衡特征㊂参考文献：［１］刘琦．全域旅游视角下延安市红色旅游产业现状分析［Ｊ］．西南林业大学学报（社会科学），２０１９（４）：３５－３８．［２］李彬．西江流域旅游服务贸易合作发展策略研究 基于ＳＷＯＴ分析［Ｊ］．经济研究参考，２０１７（５）：１０５－１０７．［３］张响． 一带一路 新战略下我国国际旅游服务贸易的机遇与发展策略分析［Ｊ］．中国市场，２０１５（７）：１７８－１８０．［４］宋芳秀．中国出入境旅游：特征㊁问题及对策［Ｊ］．服务贸易，２０１９（１１）：７７－８４．［５］陈洁．我国旅游服务贸易发展现状与对策浅析［Ｊ］．黑龙江对外经贸，２００８（１）：４５－４６．［６］隋晓平．我国旅游服务贸易发展现状问题及对策［Ｊ］．时代金融，２０１８（９）：１９６．［７］胡叠泉，邢启顺．大数据背景下的旅游产业发展研究综述［Ｊ］．贵州师范学院学报，２０１６（１０）：４２－４６．作者简介：刘青，山东旅游职业学院㊂（上接第６页）整个项目进行了规划，大部分的工程项目都能够更好地掌握成本的实际状况㊂然而在实际建设过程中，由于受到各种因素的影响，会进一步加大施工的难度，同时也会提高工程项目的施工成本，甚至还会带来不必要的麻烦㊂所以，在这一阶段进行造价管理需要加大重视力度制订有针对性的管理措施，严格按照相关标准的流程进行操作，将每一个环节的数据进行精准的记录，为后续的成本核算提供可靠的数据支持，帮助企业获得更大的经济效益㊂（四）结算阶段首先，需要对造价资料进行合理的收集，包括施工中的各项支出明细以及造价资料等，在工程项目进行造价管理时，需要对各种造价相关的资料进行收集和落实，确保造价资料具备信息化㊁系统化和规范化㊂企业还应该要求相关工作人员能够熟悉掌握计算机的操作方式，将其与造价管理的各种信息录入到计算机系统中，这样就能够为造价管理工作提供可靠的依据㊂其次，进行竣工阶段的结算㊂应对工程造价进行严格的审核，这样不仅能够更好地反映全过程造价的实际效果，还能够影响到建设单位和施工单位的经济效益㊂所以，审核人员需要保持认真严谨的工作态度，对于施工中出现的变更㊁索赔等事项进行认真的审核，加大各个单位之间的沟通和交流，及时处理好预算和实际价款之间的差异，确保造价管理对策的有效性，进一步完善工程造价管理工作㊂五㊁结语工程造价管理贯穿于整个建筑施工项目的生命周期，需要从项目的决策阶段㊁设计阶段㊁施工阶段及人才培养方面进行综合全面的把控㊂科学合理的工程造价管理有利于提高企业竞争力和长远发展㊂参考文献：［１］席红．论建筑工程管理中全过程造价控制的重要作用［Ｊ］．中国设备工程，２０１８（１７）：２１８－２１９．［２］梁永春． 工程预算在建筑工程造价管理中的重要作用分析． 门窗，２０１９（２２）：７０．ｄｏｉ：ＣＮＫＩ：ＳＵＮ：ＭＥＮＣ．０．２０１９－２２－０６３．［３］陈红秀，王刚，陈晖，等．基于全过程管理的绿色建筑工程造价控制方法研究［Ｊ］．中国建筑装饰装修，２０１９（１１）：１０２．［４］李晓娜．建筑工程项目建设全过程造价咨询管理的探讨［Ｊ］．湖北农机化，２０１９（２４）：４１．作者简介：刘彩凤，重庆联盛建设项目管理有限公司㊂０３。

Ⅰ.正文中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析摘要：在科技革命和经济全球化的推动下，全球服务贸易飞速发展，出口结构加速升级，商业存在规模日益扩大，各国竞争日趋激烈。

全球经济竞争的重点正从货物贸易转向服务贸易，服务贸易与服务贸易的发展水平已经成为衡量一个国家现代化水平的重要标志之一。

作为中国服务贸易的传统行业，中国旅游服务贸易一直占据着很大比重，是第一大服务出口行业。

但是与世界旅游强国相比，我国的旅游服务贸易水平和国际竞争力水平都存在着差距。

如何提高中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力，是我们确切了解中国旅游业发展水平以及正确制定参与国际服务贸易政策的必要前提。

因此，探讨我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力及其影响因素就显得非常必要了。

本文采用了出口市场占有率指数、贸易竞争力指数和显性比较优势指数，并与其他9国进行了比较分析。

结果表明了我国旅游服务贸易存在着一定的竞争力，但与先进国家相比还有差距，需要进一步采取措施，加快提升我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

关键词：旅游服务贸易国际竞争力The analysis of international competitiveness of tourismservice trade in ChinaAbstract: As a result of technological revolution and economic globalization, the service trade of world develops rapidly, the structure of import upgrades fast, the scale of commercial presence expands increasingly, and the competition between countries is intensely. The emphasis of global economic competition is from merchandise trade to service trade. The service trade and the level of service trade have been an important sign of measuring the level of modernization of the nation. As a traditional industry in the service trade in China, the tourism service trade has been holding a great proportion, of the biggest industry of service export. Compared with the developed countries in tourism, China has distance in the international competitiveness of tourism service trade. How to increase the international competitiveness of tourism service trade, is the necessary premise of knowing our level of tourism service trade and making policies of attending international service trade. As a result, it is very necessary to investigate the international competitiveness and effect factors of China’s tourism service trade. This paper analyses the competitiveness of international tourism service trade among nine other nations, according to the export market share index, TC index and RCA index. The analysis shows that our tourism service trade has certain competitiveness, but still has distance with advanced countries. In order to improve the international competition of our tourism service trade, we should take effective policy measures further.Keywords: tourism, service trade, international competitiveness,正文目录一、前言………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ-4二、中国旅游服务贸易的现状分析…………………………………………Ⅰ-4三、中国旅游服务贸易竞争力分析…………………………………………Ⅰ-5四、提高我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的对策……………………………Ⅰ-10五、结语………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ-12 致谢……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ-13 参考文献………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ-14一、前言随着世界经济的发展，旅游业作为“朝阳产业”，其形象日益突出，在一国经济中的地位不断提高，旅游业已经成为国际服务贸易的重要组成部分。

旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的影响因素及提升对策研究刘敏（江苏省南京工程高等职业学校，江苏南京211135）[摘要]我国旅游服务贸易呈现出贸易规模逐渐扩大、出境旅游服务规模不断增加、旅游服务提供模式多元化发展等基本现状，而旅游服务生产要素、国内旅游服务需求、旅游服务产业发展、政府扶持旅游力度等是影响我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的主要因素。

因此，提出提高国内旅游服务管理水平，促进国内旅游服务产品多样化，加大旅游服务支持产业整改力度和提高政府支持旅游服务发展力度等对策建议，以提升我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

[关键词]旅游服务；国际贸易；国际竞争力[中图分类号]F592;F597.12[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-6043（2019）12-0090-02[作者简介]刘敏(1987-)，女，山东临沂人，讲师，硕士，研究方向：旅游文化与发展战略。

一、我国旅游服务贸易发展的基本现状(一)旅游服务贸易规模逐渐扩大近十几年来，我国旅游业发展势头迅猛，尤其是旅游贸易进出口总额呈节节攀升的态势，据国家统计局公布的数据显示，2010年旅游服务贸易总额是1100亿美元，这一数字在2017年时已达到2387亿美元，增长速度非常快。

作为第三产业，我国旅游业表现非常强劲，旅游产业发展迅速，旅游服务贸易规模逐渐扩大，为GDP 增长做出了不小的贡献。

(二)出境旅游服务规模不断增加随着我国经济不断发展，人民物质生活不断提升，中国人民有条件也有能力出国游玩，尤其是在我国放宽出境限制政策支持下，出境旅游发展非常迅速。

据有关部门披露，近十几年间，我国已放开将近20个国家和地区，中国公民出境旅游的选择地越来越多，人们出境旅游的积极性也越来越大，规模不断增加。

(三)旅游服务提供模式多元化发展这十几年来国家一直都在大力扶持旅游业，鼓励民间资本开办旅行社，根据自身的实力和优势来开发新的旅游产品，提升自身的核心竞争力，在国际市场上抢占一席之地。

国际旅游市场的竞争与合作随着旅游业的全球化和信息时代的到来，国际旅游市场的竞争也越来越激烈。

各个国家或地区都在积极开发旅游资源，通过宣传策划、营销推广等手段来吸引旅游者，促进本地经济的发展。

但与此同时，各国旅游市场也在不断进行合作，将各自的优势进行整合，以便更好地满足旅游者的需求。

一、国际旅游市场的竞争随着全球范围内旅游业的不断发展壮大，旅游市场的竞争也越来越激烈。

各国通过宣传、营销、服务等方面的提升来争夺更多的旅游者，提高国家或地区的知名度和竞争力。

这种竞争的形式既有宣传、广告的竞争，也有旅游资源、交通、酒店等基础设施的竞争。

为了在国际旅游市场中占有一席之地，各个国家对于旅游业的发展和竞争都是非常重视的。

他们通过投入更多的资源和财力，不断提升旅游产品的质量和服务水平，让自己离旅游强国的目标更近一步。

二、国际旅游市场的合作虽然国际旅游市场的竞争很激烈，但是各个国家也在建立合作，推动旅游业发展。

这种合作存在于不同的层面和方面，既有政府间的合作，也有民间组织和企业间的合作。

各国之间通过共同的行动来促进旅游业的发展，提高整个旅游市场的质量和效益。

一方面，在发展旅游业时，各国之间需要相互了解，相互协商，确立共同的发展方向。

他们可以在旅游政策、市场规划、旅游产品和服务标准等方面进行合作并分享经验，从而提高整体水平。

另一方面，合作也可以在旅游营销宣传方面进行。

各个国家可以开展联合的宣传推广活动，在海外举办文化旅游节活动等等。

这种合作可以扩大目标市场，推动整个旅游市场的共同发展。

三、总结国际旅游市场的竞争和合作是相辅相成的，它们在推动旅游业发展和提升市场竞争力方面都起到了重要作用。

竞争促进了各个国家在旅游产品、营销推广等方面的不断进步；而合作则促进了旅游资源和经验的共同分享，提高了整个旅游市场的质量和效益。

通过不断发展旅游业，各个国家也可以进一步促进国际社会的联系和交流，推动全球的和平与发展。