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战略管理(英文版)Strategic Management: An OverviewIntroductionIn today's fast-paced and highly competitive business environment, companies must adopt effective strategies to ensure their long-term success and sustainable growth. Strategic management plays a crucial role in helping organizations align their resources, capabilities, and objectives to achieve their strategic goals. This article provides an overview of strategic management, its key components, and the benefits it offers in an increasingly dynamic and complex marketplace.1. Definition of Strategic ManagementStrategic management is the process of formulating and implementing strategies that enable organizations to fulfill their missions and achieve their objectives. It involves analyzing the external environment, identifying internal strengths and weaknesses, setting objectives, formulating strategies, implementing plans, and monitoring progress to ensure strategic goals are met.2. Key Components of Strategic Management2.1 Environmental AnalysisEnvironmental analysis involves assessing the external factors that influence an organization's performance and success. This includes macro-environmental factors such as political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) factors, as well as industry-specificfactors. Understanding the external environment helps organizations identify opportunities and threats and make informed strategic decisions.2.2 Internal AnalysisInternal analysis focuses on assessing an organization's internal strengths and weaknesses. This includes evaluating its resources, capabilities, and core competencies. By understanding its internal strengths, an organization can leverage them to gain a competitive advantage. Similarly, identifying weaknesses helps organizations address potential areas of improvement and overcome challenges.2.3 Strategy FormulationStrategy formulation involves developing a comprehensive plan to achieve an organization's objectives and competitive advantage. This includes defining the mission and vision, setting strategic objectives, and selecting appropriate strategies. Strategies can be categorized into corporate, business, and functional levels, depending on the scope and focus of the organization's activities.2.4 Strategy ImplementationStrategy implementation is the process of translating strategic plans into actions and ensuring their effective execution. It involves allocating resources, coordinating activities, and monitoring progress. Effective implementation requires strong leadership, effective communication, and a supportive organizational culture.2.5 Evaluation and ControlEvaluation and control involve monitoring and reviewing the progress of strategic initiatives and making necessary adjustments. This includes establishing key performance indicators, conducting regular performance assessments, and taking corrective actions to ensure strategic goals are being achieved. Evaluation and control help organizations stay on track and make informed decisions throughout the strategic management process.3. Benefits of Strategic ManagementStrategic management offers several benefits to organizations:3.1 Clear DirectionBy formulating a clear strategy, organizations establish a sense of direction and purpose. This enables employees to align their efforts and work towards common goals, enhancing overall organizational performance.3.2 Competitive AdvantageStrategic management helps organizations identify unique value propositions and differentiate themselves from competitors. By leveraging their strengths and focusing on key opportunities, organizations can gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace.3.3 Adaptability to ChangeIn today's rapidly evolving business landscape, agility and adaptability are essential for success. Strategic management enables organizations to anticipate and respond to changes in the external environment, ensuring their long-term viability in a dynamic marketplace.3.4 Resource AllocationStrategic management facilitates effective resource allocation by aligning financial, human, and technological resources with strategic objectives. This ensures optimal utilization of resources and maximizes the organization's ability to achieve its goals.3.5 Performance MeasurementBy implementing strategic objectives and monitoring progress, organizations can measure their performance and identify areas for improvement. This allows for continuous learning and ongoing improvement, enhancing overall organizational effectiveness.ConclusionStrategic management is a fundamental process that enables organizations to navigate the complexities of the modern business landscape. By analyzing the external environment, assessing internal capabilities, formulating effective strategies, implementing plans, and evaluating performance, organizations can achieve their objectives and thrive in a highly competitive marketplace. Embracing strategic management is essential for long-term success and sustainability.。
战略管理教学大纲一、课程名称（一）中文名称：战略管理（二）英文名称：Corporate Strategy?二、课程性质专业任选课三、课程教学目的战略管理是工商管理专业的一门核心专业课。
通过教学使学员掌握企业战略管理的基本知识、基本原理，熟悉基本的企业战略。
学习本课程的基本要求是把理念和行为结合起来，将最新的战略管理理论结合中国企业的实践，使学生学习该课程后，能够将所学的知识系统整合起来考虑企业战略与风险管理问题，能把市场营销、投资理财、人力资源、生产运作和研究开发等只能战略与企业总体战略结合起来系统分析；把企业的内部环境从长远发展的高度来概括、总结，提出可操作性思路；系统规划持续竞争优势和核心竞争能力。
四、课程教学原则与教学方法（一）课程教学原则1.要系统、全面、准确地阐述战略管理的基本原理和实务，在原理的阐述和案例的列举中要多联系实际。
2.增加案例教学的比重，要突出典型案例的剖析。
3.建议布置适量的作业题，以综合练习、案例分析等形式为主。
（二）课程教学方法1.课堂讲授2.案例分析3.开展课外阅读4.学生参与五、课程总学时36学时六、课程教学内容要点及建议学时分配第一章战略管理概论教学目标了解和掌握战略管理的性质、过程、概念和特点；战略管理系统；了解战略管理理论的演进、战略管理者。
战略管理的性质、过程、概念和特点；战略管理系统教学难点战略管理的过程；战略管理系统建议课时2.5课时教学内容第一节战略管理的性质一、战略管理是整合性管理理论，是企业最高层次的管理理论二、战略管理是企业高层管理人员最重要的活动和技能三、战略管理的目的是提高企业对外部环境的适应性，使企业做到可持续发展第二节战略管理理论的演进一、科学管理先驱法约尔和泰罗对企业计划理论的贡献二、长期规划时代这个时期的主要特点：（一）需求结构发生变化（二）科学技术水平不断提高（三）全球性竞争日益激烈（四）社会、政府和顾客等提高了对企业的要求和限制三、战略规划时代四、战略管理时代第三节战略管理的感念和特点一、战略管理的概念企业确定其使命，根据组织外部环境和内部条件设定企业战略目标，为保证目标的正确落实和实现进行谋划，并依靠企业内部能力将这种谋划和决策付诸实施，以及在实施过程中进行控制的一个动态管理过程。
《战略管理》期末复习资料——英文版,名词解释1.strategic management战略管理Strategic management is that set of man agerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performanc e of a corporation. It includes environmental scanning,strategy formu lation, strategy implementation, and evaluation and control.2.environment scanning环境扫描Environment scanning is the monitoring, evaluating, and disseminating of information from the external and in ternal environments to key people within the corporation.3. mission使命An organization’s m ission is its purpose, or the reason for its existence. It tells what the company is providing to society, such as housecleaning or manufacturing automobiles.4.corporate strategy公司战略Corporate strategy describes a company’s o verall in terms of its attitude toward growth and the management of i ts various businesses and product lines.5.Functional strategy职能战略Functional strategy is the approach taken by a functional area, such as marketing or research and development, to achieve corporate and business unit objectives and strategies by m aximizing resource productivity.6.societal environment社会环境Societal environment is mankind’s social system that includes general forces that do not directly touch on th e short-run activities of the organization that can, and often do, in fluence its lung-run decision.7.task environment任务环境The task environment includes those elements or groups that directly affect the corporation and, in turn, are aff ected by it.8.a strategic group战略集团A strategic group is a set of business units or firms that “pursue similar strategies with similar resources.”anizational analysis组织分析The internal scanning, often referred t o as organizational analysis, is concerned with identifying and devel oping an organization’s resources.10.a value chain价值链A value chain is a linked set of value-creating activities beginning with basic raw materials coming from suppliers, to a series of value-added activities involved in producing and marke ting a product or service, and ending with distributors getting the f inal goods into the hands of the ultimate consumer.11.cost focus成本集中Cost focus is a lower cost competitive strategy t hat focuses on a particular buyer group or geographic market and atte mpts to serve only this niche to the exclusion of others.12.vertical growth垂直增长Vertical growth can be achieved by taking ove r a function previously proved by a supplier or a distributor. Vertic al growth results in vertical integration.13.horizontal integration水平(横向)整合Horizontal growth results in horiz ontal integration, the degree to witch a firm operates in multiple lo cations at the same point in the industry’s value chain.14.concentric diversification Growth through concentric diversification is expansion into a related industry.15.a profit strategy利润战略A profit strategy is a decision to do nothi ng new in a worsening situation, but instead to act as though the com pany’s problems are only temporary.。
名词解释：1、Strategy: An integrated and coordinated set of commitments & actions designed to exploit core competencies and gain a competitive advantage.2、Strategic Management: Strategic Management is the process through which organizations analyze and learn from their internal and external environments, establish strategic direction, create strategies that are intended to help achieve established goals, and execute those strategies, all in an effort to satisfy key organizational stakeholders.3、Strategic Management consists of the analysis, decisions and actions an organization undertakes in order to create and sustain competitive advantages.4、The strategic management process includes the activities of internal and external analysis, establishment of strategic direction, development of strategies for the corporate and business levels of the organization, development and execution of an implementation plan, and the establishment of strategic controls.5、Vertical integration: The term is used to describe the extent to which a firm is involved in several stages of the industry supply chain.6、Horizontal integration: The process of acquiring or merging with industry competitors to achieve the competitive advantages that arise from a large size and scope of operations.7、Diversification strategy describes the scope of the firm in terms of the industries and markets in which it competes.8、Related diversification implies organizational involvement in activities that are somehow related to the dominant or “core” business of the organization, often through common markets or similar technologies.9、Unrelated diversification does not depend on any pattern of relatedness. Unrelated diversification has lower profitability and higher risks than those pursuing other corporate-level strategies such as concentration or related diversification.10、Organizational fit: When two organizations or business units are merged or acquisition happened, and the organizational management processes, cultures, system, and structures are matching(similar), this is organizational fit.11、Marketing strategy: Marketing strategy is the plan for investing marketing efforts and resources (advertising, branding, distribution, etc.)to achieve business goals.To support growth strategiesTo support a stability or retrenchment strategy12、Economies of scale: Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer’s average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. "Economies of scale" is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase.（1）Economies of scale. Unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output •Larger production runs•Larger facilities•Allocating fixed costs（2）Diseconomies of scale. Unit cost increases associated with a large scale of output•Increased bureaucracy associated with large-scale enterprises•Resulting managerial inefficiencies13、True economies of scale are cost advantages associated with large-sized facilities rather than with increased volume through an existing facility.14、Life cycle of an industry: Refers to the stages of Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline, portrays how salesvolume for a product or an entire industry changes over its lifetime and helps to understand the dynamic nature of strategy.15、So-called product life cycle: Refers to the product from entering the market ,the market cycle, until final out of the market experience.简答论述：一、潜在竞争者出现面临的障碍都有哪些障碍并举例(Potential competitors∕Entry Barriers P31)Potential competitors∕Entry Barriers: Forces that keep new entrants out, providing a level of protection for existing competitors, are called entry barriers.Examples of entry barriers commonly found in many industries include the following:1、Economies of scale, which occur when it is more efficient to produce a product in a large facility at higher volume.2、Large capital requirements,also known as start-up costs ,can prevent a small competitor from entering an industry.3、High levels of products differentiation ,which means that some firms enjoy a loyal customer base, making it harder for a new firm to draw away customers.4、High switching costs ,applying not only to suppliers, can be used to preserve established firms in an industry.5、Limited access to distribution channels,which may prevent new companies from getting their products to market.6、Government policies and regulations that limit entry into industry,effectively preventing new competition.7、Existing firm procession of resources that are difficult to duplicate in the short term. Such as patents, favorable locations, proprietary product technology, government subsidies, or access to scarce raw materials.(Cost disadvantages independent of scale)8、A past history of aggressive retaliation by industry competitors toward new entrants.（Threat of new entries）二、什么样资源、能力能使企业形成持续核心竞争力？（Sustainable competitive advantage P46 ）Internal resources and capabilities fall into five: human, physical, financial, knowledge, and organizational.In general, capabilities and resource become strengths with the potential to create a competitive advantage if two conditions are met.1.The resource or capabilities are value.2.The resource or capabilities are unique.In addition, a unique and valuable resources or capability actually becomes a competitive advantage if the following additional conditions are met:1.The organization is suited to exploitation of the resourceor capability.2.T he firm’s managers are aware of the potential of theresource or capability to lead to a competitive advantageand have taken steps to realize the advantage.Finally, a resource or capability can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage if two additional conditions are met:1.The resource or capabilities are difficult or expensive to imitate.2.No readily available substitutes exist.三、企业的社会责任感的概念以及包含哪些重点内容？(Social responsibility P15上课补充的)Social responsibility:the expectation that businesses or individuals will strive to improve the overall welfare of society.1、Economic responsibility. Such as the obligation to beproductive and profitable and meet the consumer needs of society.2、Legal responsibility.To achieve economic goals withinthe confines of established laws.3、Moral obligations. To abide by unwritten codes, norms,and values implicitly derived from society.4、Discretionary responsibility. Volitional or philanthropicin nature.四、怎么实现低成本战略?How to Realize the Low-costStrategy （Cost leadership P95）Low-cost leadership allows a firm to compete by lowering prices when needed without becoming unprofitable.Firms pursuing a low-cost strategy will typically employ one or more of the following factors to create their low-cost position:1.High capacity utilization.When customer demand is highand the firm’s capacity is full utilized, fixed costs are spread over more units, lowering unit cost.2.Economic of scale. True economies of scale are costadvantages associated with large-sized facilities rather than with increased volume through an existing facility.3.Technological panies making investments incost-saving technologies are often trading an increase in fixed costs for a reduction in variable costs.4.Learning/experience effects.The learning curve effect saysthat the time required to complete a task will decrease as a predictable function of the number of times the task is repeated.Experience effects are the same thing as learning effects but relate to indirect labor as well as direct production labor.五、功能性（职能）战略的概念，发展比较好应具备什么特点？(Functional strategies P137)Functional strategies: Functional strategies are the plans for matching those skills, resources, and capabilities to the business and corporate strategies of the organization.The well-developed Functional strategies should have the following Characters:1.Decisions made within each function will be consistent with each other.2.Decisions made within one function will be consistent with those in other functions.3.Decisions made within functions will be consistent with the strategies of the business.六、改善组织学习质量、提高组织学习数量，控制系统应该具备什么特征?（To enhance the quality of organizational learning ,these control systems should have the following characters ）a) Information generated by the control system should be an important and recurring item to be addressed by the highest levels of management.b) The control process should also be given frequent and regular attention from operating managers at all levels of the organization.c) Data from the system should be interpreted and discussed inface-to-face meeting among superiors and subordinates.d) The success of the control process relies on the continual challenge and debate of underlying data, assumptions, and strategies.小论文：多元化战略，结合实际认识，优缺点，对企业发展的影响。
