基于语料库对美国总统奥巴马每周电台演讲的语篇分析

从语义角度分析奥巴马演讲辞汉英文本中副词性关联词语的语篇衔接功能本文以奥巴马就职到2016年即将离职期间各个阶段的演讲辞为语料，从语义角度分析了这些演讲辞汉英文本中副词性关联词语的语篇衔接功能。

通过对真实语料的分析，发现所选文本中汉英副词性关联词在语篇中表衔接时句法位置灵活，可以表示时顺、断言、解释、转折、条件、加合以及结果等语义关系。

本研究旨在加深汉语读者对奥巴马演说辞如何谋篇布局的了解，为英语学习者从副词性关联词语的角度理解奥巴马演说辞的语篇衔接功能提供有益的帮助。

标签：副词性关联词语奥巴马演说辞语篇衔接功能一、引言2008年，奥巴马创造了一个黑人神话——成功当选为美国第44任总统。

奥巴马的演讲辞用词贴切、逻辑严谨、内涵丰富，而且奥巴马本人口音地道，演讲时极富魅力。

雄辩的口才是奥巴马的内在智慧，奥巴马靠公开演讲赢得了美国人乃至世界人民的认可。

本文以奥巴马任期内的大量演讲稿为语料，重点分析了其演说辞汉英文本中副词性关联词语的语篇衔接功能，分析了副词性关联词语的七大篇章语义功能：时顺；断言；解释；转折；条件；加合；结果。

二、副词性关联词语的语篇衔接理论（一）副词性关联词语在汉英语言中，有些副词除了具有限定、修饰谓语的作用之外，还可以在词语与词语之间、短语与短语之间、句子与句子之间和语段与语段之间起连接作用。

据此，不少学者主张从副词中划分出关联副詞这一小类。

原苏荣（2013：2-3；2015：12）认为，副词到连词存在一个连续统，典型的连词具有连接功能，语义上表示句子间的各种结构关系；典型的副词保留着副词的功能，即作状语修饰谓词性中心语。

但有一类副词既有修饰功能，也有连接功能，比较靠近连词，实际上是两个词类之间的“过渡地带”，称为“副词性关联词语”。

副词性关联词语作状语，主要起关联作用。

（二）语篇衔接理论英语语言学家Halliday和Hasan认为，衔接概念是一个语义概念，指的是形成语篇的语义关系。

Remarks of President Barack ObamaWeekly AddressSaturday, January 24th, 2009We begin this year and this Administration in the midst of an unprecedented crisis that calls for unprecedented action. Just this week, we saw more people file for unemployment than at any time in the last twenty-six years, and experts agree that if nothing is done, the unemployment rate could reach double digits. Our economy could fall $1 trillion short of its full capacity, which translates into more than $12,000 in lost income for a family of four. And we could lose a generation of potential, as more young Americans are forced to forgo college dreams or the chance to train for the jobs of the future.In short, if we do not act boldly and swiftly, a bad situation could become dramatically worse.That is why I have proposed an American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan to immediately jumpstart job creation as well as long-term economic growth. I am pleased to say that both parties in Congress are already hard at work on this plan, and I hope to sign it into law in less than a month.It’s a plan that will save or create three to four million jobs over the next few years, and one that recognizes both the par adox and the promise of this moment - the fact that there are millions of Americans trying to find work even as, all around the country, there’s so much work to be done. That’s why this is not just a short-term program to boost employment. It’s one that will invest in our most important priorities like energy and education; health care and a new infrastructure that are necessary to keep us strong and competitive in the 21st century.Today I’d like to talk specifically about the progress we expect to make in each of these areas.To accelerate the creation of a clean energy economy, we will double our capacity to generate alternative sources of energy like wind, solar, and biofuels over the next three years. We’ll begin to build a new electricity grid that lay down more than 3,000 miles of transmission lines to convey this new energy from coast to coast. We’ll save taxpayers $2 billion a year by making 75% of federal buildings more energy efficient, and save the average working family $350 on their energy bills by weatherizing 2.5 million homes.To lower health care cost, cut medical errors, and improve care, we’ll computerize the nation’s health record in five years, saving billions of dollars in health care costs and countless lives. And we’ll protect health insurance for more than 8 milli on Americans who are in danger of losing their coverage during this economic downturn.To ensure our children can compete and succeed in this new economy, we’ll renovate and modernize 10,000 schools, building state-of-the-art classrooms, libraries, and labs to improve learning for over five million student s. We’ll invest more in Pell Grants to make college affordable for seven million more students, provide a $2,500 college tax credit to four million students, and triple the number of fellowships in science to help spur the next generation of innovation.Finally, we will rebuild and retrofit America to meet the demands of the 21st century. That means repairing and modernizing thousands of miles of America’s roadways and providing new mass transit options for millions of Americans. It means protectin g America by securing 90 major ports and creating a better communications network for local law enforcement and public safety officials in the event of an emergency. And it means expanding broadband access to millions of Americans, so business can compete on a level-playing field, wherever they’re located.I know that some are skeptical about the size and scale of this recovery plan. I understand that skepticism, which is why this recovery plan must and will include unprecedented measures that will allow the American people to hold my Administration accountable for these results. We won’t just throw money at our problems - we’ll invest in what works. Instead of politicians doling out money behind a veil of secrecy, decisions about where we invest will be made public, and informed by independent experts whenever possible. We’ll launch an unprecedented effort to root out waste, inefficiency, and unnecessary spending in our government, and every American will be able to see how and where we spend taxpayer dollars by going to a new website called .No one policy or program will solve the challenges we face right now, nor will this crisis recede in a short period of time. But ifwe act now and act boldly; if we start rewarding hard work and responsibility once more; if we act as citizens and not partisans and begin again the work of remaking America, then I have faith that we will emerge from this trying time even stronger and more prosperous than we were before. Thanks for listening.ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENTTO THE NATIONJanuary 31, 2009This morning I'd like to talk about some good news and some bad news as we confront our economic crisis.The bad news is well known to Americans across our country as we continue to struggle through unprecedented economic turmoil. Yesterday we learned that our economy shrank by nearly 4 percent from October through December. That decline was the largest in over a quarter century, and it underscores the seriousness of the economic crisis that my administration found when we took office.Already the slowdown has cost us tens of thousands of jobs in January alone. And the picture is likely to get worse before it gets better.Make no mistake, these are not just numbers. Behind every statistic there's a story. Many Americans have seen their lives turned upside down. Families have been forced to make painful choices. Parents are struggling to pay the bills. Patients can't afford care. Students can't keep pace with tuition. And workers don't know whether their retirement will be dignified and secure.The good news is that we are moving forward with a sense of urgency equal to the challenge. This week the House passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan, which will save or create more than 3 million jobs over the next few years. It puts a tax cut into the pockets of working families, and places a down payment on America's future by investing in energy independence and education, affordable health care, and American infrastructure.Now this recovery plan moves to the Senate. I will continue working with both parties so that the strongest possible bill gets to my desk. With the stakes so high we simply cannot afford the same old gridlock and partisan posturing in Washington. It's time to move in a new direction.Americans know that our economic recovery will take years -- not months. But they will have little patience if we allow politics to get in the way of action, and our economy continues to slide. That's why I am calling on the Senate to pass this plan, so that we can put people back to work and begin the long, hard work of lifting our economy out of this crisis. No one bill, no matter how comprehensive, can cure what ails our economy. So just as we jumpstart job creation, we must also ensure that markets are stable, credit is flowing, and families can stay in their homes.Last year Congress passed a plan to rescue the financial system. While the package helped avoid a financial collapse, many are frustrated by the results -- and rightfully so. Too often taxpayer dollars have been spent without transparency or accountability. Banks have been extended a hand, but homeowners, students, and small businesses that need loans have been left to fend on their own.And adding to this outrage, we learned this week that even as they petitioned for taxpayer assistance, Wall Street firms shamefully paid out nearly $20 billion in bonuses for 2008. While I'm committed to doing what it takes to maintain the flow of credit, the American people will not excuse or tolerate such arrogance and greed. The road to recovery demands that we all act responsibly, from Main Street to Washington to Wall Street.Soon my Treasury Secretary, Tim Geithner, will announce a new strategy for reviving our financial system that gets credit flowing to businesses and families. We'll help lower mortgage costs and extend loans to small businesses so they can create jobs. We'll ensure that CEOs are not draining funds that should be advancing our recovery. And we will insist on unprecedented transparency, rigorous oversight, and clear accountability -- so taxpayers know how their money is being spent and whether it is achieving results.Rarely in history has our country faced economic problems as devastating as this crisis. But the strength of the American people compels us to come together. The road ahead will be long, but I promise you that every day that I go to work in the OvalOffice I carry with me your stories, and my administration is dedicated to alleviating your struggles and advancing your dreams. You are calling for action. Now is the time for those of us in Washington to live up to our responsibilities.WEEKLY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENTTO THE NATIONFebruary 14, 2009This week, I spent some time with Americans across the country who are hurting because of our economic crisis. People closing the businesses they scrimped and saved to start. Families losing the homes that were their stake in the American Dream. Folks who have given up trying to get ahead, and given in to the stark reality of just trying to get by.They’ve bee n looking to those they sent to Washington for some hope at a time when they need it most.This morning, I’m pleased to say that after a lively debate full of healthy difference of opinion, we have delivered real and tangible progress for the American people.Congress has passed my economic recovery plan – an ambitious plan at a time we badly need it. It will save or create more than 3.5 million jobs over the next two years, ignite spending by business and consumers alike, and lay a new foundation for our lasting economic growth and prosperity.This is a major milestone on our road to recovery, and I want to thank the Members of Congress who came together in common purpose to make it happen. Because they did, I will sign this legislation into law shortly, an d we’ll begin making the immediate investments necessary to put people back to work doing the work America needs done.The work of modernizing our health care system, saving billions of dollars and countless lives; and upgrading classrooms, libraries, and labs in our children’s schools across America.The work of building wind turbines and solar panels and the smart grid necessary to transport the clean energy they create; and laying broadband internet lines to connect rural homes, schools, and businesses to the information superhighway.The work of repairing our crumbling roads and bridges, and our dangerously deficient dams and levees.And we’ll help folks who’ve lost their jobs through no fault of their own by providing the unemployment benefits they need and protecting the health care they count on.Now, some fear we won’t be able to effectively implement a plan of this size and scope, and I understand their skepticism. Washington hasn’t set a very good example in recent years. And with so much on the line, it’s time to begin doing things differently.That’s why our goal must be to spend these precious dollars with unprecedented accountability, responsibility, and transparen cy. I’ve tasked my cabinet and staff to set up the kind of management, oversight, a nd disclosure that will help ensure that, and I will challenge state and local governments to do the same.Once the plan is put into action, a new website – Recovery DOT gov – will allow any American to watch where the money goes and weigh in with comments and questions – and I encourage every American to do so. Ultimately, this is your money, and you deserve to know where it’s going and how it’s spent.This historic step won’t be the end of what we do to turn our economy around, but the beginning. The prob lems that led us into this crisis are deep and widespread. Our response must be equal to the task.For our plan to succeed, we must stabilize, repair, and reform our banking system, and get credit flowing again to families and businesses.We must write and enforce new rules of the road, to stop unscrupulous speculators from undermining our economy ever again. We must stem the spread of foreclosures and do everything we can to help responsible homeowners stay in their homes.And in the weeks ahead, I will submit a proposal for the federal budget that will begin to restore the discipline these challenging times demand. Our debt has doubled over the past eight years, and we’ve inherited a trillion-dollar deficit – which we must add to in the short term in order to jumpstart our sick economy. But our long-term economic growth demands that we tame our burgeoning federal deficit; that we invest in the things we need, and dispense with the things we don’t. This is achallenging agenda, but one we can and will achieve.This morning, I’m reminded of words President Kennedy spoke in another time of uncertainty. "Do not pray for easy lives. Pray to be stronger men. Do not pray for tasks equal to your powers. Pray for powers equal to your tasks."America, we will prove equal to this task. It will take time, and it will take effort, but working together, we will turn this crisis into opportunity and emerge from our painful present into a brighter future. After a week spent with the fundamentally decent men and women of this nation, I have never been more certain of that. Thank you.The White HouseSaturday, February 7, 2009Yesterday began with some devastating news with regard to our economic crisis. But I'm pleased to say it ended on a more positive note.In the morning, we received yet another round of alarming employment figures – the worst in more than 30 years. Another 600,000 jobs were lost in January. We've now lost more than 3.6 million jobs since this recession began.But by the evening, Democrats and Republicans came together in the Senate and responded appropriately to the urgency this moment demands.In the midst of our greatest economic crisis since the Great Depression, the American people were hoping that Congress would begin to confront the great challenges we face. That was, after all, what last November's election was all about. Legislation of such magnitude deserves the scrutiny that it's received over the last month, and it will receive more in the days to come. But we can't afford to make perfect the enemy of the absolutely necessary. The scale and scope of this plan is right. And the time for action is now.Because if we don't move swiftly to put this plan in motion, our economic crisis could become a national catastrophe. Millions of Americans will lose their jobs, their homes, and their health care. Millions more will have to put their dreams on hold.Let's be clear: We can't expect relief from the tired old theories that, in eight short years, doubled the national debt, threw our economy into a tailspin, and led us into this mess in the first place. We can't rely on a losing formula that offers only tax cuts as the answer to all our problems while ignoring our fundamental economic challenges – the crushing cost of health care or the inadequate state of so many schools; our addiction to foreign oil or our crumbling roads, bridges, and levees.The American people know that our challenges are great. They don't expect Democratic solutions or Republican solutions –they expect American solutions.From the beginning, this recovery plan has had at its core a simple idea: Let's put Americans to work doing the work America needs done. It will save or create more than 3 million jobs over the next two years, all across the country – 16,000 in Maine, nearly 80,000 in Indiana – almost all of them in the private sector, and all of them jobs that help us recover today, and prosper tomorrow.Jobs that upgrade classrooms and laboratories in 10,000 schools nationwide – at least 485 in Florida alone – and train an army of teachers in math and science.Jobs that modernize our health care system, not only saving us billions of dollars, but countless lives.Jobs that construct a smart electric grid, connect every corner of the country to the information superhighway, double our capacity to generate renewable energy, and grow the economy of tomorrow.Jobs that rebuild our crumbling roads, bridges and levees and dams, so that the tragedies of New Orleans and Minneapolis never happen again.It includes immediate tax relief for our struggling middle class in places like Ohio, where 4.5 million workers will receive a tax cut of up to $1,000. It protects health insurance and provides unemployment insurance for those who've lost their jobs. And it helps our states and communities avoid painful tax hikes or layoffs for our teachers, nurses, and first responders.That's what is at stake with this plan: putting Americans back to work, creating transformative economic change, and making a down payment on the American Dream that serves our children and our children's children for generations to come.Americans across this country are struggling, and they are watching to see if we're equal to the task before us. Let's show them that we are. And let's do whatever it takes to keep the promise of America alive in our time.Thank you.SATURDAY, February 21, 2009WEEKLY ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENTTO THE NATIONTHE PRESIDENT: Earlier this week, I signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act -- the most sweeping economic recovery plan in history. Because of this plan, 3.5 million Americans will now go to work doing the work that America needs done.I'm grateful to Congress, governors and mayors across the country, and to all of you whose support made this critical step possible.Because of what we did together, there will now be shovels in the ground, cranes in the air, and workers rebuilding our crumbling roads and bridges, and repairing our faulty levees and dams.Because of what we did, companies -- large and small -- that produce renewable energy can now apply for loan guarantees and tax credits and find ways to grow, instead of laying people off; and families can lower their energy bills by weatherizing their homes.Because of what we did, our children can now graduate from 21st century schools and millions more can do what was unaffordable just last week -- and get their college degree.Because of what we did, lives will be saved and health care costs will be cut with new computerized medical records. Because of what we did, there will now be police on the beat, firefighters on the job, and teachers preparing lesson plans who thought they would not be able to continue pursuing their critical missions. And ensure that all of this is done with an unprecedented level of transparency and accountability, I have assigned a team of managers to make sure that precious tax dollars are invested wisely and well.Because of what we did, 95 percent of all working families will get a tax cut -- in keeping with a promise I made on the campaign. And I'm pleased to announce that this morning, the Treasury Department began directing employers to reduce the amount of taxes withheld from paychecks -- meaning that by April 1st, a typical family will begin taking home at least $65 more every month. Never before in our history has a tax cut taken effect faster or gone to so many hardworking Americans.But as important as it was that I was able to sign this plan into law, it is only a first step on the road to economic recovery. And we can't fail to complete the journey. That will require stemming the spread of foreclosures and falling home values, and doing all we can to help responsible homeowners stay in their homes, which is exactly what the housing plan I announced last week will help us do.It will require stabilizing and repairing our banking system, and getting credit flowing again to families and businesses. It will require reforming the broken regulatory system that made this crisis possible, and recognizing that it's only by setting and enforcing 21st century rules of the road that we can build a thriving economy.And it will require doing all we can to get exploding deficits under control as our economy begins to recover. That work begins on Monday, when I will convene a fiscal summit of independent experts and unions, advocacy groups and members of Congress, to discuss how we can cut the trillion-dollar deficit that we've inherited. On Tuesday, I will speak to the nation about our urgent national priorities. And on Thursday, I'll release a budget that's sober in its assessments, honest in its accounting, and lays out in detail my strategy for investing in what we need, cutting what we don't, and restoring fiscal discipline.No single piece of this broad economic recovery can, by itself, meet the demands that have been placed on us. We can't help people find work or pay their bills unless we unlock credit for families and businesses. We can't solve our housing crisis unless we help people find work so that they can make payments on their homes. We can't produce shared prosperity without firm rules of the road, and we can't generate sustained growth without getting our deficits under control. In short, we cannotsuccessfully address any of our problems without addressing them all. And that is exactly what the strategy we are pursuing is designed to do.None of this will be easy. The road ahead will be long and full of hazards. But I am confident that we, as a people, have the strength and wisdom to carry out this strategy and overcome this crisis. And if we do, our economy -- and our country -- will be better and stronger for it.Thank you.Remarks of President Barack ObamaWeekly AddressSaturday, February 28th, 2009Washington, DCTwo years ago, we set out on a journey to change the way that Washington works.We sought a government that served not the interests of powerful lobbyists or the wealthiest few, but the middle-class Americans I met every day in every community along the campaign trail – responsible men and women who are working harder than ever, worrying about their jobs, and struggling to raise their families. In so many town halls and backyards, they spoke of their hopes for a government that finally confronts the challenges that their families face every day; a government that treats their tax dollars as responsibly as they treat their own hard-earned paychecks.That is the change I promised as a candidate for president. It is the change the American people voted for in November. And it is the change represented by the budget I sent to Congress this week.During the campaign, I promised a fair and balanced tax code that would cut taxes for 95% of working Americans, roll back the tax breaks for those making over $250,000 a year, and end the tax breaks for corporations that ship our jobs overseas. This budget does that.I promised an economy run on clean, renewable energy that will create new American jobs, new American industries, and free us from the dangerous grip of foreign oil. This budget puts us on that path, through a market-based cap on carbon pollution that will make renewable energy the profitable kind of energy; through investments in wind power and solar power; advanced biofuels, clean coal, and more fuel-efficient American cars and American trucks.I promised to bring down the crushing cost of health care – a cost that bankrupts one American every thirty seconds, forces small businesses to close their doors, and saddles our government with more debt. This budget keeps that promise, with a historic commitment to reform that will lead to lower costs and quality, affordable health care for every American. I promised an education system that will prepare every American to compete, so Americans can win in a global economy. This budget will help us meet that goal, with new incentives for teacher performance and pathways for advancement; new tax credits that will make college more affordable for all who want to go; and new support to ensure that those who do go finish their degree. This budget also reflects the stark reality of what we’ve inherited – a trillion dollar deficit, a financial crisis, and a costly recession. Given this reality, we’ll have to be more vigilant than ever in eliminating the programs we don’t need in order t o make room for the investments we do need. I promised to do this by going through the federal budget page by page, and line by line. That is a process we have already begun, and I am pleased to say that we’ve already identified two trillion dollars worth of deficit-reductions over the next decade. We’ve also restored a sense of honesty and transparency to our budget, which is why this one accounts for spending that was hidden or left out under the old rules.I realize that passing this budget won’t be easy. Bec ause it represents real and dramatic change, it also represents a threat to the status quo in Washington. I know that the insurance industry won’t like the idea that they’ll have to bid competitively to continue offering Medicare coverage, but that’s how we’ll help preserve and protect Medicare and lower health care costs for American families. I know that banks and big student lenders won’t like the idea that we’re ending their huge taxpayer subsidies, but that’s how we’ll save taxpayers nearly $50 billi on and make college more affordable. I know that oil and gas companies won’t like us ending nearly $30 billion in tax breaks, but that’s how we’ll help fund a renewable energy economy th atwill create new jobs and new industries. In other words, I know these steps won’t sit well with the special interests and lobbyists who are invested in the old way of doing business, and I know they’re gearing up for a fight as we speak. My messa ge to them is this:So am I.The system we have now might work for the powerful and well-connected interests that have run Washington for far too long, but I don’t. I work for the American people. I didn’t come here to do the same thing we’ve been doing or to take small step s forward, I came to provide the sweeping change that this country demanded when it went to the polls in November. That is the change this budget starts to make, and that is the change I’ll be fighting for in the weeks ahead – change that will grow our economy, expand our middle-class, and keep the American Dream alive for all those men and women who have believed in this journey from the day it began.Thanks for listening.Weekly AddressSaturday, March 7, 2009Yesterday, we learned that the economy lost another 651,000 jobs in the month of February, which brings the total number of jobs lost in this recession to 4.4 million. The unemployment rate has now surpassed 8 percent, the highest rate in a quarter century.These aren't just statistics, but hardships experienced personally by millions of Americans who no longer know how they'll pay their bills, or make their mortgage, or raise their families.From the day I took office, I knew that solving this crisis would not be easy, nor would it happen overnight. And we will continue to face difficult days in the months ahead. But I also believe that we will get through this -- that if we act swiftly and boldly and responsibly, the United States of America will emerge stronger and more prosperous than it was before.That's why my administration is committed to doing all that's necessary to address this crisis and lead us to a better day. That's why we're moving forward with an economic agenda that will jumpstart job creation, restart lending, relieve responsible homeowners, and address the long-term economic challenges of our time: the cost of health care, our dependence on oil, and the state of our schools.To prevent foreclosures for as many as 4 million homeowners -- and lower interest rates and lift home values for millions more -- we are implementing a plan to allow lenders to work with borrowers to refinance or restructure their mortgages. On Wednesday, the Department of Treasury and Housing and Urban Development released the guidelines that lenders will use for lowering mortgage payments. This plan is now at work.To restore the availability of affordable loans for families and businesses -- not just banks -- we are taking steps to restart the flow of credit and stabilize the financial markets. On Thursday, the Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve launched the Consumer and Business Lending Initiative -- a plan that will generate up to a trillion dollars of new lending so that families can finance a car or college education -- and small businesses can raise the capital that will create jobs.And we've already begun to implement the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act -- a plan that will save and create over 3.5 million jobs over the next two years -- jobs rebuilding our roads and bridges, constructing wind turbines and solar panels, expanding broadband and mass transit. And because of this plan, those who have lost their job in this recession will be able to receive extended unemployment benefits and continued health care coverage, while 95 percent of working Americans will receive a tax break beginning April 1st.Of course, like every family going through hard times, our country must make tough choices. In order to pay for the things we need -- we cannot waste money on the things we don't.My administration inherited a $1.3 trillion budget deficit, the largest in history. And we've inherited a budgeting process as irresponsible as it is unsustainable. For years, as Wall Street used accounting tricks to conceal costs and avoid responsibility, Washington did, too.These kinds of irresponsible budgets -- and inexcusable practices -- are now in the past. For the first time in many years, my。

美国总统贝拉克·奥巴马每周电台演讲的元话语研究元话语作为话语分析领域里的一个新的概念，近年来不断受到关注。

人们相信，交际中的话语一般具有两个层面的信息，命名为基本话语和元话语。

基本话语是关于语篇的命题内容的信息。

与基本话语不同，元话语旨在阐释作者或演讲者如何在语篇中，组织顺畅的结构，表达态度，申明立场并与其读者或听众在特定环境下建立同盟。

国内外许多学者对元话语进行了大量的理论研究和实证研究，但多数研究侧重于书面话语的研究，尤其是一些文体，如学术论文，报纸新闻等。

目前，政治演讲中的元话语研究还很匮乏。

本研究采用Ken Hyland (2008)关于元话语的理论框架和分类模式，将元话语主要分为两大范畴：引导式元话语和互动式元话语。

其中引导式原话语包括转换标记语、框架标记语、内指标记语、证据标记语、和注释标记语；互动式元话语包含模糊语、强调语、态度标记语、自我提及标记语和关系建立标记语。

本研究旨在发现美国总统奥巴马每周电台政治演讲中元话语分布特征，元话语的语用功能，以及隐藏在语篇背后的政治意识形态是怎样影响元话语的使用的。

为了完成研究目标，本文随机选取了30篇美国总统贝拉克·奥巴马的每周电台政治演说，其涉及的政治演讲语篇时间跨度从2009年到2011年。

语料分析分为以下几步。

先根据元话语图式，对每类元话语进行识别并加以标注，再统计出各类元话语出现的数量。

然后，计算出各类元话语中整体，即引导式元话语和互动元话语，及各次级分类元话语的密度、使用频率、各自的比重等等。

最后所有统计结果将列出。

研究结果显示，元话语奥巴马电台政治演说中的分布情况具有较其它文体显著的特点。

互动式元话语的比重远远多于引导式元话语。

在十类元话语范畴中，态度标记语和关系建立标记语使用最为频繁；紧随其后的是转换标记语、强调语和自我提及标记语；相对起来，模糊语和注释标记语使用较少；框架标记语和证据标记语更少；并且内指标记语在本语料库中没有出现。

基于语料库的功能语篇分析——奥巴马总统2013年就职演说［Abstract］This paper mainly used corpus and Halliday’s three meta-functions theories through the discussions of the transitivity system, modality system and theme system to find out Obama’s discourse strategies and intentions in 2013 inaugural speech. This speech not only adopts so many long sentences to reserve its seriousness and formality but also deploys massive simple words to cater for a large audience. The recurrent emphases on freedom and equality indicate his political stance and incentive strategies. Material process verbs occupy an overwhelming part in the transitivity system, which makes the speech more convincing and practical. The application of numerous first person pronouns, high value model verbs and radialized thematic progression patterns effectively motivate the audience’s passion. Corpus can provide important data support for the study of functional discourse, hence proved an effective approach in discourse analysis.［Key words］systemic-functional grammar,corpus linguistics,discourse analysisI. IntroductionThe year 2013 witnessed some American economic recoveries from the financial crisis, Obama’s inaugural speech once again caught thegeneral public’s attention after his first term as president. In order to generalize the implied discourse strategies and intentions between the lines of the very speech, the author adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods respectively through corpus-based approach and systemic-functional approach. We call the discourse analysis under the systemic functional grammar functional discourse analysis.\[1\] Ⅱ. Theoretical Framework2.1 Corpus linguisticsThe approach to linguistic study based on corpus and corpus linguistics theories can be called corpus linguistic approach, which resorts to modern computer techniques and relies on empirical data-based or data-driven method.\[2\] Compared with the traditional linguistic research methods, the advantages of corpus linguistics analysis methods are reflected in the following aspects: (1) to analyze the pattern of natural discourse in an empirical way; (2) to collect large scale natural language materials as the sources for analysis; (3) to have automatic data analysis with the help of computers; (4) to show a better picture with both quantitative and qualitative analyses.\[3\]2.2 Systemic-functional grammarHalliday gives a discourse analysis through the following threemajor functions of the language, which are called meta-functions: the ideational or content-bearing function; the interpersonal function, indicating the writer’s or speaker’s attitude; and the textual function, enabling a speaker to arrange his or his utterances in such a way that it makes sense in context and delivers messages.\[4\] The ideational function is realized through transitivity system and voice system. The interpersonal function is embodied by mood system and modality system. And the textual function can be represented by the theme system, information system and cohesion system, which can reveal the main point the writer or speaker is arriving at and also the progression of the textual information.\[5\]Ⅲ. Research MethodologyFirst, the author used the Wordlist function of Wordsmith Tool 4.0 to gain the words frequency and the statistics of the whole text. Next, CLAWS (POS tagger) was adopted to tag the parts of speech for all the words in the text for the convenience of abstracting the desirable words later. Then, he put the tagged text into Wordsmith, used its Concond function, and searched for all the verbs. According to Halliday’s transitivity system theory in ideational function theory. The author abstracted the verbs and discussed them within 6 processes: material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, behavioralprocess and existential process. And based on his modality system in interpersonal function theory, the author abstracted all the modal verbs in the text and analyzed them from three levels depending on the degree. Finally, the author randomly selected from the whole text one part which consisted of several sentences for the analysis of rheme system in textual function theory. The thematic progression patten was studied together with the cohesive devices.Ⅳ. Data Analysis and Discussions4.1 OverviewPicture 1Picture 2With the assistance of Wordsmith Tool 4.0, it is found that in Obama’s 2013 inaugural speech there are altogether 2,135 words with 774 types and 85 sentences. The type/token ratio is 36%, which is a relatively low rate, meaning there are not so many unfamiliar words and it is easier for Obama to reach a large audience. The average length of a sentence consists of 25 words, which shows that it is a formal and serious discourse with many long sentences. From picture 2, it is perceived that there mainly exist short words with 2-5 characters, this is also to cater for the large audience.Picture 3The top 50 frequent words are selected out from the original text. From these data it can be concluded that the use of first personal pronouns are frequently used (like “we”, “us”, “our”), creating some effects that the president is just one of the audience, and he will make efforts with all the others in the construction the United States. Likewise, it merits attention on the abundant occurrences of semantic field:“people”, “America”, “country”, “citizens”, “together”, which is for the same purpose as mentioned above, proving that it is a typical provocative speech. In addition, the words like “equal” and “freedom” are highlighted, manifesting Obama’s persistence on the American spirits that would recall the majority of people to support him.4.2 The transitivity systemDiagram 1The data for transitivity systemThe ideational function is embodied by transitivity, which divides people’s activities into 6 different processes: material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, behavioral process and existential process, among which the first three processes are commonly noticed. From this pie chart, it is clear to notice that material process is quite predominant in the whole text with a share of 75%, sufficient use of which makes the discourse sounds more objective and convincing, and which also indicates that Obama is trying to figure out more specificmoves to solve the current problems for the second term other than give a mere emotional inspiration. The process involves at least one participant as an actor (see Table 1). The second main process in this text is the relational process, which shows Obama has a clear mind of what the situations are and what need to be resolved (see Table 2). Some mental processes enable Obama to better reach the audience and make all the listeners feel amiable and natural, such as the uses of “determine”, “believe”, “understand” (see Table 3). A few verbal processes would reinforce Obama’s mood so that the speech sounds more inspiring, such as the use of “say”, “declare”, “tell”, but this does not counter much since Obama’s focus is on the actions. There are no behavioral and existential processes.We, the people,stillbelievethat enduring security and lastingpeace do not require perpetual war4.3 The modality systemModal manifestations are various, such as modal verbs, modaladjuncts and metaphors of modality. This paper mainly discusses the use of modal verbs, which serve different purposes of the speaker and in Halliday’s view they can be classified in to three levels according to intensity (see table 4). Modal verbs have some functions, expressing the following meanings: prediction of future events, personal intension, willingness or wish, ability, permission, hypothesis, possibility, certainty, obligation or requirement, desirability.\[6\]Table 4High valuemust, have toMedium valuewill, would, shouldLow valuemay, might, can, couldDiagram 2The data for the Modality SystemAbundant applications of high value modal verbs like “must” (see e.g.4) and medium value ones like “will” (see e.g.5) indicate Obama’s confidence for the recovery of American economy and determination to address other urgent issues confronting his country.E.g.4: We must act, knowing that our work will be better.E.g.5: We will respond to the threat of climate change.4.4 The theme systemTheme is the starting point of information, and rheme is the explanation of theme and gives unknown information. The relationship between theme and rheme is called thematic progression, the four patterns of which are commonly seen: radialized pattern, centralized pattern, continuous pattern, and crossover pattern. The following paragraph is a randomly chosen one.(1)We ［T1］, the people, still believe that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security and dignity［R1］.(2)We ［T2］must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our deficit［R2］.(3) But we ［T3］reject the belief ［R3］(4) that America［T4］must choose between caring for the generation that built this country and investing in the generation that will build its future［R4］.(5) For we ［T5］remember the lessons of our past［R5］,(6) when twilight years ［T6］were spent in poverty ［R6］,(7) and parents ［T7］of a child with a disability had nowhere to turn［R7］.Picture 4Picture 5This paragraph discusses Obama’s attitudes towards the security and dignity of every citizen especially for the care of the old and the young. The cohesive devices are personal repetitions (“we”), references (“that”, “when”), and conjunctives (“but”, “for”). The thematic progression patterns are radialized pattern (see picture 4) and continuous pattern (see picture 5). The radialized thematic progression pattern is obviously noticed throughout the whole discourse, because this is for the purpose to making parallel sentences so that the speech may sounds much more inspiring and affirmative, which conforms to the typical style of Obama’s speech. In this way, the sentences develop fluently and cohesively in the discourse.Ⅴ. ConclusionIt can be concluded that Obama’s inaugural speech in 2013 reveals his some typical speech strategies with the abundant use of first personal references and radialized thematic progression pattern for motivating the masses to support him, the preference for material process verbs to promote his proposals and reinforce the speech effects, the adept use of modal verbs for expressing his authority and determination as a president,and also the application of easy and short words to reach an audience as large as possible. All the speech strategies are to serve for motivating the great masses to support his future policies on some important issues like employment, medical insurance, and economic recovery. Also, the study shows that corpus and system-functional grammar are effective approaches to discourse analysis.【References 】［1］Guo Wen, H. 2001. Discourse Analysis Theory and Practice ［M］.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.\[2\] Shan, S. 2008. Discourse analysis to speeches by American president — a corpus-based study on radio addresses by President George W Bush［D］.Shandong Normal University.\[3\] Biber, D. S. Conrad, R. Reppen. 1998. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Structure and Use［M］.Cambridge University Press.\[4\] Halliday, M. A. K. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language［M］.London: Edward Arnold.\[5\] Xinhua, K., Jia, X. 2012. A Functional Discourse Analysis of Obama’s speech in Arizona State University［J］.Overseas English, 12.\[6\] Leech, G. 1994. A communicative Grammar of English［M］.London: Longman Group UK Limited.\[7\] Haifeng, L.2012. Functional Discourse Analysis of “U.S. President Barack Obama’s speech at the G20 summit in Cannes press conference”［J］.Overseas English, 15.基于语料库的功能语篇分析——奥巴马总统2013年就职演说［摘要］本文基于语料库的研究方法，主要运用韩礼德的三个元功能理论中的及物性系统、情态系统和主位系统来研究奥巴马2013的就职演说如何实现其演讲策略。

基于语料库对奥巴马2013年国情咨文演讲的批判性话语分析李静;高东军
【期刊名称】《湖北广播电视大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2013(33)9
【摘要】批判性话语分析旨在通过分析语言特征及其生成的社会文化背景挖掘隐含与语言中的意识形态,进而揭露语言、权势和意识形态之间的关系.本文从批判性话语分析角度,利用语料库检索工具Wordsmith5.0对美国2013年国情咨文演讲进行检索,从人称代词、情态以及语篇三个方面对其进行分析,探究隐藏于其后的深层含义.
【总页数】2页(P97-98)
【作者】李静;高东军
【作者单位】河南科技大学外国语学院,河南洛阳 471000;河南科技大学外国语学院,河南洛阳 471000
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H08
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2.批判性话语分析的视角下语篇人际功能分析——以奥巴马西点军校毕业演讲为例[J], 杨若涵
3.基于语料库的奥巴马2016年国情咨文的批评话语分析 [J], 李艳红;陈月梅
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语用学看奥巴马获胜演讲词开场白第一篇：语用学看奥巴马获胜演讲词开场白200802050523mark作为语言学的一个分支，语用学，即语言实用学，他研究在不同语言交际环境下如何理解语言和运用语言。

本文从指示语和语用原则、前提关系等理论探析奥巴马获胜演讲词开场白中的语言魅力。

首先来看，指示语使用的不同而产生不同的演讲效果。

在其第一段中，“our time”,“our domocracy”使用，从而使演讲者和听众的距离拉近，甚至消失，使听众感觉到未来的总统同他们是平等的。

他以这样的言论开场——如有人质疑美国的开创者的梦想是否存在，质疑美国民主，今晚(tonight)（选举获胜当天晚上），称这个质疑可以被消除，而排除这个疑问则是美国的民众，让听众顿感心中欢喜，骄傲自豪，心中澎湃不已。

在第二段中“It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and republican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled…”他有意将前段所述的两个“our”所指对象范畴具体化，更加激起民众尤其是在场听众自豪骄傲感。

以上谈论主要是针对其中的有关人称指示语的应用。

此外，地点指示语和时间指示语在此开场白中也得以体现其作用。

细看时间指示语“in our time”“,the very first time in their lives”“,this time”“,tonight on this day”“,in this election,at this defining moment”,除了第一个有点不同，其余所举是指本次他竞选总统演讲获胜的当天晚上，以衬托这一时刻意义的不同凡响。

在此，还应指出“the very first time in their lives”的突出意义，他意在指明本次他演讲获胜与历史上的不同，因为这里有些人是第一次享有甚至是真正使用了选举权，以表明美国民主波及范围之广，对新选民的特别强调，以示重视。