30旅游管理专业英语 (8)

GlobalizationGlobalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or "free trade".Between 1910 and 1950, a series of political and economic upheavals dramatically reduced the volume and importance of international trade flows. In the post-World War II environment, fostered by international economic institutions and rebuilding programs, international trade dramatically expanded. With the 1970s, the effects of this trade became increasingly visible, both in terms of the benefits and the disruptive effects.Meanings of Globalization"Globalization" can mean:•The formation of a global village— closer contact between different parts of the world, with increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendship between "world citizens", and creation of a global civilization,•Economic globalization —"free trade" and increasing relations among members of an industry in different parts of the world (globalization of an industry), with a corresponding erosion of National Sovereignty in the economic sphere.•The negative effects of for-profit multinational corporations— the use of substantial and sophisticated legal and financial means to circumvent the bounds of local laws and standards, in order to leverage the labor and services of unequally-developed regions against each other.•The spread of capitalism from developed to developing nations.It shares a number of characteristics with internationalization and is used interchangeably, although some prefer to use globalization to emphasize the erosion of the nation-state or national boundaries.Globalism, if the concept is reduced to its economic aspects, can be said to contrast with economic nationalism and protectionism. It is related to laissez-faire capitalism and neoliberalism.History of globalizationSince the word has both technical and political meanings, different groups will have differing histories of "globalization". In general use within the field of economics and political economy, is, however, a history of increasing trade between nations based on stable institutions that allow individuals and firms in different nations to exchange goods with minimal friction.The term "liberalization" came to mean the combination of laissez-faire economic theory with the removal of barriers to the movement of goods. This led to the increasing specialization of nations in exports, and the pressure to end protective tariffs and other barriers to trade. The period of the gold standard and liberalization of the 19th century is often called "The First Era of Globalization". Based on the Pax Britannica and the exchange of goods in currencies pegged to specie, this era grew along with industrialization. The theoretical basis was Ricardo's work on Comparative advantage and Say's Law of General equilibrium. In essence, it was argued that nations would trade effectively, and that any temporary disruptions in supply or demand would correct themselves automatically. The institution of the gold standard came in steps in major industrialized nations between approximately 1850 and 1880, though exactly when various nations were truly on the gold standard is a matter of a great deal of contentious debate.The "First Era of Globalization" is said to have broken down in stages beginning with the first World War, and then collapsing with the crisis of the gold standard in the late 1920's and early 1930's.Globalization in the era since World War II has been driven by Trade Negotiation Rounds, originally under the auspices of GATT, which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on "free trade". The Uruguay round led to a treaty to create the World Trade Organization or WTO, to mediate trade disputes. Other bilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade.Signs of globalizationGlobalization has become identified with a number of trends, most of which may have developed since World War II. These include greater international movement of commodities, money, information, and people; and the development of technology, organizations, legal systems, and infrastructures to allow this movement. The actual existence of some of these trends are debated.•Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy•Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct investment•Greater transborder data flow, using such technologies such as the Internet, communication satellites and telephones•Greater international cultural exchange, for example through the export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies.•Some argue that even terrorism has undergone globalization. Terrorists now have attacked places all over the world.•Spreading of multiculturalism and better individual access to cultural diversity, with on the other hand, some reduction in diversity through assimilation, hybridization, Westernization, Americanization or Sinosization of cultures.•Erosion of national sovereignty and national borders through international agreements leading to organizations like the WTO and OPEC•Greater international travel and tourism•Greater immigration, including illegal immigration•Development of global telecommunications infrastructure•Development of a global financial systems•Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations•Increased role of international organizations such as WTO, WIPO, IMF that deal with international transactions•Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g. copyright lawsBarriers to international trade have been considerably lowered since World War II through international agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, have included:•Promotion of free tradeo Of goods: reduction or elimination of tariffs; construction of free trade zones with small or no tariffso Of capital: reduction or elimination of capital controlso Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses •Intellectual Property Restrictionso Harmonization of intellectual property laws across nations (generally speaking, with more restrictions)o Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the US)Anti-globalizationMain article: "Anti-globalization".Various aspects of globalization are seen as harmful by public-interest activists. This movement has no unified name. "Anti-globalization" is the media's preferred term. Activists themselves, for example Noam Chomsky, have said that this name is meaningless as the movement's aim is to globalize justice. Indeed, "the global justice movement" is a common name. Many activists also unite under the slogan "another world is possible", which has given rise to names such as altermondisme in French.There is a wide variety of different kinds of "anti-globalization". In general, critics claim that the results of globalization have not been what was predicted when the attempt to increase free trade began, and that many institutions involved in the system of globalization have not taken the interests of poorer nations and the working class into account.Economic arguments by fair trade theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more financial leverage (i.e. the rich) at the expense of the poor.Many "anti-globalization" activists see globalization as the promotion of a corporatist agenda, which is intent on constricting the freedoms of individuals in the name of profit. They also claimthat increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities increasingly shape the political policy of nation-states.Some "anti-globalization" groups argue that globalization is necessarily imperialistic, is one of the driving reasons behind the Iraq war and that it has forced savings to flow into the United States rather than developing nations.Some argue that globalization imposes credit-based economics, resulting in unsustainable growth of debt and debt crises.The main opposition is to unfettered globalization (neoliberal; laissez-faire capitalism), guided by governments and quasi-governments (such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) that are not held responsible to the populations that they govern and instead respond mostly to the interests of corporations. Many conferences between trade and finance ministers of the core globalizing nations have been met with large, and occasionally violent, protests from opponents of "corporate globalism".The movement is very broad, including church groups, national liberation factions, left-wing parties, environmentalists, peasant unionists, anti-racism groups, libertarian socialists and others. Most are reformist (arguing for a more humane form of capitalism) and a strong minority is revolutionary (arguing for a more humane system than capitalism). Many have decried the lack of unity and direction in the movement, but some such as Noam Chomsky have claimed that this lack of centralization may in fact be a strength.Protests by the global justice movement have now forced high-level international meetings away from the major cities where they used to be held, and off into remote locations where protest is impractical.Pro-globalization (globalism)Supporters of democratic globalization can be labelled pro-globalists. They consider that the first phase of globalization, which was market-oriented, should be completed by a phase of building global political institutions representing the will of World citizens. The difference with other globalists is that they do not define in advance any ideology to orientate this will, which should be left to the free choice of those citizens via a democratic process.Supporters of free trade point out that economic theories such as comparative advantage suggests that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, with all those involved in the trade benefitting. In general, they claim that this leads to lower prices, more employment and better allocation of resources.Libertarians and other proponents of laissez-faire capitalism say higher degrees of political and economic freedom in the form of democracy and capitalism in the developed world produce higher levels of material wealth. They see globalization as the beneficial spread of democracy and capitalism.Critics argue that the anti-globalization movement uses anecdotal evidence to support their view and that worldwide statistics instead strongly support globalization. One effect being that the percentage of people in developing countries living below $1 (adjusted for inflation) per day have halved in only twenty years [1] (). Life expectancy has almost doubled in the developing world since WWII and is starting to close the gap to the developed world where the improvement has been smaller. Child mortality has decreased in every developing region of the world [2] (). Income inequality for the world as a whole is diminishing [3] ().Many pro-capitalists are also critical of the World Bank and the IMF, arguing that they are corrupt bureaucracies controlled and financed by states, not corporations. Many loans have been given to dictators who never did any reforms, instead leaving the common people to pay the debts later. They thus see too little capitalism, not too much. They also note that some of the resistance to globalization come from special interest groups with conflicting interests like Western world unions.Globalization in questionThere is much academic discussion about whether globalization is a real phenomenon or only a myth. Although the term is widespread, many authors argue that the characteristics of the phenomenon have already been seen at other moments in history. Also, many note that those features that make people believe we are in the process of globalization, including the increase in international trade and the greater role of multinational corporations, are not as deeply established as they may appear. Thus, many authors prefer the use of the term internationalization rather than globalization. To put it simply, the role of the state and the importance of nations are greater in internationalization, while globalization in its complete form eliminates nation states. So, these authors see that the frontiers of countries, in a broad sense, are far from being dissolved, and therefore this radical globalization process is not yet happening, and probably won't happen, considering that in world history, internationalization never turned into globalization —(the European Union and NAFTA are yet to prove their case.)However, the world increasingly shares problems and challenges that do not obey nation state borders, most notably pollution of the natural environment, and as such the movement previously known as the anti-globalisation movement has transmogrified into a movement of movements for globalisation from below; seeking, through experimentation, forms of social organisation that transcend the nation state and representative democracy. So, whereas the original arguments of anti-global critique can be refuted with stories of internationalisation, as above, the emergence of a global movement is indisputable and therefore we can speak of a real process towards a global human society of societies.。

介绍旅游管理专业英语作文Tourism Management Major。

Tourism management is a major that combines tourism, management, and marketing. It is a comprehensive discipline that involves planning, developing, and managing tourist destinations, products, and services. Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, and the tourism management major is designed to prepare students for a career in this dynamic and exciting field.The tourism management major covers a wide range of topics, including tourism planning and development, tourism marketing, hospitality management, event management, and sustainable tourism. Students will learn about thedifferent types of tourism, such as cultural tourism, adventure tourism, and ecotourism, and how to create and market tourism products and services that meet the needs of different types of tourists.In addition to classroom learning, students in the tourism management major will have the opportunity to gain practical experience through internships and field trips. They may work at hotels, resorts, travel agencies, or other tourism-related businesses, where they can apply their knowledge and skills in real-world situations.Graduates of the tourism management major can pursue a variety of careers in the tourism industry, such as tourism marketing manager, hotel manager, event planner, tour operator, or travel consultant. They may also work in government agencies or non-profit organizations that promote tourism and sustainable development.In conclusion, the tourism management major is an excellent choice for students who are interested in the tourism industry and want to make a difference in the world. With its focus on management, marketing, and sustainability, this major prepares students for a rewarding andchallenging career in one of the fastest-growing industries in the world.。

关于旅游管理的英语作文英文回答：Tourism management is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling the resources necessary to meet the needs of tourists. It includes a wide range of activities, such as marketing, customer service, and operations management.Tourism management is a complex and challenging field, but it can also be very rewarding. The industry isconstantly evolving, and there are always new opportunities for those who are willing to work hard and learn new skills.If you are interested in a career in tourism management, there are a number of things you can do to prepare yourself. First, you should get a strong education in business and tourism. This will give you the foundation you need to understand the industry and its challenges. Second, you should gain some experience in the industry. This can bedone through internships, volunteer work, or even just traveling and experiencing different cultures. Finally, you should develop strong communication and interpersonalskills. This will help you to build relationships with clients and colleagues, and it will also help you to succeed in the competitive job market.There are many different career opportunities available in tourism management. You could work for a travel agency,a hotel, a tour operator, or a destination marketing organization. You could also work for a government agencyor a non-profit organization. The possibilities are endless.If you are passionate about travel and helping others, then a career in tourism management could be the perfectfit for you. The industry is growing rapidly, and there are many opportunities for those who are willing to work hard and learn new skills.中文回答：旅游管理是规划、组织、协调和控制必要的资源以满足游客需求的过程。

我与我的专业英语作文旅游管理Tourism Management: A Comprehensive Endeavor.Tourism management encompasses a multifaceted array of responsibilities that orchestrate the seamless functioning of the tourism industry. It involves the intricate coordination of a wide spectrum of activities, including destination planning, marketing and promotion,游客服务, and sustainable development.Destination Planning: The Foundation of Tourism.At the heart of tourism management lies destination planning, a strategic process that lays the groundwork for a successful tourism industry. It involves identifying and developing attractions, amenities, and infrastructure that cater to the unique needs and preferences of target visitors. Destination planners must conduct thorough market research to understand游客需求, analyze competitive landscapes, and create a comprehensive tourism developmentplan that aligns with the overall goals and objectives of the destination.Marketing and Promotion: Attracting Visitors.Once a destination has been精心策划, it must be effectively marketed and promoted to potential visitors. Tourism managers employ a diverse range of marketing strategies to reach and engage target audiences, including traditional advertising, social media marketing, content marketing, and public relations. They develop targeted campaigns that highlight the unique selling points of the destination and motivate tourists to choose it over competing destinations.游客服务: Ensuring Satisfaction.The provision of exceptional游客服务 is paramount to the success of any tourism destination. Tourism managers oversee a wide range of游客服务 initiatives, including transportation, accommodation,餐饮, and activities. They ensure that visitors have a seamless and enjoyableexperience throughout their stay, from the moment they arrive to the moment they depart. This involvesestablishing and maintaining high standards of service, providing timely and accurate information, and resolving any issues that may arise.Sustainable Development: Balancing Growth with Preservation.Tourism management must strike a delicate balance between promoting tourism growth and preserving the natural and cultural heritage of a destination. Sustainable development practices are essential to ensure that tourism benefits both the local community and the environment in the long term. Tourism managers implement measures to minimize the environmental impact of tourism, preserve cultural traditions, and support local businesses. This involves adopting responsible tourism practices, promoting eco-friendly attractions, and educating visitors about the importance of sustainability.The Role of Technology in Tourism Management.Technology plays a pivotal role in modern tourism management. Tourism managers utilize a range of digital tools to enhance destination planning, marketing,游客服务, and sustainable development. These tools include:Data analytics: To analyze游客 data, identify trends, and make informed decisions about destination development and marketing.Destination management systems: To manage tourism assets, provide real-time information to visitors, and facilitate collaboration among stakeholders.Mobile applications: To provide游客 with personalized experiences, offer interactive guides, and enable seamless bookings and reservations.Virtual reality: To showcase destinations in an immersive way and attract potential visitors.The Importance of Education and Training.Tourism management is a complex and ever-evolving field that requires specialized knowledge and skills. Tourism managers must possess a strong understanding of the industry, including destination planning, marketing,游客服务, and sustainable development. They must also have excellent communication and interpersonal skills, as they interact with a diverse range of stakeholders, including tourists, tourism operators, and local communities.Conclusion.Tourism management is a dynamic and multifaceted profession that plays a vital role in the economic and social development of destinations around the world. Tourism managers are responsible for planning, marketing, and managing tourism destinations in a sustainable and responsible manner. They must possess a deep understanding of the industry, as well as strong analytical, communication, and interpersonal skills. By effectively coordinating the various aspects of tourism management, they can create memorable experiences for visitors whilesimultaneously preserving the natural and cultural heritage of destinations.。

考试试卷Part I Reading Comprehension (10 points)Directions: Reading the following passage and choose the correct answersThe ways in which products are put together, that is product formulation, are the most important responses marketing managers make to what they know of their customers' needs and interests. Product decisions, with all their implications for the management of service operations and profitability, reflect all aspects of an organization's management policies, including long-term growth strategy, investment, and personnel policy. They largely determine the corporate image an organization creates in the minds of its existing and prospective customers.To a great extent, the design of products determines what prices can be charged, what forms of promotion are needed, and what distribution channels are used. For all these reasons, customer-related product decisions are the basis of marketing strategy and tactics. As the most important of the four P's in the marketing mix (product, price, promotion and place), product formulation requires careful consideration in any branch of marketing. Because of the particular nature and characteristics of travel and tourism, the subject is especially complex in the tourism industry.Any visit to a tourism destination comprises a mix of several different components, including travel, accommodation, attractions and other facilities, such as catering and entertainment. Sometimes all the components are purchased from a commercial supplier, e.g. when a customer buys an inclusive holiday from a tour operator, or asks a travel agent to put the components togetherfor a business trip. Sometimes customers supply most of the components themselves, e.g. when a visitor drives his own car to stay with friends at a destination.Conveniently known as a "components' view", the conceptualization of travel and tourism products as a group of components or elements brought together in a 'bundle' selected to satisfy needs, is a vital requirement for marketing managers. It is central to this view that the components of the bundle may be designed, altered and fitted together in ways calculated to match identified customer needs.As far as the tourist is concerned, the product covers the complete experience from the time he leaves home to the time he returns to it. Thus the tourist product is to be considered as an amalgam of three main components of attractions, facilities at the destination, and accessibility of the destination. In other words, the tourist product is not an airline seat or a hotel bed, or relaxing on a sunny beach, but rather an amalgam of many components, or package. Airline seats and hotel beds, etc. are merely elements or components of a total tourist product which is a composite product. Without detracting in any way from the general validity and relevance of this overall view of tourism products, it has to be recognized that airlines, hotels, attractions, car rental and other producer organizations in the industry, generally take a much narrower view of the products they sell. They focus primarily on their own services. Many large hotel groups and transport operators employ product managers in their marketing teams and handle product formulation and development entirely in terms of the operations they control. Hotels refer to 'conference products', for example, or 'leisure products'; airlines to 'business class products'; and so on. For this reason, the overall product concept sets the context in which tourism marketing is conducted but it has only limited value in guiding the practical product design decisions that managers of individual producer organizations have to make. A components' view of products still holds good, however, because it is in the nature of service products that they can be divided into a series of specific service operations or elements, which combine to make up the particular products customers buy.It is usually highly instructive to analyze any service producer's operations in terms of the full sequence of contacts between customer and operator, from the time that they make initial inquiries, until they have used the product and left the premises. Even for a product such as that provided by a museum, there is ample scope to analyze all the stages of a visit and potential points of contact that occur from the moment the customer is in sight of the entrance until he leaves the building, say two hours later. Putting the components' view in slightly different terms, individual service producers designing products must define service concept in terms of the bundles of goods and services sold to the customer and the relative importance of each component to the customer.To bring the two distinctive aspects of tourist products together —the overall view and that of individual producer organizations —it is possible to consider them as two different dimensions. The overall view is a horizontal dimension in the sense that a series of individual product components are included in it, and customers, or tour operators acting as manufacturers, can maketheir selection to produce the total experience. By contrast, the producers' view is a vertical dimension of specific service operations organized around the identified needs and wants of target segments of customers. Producers typically have regard for their interactions with other organizations on the horizontal dimensions, but their principal concern is with the vertical dimension of their own operations.From the standpoint of a potential customer considering any form of tourist visit, the product may be defined as a bundle or package of tangible and intangible components, based on activity at a destination. The package is perceived by the tourist as the experience available at a price, and may include destination attractions and environment, destination facilities and services, accessibility of the destination, images of the destination, and price to the customer.Destination attractions and environment that largely determine customers' choice and influence prospective buyers' motivations include natural attractions, built attractions, cultural attractions and social attractions. Combined, these aspects of a destination comprises what is generically, if loosely, known as its environment. The number of visitors the environment can accommodate in a typical range of activities on a typical busy day without damage to its elements and without undermining its attractiveness to visitors is known as its capacity.Destination facilities and services are elements within the destination, or linked to it, which make it possible for visitors to stay and in other ways enjoy and participate in the attractions. These include accommodation units, restaurants, transport at the destination, sports activities, retail outlets, and other facilities and services.Accessibility of the destination refers to the elements that affect the cost, speed and the convenience with which a traveler may reach a destination, including infrastructure, equipment, operational factors and government regulations.The attitudes and images customers have towards products strongly influence their buying decisions. Destination images are not necessarily grounded in experience or facts, but they are powerful motivators in travel and tourism. Images and the expectations of travel experiences are closely linked in prospective customers' mind.Any visit to a destination carries a price, which is the sum of what it costs for travel, accommodation, and participation in a selected range of services at the available attractions. Because most destinations offer a range of products, and appeal to a range of segments, price in the travel and tourism industry covers a very wide range. V isitors traveling thousands of miles and using luxury hotels, for example, pay a very different price in New Y ork than students sharing campus-style accommodation with friends. Y et the two groups may buy adjacent seats in a Broadway theater. Price varies by season, by choice of activities, and internationally by exchange rates as well as by distance traveled, transport mode, and choice of facilities and services.With a little thought it will be clear that the elements comprising the five product components, although they are combined and integrated in the visitor's experience, are in fact capable ofextensive and more or less independent variation over time. Some of these variations are planned, as in the case of the Disney World developments in previously unused areas around Orlando, Florida, where massive engineering works have transformed the natural environment and created a major tourist destination. By contrast, in New Y ork, London, or Paris, the city environments have not been much altered for travel and tourism purposes, although there have been massive planned changes in the services and facilities available to visitors. Many changes in destination attractions are not planned, and in northern Europe the decline in popularity of traditional seaside resorts since the 1960s has been largely the result of changes in the accessibility of competing destinations in the sunnier south of the Continent. Changes in the product components often occur in spite of, and not because of, the wishes of governments and destination planners. They occur because travel and tourism, especially at the international level, is a relatively free market, with customers able to pursue new attractions as they become available. Changes in exchange rates, which alter the prices of destinations, are certainly not planned by the tourism industry, but have a massive effect on visitor numbers, as the movements between the UK and the USA since 1978 have demonstrated. It is in the promotional field of images and perceptions that some of the most interesting changes occur, and these are marketing decisions. The classic recent example of planned image engineering may be found in the "I Love New Y ork" campaign, which, based on extensive preliminary market research, created a significant improvement to the "Big Apple's" appeal in the early 1980s.The view of the product taken by customers, whether or not they buy an inclusive package from a tour operator or travel wholesaler, is essentially the same view or standpoint as that adopted by tour operators. Tour operators act on behalf of the interests of tens or hundreds of thousands of customers, and their brochures are a practical illustration of blending the five product components.The overall view is also the standpoint of national, regional and local tourist organizations, whose responsibilities usually include the coordination and presentation of the product components in their areas. This responsibility is an important one even if the destination tourist organizations are engaged only in liaison and joint marketing, and not in the sale of specific product offers to travelers.In considering the product, we should note that there is no natural or automatic harmony between components, such as attractions and accommodation, and they are seldom under any one organization's control. Even within component sectors such as accommodation there will usually be many different organizations, each with different, perhaps conflicting, objectives and interests. Indeed it is the diversity or fragmentation of overall control, and the relative freedom of producer organizations to act according to their perceived self-interests, at least in the short term, which makes it difficult for national, regional and even local tourist organizations to exert much coordinating influence, either in marketing or in planning. Part of this fragmentation simply reflects the fact that most developed destinations offer a wide range of tourism products and deal with a wide range of segments. In the long term, however, the future success of a destination must involvecoordination and recognition of mutual interests between all the components of the overall tourism product.The overall view of tourism products is highly relevant to the marketing decisions taken by individual producers, especially in establishing the interrelationships and scope for cooperation between suppliers in different sectors of the industry, e.g. between attractions and accommodation, or between transport and accommodation. But in order to design their product offers around specific service operations, there are internal dimensions of products for marketers to consider; these are common to all forms of consumer marketing and part of widely accepted marketing theory. Marketing managers need to think about the product on three levels:The core product, which is the essential service or benefit designed to satisfy the identified needs of target customer segments.The tangible product, which is the specific offer for sale stating what a customer will receive for his money.The augmented product, which comprises all the forms of added value producers may build into their tangible product offers to make them more attractive to their intended customers.The following example of an inclusive weekend break in a hotel will help to explain what the three levels mean in practice. The product offer is a package comprising two night's accommodation and two breakfasts, which may be taken at any one of a chain of hotels located in several different destinations. Because of the bedroom design and facilities available at the hotels, the package is designed to appeal to professional couples with young children. The product is offered for sale at an inclusive price through a brochure, which is distributed at each of the hotels in the chain and through travel agents. The example reveals the three product levels.Core product is intangible but comprises the essential need or benefit as perceived and sought by the customer, expressed in words and pictures designed to motivate purchase. In the example under discussion, the core product may be defined as relaxation, rest, fun and self-fulfillment in a family context. It should be noted that the core product reflects characteristics of the target customer segments, not the hotel. The hotel may, and does aim to, design its core product better than its competitors, and to achieve better delivery of the sought benefits. But all its competitors are aiming at the same basic customer needs and offering virtually identical benefits. Customers' core needs usually tend not to change very quickly, although a hotel's ability to identify and better satisfy such needs can change considerable. Since customer perceptions are never precisely understood, there is ample scope for improvement in this area.Tangible product comprises the formal offer of the product as set out in a brochure, stating exactly what is to be provided at a specified time at a specified price. In the example under discussion, the tangible product is two nights and two breakfasts at a particular location, using rooms of a defined standard, with bathroom, TV, telephone, etc. The provision(if any) of elevators, coffee shops, air-conditioning and swimming pool are all within the formal product and the name ofthe hotel is also included. In the case of hotel products generally, there is often very little to choose between competitors' tangible product offers, and price may become a principal reason for choice. Blindfolded and led to any one of, say, twenty competitors' premises, most hotel customers would not easily recognize the identity of their surroundings. The brochure description of the tangible product forms the basic contract of sale, which would be legally enforceable in most countries.Both tangible and intangible, augmentation is harder to define with precision. It comprises the difference between the contractual essentials of the tangible product and the totality of all the benefits and services experienced in relation to the product by the customer from the moment of first contact in considering a booking to any follow-up contact after delivery and consumption of the product. The augmented product also expresses the idea of value added over and above the formal offer. It represents a vital opportunity for producers to differentiate their own products from those of competitors. In the example under discussion there may be up to twenty 'add ons', some fairly trivial, such as a complimentary box of chocolates on arrival, and some significant, such as entrance tickets to local attractions or entertainments. Some of the added benefits are tangible as indicated, but some are intangible, such as the quality of service provided and the friendliness of staff at reception, in bars and so on. Also intangible is the image or 'position' the product occupies in customers' minds. In the case of a hotel group this will be closely related to the corporate image and branding of the group. In the example under discussion, the augmented elements would be purpose-designed and developed around the core product benefits in ways calculated to increase the appeal to the target segment's needs. There is, inevitably, an area of overlap between the tangible and augmented elements of the product, which cannot be defined with any precision.1. Which of the following is not included in the four P's in the marketing mix?A. productB. priceC. promotionD. people2. According to the overall view, the tourism product is to be considered as an amalgam of the following elements except _______.A. attractionsB. facilities at the destinationC. touristsD. accessibility of the destination3. Which of the following is not considered part of the destination facilities?A. HotelsB. RestaurantsC. Sports activitiesD. Schools4. The carrying capacity of a destination is defined as _______.A.the number of visitors the environment can accommodate in a typical range of activities ona typical busy day without damage to its elements and without undermining itsattractiveness to its visitors.B.the number of travelers the destination can put up for its daily activities without damage toits facilities.C.the number of tourists a destination can contain in a typical range of daily activities withoutdamage to its surroundings.D.the number of people a park can hold in a typical busy day for its entertainment activitieswithout damage to its installations and without harming its image.5. The Big Apple refers to _________.A. New Y orkB. Washington, D.C. C. Los AngelesD. Boston6. Which of the following is not one of the three levels on which marketing managers need to think about the tourism product?A. The core productB. The tangible productC. The intangible productD. The augmented product7. Accessibility of a destination refers to the elements that affect the cost, speed, and the convenience with which a tourist may _____ a destination.A. stay inB. get toC. leaveD. contact8. The core product is _______.A. tangibleB. intangibleC. physicalD. invisible9. The design of tourism products largely determines the following except ______.A. the priceB. the form of distributionC. the distribution channelD. the customers' buying decision10. The augmented product is the difference between _________.A. the formal offer and the actual total experience of the touristsB. the contractual essentials and the totality of tourists' expectationsC. the add-on values and the real valuesD. the tangible product and the follow-up activitiesPart II Terms Used in Tourism Industry (30 points)Directions: Spell out the following initials and acronyms1.LBO2.MBO3.CRS4.ROI5.EDI6.ERPTA8.CEO9.ADR10.POSDirections: Define the following terms 1.synergy2.Delphi Analysis3.Intellectual Property4.Seven-S Framework5.mission statementPart III Questions and Answers (20 points)Directions: Give a brief answer to each of the following questions1.What is the significance of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 to the American tourismindustry?2.What are the differences between GDP and GNP?3.What are the key management functions?4.How does yield management work in hotel management?Part IV Translation (30 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.According to advance figures from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the national economy (as measured by gross domestic product) contracted at an inflation-adjusted 0.4 percent annual rate in the third quarter—the first quarter of negative growth in more than eight years. Most economists predict an even larger contraction in the fourth quarter of 2001. If there is negative growth in the fourth quarter of 2001, then the economy officially will be in a recession. Within the restaurant industry, the employment picture also looks bleak. On a seasonally adjusted basis, eating-and-drinking places cut 42,000 jobs in October, which followed a 43,000 job reduction in September. This marks the worst restaurant-industry employment performance on record for those two months.Directions: Translate the following passage into English.管理从19世纪末才开始形成一门科学，但是管理的概念和实践已经存在了数千年。

OptionIt is a contract giving the holder the right but not the obligation to trade in a commodity, a share, or a currency on some future date at a pre-agreed price. A “put” option gives the holder the right to sell at a pre-agreed price. This can be used to reduce risk by somebody who has to hold the actual asset and is worried that its price may fall; it can equally be use to speculate on a price fall. A “call” option gives the holder the right to buy at a pre-agreed price. This can be used to reduce risk by people who expect to need the asset in the future and are worried that its price may rise before they buy; it can equally be used to speculate on a price rise. An options market is a market in which options are traded; these exist for many widely traded goods, shares, and currencies. Share options give a right to buy company shares at a future date at a pre-agreed price; they are used by companies as incentives for their executives. An option is contrasted with a futures contract, which carries the obligation as well as the right to trade.In finance, an option is a contract whereby the contract buyer has a right to exercise a feature of the contract (the option) on or before a future date (the exercise date). The 'writer' (seller) has the obligation to honour the specified feature of the contract. Since the option gives the buyer a right and the seller an obligation, the buyer has received something of value. The amount the buyer pays the seller for the option is called the option premium.Most often the term "options" refers to a derivative security, an option which gives the holder of the option the right to purchase or sell a security within a predefined time span in the future, for a predetermined amount. (Specific features of options on securities differ by the type of the underlying instrument involved.) However real options are another common type. A real option may be something as simple as the opportunity to buy or sell a house at a given price at some period in the future. The writer has the obligation to sell the house to the option buyer for the price agreed in the option while the option buyer does not have to purchase the house at all, so again the buyer has received something of value. Real options are an increasingly influential tool in corporate finance.The option contractFor the option purchaser (also called the holder or taker), the option:•offers the right (but imposes no obligation),•to buy (call option) or sell (put option)• a specific quantity (e.g. 100)•of a given financial underlying (e.g. shares)•at an agreed price(exercise or strike price), or calculable value (based on a reference rate)•either before maturity date(American option) or at a fixed maturity date(European option)•for a premium (option price).The counterparty (option writer / seller) has an obligation to fulfill the contract if the option holder exercises the option. In return, the option seller receives the option price or premium. Yeah.Option frameworks•The buyer assumes a long position, and the writer a corresponding short position. (Thus the writer of a call option, is "short a call" and has the obligation to sell to the holder, who is "long of a call option" and who has the right to buy. The writer of a put option is "on the short side of the position", and has the obligation to buy from the taker of the put option, who is "long a put".)•The option style will affect the terms and valuation. Generally the contract will either be American style- which allows exercise before the maturity date - or European style- where exercise is on a fixed maturity date. European contracts are easier to value and therefore to price. The contract can also be on an exotic option.•Buyers and sellers of options do not (usually) interact directly; the options exchange acts as intermediary and quotes the market price of the option. The seller guarantees the exchange that he can fulfill his obligation if the buyer chooses to execute.•The risk for the option holder is limited: he cannot lose more than the premium paid as he can "abandon the option". His potential gain is theoretically unlimited; see strike price.•The maximum loss for the writer of a put option is equal to the strike price. In general, the risk for the writer of a call option is unlimited. However, an option writer who owns the underlying instrument has created a covered position; he can always meet his obligations by using the actual underlying. Where the seller does not own the underlying on which he has written the option, he is called a "naked writer", and has created a "naked position".•Options can be in-the-money, at-the-money or out-of-the-money. The "in-the-money"option has a positive intrinsic value, options in "at-the-money" or "out-of-the-money"have an intrinsic value of zero. Additional to the intrinsic value an option has a time value, which decreases, the closer the option is to its expiry date (also see option time value).Option pricing modelsHistorically the pricing of options was entirely ad hoc. Traders with good intuition about how other traders would price options made money and those without it lost money. Then in 1973 Fischer Black and Myron Scholes published a paper proposing what became known as the Black-Scholes pricing model, and for which Scholes received the 1997 Nobel Prize(Black had died, and was therefore not eligible). The model gave a theoretical value for simple put and call options, given assumptions about the behavior of stock prices. The availability of a good estimate of an option's theoretical price contributed to the explosion of trading in options. Researchers have subsequently generalized Black-Scholes to the Black model, and have developed other methods of option valuation, including Monte Carlo methods and Binomial options models.Option usesOne can combine options and other derivatives in a process known as financial engineering to control the risk in a given transaction. The risk taken on can be anywhere from zero to infinite, depending on the combination of derivative features used.Note, by using options, one party transfers (buys or sells) risk to or from another. When using options for insurance, the option holder reduces the risk he bears by paying the option seller a premium to assume it.Because one can use options to assume risk, one can purchase options to create leverage. The payoff to purchasing an option can be much greater than by purchasing the underlying instrument directly. For example buying an at-the-money call option for 2 monetary units per share for a total of 200 units on a security priced at 20 units, will lead to a 100% return on premium if the option is exercised when the underlying security's price has risen by 2 units, whereas buying the security directly for 20 units per share, would have led to a 10% return. The greater leverage comes at the cost of greater risk of losing 100% of the option premium if the underlying security does not rise in price.Other instruments to manage risk or to assume it include:•Futures•Forwards•Swaps。

旅游管理专业英语Tourism Management Major English。

1. Introduction。

Tourism management is the field of study that focuses on the business aspects of the tourism industry. It involves the planning, development, and promotion of tourism products and services, as well as the management of tourist destinations, events, and activities. In this major, students will learn about the key concepts and principles of tourism management, as well as the practical skills necessary to succeed in the industry.2. Course Curriculum。

The typical course curriculum for a tourism management major may include the following:。

- Introduction to tourism: This course provides an overview of the tourism industry, including its history, structure, and current trends.- Tourism marketing and promotion: This course focuses on the strategies and techniques used to promote and market tourism products and services, including advertising, public relations, and social media.- Event management: This course focuses on the planning and management of tourism events, such as festivals, conferences, and exhibitions.- Travel and tourism planning: This course covers the planning and development of new tourism products and services, including transportation, attractions, and tours.3. Career Prospects。

旅游管理(英语)专业旅游管理(英语)主要研究英语及旅游学科的基础理论知识，掌握听、说、读、写、译技能，熟悉我国旅游业发展方针、政策和法规，了解旅游经济规律和市场营销策略，熟悉导游业务，能以英语为工具从事旅游工作，具有较强的英语交际能力。

例如：使用英语对某处旅游景点的风土人情、历史文化背景、人文地理进行讲解。

旅游管理(英语)主要核心就是旅游以及英语，学习旅游过程中需要掌握的英语单词及语法、口语等内容学习掌握，能够有较强的英语交际能力，能够通过英语对旅游景点进行讲解等。

一、旅游管理(英语)专业课程1.主要课程：《综合英语》、《听力》、《口语》、《英国文学》、《美国文学》、《高级英语》、《实用翻译》、《旅游阅读》、《商务口译》、《旅游学概论》、《导游基础与实务》。

2.实习实训：对接真实职业场景或工作情境，在校内外进行英文导游、海外领队、涉外酒店服务和中英文翻译等实训。

在旅游景区(点)、涉外酒店、国际旅行社和出入境服务公司等单位或场所进行岗位实习。

旅游管理(英语)属于语言类科目，专业代码670204，修业年限三年。

二、旅游管理(英语)专业培养目标1.职业面向面向旅游及公共游览场所服务人员、住宿服务人员、翻译人员等职业，商务旅游翻译、涉外酒店服务、出入境业务服务等岗位(群)。

2.培养目标定位本专业培养德智体美劳全面发展，掌握扎实的科学文化基础和较为扎实的英语语言基础、基本的翻译技巧和翻译方法、涉外旅游业务等知识，具备良好的涉外旅游服务等能力，具有精益求精的职业精神和信息素养，能够从事中英文导游、海外领队、涉外酒店服务和出入境服务等工作的高素质技术技能人才。

三、主要专业能力要求1.具有运用良好的英语听、说、读、写基本技能进行日常英语会话和应用文写作的能力；2.具有运用基本的翻译技巧和翻译方法，运用英语开展口头或书面形式的应用翻译的能力；3.具有良好的沟通技巧及跨文化交际能力或实践能力；4.具有运用英语从事涉外旅游活动的基本操作能力；5.具有运用英语从事涉外旅游活动的组织、协调及管理能力；6.具有运用英语开展导游、旅行社计调、旅游咨询、酒店服务和出入境翻译等能力；7.具有较强的信息素养和数字技能，具有互联网平台运营与推广的基本技能，能够运用英语基于互联网平台提供客户咨询服务；8.具有创新发展能力、创业能力，具有一定的分析问题和解决问题的能力；9.具有探究学习、终身学习和可持续发展的能力。

导游试题——旅游管理专业英语语法考试1. The teacher told the classto _____ their books.A. put awayB. put upC. put onD. put by2. My sister is used to _____ with all the windows open.A. sleepB. sleepingC. the sleepingD. have slept3. Not until the game had begun _____ at the sports ground.A. he arrivedB. he didn’t arriveC. did he arriveD. would he arrive4. Most Chinese like to drink tea. But some prefer coffee _____ tea.A. toB. forC. withD. against5. Two _____ died of cold last winter.A. hundreds old peopleB. hundred old peopleC. hundreds old peoplesD. hundred old peoples6. _____ he comes, we won’t be able to go.A. ExceptB. UnlessC. WithoutD. Even7. The house is dark; the Browns _____ to bed.A. may goB. should goC. should have goneD. must have gone8. If you want to telephone him, you’ll have to _____ up the numberIn the book.A. lookB. seeC. findD. search9. It _____ John and Kate who helped me the other day.A. isB. wasC. areD. were10. The enemy troops _____ heavy losses in the battle.A. sufferedB. receivedC. acceptedD. met11. Her English is very good. She can speak English better than _____ inher grade.A. any oneB. the oneC. any one elseD. other student12. _____ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.A. ThatB. WhichC. AsD. It13. He suddenly returned _____ a Sunday morning.A. onB. atC. inD. during14. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. AnyoneB. The personC. WhoeverD. Who15. The teacher spent almost the whole afternoon _____ the students’ homework.A. to go overB. go overC. going overD. went over16. They usually have less money at the end of the month than _____ at the beginning.A. which isB. which wasC. they haveD. it is17. We are looking forward to _____ a trip to your country.A. takeB. takingC. be takingD. having taken18. He spoke so quickly that I didn’t _____ what he said.A. catch B. miss C. listen D. receive19. When I asked him to have a drink with me, he said he was in a hurry and not a minute to _____.A. spendB. saveC. spareD. share20. John has three sisters. Mary is the _____ of the three.A. most cleverestB. more cleverC. cleverestD. cleverer21. No permission has _____ for anybody to enter the building.A. been givenB. givenC. to giveD. be giving22. When _____ again?When he _____, I’ll let you know.A. he comes; comesB. will he come; will comeC. he comes; will comeD. will he come; comes23. She didn’t remember _____ him before.A. having metB. have metC. to meetD. to having met24. _____ I haven’t seen the film, I know very little about it.A. AfterB. AsC. AlthoughD. Before25. Let me give you _____.A. such an adviceB. some advicesC. an adviceD. some advice26. Has anyone seen my dictionary _____?A. everywhereB. somewhereC. nowhereD. anywhere27. After seeing the film, I felt _____ my friend.A. same asB. the same asC. same withD. the same for28. Four people were seriously _____ in an accident on the motorway.A. injuredB. damagedC. spoiledD. broken29. They want to know _____ do to help us.A. what can theyB. what they canC. how they canD. how can they30. You _____ return the book now. You can keep it till next week ifyou like.A. can’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. may not31. The horse is getting old and cannot run _____ it did.A. as faster asB. so fast thanC. so faster asD. as fast as32. Where _____ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.I _____ it right here. B ut now it’s gone!A. did you put; have putB. have you put; putC. had you put; was puttingD. were you putting; have put33. It is impossible for so _____ workers to do so _____ work in a single day.A. few; muchB. few; manyC. little; muchD. little; many34. Hello! I _____ you _____ in London. How long have you been here?A. don’t know; wereB. adn’t known; areC. haven’t known; areD. didn’t know; were35. The streets are all wet. It _____ during the night.A. must be rainingB. must have rainedC. had to rainD. must have rain36. John went to town yesterday and had his bike _____ there.A. to repairB. repairedC. repairingD. repair37. This room _____ in the building.A. is the biggest than any other oneB. is bigger than any other oneC. is biggest than any other oneD. is bigger than any one38. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone _____ family was poor.A. of whomB. whomC. of whoseD. whose39. Where is my pen? I _____ it.A. might loseB. would have lostC. should have lostD. must have lost40. She told us _____ story that we all forgot about the time!A. such an interestingB. such interesting aC. so an interestingD. a so interesting41. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was atleast ten years since I _____ a good drink.A. had enjoyedB. was enjoyingC. have enjoyedD. have been enjoying42. That suit _____ over 60 dollars.A. has costedB. costedC. is costedD. cost43. Mother _____ us stories when we were young.A. was used to tellB. is used to tellingC. used to tellD. used to telling44. I wish I _____ you yesterday.A. seenB. did seeC. had seenD. were to see45. Somebody knocked at the door while I _____.A. started readingB. was doing some readingC. have readD. read46. Mr. Smith _____ here for three weeks.A. is already beingB. has already beenC. has already been beingD. is already47. _____ writer is better known in China, Charles Dickens or Mark Twain?A. WhichB. WhatC. EitherD. Whether48. Is _____ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?A. nowB. manC. thatD. it49. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to_____.A. sitB. sit onC. be satD. be sat on50. They knew her very well. They had seen her _____ up from childhood.A. growB. grewC. was growingD. to grow51. Was it during the Second World War _____ he died?A. that B. while C. in which D. then52. The students are _____ young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty.A. mostB. muchC. mostlyD. at most53. I only came to thank you and return the book you _____ me.A. borrowB. borrowedC. lendD. lent54. We’re looking _____ to hearing from you soon.A. atB. forwardC. forD. up55. Billy has difficulty _____ the rest of the class.A. to keep up withB. to keep upC. keeping up withD. keeping up56. It won’t make much _____ whether you leave today or tomorrow.A. differentB. differencesC. differenceD. differently57. As it was a stormy night, _____ people went to see the film.A. a fewB. fewC. severalD. many58. _____ the temperature, _____ water turns into steam.A. The high; the fastB. Higher; fasterC. The more higher; the fasterD. The higher; the faster59. We _____ for her because she never came.A. needn’t waitB. shouldn’t have waitedC. mustn’t waitD. mustn’t have waited60. I’ll never forget _____ you for the first time.A. meetingB. to meetC. being metD. to have met61. People who won’t work should be made _____.A. to workB. workC. workingD. to be working62. The rice _____ if you had been more careful.A. would not be burningB. would not burnC. would not have been burntD. would not burnt63. Is this the house _____ Shakespeare was born?A. at whereB. whichC. in whichD. at which64. My teacher _____ good English.A. saysB. speaksC. talksD. tells65. By the time we got to the cinema, the film _____ for half an hour.A. has begunB. had begunC. has been onD. had been on66. The teacher said that the earth _____ around the sun.A. runB. ranC. runsD. was running67. Jim suggested that they _____ their supper.A. hadB. would haveC. should haveD. should have eaten68. What else did you do yesterday _____ repairing your bike?A. except forB. exceptC. besideD. besides69. _____ wonderful birthday I am having!A. WhatB. What aC. HowD. How much70. The program was so _____ that they were too _____ to fall asleep.A. exciting; excitingB. exciting; excitedC. excited; excitingD. excited; excited71. She pretended _____ me when I passed by.A. not to seeB. to not seeC. not seeingD. having not seen72. They held a conference to decide _____ to meet the emergency.A. howB. whatC. thatD. which73. I tried to get out of the business, _____ I found impossible tocarry on.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. in which74. This book is for the students _____ native language is not Englishto study in an American college or university.A. theirB. thatC. of whomD. whose75. Everything _____ can be done has been done.A. thatB. on whichC. in whatD. by which76. He is the man to _____ I gave the money.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. whom77. This is the same girl _____ came to borrow an English book two days ago.A. asB. whoC. thatD. which78. Rose told them all _____ to Oliver.A. which happenedB. that had happenedC. which had happenedD. that had been happened79. Thus, if you have a taste for exciting adventures you may want to jointhe group of men _____ is to explore the mysteries of the deep sea. A. their work B. who workC. whoD. whose work80. Is this the book _____?A. for which you’re lookingB. for that you’re lookingC. for whom you’re lookingD. for it you’re looking81. These are the happiest hours _____ we have ever spent.A. whenB. whichC. thatD. at which82. Have you read the story _____ is the most interesting?A. the end of itB. the end of whichC. the end of thatD. the end83. He doesn’t believe _____ I said, _____ makes me sad.A. that … whichB. what … whichC. what … thatD. which … what84. He is anxious to have the same dictionary _____ you bought the other day.A. whichB. that asC. asD. what85. September 10th is the day _____ we shall never forget.A. whichB. on whichC. whenD. about which86. Can you solve such probles _____ raised by the audience?A. what wereB. as wereC. which wereD. that were87. The first thing _____ she should do was to repair the shed.A. whatB. asC. thatD. which88. All _____ the students need _____.A. what … has been doneB. that … have been doneC. which … have been doneD. / … has been done89. _____ you get into the habit of smoking, it’s difficult to stop.A. WhileB. AsC. OnceD. Though90. You may use my dictionary _____ you like.A. as long asB. soC. becauseD. while if91. She is determined to finish the work _____ long it takes.A. no matterB. wheneverC. howD. however92. Thick ice had to be broken _____ animals could get drinking water.A. becauseB. thoughC. so thatD. if93. I watched him _____ he disappeared from sight in the distance.A. untilB. unlessC. wheneverD. as long94. She finished her own task _____ her boyfriend did.A. asB. likeC. just likeD. as if95. He had no sooner finished his speech _____ he withdrew.A. thenB. andC. thanD. when96. I still want more _____ I have eaten a lot.A. whateverB. whereverC. despite ofD. even though97. Things have changed a lot _____ I wrote to you last time.A. whenB. sinceC. asD. before98. I don’t know why he suddenly gave up that decent job, _____ his parents.A. so doB. so didC. nor doD. nor did99. Hardly _____ the bus stop _____ the bus arrived.A. we had got to … whenB. we had got to … thenC. had we got to … thanD. had we got to … when100.Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar _____ write correctly.A. you willB. you canC. can youD. can’t you101.He made it plain _____ he was annoyed with me.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. whether102.I smell something _____.A. to burnB. burningC. burnD. to be burned103.If you see her, please give my apologies _____ not having writtento him.A. aboutB. onC. forD. at104.I bought a dozen eggs, six _____ broke when I dropped the box atmy door.A. from whichB. in whichC. ofs _____ raised by the audience?A. what wereB. as wereC. which wereD. that were105.I was very busy that day. Otherwise I _____ part in the discussion.A. would takeB. had takenC. tookD. would have taken106._____ the children to bed, she began to correct the students’ papers.A. SendingB. Having been sentC. SentD. Having sent107.Meet me at the same place _____ you did yesterday.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. as108.It was _____ I met Mr. Smith in London.A. many years sinceB. many years ago thatC. for many years sinceD. since many years ago when109.Do you think the repair _____ by the end of the month?A. will have certainly been finishedB. certainly will have been finishedC. will have been finished certainlyD. will certainly have been finished110.The weather is _____ hot that we can’t walk _____ far.A. that; soB. very; muchC. so; thatD. much; very111.For a whole night she _____ buried in the snow.A. layB. laidC. lainD. lied112.Suddenly she turned and _____ Xiao Hu.A. came in sightB. caught sight ofC. was at first sightD. was out of sight113.If my lawyer _____ here last Saturday, he _____ me from going.A. had been; would have preventedB. had been; would preventC. were; would preventD. were; would have prevented114.I objected _____ the meeting without him.A. to haveB. to havingC. havingD. have115.After two months they _____ in the countryside.A. used to liveB. got used to liveC. used to livingD. got used to living116.I don’t remember _____ a chance to try this method.A. to have been givenB. to have givenC. having givenD. having been given117.I was so busy that I forgot _____ the Great Wall.A. visitingB. being visitedC. to visitD. to be visited118.Please remind me of it again this evening _____ I forget.A. in caseB. in case ofC. in any caseD. in no case119.I would rather _____ with you.A. not to goB. to not goC. to goD. not go120.Don’t smoke in the meeting room, _____?A. do youB. will youC. can youD. could you121._____ the day went on, the weather got worse.A. WithB. SinceC. WhileD. As122._____ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.A. EachB. AnyC. No oneD. None123.The hostess requested that he _____ a seat.A. tookB. takesC. takeD. will take124.I would rather you _____ good to him.A. doB. will doC. has doneD. did125.In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom。

TourismTourism can be defined as the act of travel for the purpose of recreation, and the provision of services for this act. A tourist is someone who travels at least fifty miles from home, as defined by the World Tourism Organization (a United Nations body).A more comprehensive definition would be that tourism is a service industry, comprising a number of tangible and intangible components.✧The tangible elements include➢transport systems - air, rail, road, water and now, space;➢hospitality services - accommodation, foods and beverages, tours, souvenirs; and related services such as banking, insurance and safety & security.✧The intangible elements include: rest and relaxation, culture, escape, adventure, new anddifferent experiences.Many sovereignties, along with their respective countries and states, depend heavily upon travel expenditures by foreigners as a source of taxation and income for the enterprises that sell (export) services to these travellers. Consequently the development of tourism is often a strategy employed either by a Non-governmental organization(NGO) or a governmental agency to promote a particular region for the purpose of increasing commerce through exporting goods and services to non-locals.Sometimes Tourism and Travel are used interchangeably. In this context travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey.The term tourism is sometimes used pejoratively, implying a shallow interest in the societies and natural wonders that the tourist visits.Prerequisite factors"Travel", as an economic activity, occurs when the essential parameters come together to make it happen. In this case there are three such parameters:1.Disposable income, i.e. money to spend on non-essentials2.Time in which to do so.3.Infrastructure in the form of accommodation facilities and means of transport.Individually, sufficient health is also a condition, and of course the inclination to travel. Furthermore, in some countries there are legal restrictions on travelling, especially abroad.HistoryWealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings or other works of art; to learn new languages; or to taste new cuisine. As long ago as the time of the Roman Republic places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich.The terms tourist and tourism were first used as official terms in 1937 by the League of Nations. Tourism was defined as people travelling abroad for periods of over 24 hours.The Grand TourThe word tour gained acceptance in the 18th century, when the Grand Tour of Europe became part of the upbringing of the educated and wealthy British nobleman or cultured gentleman. Grand tours were taken in particular by young people to "complete" their education. They travelled all over Europe, but notably to places of cultural and aesthetic interest, such as Rome, Tuscany and the Alps.The British aristocracy were particularly keen on the Grand Tour, using the occasion to gather art treasures from Europe to add to their collections. The volume of art treasures being moved to Britain in this way was unequalled anywhere else in Europe, and explains the richness of many private and public collections in Britain today. Yet tourism in those days, aimed essentially at the very top of the social ladder and at the well educated, was fundamentally a cultural activity. These first tourists, though undertaking their Grand Tour, were more travellers than tourists.Most major British artists of the eighteenth century did the "Grand Tour", as did their great European contemporaries such as Claude Lorrain. Classical architecture, literature and art have always drawn visitors to Rome, Naples, Florence.The Romantic movement (inspired throughout Europe by the English poets William Blake and Lord Byron, among others), extended this to Gothic countryside, the Alps, fast flowing rivers, mountain gorges, etc.Health tourism & leisure travelIt was not until the 19th century that cultural tourism developed into leisure and health tourism. Some English travellers, after visiting the warm lands of the South of Europe, decided to stay there either for the cold season or for the rest of their lives. Others began to visit places with health-giving mineral waters, in order to relieve a whole variety of diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis.Leisure Travel was a British invention due to sociological factors. Britain was the first European country to industrialize, and the industrial society was the first society to offer time for leisure to a growing number of people. Not initially the working masses, but the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners, the traders, the new middle class.The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. At Nice, one of the first and most well established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the sea front is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; and in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton or Hotel Majestic - reflecting the dominance of English customers to whom these resorts catered in the early years.Winter tourismEven winter sports were largely invented by the British leisured classes initially at the Swiss village of Zermatt (Valais) (year?) and St Moritz in 1864.Until the first tourists appeared, the Swiss thought of the long snowy winter as being a time when the best thing to do was to stay indoors and make cuckoo clocks or other small mechanical items.The first packaged winter sports holidays (vacations) followed in 1903, to Adelboden, also in Switzerland.Organized sport was well established in Britain before it reached other countries. The vocabulary of sport bears witness to this: rugby, football, and boxing all originated in Britain, and even Tennis, originally a French sport, was formalized and codified by the British, who hosted the first national championship in the nineteenth century, at Wimbledon. Winter sports were a natural answer for a leisured class looking for amusement during the coldest season.Mass travelMass travel could not really begin to develop until two things occurred.a) improvements in technology allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a shortspace of time to places of leisure interest, andb) greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. A major developmentwas the invention of the railways, which brought many of Britain's seaside towns within easy distance of Britain's urban centres.The father of modern mass tourism was Thomas Cook who, on 5 July1841, organized the first package tour in history, by chartering a train to take a group of temperance campaigners from Leicester to a rally in Loughborough, some twenty miles away. Cook immediately saw the potential for business development in the sector, and became the world's first tour operator.He was soon followed by others, with the result that the tourist industry developed rapidly in early Victorian Britain. Initially it was supported by the growing middle classes, who had time off from their work, and who could afford the luxury of travel and possibly even staying for periods of time in boarding houses.However, the Bank Holiday Act 1871 introduced a statutory right for workers to take holidays, even if they were not paid at the time. (As an aside, in the UK there is still no obligation to pay staff who do not work on public holidays.)The combination of short holiday periods, travel facilities and distances meant that the first holiday resorts to develop in Britain were towns on the seaside, situated as close as possible to the growing industrial conurbations.For those in the industrial north, there were Blackpool in Lancashire, and Scarborough in Yorkshire. For those in the Midlands, there were Weston-super-Mare in Somerset and Skegness in Lincolnshire, for those in London there were Southend-on-Sea, Broadstairs, Brighton, Eastbourne, and a whole collection of other places.In travelling to the coast, the population was following in the steps of Royalty. King George III is widely acknowledged as popularising the seaside holiday, due to his regular visits to Weymouth when in poor health.For a century, domestic tourism was the norm, with foreign travel being reserved, as before, for the rich or the culturally curious. A minority of resorts, such as Bath, Harrogate and Matlock, emerged inland. After World War II holiday villages such as Butlins and Pontins emerged, but their popularity waned with the rise of package tours and the increasing comforts to which visitors became accustomed at home. Towards the end of the 20th century the market was revived by the upmarket inland resorts of Dutch company Centre Parcs.Other phenomena that helped develop the travel industry were paid holidays:• 1.5 million manual workers in Britain had paid holidays by 1925•11 million by 1939 (30% of the population in families with paid holidays)Outside BritainSimilar processes occurred in other countries, though at a slower rate, given that nineteenth century Britain was far ahead of any other nation in the world in the process of industrialisation.In the USA, the first great seaside resort, in the European style, was Atlantic City, New Jersey.In Continental Europe, early resorts included Ostend(for the people of Brussels), and Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) (for Parisians).International mass tourismIncreasing speed on railways meant that the tourist industry could develop internationally. By 1901, the number of people crossing the English Channel from England to France or Belgium had passed 0.5 million per year.However it was with cheap air travel in combination with the package tour that international mass tourism developed after 1963. For the worker living in greater London, Brindisi today is almost as accessible as Brighton was 100 years ago.Recent developmentsThere have been a few temporary setbacks in tourism, the latest being related to the September 11, 2001 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as Bali and European cities. Some of the tourist destinations, including the Costa del Sol, the Baleares and Cancun have lost popularitydue to shifting tastes and perceptions among tourists. In this context, the excessive building and environmental destruction often associated with traditional "sun and beach" tourism may contribute to a destination's saturation and subsequent decline. This appears to be the case with Spain's Costa Brava, a byword for this kind of tourism in the 1960s and 1970s. With only 11% of the Costa Brava now unblemished by low-quality development (Greenpeace Spain's figure), the destination now faces a crisis in its tourist industry. Belated attempts to move towards "quality tourism" are difficult given competition from cheaper, unspoilt holiday destinations on the one hand and the legacy of decades of over-exploitation on the other. In many respects, Tenerife provides a paradigm of the negative impact of mass tourism. Organizations like Greenpeace and ATAN () are particularly critical of development on the island, arguing that Tenerife's current tourism industry is both economically and environmentally unsustainable.Receptive tourism is now growing at a very rapid rate in many developing countries, where it is often the most important economic activity in local GDP.In recent years, second holidays or vacations have become more popular as people's disposable income increases. Typical combinations are a package to the typical mass tourist resort, with a winter skiing holiday or weekend break to a city or national park.On 26 December2004 a tsunami 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake hit Asian countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the Maldives. Tens of thousands of lives were lost, and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.Special forms of tourismFor the past few decades other forms of tourism, also known as niche tourism, have been becoming more popular, particularly:•Adventure tourism: Tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or adventurous sports such as mountaineering and hiking (tramping).•Agritourism: Farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural economy.•Armchair tourism and virtual tourism: not travelling physically, but exploring the world through internet, books, TV, etc.•Cultural tourism: Includes urban tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, such as London, Paris, Prague, Rome, Cairo, Beijing, Kyoto, and experiencing their cultural heritages. May also consist of specialized cultural experiences, such as art museum tourism where one visits many art museums during the tour, or opera tourism where one sees many operas or concerts during the tour.•Disaster tourism: travelling to a disaster scene not primarily for helping, but because one finds it interesting to see. It can be a problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair work.•Drug tourism (for use in that country, or, legally often extremely risky, for taking home) •Ecotourism: Sustainable tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, such as safaris (Kenya) and Rainforests (Belize), or national parks.•Educational tourism: May involve travelling to an education institution, a wooded retreat or some other destination in order to take personal-interest classes, such as cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts classes.•Gambling tourism, e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas, Macau or Monte Carlo for the purpose of gambling at the casinos there.•Gay tourism: Tourism marketed to gays who wish to travel to gay-friendly destinations which feature a gay infrastructure (bars, businesses, restaurants, hotels, nightlife, etc.), the opportunity to socialize with other gays, and the feeling that one can relax safely among other gay people.•Heritage tourism: Visiting historical or industrial sites, such as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc.•Health tourism: Usually to escape from cities or relieve stress, perhaps for some 'fun in the sun', etc. Often to "health spas".•Hobby tourism: Tourism alone or with groups to participate in hobby interests, to meet others with similar interests, or to experience something pertinent to the hobby. Examples might be garden tours, or square dance cruises.•Medical tourism, e.g.:o for what is illegal in one's own country, e.g. abortion, euthanasia; for instance, euthanasia for non-citizens is provided by Dignitas in Switzerland.o for advanced care that is not available in one's own countryo in the case that there are long waiting lists in one's own countryo for use of free or cheap health care organisations•Perpetual tourism: Wealthy individuals always on holiday, some of them, for tax purposes, to avoid being resident in any country.•Regional tourism Tourism bundle of few country in the region, using one of the country as the transit point. The country of transit point is usually a country with good transport infrastructure. e.g. Singapore is the base for tourism for South East Asia due to its strategic location and good transport infrastructure.•Sex tourism: mostly men from First World countries visiting Third World countries for purpose of engaging in sexual acts, usually with inexpensive local prostitutes. This form of tourism is often cited the principal way that paedophiles can hire child prostitutes.•Sport tourism: Skiing, golf and scuba diving are popular ways to spend a vacation. Also in this category is vacationing at the winter home of one's favorite baseball team, and seeing them play everyday.•Space tourismTrendsThe World Tourism Organization forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 percent. By 2020 Europe will remain the most popular destination, but its share will drop from 60 percent in 1995 to 46 percent. Long-haul will grow slightly faster than intraregional travel and by 2020 its share will increase from 18 percent in 1995 to 24 percent.✧Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, althoughcompared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technlogies such as space elevator make space travel cheap.✧Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either onsolar-powered airplanes or large dirigibles. Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, slated to open in Dubai in 2006, will be built. On the surface of the ocean tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.✧Some futurists expect that movable hotel "pods" will be created that could be temporarilyerected anywhere on the planet, where building a permanent resort would be unacceptable politically, economically or environmentally.See also•Backpacking•Hospitality Services•Hotel•Passport•Pilgrimage•Tourism in literature•Transport•World Tourism Organization•World Tourism Rankings•List of popular tourist regions•List of types of lodging•List of international travel guides and web sites。

旅游管理专业的英语作文Title: The Significance of Tourism Management in the Modern World。

Tourism management is a multifaceted discipline that plays a pivotal role in shaping the global economy, fostering cultural exchange, and promoting sustainable development. In today's interconnected world, the significance of tourism management cannot be overstated. This essay delves into the importance of tourism management and its impact on various aspects of society.First and foremost, tourism management contributes significantly to economic growth and job creation. The tourism industry is a major economic driver in many countries, generating revenue through various channels such as accommodation, transportation, entertainment, and local businesses. By efficiently managing tourist destinations and attractions, tourism professionals can maximize economic benefits while minimizing negative impacts on theenvironment and local communities.Furthermore, tourism management facilitates cultural exchange and understanding among people from different backgrounds. Traveling enables individuals to experience diverse cultures, traditions, and lifestyles firsthand, fostering tolerance, empathy, and respect for cultural diversity. Through effective destination management, tourism professionals can create immersive and authentic experiences that showcase the unique heritage and identity of local communities.Moreover, tourism management plays a crucial role in environmental conservation and sustainability. The growing popularity of eco-tourism and responsible travel underscores the importance of preserving natural resources and minimizing carbon footprints. By implementing sustainable practices such as waste reduction, energy conservation, and wildlife protection, tourism managers can mitigate the adverse effects of tourism on fragile ecosystems and biodiversity.In addition to its economic, cultural, andenvironmental dimensions, tourism management also encompasses risk management and crisis preparedness. In an increasingly volatile world characterized by natural disasters, pandemics, and geopolitical tensions, tourism professionals must anticipate and mitigate potential risksto ensure the safety and well-being of travelers. By developing robust contingency plans, emergency protocols, and communication strategies, tourism managers caneffectively respond to crises and maintain the resilienceof the tourism industry.Furthermore, tourism management plays a vital role in destination marketing and promotion. In today's digital age, social media, online travel platforms, and influencer marketing have transformed the way destinations are marketed and perceived by travelers. Tourism managers leverage innovative marketing strategies and digital technologies to enhance destination visibility, attract target audiences, and create compelling narratives that resonate with travelers' interests and aspirations.In conclusion, tourism management is a dynamic and multifaceted field that influences various aspects of society, economy, culture, and environment. By promoting economic growth, cultural exchange, environmental sustainability, risk management, and destination marketing, tourism professionals play a crucial role in shaping the future of travel and tourism. As the world continues to evolve and diversify, the importance of effective tourism management will only grow, paving the way for a more inclusive, sustainable, and resilient tourism industry.。

1. What is a "personal booklet"?A personal booklet is a booklet about place of emergency five and boat station2. What is a cruise ship?Generally speaking a cruise ship is a "floating water hotel" which merges dining, accommodation, transportation, travel, s hopping and entertainment, etc. into an organic whole.3. What are the duties of waiter?It’s responsible for serving passengers, Explaning the dishes. Making recommendation, supervising assistant waiters assigned to their tables.4. What are the four directions of the employment for maritime hotle students?①The Internation cruise ship②The cruise ship③The cruise ship on the Yangtze River④The hotel on land5. How to listen to the passengers?①Listen with an open mind②Listen all the way through③Wat ch for verbal/visual signals④Become an Careful Observer6. Would you please list four benefits for us to work on the cruise ship?①Save money ②Learn a lot of skills ③Meet new friends④Travel the world ⑥Enjoy exciting destinations7. What are the lines of authority in the restaurant management?Restaurant management-assistant restaurant. Manager-read waiter-waiter-assistant waiter.8. What are the duties of cabin steward?The cabin steward is responsible for daily deaning of passenger cabins.9. What is good customer service?①Make customer happy ②Own high Quality B ehaviour ③Own high service standards④Smile ⑤Be friendly ⑥Be helpful10. What state of mind should we keep when we offer services to passengers?①We should see something from passengers' angle/point and anticipate wh at passengers expect②We should pay attention to details of matter and should not neglect small things. Because all small thing make a big thing.③Our service should exceed passengers' expectations.11. What are the duties of bar manager?①Checks if passen gers are happy②Does sales promotions③Promotes or demotes his subordinates④Handles complaints from passengers12. What are the bad customer service?①Waiting ②No smiling ③Not interested④Not my problem ⑤Be impatient ⑥Be arrogant13. What are the Passengers expectations?①Professional experience ②Friendliness and courtesy③Delivering high quality service ④Solving passenger's problem⑤Improving service quality ⑥Find opportunities to offer service14. What's the navigation bridge?The raised part of a ship on which the captain and other officers stand when on duty.汉译英Good morningMy name is ***. It is really my honor to have this opportunity for an interview. I hope I can make a good performance today. I'm confident that I can succeed.Now I will introduce myself briefly. I am 21 years old, born in Hubei province.I will graduate from Wuhan polytechnic university. My major is tourism management, and I will get my bachelor degree after my graduation in Jun next year. In the past 3 years, I spend most of my time on study, so that I have passed CET4. And I have acquired basic knowledge of my major during my school time. In addition, I also took part in mangy activities. And I assumed the post of league branch secretary in the class, the exercise of my hardworking and pragmatic, eclectic habits, my dedication, responsibility, and my good unity, creative spirit. In my spare time, I made a lot of part-time, cashiers, tutoring, waiter, ect. During my working, I learned a lot.I like the work of cruise ship. Because I want to change my working environment. I'd like to find a job which is more challenging. Besides, I think that I work in the cruise ship can learn more knowledge. For instance, I will learn a lot of skills, meet new friends and enjoy exciting destinations. What is more important I can obtain new experience.I want to apply for duty-free shop/starboard assistants. Costa Cruise is a global company, so I feel I can gain the most from working in this kind of company environment. That is the reason why I come here to compete for this position.I think I'm a good team player and I'm a person of great honesty to others. Also I am able to work under great pressure.That’s all. Thank you for giving me the chance.。

旅游管理英语课后习题答案旅游管理英语课后习题答案在学习旅游管理英语过程中，课后习题是巩固知识的重要环节。

通过解答习题，我们可以检验自己的学习成果，加深对相关知识的理解。

下面是一些旅游管理英语课后习题的答案，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

一、单选题1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. A7. B8. C9. A10. B二、完形填空1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. A7. B8. C9. A10. B三、阅读理解1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C四、简答题1. 旅游管理英语是指在旅游行业中使用英语进行沟通和交流的一种语言能力。

旅游管理英语包括旅游相关的词汇、语法、口语表达和写作技巧等内容。

2. 旅游管理英语的学习对于从事旅游行业的人员来说非常重要。

首先，旅游行业是国际化的行业，需要与来自不同国家和地区的游客进行交流。

其次，旅游行业中涉及到大量的英语文献、报告和合同等文件，需要具备良好的英语阅读和写作能力。

此外，旅游管理英语还可以提高服务质量，使得游客在旅行过程中得到更好的体验。

3. 学习旅游管理英语的方法有很多种。

首先，可以通过参加专业的英语培训班来提高自己的语言能力。

其次，可以多听、多读、多写、多说，通过与他人的交流和实践来提高自己的口语表达和写作能力。

另外，还可以利用互联网资源，如英语学习网站、英语学习APP等，进行自主学习。

4. 旅游管理英语的学习不仅要掌握基本的词汇和语法，还需要了解旅游行业的相关知识。

因此，建议学习者在学习旅游管理英语的同时，也要了解旅游行业的发展趋势、市场需求、客户心理等方面的知识，以便更好地应对实际工作中的挑战。

五、翻译题1. 旅游行业发展迅速，为了满足不同游客的需求，需要提供多样化的旅游产品和服务。

2. 在旅游行业中，客户满意度是一个重要的指标，可以通过提供优质的服务和创新的旅游产品来提高客户满意度。

3. 旅游行业的竞争激烈，需要不断创新和改进，以提高市场竞争力。

旅游管理专业英语English:Travel and tourism management is a multifaceted field that encompasses various aspects of the travel industry, including hospitality, transportation, attractions, and destination management. Students studying this discipline develop a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the global tourism market, gaining insights into consumer behavior, marketing strategies, and sustainable tourism practices. They learn how to effectively manage tourist destinations, ensuring visitor satisfaction while also preserving cultural and environmental integrity. Courses typically cover topics such as tourism economics, destination planning and development, tourism policy and regulation, and event management. Moreover, students often engage in practical experiences through internships or fieldwork, allowing them to apply theoretical knowledge in real-world settings. Graduates of travel and tourism management programs are equipped with a diverse skill set that prepares them for careers in various sectors of the industry, including tour operations, hotel management, event planning, destination marketing, and sustainable tourism development.中文翻译:旅游管理是一个多方面的领域，涵盖了旅游行业的各个方面，包括酒店管理、交通运输、景点和目的地管理。

Market researchmarket research is organized use of sample surveys, polls, focus groups, and other techniques to study market characteristics (e.g., ages and incomes of consumers; consumer attitudes) and improve the efficiency of sales and distribution. Development of new products, opening of new markets, measurement of advertising effectiveness, and knowledge of business competitors are among its basic aims. Developed in the United States in the early 20th cent., the field expanded rapidly after World War II, spreading to Europe and Japan.Marketing research techniques come in many forms, including:•test marketing - a small-scale product launch used to determine the likely acceptance of the product when it is introduced into a wider market•concept testing - to determine if consumers consider a concept useful•mystery shopping - An employee of the company conducting the research contacts a salesperson and indicates they are shopping for the product they sell. They then record the entire experience. This method is often used for quality control or for researchingcompetitors products.•store audits - to determine whether retail stores provide adequate service•demand estimation - to determine the approximate level of demand for the product•sales forecasting - to determine the expected level of sales given the level of demand•customer satisfaction studies - exit interviews or surveys that determine a customer's level of satisfaction with the quality of the transaction•distribution channel audits - to assess distributors’ and retailers’ attitudes toward a product, brand, or company•price elasticity testing - to determine how sensitive customers are to price changes•segmentation research - to determine the demographic, psychographic, and behavioural characteristics of potential buyers•consumer decision process research - to determine what motivates people to buy and what decision-making process they use•positioning research - how does the target market see the brand relative to competitors? - what does the brand stand for?•brand name testing - what do consumers feel about the names of the products?•brand equity research - how favourably do consumers view the brand?•advertising and promotion research - how effective are ads - do potential customers recall the ad, understand the message, and does the ad influence consumer purchasingbehaviour?All of these forms of marketing research can be classified as either problem-identification research or as problem-solving research.A similar distinction exists between exploratory research and conclusive research.Exploratory research provides insights into and comprehension of an issue or situation. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution.Conclusive research draws conclusions: the results of the study can be generalized to the whole population.Both exploratory and conclusive research exemplify primary research. A company collects primary research for its own purposes. This contrasts with secondary research: research published previously and usually by someone else. Secondary research costs far less than primary research, but seldom comes in a form that exactly meets the needs of the researcher.Types of marketing research methodsMethodologically, marketing research uses four types of research designs, namely:•Qualitative marketing research - generally used for exploratory purposes - small number of respondents - not generalizable to the whole population - statisticalsignificance and confidence not calculated - examples include focus groups, depthinterviews, and projective techniques•Quantitative marketing research - generally used to draw conclusions - tests a specific hypothesis - uses random sampling techniques so as to infer from the sample to thepopulation - involves a large number of resondents - examples include surveys andquestionnaires•Observational techniques - the researcher observes social phenomena in their natural setting - observations can occur cross-sectionally (observations made at one time) orlongitudinally (observations occur over several time-periods) - examples includeproduct-use analysis and computer cookie traces•Experimental techniques - the researcher creates a quasi-artificial environment to try to control spurious factors, then manipulates at least one of the variables - examples include purchase laboratories and test marketsResearchers often use more than one research design. They may start with secondary research to get background information, then conduct a focus group (qualitative research design) to explorethe issues. Finally they might do a full nation-wide survey (quantitative research design) in order to devise specific recommendations for the client.Some commonly used marketing research termsMany of these techniques resemble those used in political polling and social science research. Meta-analysis (also called the Schmidt-Hunter technique) refers to a statistical method of combining data from multiple studies or from several types of studies. Conceptualization means the process of converting vague mental images into definable concepts. Operationalization is the process of converting concepts into specific observable behaviours that a researcher can measure. Precision refers to the exactness of any given measure. Reliability refers to the likelihood that a given operationalized construct will yield the same results if re-measured. Validity refers to the extent to which a measure provides data that captures the meaning of the operationalized construct as defined in the study. It asks, “Are we measuring what we intended to measure?”Applied research sets out to prove a specific hypothesis of value to the clients paying for the research. For example, a cigarette company might commission research that attempts to show that cigarettes are good for one's health. Many researchers have ethical misgivings about doing applied research.Sugging forms a sales technique in which sales people pretend to conduct marketing research, but with the real purpose of obtaining buyer motivation and buyer decision-making information to be used in a subsequent sales call.Frugging comprises the practice of soliciting funds under the pretense of being a research organization.。

GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline (GSK) plc is a pharmaceutical and healthcare company, one of the largest in the world, in fact the second largest pharmaceutical company. In 2002, the company had sales of £31.8 billion and made a profit of £6.5 billion. It employs around 100,000 people worldwide, including over 40,000 in sales and marketing. Its worldwide headquarters is in London, with dual US headquarters in Philadelphia and Research Triangle Park.The company is listed on the London and New York Stock Exchanges. It does most of its business in the United States, but has a presence in almost 70 countries. The company's CEO is Jean-Pierre Garnier (former COO of SmithKline Beecham) and the non-executive chairman is Sir Christopher Gent.GSK was formed in December2000by a merger between Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, both the product of mergers themselves, as recently as 1995 for Glaxo and Burroughs Wellcome. GSK was actually incorporated in December 1999as part of the lengthy merger process. As a result of the mergers, the company has certain minor businesses which are not strictly within its larger interests.In 2002, pharmaceutical sales accounted for £18 billion of GSK's total sales. Sales are largely based around a small number of successful products, the SSRI Paxil accounted for £2.1 billion in sales alone.Other key products include:•Seretide (a bronchodilator, £1.6 billion)•Augmentin (amoxicillin & clavulinic acid, an antibiotic, £1.2 billion)•Wellbutrin (an anti-depressant, £882 million) and•Avandia (rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, £809 million).The company works hard to protect the patents of its drug formulations and their respective trademarks. It recently went to court to enforce patents on Augmentin (2002) and Paxil (2003), but lost both trials.At their AGM on 19 May2003, GSK shareholders rejected a motion regarding a £22 million pay and benefits package for Jean-Pierre Garnier. This is the first time such a rebellion by shareholders against a major British company has occurred, but is regarded as a possible turning point against other so-called "fat cat" deals within executive pay structures.In June 2004 the company had court proceedings initiated against them on allegations of fraud. The allegation is that the company suppressed research that shows that Paxil/Seroxat is little moreeffective than a placebo and increases suicidal feelings in young people, side effects which have commonly been reported by users for some time.GSK is also the name of a well-known Active Worlds citizen. GSK, short for GameShowKid, is AW's prime game show emulator.DiversityGlaxoSmithKline was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine.External links•From the official siteo GlaxoSmithKline - Official site ()。