John Milton (1608-1674) 约翰·米尔顿_英国文学

John Milton (1608-1674)One of the greatest poets of the English language, best-known for his epic poem PARADISE LOST (1667). Milton's powerful, rhetoric prose and the eloquence of his poetry had an immense influence especially on the 18th-century verse. Besides poems, Milton published pamphlets defending civil and religious rights."Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruitOf that forbidden tree whose mortal tasteBrought death into the world, and all our woe,With loss of Eden."(from Paradise Lost)John Milton was born in London. His mother, Sarah Jeffrey, a very religious person, was the daughter of a merchant sailor. Milton's father, named John, too, had risen to prosperity as a scrivener or law writer - he also composed madrigasl and psalm settings. The family was wealthy enough to afford a second house in the country. Milton's first teachers were his father, from whom he inherited love for art and music, and the writer Thomas Young, a graduate of St Andrews University. Milton took part in small domestic consorts, he played often a small organ and he had "delicate, tuneable voice". At the age of twelve Milton was admitted to St Paul's School near his home. Five years later he entered Christ's College, Cambridge. While considering himself destined for the ministry, he began to write poetry in Latin, Italian, and English. One of Milton'e earliest works, 'On the Death of a Fair Infant' (1626), was written after his sister Anne Phillips had suffered from a miscarriage. 'In inventorem bombardae' (On the inventor of gunpowder), a piece in a series on the occasion of the Gunpowder Plot, contains Milton's first portrayal of Satan.Milton did not adjust to university life. He was called, half in scorn, "The Lady of Christ's", and after starting a fist fight with his tutor, he was expelled for a term. On leaving Cambridge Milton had given up his original plan to become a priest. He adopted no profession but spent six years at leisure in his father's home, writing during that time L'ALLEGRO, IL PENSEROSO (1632), COMUS (1634), and L YCIDAS (1637), about the meaning of death, which was composed after the death of his friend Edward King. Milton wrote in Latin as was usual for the time. His first published poem was the sonnet 'An Epitaph on the Admirable Dramatic Poet, W. Shakespeare', which was printed anonymously in the Second Folio of Shakespeare's works (1632).In 1635 the Miltons moved to Horton, Buckinghamshire, where John pursued his studies in Greek, Latin, and Italian. He traveled in France and Italy in the late 1630s, meeting in Paris the jurist and theologian Hugo Grotius and the astronomer Galileo Galilei in Florence - there are references to Galileo's telescope in Paradise Lost. His conversation with the famous scientist Milton recorded in his celebrated plea for a free speech and free discussion, AREOPAGITICA (1644), in which he stated that books "preserve as in a vial the purest efficacy and extraction of that living intellect bred in them." Milton returned to London in 1639, and set up a school with his nephews and a few others as pupils. He had planned to write an epic based on the Arthurian legends, but then gave uphis literary pursuits, partly due to the Civil War, which divided the country as Oliver Cromwell fought against the king, Charles I.Concerned with the Puritan cause, Milton published a series of pamphlets against episcopacy (1642), on divorce (1643), in defense of the liberty of the press (1644), and in support of the regicides (1649). He also served as the secretary for foreign languages in Cromwell's government. After the death of Charles I, Milton expressed in THE TENURE OF KINGS AND MAGISTRATES (1649) the view that the people have the right to depose and punish tyrants.In 1651 Milton became blind, but like Jorge Luis Borges centuries later, blindness helped him to stimulate his verbal richness. "He sacrificed his sight, and then he remembered his first desire, that of being a poet," Borges wrote in one of his lectures. One of his assistants was the poet and satirist Andew Marvell (1621-78), who spoke for him in Parliament, when his political opinions stirred much controversy. After the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, Milton was arrested as a noted defender of the Commonwealth, but was soon released. However, for his opposition Milton was forced to pay a massive fine. Besides public burning of EIKONKLASTES (1649) and the first DEFENSIO (1651) in Paris and Toulouse, Milton escaped from more punishment, but he became a relatively poor man. The manuscript of Paradise Lost he sold for £5 to Samuel Simmons, and was promised another £5 if the first edition of 1,300 copies sold out. This was done in 18 months.Milton was married three times. His first marriage started unhappily; this experience promted the poet to write his famous essays on divorce. He had married in 1642 Mary Powell, seventeen at that time. She grew soon bored with her busy husbandand went back home where she stayed for three years. Their first child, Anne, was born in 1646. Mary died in 1652 and four years later Milton married Katherine Woodcock; she died in 1658. For her memory Milton devoted the sonnet 'To His Late Wife'. In the 1660s Milton moved with his third wife, Elizabeth Minshull, again a much younger woman, to what is now Bunhill Row. The marriage was happy, in spite of the great difference of their ages. Milton spent in Bunhill Row the remaining years of his life, apart from a brief visit to Chalfont St Giles in 1665 during a period of plague. His late poems Milton dictated to his daughter, nephews, friends, disciples, and paid amanuenses.In THE DOCTRINE AND DISCIPLINE OF DIVORCE (1643), composed after Mary had deserter him, Milton argued that a true marriage was of mind as well as of body, and that the chaste and modest were more likely to find themselves "chained unnaturally together" in unsuitable unions than those who had in youth lived loosely and enjoyed more varied experience. Though Milton morally austere and conscientious, some of his religious beliefs were very unconventional, and came in conflict with the official Puritan stand. Milton who did not believe in the divine birth, "believed perhaps nothing", as Ford Madox Ford says in The March of Literature (1938).Milton died on November 8, 1674. He was buried beside his father in the church of St Giles, Cripplegate. It has been claimed that Milton's grave was desecrated when the church was undergoing repairs. All the teeth and "a large quantity of the hair" were taken as souvenirs by grave robbers.Milton's achievement in the field of poetry was recognized after the appearance of Paradise Lost. Before it the writer himself had showed some doubt of the worth of his work: "By labor and intent study (which I take to be my portion in this life), joined with the strong propensity of nature, I might perhaps leave something so written to after-times, as they should not willingly let it die." (from The Reason of Church Government, 1641) Milton's cosmic vision has occasionally provoked critical discussion. Even T.S. Eliot has attacked the author and described him as one whose sensuousness had been "withered by book-learning." Eliot claimed that Milton's poetry '"could only be an influence for the worse."The theme of Fall and expulsion from Eden had been in Milton's mind from the 1640s. His ambition was to compose an epic poem to rival the ancient poets, such as Homer and Virgil, whose grand vision in Aeneid left traces in his work. Originally it was issued in 10 books in 1667, and in 12 books in the second edition of 1674. Milton, who wanted to be a great poet, had also cope with the towering figure of Shakespeare, who had died in 1616 - Milton was seven at that time. In his own hierarchy, Milton placed highest in the scale the epic, below it was the drama.Paradise Lost is not easy to read with its odd syntax, difficult vocabulary, and complex, but noble style. Moreover, its cosmic vision is not actually based on the Copernican system, but more in the traditional Christian cosmology of its day, where the Earth (and man) is the center of the universe, not the sun. The poem tells a biblical story of Adam and Eve, with God, and Lucifer (Satan), who is thrown out of Heaven to corrupt humankind. Satan, the most beautiful of the angels, is at his most impressive: he wakes up, on a burning lake in Hell, to find himself surrounded by his stunned followers. He has been defeated in the War of Heaven. "All is not lost; th' unconquerable Will, / And study of revenge, immortal hate, / And courage never to submit or yield... /" Milton created a powerful and sympathetic portrait of Lucifer. His character bears similarities with Shakespeare's hero-villains Iago and Macbeth, whose personal ambition is transformed into metaphysical nihilism.Milton's view influenced deeply such Romantic poets as William Blake and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who regarded Satan as the real hero of the poem - a rebel against the tyranny of Heaven. The troubled times, in which Milton lived, is also seen on his theme of religious conflict. In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Blake stated that Milton is "a true Poet, and of the Devil's party without knowing it." Many other works of art have been inspired by Paradise Lost, among them Joseph Haydn's oratorio The Creation, Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad, John Keat's poem Endymion, Lord Byron's The Vision of Judgment, the satanic Sauron in J.R.R. Tolkien's saga The Lord of the Rings. Noteworthy, Nietzsche's Zarathustra has more superficial than real connections with Milton's Lucifer, although Nietzsche knew Milton's work.。

中期创作
中期（1639-1660），革命活动时期。主要精 力革命工作上，二十年里几乎于诗歌绝缘，为 政治斗争的需要，创作了一些议论文。著名的 有<<论出版自由>>、<<为英国人民声辩>>、 <<再为英国人民声辩>>、<<偶像的崇拜者>> 等。他的这些散文是论战的产物，富于战斗力， 是17世纪欧洲散文的冠冕。
晚期创作
晚期（1660-1674），被复辟王朝迫害时期， 也是诗人创作的高峰时期。完成了辉煌的 三大诗作：《失乐园》、《复乐园、 《斗士参孙》。名言名句
1、书籍并不是没有生命的东西，它包藏着一种生 命的潜力，与作者同样地活跃。不仅如此，它还 像一个宝瓶，把作者生机勃勃的智慧中最纯净的 精华保存起来。 2、好书是伟大心灵的宝贵血脉。 3、希望里蕴藏着极大的力量,能使志向和幻想成 为事实。 4、一本好书是一个艺术大师宝贵的血液，是超越 生命之外的生命，是可以铭记和珍藏的血液
……
人物简评
英国文学中的古典主义因素早在文艺复新时期已经存在， 从弥尔顿的作品中也可以看到古代文学的影响。但古典主 义作为一个流派则是随复辟王朝从法国回来之后才形成的。 英国古典主义流派依附反动封建王朝，从一开始就具有保 守倾向。他的创始者是约翰·德莱顿(1631-1700)。他是复 辟王朝的桂冠诗人，信仰天主教，他站在保守立场写了一 些政治讽刺诗、宗教论争诗和剧本。他的文学评论如《论 剧诗》(1668)和许多作品的序言，强调理性和规律，指出 悲剧中三一律的重要性，主张形式完美。他推崇古希腊、 罗马作家，但也肯定乔叟、斯宾塞、莎士比亚的成就。他 观察敏锐，对作家的评论时有灼见，超出前人和同时代的 评论家。他的大量古典主义创作，系统的古典主义理论， 他的讽刺诗的技巧，他的翻译，他的准确平易的散文，都 对18世纪英国古典主义文学有很大影响。

Paradise Lost Paradise Regained Samson Agonistes
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The Third Period:after the Revolution(1660-1674)
1517-1648
1588 1640
The Reformation
defeat of the Spanish Armada the outbreak of English Bourgeois Revolution
1642-1649
1660
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
English Civil War
The Restoration
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Milton settled in London, and became tutors to his two nephews. Meanwhile he diverted his attentions to a tireless defence of religious, civil, and domestic liberties, and started to publish a series of political pamphlets. In 1642, he married Mary Powel, daughter of Royalist parents, 17 years old then. Within six weeks she went back to her parents, and did not return. In 1643, he published The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, arguing that a true marriage was of mind as well as of body, advocating that divorce was not immoral if the couple could not love each other. It was a bold idea during those days and was not readily accepted by his fellow countrymen. The pamphlet made him notorious. In 1644, he published his most famous prose work, Areopagitica. He passionately pleaded for the freedom of the press. His wife returned to him in 1645.

john milton的英文简介约翰·弥尔顿，英国诗人、政论家，民主斗士，英国文学史上伟大的六大诗人之一。

下面是小编给大家整理的john milton的英文简介，供大家参阅!john milton简介John Milton (December 9, 1608 to November 8, 1674) British poet, political commentator, democratic fighter, British literature in the history of one of the great six poets. Representative works are long poem "Lost Paradise", "Fu Paradise" and "Lux" Samson.In 1625, Milton went to Cambridge University and began writing poetry. After graduating from college and studying literature for 6 years. In 1638, Milton traveled to Europe. In 1640 the British Revolution broke out, Milton decided to join in the revolutionary movement, and published five books on religious freedom, in 1644, Milton also for freedom of speech and wrote "on the freedom of the press." In 1649, after the victory of the British colonies, Milton published "on the king and officials of the authority" and other documents to consolidate the revolutionary regime. 1660, the British feudal dynasty restoration, Milton was arrested and imprisoned, was soon released, then he concentrate on writing poetryjohn milton人物经历On December 9, 1608, John Milton was born. Milton's father is a legal instrument, the family is more honest. Although his father was a Puritan, but not as much as the other Puritans at that time, he likes music, but also guide Milton to love music. He also loves books such as life, while the young Milton played little like his father like books. Milton's father also specifically for his hired a private teacher, Milton just over ten years old, you can write some good poetry. At that time Milton often learned late into the night, which had a very bad impact on his later body.At the age of 12, his father sent Milton to a man named St. Paul's men's school at the time of study, 15 years old entered the University of Cambridge. The young Milton faces handsome, but proud, thought independent. Milton had intended to go to the British Church as a pastor. But the conflict between the Catholics and the Puritans intensified, and Milton was a Puritan.After completing college studies, Milton gave up the idea of being a pastor in the British Church, and for some time he did not know what to do. Repeated thinking, he firmly believe that he should be born poet. He lived his father about 20 miles from London's Dunton village estate for nearly five years, andin order to better realize his own ideals in the future, he began to write poetry and study.In the past five years, he wrote a large number of short poems, including "happy people" to express a longing for a happy life, "meditation" on the thought of meditation was described, "Liesidas" praise A drowned friend, "Commas" shows a masquerade.But soon, he began to feel tired of this quiet pastoral life. He is eager to the outside world more exciting. So he took his father to his money, embarked on a journey to France, Switzerland, Italy. In Italy, he heard that the British King and the contradiction between the people imminent, and soon may be the outbreak of war. So he immediately gave up the plan to travel and write poetry, rushed back to England.After returning to London, he strongly opposed the conservative party and devoted all his energy to writing a large number of political pamphlets that supported the freedom of the people. Published in 1644, "published freedom", bold attack on the British press censorship system; published in 1649, "the destruction of idols," advocated the death of Charles I; 1650 published "to defend the British people", to meet the Republican and revolutionary arrival.In 1649, according to the parliamentary judgment, KingCharles I was beheaded, while Oliver Cromwell came to power, became the head of government, and was called "protect the country". The leaders of the Puritan government, who had written a large number of essays and pamphlets written by Milton for the victory of the Republic in the revolution, then appointed him as secretary for foreign affairs. In addition to his Latin alphabet, which is responsible for translating foreign governments, he must also answer in Latin, and he is responsible for criticizing the attacks and statements against the Cromwell government. Because of the heavy task, he had to work day and night, soon, vision began to decline, the doctor warned him to stop using the eye, otherwise he will be blind. But he refused the doctor asked him to give up the heavy reading and writing work advice, continue to work hard. Eventually, by 1652, his eyes were completely blind. Even so, he did not stop working, he used to read the way he wrote others to work day and night to continue. Soon, his wife died, gave him left three young girl waiting, the largest but also 6 years old. This is a busy business for the blind people is undoubtedly worse.Soon, the king saved the regime to regain the regime. Charles II (the son of the former king) boarded the throne. Protestants are everywhere to escape. And some went to theUnited States, and some were arrested and sentenced to death. Milton hid a friend for a few months, his property was confiscated, his book was burned by the executioner. Finally, Milton was caught in the prison, so the king later let him. Milton ended the social life, and began to poetry again, he spent seven years to write the poem "lost paradise." In this poem, he tells how Satan has betrayed God, how Eve and Adam have been expelled from Eden and so on. He was blind because of his eyes, had to read by him, and sometimes let his daughter to write, and sometimes by visiting friends to write. "Paradise" for him to win a high reputation, many scholars and politicians so far away from the road, came to visit him. After completing this masterpiece, he wrote the "Rebirth Paradise", and a drama about the Samsoni of Rex (Samson was Israel Hercules, and was as blind as Milton in his later years).November 8, 1674, Milton died.john milton创作特点Theme of the workIn his writings, Milton elaborated liberalism from the aspects of natural human rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religious belief, freedom of education, freedom of marriage and so on. Milton believes that freedom, property, life is the natural rights of people, inviolable, that people have theright to overthrow the freedom of the tyrant. He also criticized the British system of review of books published, against the practice of strangling the truth, demanding freedom of speech and publication, creating the conditions for the spread of capitalist ideology and culture. After gaining these rights, Milton further affirmed the existence of man. In the religious view, he put forward a rational belief, which is actually a Christian humanistic view of religion, requires people to have a rational, free choice, cultivate virtue, with a good individual directly with God to communicate and communicate. Milton proposed his own different from the theological, secular feudal education reform program, trying to establish a modern education system. At the same time, due to Milton's own marriage experience, he particularly advocates equality between men and women, freedom of marriage. After the failure of the revolution, Milton began the creation of three long poems, reflecting the theme of freedom in his trilogy, expressing the poet as a tenacious liberal fighter, still in the post-restoration mood Believe in the confidence of the revolution."Paradise", "Fu Paradise" and "Warrior Samson" have shown people's struggle and salvation, are touched the works of the human mind, the poet on the deepest human morality, spirit andbelief in the exploration, Milton's reflection on man and human nature, thinking about the problems of human unfortunate roots and how people can be saved. The theme of redemption is embodied in the selection of the theme of the long poem and the shaping of the characters.Artistic characteristicsThe theme of the selection, Milton "Paradise Lost" by the ancestor of Adam, Eve by Sedan lure to be deprived of the story of the park, revealing the concept of Christian "original sin" to promote human beings should be realistic attitude to bear the burden of earthly life , Save yourself with atonement. The story of the restoration of the paradise with Jesus' victory over all the temptations of Satan shows that mankind can overcome all kinds of suffering and save if he can improve his character. "Warrior Samson" by the tragic character Samson, imprisoned, blind, suffered humiliation, at the expense of revenge life experience, complained about Milton's own political experience and ideals and beliefs, praised the struggle for the noble cause Perseverance of the character and at the expense of their salvation spirit.The image of the people, Milton out of the need to express the salvation of the lofty ideals, the choice of ambitiousevents as the theme, the use of magnificent long poems as a genre to lead the classic, magnificent style, creating a literary history of the classic image: Jesus, Samson, Adam and Eve. The image of the characters with the poet on the shaping of the idea of redemption. Adam and Eve are the ancestors of mankind, who have universal qualities of mankind, the condition of salvation; Jesus is the embodiment of the poet's ideal personality, virtue is the basis of salvation; Samson is the typical image of the road to salvation, Mankind brings hope of salvation.---来源网络整理，仅供参考。