Speech Acts

4. The conventional indirect speech act
• 六种间接指令（indirect directives） • 1、涉及听话人实施A的能力的句子。 Can you pass the salt? • 2、涉及说话人希望听话人实施A的句子。 I would like you to pass the salt. • 3、涉及听话人实施A的句子。 Will you pass the salt? • 4、涉及听话人实施A的意愿的句子。 Would you be willing to pass the salt?
• 通过另一种施事行为（次要施事行为 secondary illocutionary act）的方式来 间接地实施某一种施事行为（首要施 事行为primary illocutionary act）。 • eg.Can you pass the salt? S: 询问（interrogative）: P:请求（request）：
2. Indirect Speech Acts
• Terms • 字面语力（literal force）：句子本身表达的言语 行为。 • 实事语力（illocutionary force）：在字面语力的 基础上推导出来的语力，即间接语力。
• This kind of speech acts, "in which one illocutionary act is porformed indirectly by way of performing another" (Searle1995b:60),Searle calls indirect speech acts.
• 5、涉及实施A理由的 句子。 • It might help if you pass the salt. • 6、把上述形式中的一种嵌入到另一种中去，以及 在上述的一种形式中嵌入一种显性指令性施事动 词的句子。 • I hope you(2) won't mind (4)if I ask you (IV)if you could(1) pass the salt.

1) We suggest that you go to the embassy and apply for your visa in person. 2) You are hereby warned that legal action will be taken. 3) Passengers are hereby requested to wear a seat belt. 4) (A radio journalist is interviewing the chairman of Railtrack during a strike by signal workers)
– Exercise 1
• Of the following utterances, which are performatives and which are constatives?
1) The couple live in a house on the corner of Henry Street. 2) I object, your honor. 3) John’s future is full of hope. 4) I declare this bridge open. 5) I second your motion. 6) John is growing a beard. 7) (As a call in bridge) Three clubs. 8) Eyes right.
– naming/ordering/promising
Austin‟s felicity conditions on performatives
– The uttering of a sentence is, or is part of, an action within the framework of social institutions and conventions. – Saying is (part of) doing – Words are (part of) deeds

Rule 2: Only use the promissory IFID when the promise contains something that the promisee actually wants to happen to him or her. (The preparatory rule) (Con 4)
Illocutionary meaning/illocutionary force the effect the utterance or written text has on the reader or listener.
e.g. I’m thirsty. Locutionary meaning: physical condition Illocutionary meaning: want sth. to drink
As to promises, there are dozens of ways to make a promise in a particular language, and it is only the context which can determine whether a particular expression counts as a promise. (Searle:1969)
Condition 1: normal
--- Speakers must use their language
Condition 2: content Condition 3: future
nac-o-tr-imnTgha)lelyp(rnoomtisheamnduisctahpas,vneoatcjooknitnegnto. r ---The content must have to do with a

Firstly, it would require otherwise a typical and unmotivated rule of performative deletion in the majority of cases to deal with cases like(4)-(7).
8பைடு நூலகம்
副词
论点派指出，像frankly这样的副词的作用 并不明确。在句子中存在和不存在明确的 行事动词，frankly的作用并不见得一样。
3). I tell you frankly you’re a rascal. (4). Frankly, you’re a rascal. (5). John told Bill frankly that he was a rascal.
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Syntactic Problems
In addition to semantic incoherencies and inadequacies , the PH required by Antithesis is assailed by syntactic problem.
The following is a sample of the problems.
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Third, perhaps the most important syntactic objections to the PH (performative hypothesis: explicit performatives directly express their illocutionary forces) are the following.
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对立论（antithesis）：解释言外之 力不需要一套特殊的理论；完全可 以在一般的句法理论和真实条件语 义学中得到解释。 代表人物：Ross (“行事分析”或 “行事假设”)