英语整理
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First we look at the plus of the ledger首先我们从正面上看Provides employment opportunities ,both skilled and unskilled,because it is a labor -intensive industry提供就业机会,包括有技能的和没有技能的,因为它是劳动密集型产业●Generate a supply of needed foreign exchange生产所需的外汇供应●Increases incomes增加收入●Creates increased gross national product创建增加国民生产总值●Can be built on existing infrastructure可以建立在现有的基础设施之上●Develops an infrastructure that will also help stimulate local commerce and industry发展基础设施,也将有助于刺激当地的商业和工业●Can be developed with local products and resources可以开发当地的产品和资源●Helps to diversity the economy有益于发展经济多样化●Tends to be one of the most compatible economic development activities available to an area,complementing other economic activities往往是最具兼容的经济发展活动区域之一,配合其他经济活动●Spreads development●Has a high multiplier impact有高的乘数效应●Increases governmental revenues增加政府财政收入●Broaden educational and cultural horizons and improves feelings of self-worth拓宽教育和文化的深度和范围,提升自我价值感●Improves the quality of life related to a higher level of income and improved standards of living 关系到一个更高的收入水平和改进生活水准,提高生活质量●Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition加强历史遗迹和传统的保护●Justifies environmental protection and improvement为环境保护和改进提供合法依据●Visitors interest in local culture provides employment for artists,musicians, and other performingartists,enhancing the cultural heritage旅游者对当地文化的兴趣为艺术家、音乐家和其他表演艺术者提供了就业机会,增强文化传承●Provides tourist and recreational facilities that may be used by a local population为旅游提供的娱乐设施也可以被当地的居民所使用●Breaks down language barriers,socio-cultural barriers,class barriers,racial barriers,politicalbarriers,and religious barriers打破了语言障碍,社会和文化障碍,阶层壁垒,消除种族隔阂,政治上的障碍,和宗教的藩篱●Creates a favorable worldwide image for a destination对目的地国家来说创造一个有利的全球形象●Promotes a global community促进地球村形成●Promot es international understanding and peace促进国际间理解与和平On the minus side of the ledger we find a number of problems that can be created by tourism,especially by its development.从消极方面看,我们发现一系列由旅游引发的问题,尤其是其发展的过程中●Develops excess demand for resource对资源开发的过度需求●Creates the difficulties of seasonality淡旺季需求不均造成的经营困难●Causes inflation造成通货膨胀●Can result in unbalanced economic development造成经济发展不均衡●Creates social problems造成社会问题●Degrades the natural physical environment and creates pollution使自然环境退化,造成污染●Degrades the cultural environment降低文化环境●Increases the incidence of crime,prostitution,and gambling增加黄、赌、毒的犯罪概率●Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes增加经济的脆弱性和社会变革●Threatens family structure威胁家庭结构●Commercializes culture,religion,and the arts使文化、宗教、艺术的商业化●Creates misunderstanding造成(社会)误解●Creates conflicts in the host society造成东道主国家的社会冲突●Contributions to disease,economic fluctuation,and transportation problems导致疾病、经济波动、交通问题像所有的变化,旅游业要付出代价。
然而,它在这,它是巨大的,并且需要规划和管理。
如何取得平衡是一个挑战,也就是让收益大于成本,并且采取措施以减轻部分变化的不利影响。
旅游业的发展肯定是全部经济发展的一部分,其开发方式也应该是可持续发展的。
p79:每个岗位所花费的成本取决于所建设施的类型,建造一个豪华酒店的成本要比拥有普通设施的小酒店的成本要高得多。
然而,豪华酒店相对于小酒店而言在同一客房的情况下能提供更多的岗位和较高的就职率或者说较高的输出比例。
大型酒店在管理层位置上更倾向于聘用外来员工。
要使旅游经济和工作回报得到最大化的关键在于在管理游客可接受的设施标准时,尽量使用旅游目的地当地的物理和人力资源。
旅游业在很多目的地景区是一个季节性极强的业务。
为了确保市场需求和员工要求的平衡,旅游业务倾向于采取两种策略中的一种。
员工在旅游淡季的时候下岗,或者在旅游旺季的时候从别的地区已近额外的员工。
对于第一种方法而言,旅游业无法提供给居民一个理想的岗位。
对于第二种方法而言,把大部分的工资花在旅游目的地之外的员工来说会有一个住房需求的增长。
因此岗位和收入便也会流入当地。
通常情况下,因为旅游业极其依赖于人所提供的服务,生产力很难提高。
如果旅游业成为经济的一个优势部分,国民产量便很难提高,特别是在目的地缺少吸金能力很强的工业部门的情况下。
另一方面,在教育水平较为低下的发展中国家,在旅游教育和培训计划,可以很容易提高性能的小企业经营者及员工,并大大增加所提供的旅游产品质量的目标区域。
P95Although direct individual hotel reservations still account for more than one-third of all hotel bookings,technology is rapidly changing these reservation patterns.the worldwide,toll-free reservation systems and computers and the internet are making it easier for individuals to arrange their own travel. increasingly,hotels are part of reservation systems that link hotels by some common affiliation.the airlines’computer reservation systems(CRS)are becoming interactive as travel companies invest in the hardware and software to link the systems together resulting in airlines,travel agencies,car rental companies,and hotel chains offering easy access to travelers.the CRS have increasingly evolved into global distribution systems (GDS) which link all parts of the distribution system electronically.in the future,clients will be able to view pictures and “tour”the property before a reservation is placed,and the worldwide reservation system that is currently emerging will become a major force for change in the lodging industry.虽然直接的个人酒店预订仍然占超过三分之一的所有酒店预订,技术正在迅速改变预订模式。
全球,免费预订系统和计算机和互联网使个人更容易安排自己的旅行。