自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第四章

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第四章

The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.

Not all the words that are produced by applying the rules are acceptable.

Rules only provide a constant set of models from which new words are created from day to day.

Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes.

affixation 30%-40% compounding 28%-30% conversion 26% shortening 8%-10% (clipping and acronymy) blendingand others 1%-5%

1. Affixation (Derivation) —— the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems.(derivative派⽣词)

According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixation and suffixation.

1). Prefixation —— the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. It does not change the word-class of thestem but change its meaning.

1. Negative prefixes – a- (abnormal), dis- (disobey), in- (il-, ir-, im-) (injustice), non- (non-smoker), un- (unwilling) un- are the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adj.

2. Reversative prefixes – de- (decentralize), dis- (disunite), un- (unwrap)

3. Pejorative prefixes – mal- (maltreat), mis- (mistrust), pseudo- (pseudo-science)

4. Prefixes of degree or size – arch- (archbishop), extra-(extra-strong), hyper-(hyperactive), macro-(macrocosm), micro- (microcomputer), mini- (mini-election), out- (outlive), over- (overweigh), sub-(subheading), super- (superfreeze), sur- (surtax), ultra- (ultra-conservative), under-(underdeveloped)

5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude – anti- (anti-nuclear), contra- (contraflow), counter-, pro-(pro-student)

6. Locative prefixes – extra- (extraordinary), fore- (forehead), inter- (inter-city), intra- (intra-party),tele-, trans-

7. Prefixes of time and order – ex- (ex-wife), fore- (foretell), pre-, re- (reconsider)

8. Number Prefixes – bi-, multi- (poly-) (multi-purpose), semi- (hemi-), tri- (tricycle), uni-(mono-)(uniform)

9. Miscellaneous prefixes – auto-, neo- (neo-Nazi), pan- (pan-European), vice-

2). Suffixation ——Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Change the grammaticalfunction of stems (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.

Noun suffixes

Denominal nouns (名词+suffix ——名词)

a. Concrete —— -eer (engineer), -er (teenager), -ess (hostess), -ette (cigarette), -let (booklet)

b. Abstract —— -age (wastage), -dom (处于…状态)(officialdom), -ery (slavery), -ery (-ry), -hood(childhood), -ing (farming), - ism(…主义) (terrorism), -ship(状态) (sportsmanship)

Deverbal nouns (动词+suffix——名词)

a. Denoting people —— -ant (assistant), -ee (trainee), -ent (respondent), -er(-or)

b. Denoting action, result, process, state, ect. —— -age (linkage), -al (dismissal), -ance(attendance), -ation(-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion), -ence (existence), -ing (savings), -ment (statement)

De-adjective nouns (形容词+suffix——名词) —— -ity (popularity), -ness (happiness)

Nouns and adjectives suffixes —— -ese (Chinese), -an (Australian), -ist (主义) (socialist)

Adjective suffixes Denominal suffixes —— -ed (wooded), -ful (successful), -ish (foolish), -less (priceless), -like (lady-like), -ly (friendly), -y (smoky)

-al(-ial, -ical) (cultural, residential), -esque (picturesque), -ic (economic), -ous(-eous, -ious)(coutageous)

-ic and –ical can be affixed to the stem in some cases, but differ in meaning.

Historic (important in history) historical (of history)

Classic (great, memorable) classical (of Latin or Greek)

Comic (of comedy) comical (funny)

Economic (in the economy) economical (money-saving)

Electric (powered by electricity) electrical (of electricity)

Deverbal suffixes —— -able (-ible) (washable), -ive(-ative, -sive) (active, decisive)

Adverb suffixes —— -ly (calmly), -ward(s) (homewards), -wise (clockwise)

Verb suffixes —— -ate(originate), -en (darken), -(i)fy (beautify), -ize (ise) (modernize)

Nik most of them are considered slang.

2. Compounding (Composition)——Compounding is a process of word-formation by joining two or more stems.

Compounds- a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as asingle word.

三种形式solid, hyphenated, open

1). Characteristics (differ from free phrases)

Phonetic features

Compound (not absolute) Free phrase

Stress on the first element Stress on the second element

Semantic features

Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity.

Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.

A lot of compounds are transparent and the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds.

Grammatical features

A compound plays a single grammatical role in a sentence.

In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.