48个国际音标
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第一节语音音标
◆音素、音标的概念
(1)音素是记录英语语音的最小单位,英语共48个音素,20个元音,28个辅音。
(2)音标是记录音素的符号,现在我们用国际上通用的48个音标来记录英语语音。
为了把音标与字母进行区分,常把音标放在[ ]或者/ /里。
◆音标的分类:48个音标可分为元音和辅音两大类。
●国际音标中有20个元音,里面包括12个单元音和8个双元音。
(1)单元音:[i:] [i] [ə:(r)] [ə] [a:(r)] [۸] [כ:(r)] [ɒ] [u:] [u] [e] [æ]
✧长元音:[i:][ə:][a:][כ:][u:] [i:] eat [ i:t ] 吃tea [ ti: ]茶peach [ pi: t∫]桃he [ hi:]他
[ə:(r)] girl [gə:l ] 女孩her [ hə:]她的skirt [ skə:t ]裙子[ ɑ: (r)]card[ kɑ:d]卡片party [ˈpɑ:ti]聚会;党派car[ kɑ:]汽车
[כ: (r)] call [kɔ:l]电话walk[wɔ:k]步行short [ʃɔ:t]短的,矮的[u:] fruit [ fru:t ]水果noon [ nu:n ]中午shoe [∫u: ] 鞋子
✧短元音:[i][ə][۸][ɒ][u][e][æ]
[i]fish [ fi∫]鱼kid [ kid ]小孩fifth [ fifθ] 第五[ə] today [ tə'dei ]今天mirror [ 'mirə]镜子river [ 'rivə]河,江[۸]young[j۸ŋ]年轻人Monday['m۸ndei ]星期一son [s۸n]儿子
[ɒ] was [wɒz](be的过去式)watch [wɒtʃ] 观看;手表
[ u ] book [ buk ] 书look [ luk ]看,瞧;看起来好像
[e] desk [ desk ]桌子pencil [ 'pensəl ]铅笔pen [ pen ] 钢笔
[æ] bag [ [bæg] ]包fan [ fæn ] 风扇math [ mæθ]数学
(2)双元音: [ei] [ai] [כi] [əu] [au] [iə(r)] [eə(r)] [uə(r)]
[ei] grape [greip ]葡萄lake [ leik ]湖泊eight [ eit ]八
[ai] kind [ kaind]和蔼的like [ laik ]喜欢why [ hwai ] 为什么
[כi] boy [bכi] 男孩toy [tכi] 玩具noise [nכiz] 噪音[əu] old [ əuld]老的tofu [ 'təufu: ]豆腐potato [ pə'teitəu ]土豆[au] flower [ 'flauə ]花house [ haus]房子about [ ə'baut ]关于
[iə(r)] here [ hiə ] 这里ear [ iə ]耳朵dear [ diə ]亲爱的
[eə(r)] there[ðeə]那里wear [ weə ]穿着pair [ peə ]一双
[uə] sour['sauə]酸的sure [∫uə]当然可以flower['flauə] 花
●国际音标中有28个辅音,里面包括6个爆破音,10个摩擦音,3个鼻音,6
个破擦音,2个半元音,1个舌边音。
(1)爆破音: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
[p]pencil ['pensəl]铅笔pen[ pen]钢笔picture['pikt∫ə]照片[b] beef [ bi:f ]牛肉bread [bred]面包brother ['br۸ðə] 兄弟[t] today[tə'dei]今天tomato[tə'mɑ:təu]西红柿tasty['teisti]美味的[d] door[dכ:] 门desk [ desk ]桌子dinner [ 'dinə ]晚餐
[k] kind[kaind]和蔼的ki tchen['kit∫in]厨房cousin [ 'k۸zən] 堂兄
[g] grass [grɑ:s]草garden [ 'gɑ:dn ]花园go [gəu ] 走
(2)摩擦音:[f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [∫] [з] [r] [h]
[f] fan [fæn]风扇flow [ fləu ]流动flower [ 'flauə ]花[v] river [ 'rivə ]河,江five [faiv]五evening [ 'i:vniŋ ]晚上[s] student [ 'stju:dənt]学生sorry ['sכ:ri] 对不起six [ siks ]六[z] season ['si:zən ]季节because [bi'kɔz ]因为zero ['ziərəu]零[θ]thin [ θin] 瘦的f ifth [fifθ] 第五math [mæθ]数学[ð]brother ['br۸ðə] 兄弟this [ ðis] 这个that [ ðæt]那个
[∫] fish [fi∫]鱼fresh [ fre∫] 新鲜的English [ 'iŋgli∫]英语[з]usually ['ju: зuəli]通常pleasure [ˈpleʒə(r)] 愉快;使满意
[r] ruler [ 'ru:lə ]尺子rice [ rais ]米饭run [ r۸n ] 跑
[h] her [ hə: ]她have [ hæv ]有help [ help ] 帮助
(3)鼻音:[m] [n] [ŋ]
[m]math [mæθ]数学mirror ['mirə]镜子mutter ['m۸tə] 羊肉
[n] nurse [ nə:s ]护士new [ nju:]新的name [ neim ]名字
[ŋ] strong [str :ŋ]强壮long [ lכŋ, l כ:ŋ ]长的pink [ piŋk ]粉红色(4)破擦音:[t∫] [dз] [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz]
[t∫]lunch [l۸nt∫]午饭teacher ['ti:t∫ə]老师chair [t∫εə]椅子
[dз]jeep[dзi:p]吉普车gym[dзim]健身房jacket['dзækit]夹克[tr] try [traɪ] 试图,努力strong [str כ:ŋ ]强壮tree [tri: ]树木[dr] hundred['h۸ndrəd] 一百draw[drכ:] 画dress[dres]连衣裙[ts] short[∫כ:ts ] 短裤hats[hæts]帽子(复数)cats[kæts]猫(复数)[dz] woods [wudz]树林beds [bedz]床(复数)cards [kɑ:dz]贺卡(5)半元音:[w] [j]
[w] window['windəu] 窗户wall [wכ:l] 墙weather ['weðə]天气
[j] yes [jes]是yesterday ['jestədei ] 昨天your [jכ:] 你的(6)舌边音:[l]
[l] ruler ['ru:lə] 尺子milk [milk]牛奶light ['lait]灯
练习题
1.找出所划线字母与其他三个读音不同的单词。
()1.A. cake B. name C. grade D. hat
()2. A. he B. bed C. leg D. get
()3. A. home B. nose C. go D. not
()4. A. duck B. bus C. blue D. mug
()5. A. nice B. big C. six D. Miss
2.找出含有给出音标的发音的单词
( ) 1. / iə/ A. please B dear C. there D. sure
( ) 2. /ə:/ A.teacher B. her C. worker D. doctor
( ) 3. /ai/ A. library B. his C. sixty D. in
( ) 4 ./ʌ/ A. mother B. box C. come D. lot
( ) 5./ ju:/ A. number B. Computer C. but D. ruler。