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2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selectionof recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer allyour answers from your test booklet to A NSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen,heard. Some of the information has been given to youfill out the table with the information you’vein the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Welch’s Personal InformationPlace of Birth PhiladelphiaYear of Birth 1901Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920Major at University 1Final Degree PhDYear of Marriage 1928Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year) 2Field Study in the South Pacific (Age) 3Main Interest 4Professorship at Columbia Started (Year) 5Death (Age) 77Part BDirections:For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, completethe sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)Besides reporters, who else were camped out 6for days outside the speaker’s home?apartmentOne reporter got to the speaker’s 7pretending to pay.The speaker believed the reporter wanted a 8picture of her lookingWhere is a correction to a false story usually 9placed?According to the speaker, the press will lose10readers unless the editors and the newsdirectorsPart CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only.(10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on a report about children’s healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time? [A] How muchexercise they get every day.[B] What they are most worried about.[C] How long their parents accompany them daily.[D] What entertainment they are interested in.12. The academy suggests that children under age two ________.[A] get enough entertainment[B] have more activities[C] receive early education[D] have regular checkups13. According to the report, children’s bedrooms should ________.[A] be no place for play[B] be near a common area[C] have no TV sets[D] have a computer for studyQuestions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?[A] Family debts.[B] Bank savings.[C] Monthly bills.[D] Spending habits.15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?[A] $190,000.[B] $330,000.[C] $500,000.[D] $1,000,000.16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?[A] Invest into a mutual fund.[B] Use the discount tickets.[C] Quit his eating-out habit.[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman, a domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. Which word best describes the lawyer’s prediction of the change in divorce rate?[A] Fall[B] Rise[C] V-shape[D] Zigzag18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A] To embrace changes of thought.[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C] To return to the practice in the ‘60s and ‘70s.[D] To create stability in their lives.19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?[A] They feared the complicated procedures.[B] They wanted to go against the trend.[C] They were afraid of losing face.[D] they were willing to stay together.20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have ________.[A] been shifted around the country.[B] had difficulty being promoted.[C] enjoyed a happier life.[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.THIS IS THE END OF SECTION IDO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTIONUNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(二)National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。
四川大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：机械设计科目代号：567#适用专业：机械制造及其自动化、机械电子工程、机械设计及理论（试题共6页）（答案必须写在试卷上，写在试题上不给分）--------------------------------------------------------------------------一、单项选择：将下列各题的正确号码填在横线上。
（每题2分，共20分）1、受拉螺栓联接若螺栓所受预紧力为F'，在受轴向工作载荷F时，其剩余预紧力为F"，则螺栓所受的总拉力F。
为。
（1）F0=F'+F；（2）F0=F'+F"+F；（3）F0=F+F"；（4）F0=F"+F'2、对于受循环变应力作用的零件，影响疲劳强度的主要因素是。
（1）最大应力；（2）平均应力；（3）应力幅；（4）最小应力3、链传动的瞬时传动比若要等于常数，则它的主要条件是。
（1）z2=z1；（2）z2=z1，且中心距α是链节距p的整数倍。
（3）z2=3z1；（4）大链轮齿数z z是小链齿数z1的整数倍。
4、减速蜗杆传动中，用来计算传动比i是错误的。
（1）i=w1/w2；（2）i=d2/d1；（3）i=n1/n2；（4）i=z2/z15、花键静联接的强度主要取决于强度。
（1）齿根剪切；（2）齿侧接触；（3）齿根弯曲；（4）齿侧挤压6、滑动轴承的条件性计算中，限制PV值是为了。
（1）防止加速磨损；（2）防止过度磨损；（3）防止轴承温升过高；（4）防止出现过大的摩擦阻力矩。
7、配对齿轮副1、2的工作接触应力σH1、σH2之间的关系为。
（1）仅节点处σH1=σH2；（2）任意啮合位置处σH1=σH2；（3）σH1≥σH2；（4）σH1≤σH28、齿轮的弯曲强度，当，则齿根弯曲强度增加。
（1）模数不变，齿数增多时；（2）模数不变，中心距增大时；（3）齿数不变，模数加大时；（4）模数不变，齿轮直径加大时。
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implication s. “Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs ［B］ experts ［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, theNational Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are p resumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
四川大学文学的评论写作历试题答案解析第一篇：四川大学文学的评论写作历试题答案解析四川大学文学评论写作历年试题答案解析历年试题解析（1）10年试题分析一、填空1、杜夫海纳2、《周易•系辞上》P58（阎）3、兴观群怨4、《文心雕龙•神思》P73（阎）5、原创性文本P347（阎）6、文学欣赏P231（阎）7、艾伦•退特P254（阎）8、精神生产活动9、语言P87（阎）10、布封P165（阎）二、解释题1、体裁（唐本P157）文学作品的分类，我国最早的分类，是以语言的有韵无韵为标准，分为散文和韵文两大类，称为“二分法”。
西方把文学作品分为叙事、抒情和戏剧文学三大类，称为“三分法”。
“五四”新文化运动以后，人们将作品分为诗歌、小说、散文、戏剧文学四类，称为“四分法”。
文学体裁的分类有利于更好地认识各类文学现象，促进文学的繁荣发展。
2、文学接受（阎本P187）指对一切文学作品的接纳，也即阅读活动。
它包括审美的阅读，即人们通常所说的文学欣赏，也包括非审美对的（即不以审美为目的或不能达到审美水准的）阅读活动。
3、日常生活审美化（阎本P218）是英国诺丁汉特伦特大学教授迈克费瑟斯通最早提出来的。
1988年4月，他在新奥尔良“大众文化协会大会”上作了题为《日常生活审美化》的演讲。
他认为日常生活审美化正在消弭艺术和生活之间的距离，在把“生活转换成艺术”的同时也把“艺术转换成生活”。
一是艺术和审美进入日常生活，被日常生活化；二是日常生活中的一切，特别是大工业批量生产中的产品以及环境被审美化。
4、生态文学（阎本P359）美国学者密克尔1974年在《生存的悲剧：文学的生态学研究》中最早提出，他采用了“文学生态学”（Literacy ecology）一词。
1978年美国学者鲁克尔特发表了《文学与生态学：一次生态批评实验》，首次使用了生态批评术语。
生态文学和生态批评在文学领域里逐渐建立了自己的学理框架。
随着生态文学的逐步发展，在文学的未来景观中，它的存在可能不只是一种文学样式，更有肯能是一种生存观和世界观。
四川大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：细胞生物学一、Give the significance (not the definition ) of the following terms or phrases .Say what they do or why they are important. (10 points ; Answer these question in Chinese or English )1.stem cell2.cell cycle checkpoints3.receptor-mediated endocytosis4.Na+-K+ ATPase5.molecular chaperones二、填空题（毎空1分，共15分）1.胶原是一种分泌蛋白，其合成通路和其它分泌蛋白类似，先在（）切除信号肽，然后在（）装配形成三股螺旋的前胶原分子，同时在（）被糖基化等加工修饰，最后在（）形成成熟的胶原分子，之后装配成胶原。
胶原能够赋予组织（）能力。
2.动物细胞靠（）维持渗透压平衡，植物细胞靠（）维持渗透压平衡，淡水原生生物细胞靠（）维持渗透压平衡。
3.细胞分化的实质是（）4.蛋白质进入细胞器主要有三种方式，即（）、（）和（）5.蛋白二硫键异构酶存在于内质网中，其一级序列（）保证该酶滞留在内质网中。
6.染色体末端的（）在细胞衰老过程中，随着DNA复制而逐渐（）三、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.一些kinesin（驱动蛋白）相关性蛋白，如CHO1/MKLP1 能使反向排列的微管滑动。
若这些蛋白质对有丝分裂有帮助，那么其在有丝分裂的哪个时期发挥作用：A.前期B.中期C.后期D.末期2.下列哪种缺陷能导致生物大分子储积在溶酶体内：A.吞噬缺陷B.溶酶体膜H+-泵缺陷C.核酸酶缺陷D.自噬缺陷3.两个细胞融合以后，其质膜蛋白混合为下列哪种说法提供了证据：A.质膜蛋白自旋运动B.流体镶嵌模型C.生物膜的脂双层结构D.两种不同质膜蛋白相互作用4.如果丧失紧密连接，位于上皮细胞游离面和基底面的质膜蛋白将：A.保持各自分布区域不变B.混合C.分布区域更加明显D.降解5.正常RB基因翻译形成的RB蛋白功能是：A.抑制转录B.活化转录C.抑制翻译D.活化复制6.下列哪种细胞桥粒含量最丰富：A.平滑肌细胞B.血红细胞C.皮肤上皮细胞D.神经细胞7.为了研究消化道上皮细胞分泌消化酶的活动，哪种方法最适合：A.细胞分级分离技术B.匀浆技术C.放射自显影技术D.扫描电镜技术8.比较高尔基体顺面管网结构与反面管网结构内的蛋白质，将发现：A.二者相同B.CGN内的蛋白质糖基化，TGN内蛋白质没有C.CGN内的蛋白质没有糖基化，而TGN内蛋白质被糖基化D.CGN和TGN内的蛋白质都被糖基化等加工修饰9.哪种分子不能以分子开关的形式在细胞信号传递过程中传递信号：A. Ras蛋白B.G-蛋白C.蛋白激酶D.cAMP10.下列哪种分子能够调节血压：A.cAMPB.NOC.COD.PKC四、实验分析题（共30分）1.下面是有关细胞骨架蛋白由最近几年的研究进展。
第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
文章第一段从早期的通信革命入手，指出在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了很多事情，特别是通信革命加快了步伐。
第二段接着提到20世纪计算机的出现极大地改变了这一进程。
第三段指出随着计算机的发展，我们步入了一个信息社会。
在计算机影响下，通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式，也影响了我们的思考和感知方式。
在结尾部分，文章提到，当然，关于这种通信革命在经济、政治、社会和文化各方面的影响是利大于弊还是弊大于利，还存在争议。
二、试题具体解析1. [A] between在…当中，在空间、位置或时间的中间[B] before在此之前早些时候，在…前面[C] since自从…以后，以前[D] later 后来，稍后，随后[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：时间副词的用法辨析。
解此题关键看两个方面，一是理解文章第一句话的含义：人们曾对20世纪电视的发展以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。
二是注意转折连词yet的用法，yet一般标志着接下来的内容与前面的内容出现了较大的不同，如：She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.（她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了）。
文中第二句话结构非常简单，主语和谓语都无法体现与第一句话的强烈对照，这时只能通过空格里填入的时间状语来体现了，因此这个时间副词应与第一句话中的时间状语in the 20th century和 in the 15th and 16th centuries相呼应并对照。
接下来关键看这个时间副词表示的是哪个时间段，15、16世纪之前，20世纪之后还是两者之间。
其实我们从下文中的the 19th century 也可以推断出正确答案是between，即“然而，在这两个时段之间却发生了很多事情”。
注意：1、通读教材，根据页码提示完成下列题目。
2、最后一次上机课在线测试，范围不超出如下题目。
第一章一、单选1、报道范围主要为能源方面的科技报告为（D ）。
A、AD B、PB C、NASA D、DOE{第7页}2、（C ）是出版周期最短的定期连续出版物。
A、图书B、期刊C、报纸D、学位论文{第6页}3、（A ）是高校或科研机构的毕业生为获取学位而撰写的。
A、学位论文B、科技报告C、会议文献D、档案文献{第6页}4、了解各个国家政治、经济、科技发展政策的重要信息源是（B ）A、科技报告B、政府出版物C、标准文献D、档案文献{第8页}5、年鉴属于下列哪一类别（D ）A、零次信息B、一次信息C、二次信息D、三次信息{第5页}6、下列哪种文献属于一次文献（A ）。
A、图书B、百科全书C、综述D、文摘{第4页}7、下列文献中属于一次信息的是（A ）A、专利说明书B、百科全书C、目录D、综述{第4页}8、以下各项属于二次信息的是（A ）A、索引B、期刊C、学位论文D、百科全书{第4页}二、多选9、二次信息主要包括（CD ）等。
A、手册B、年鉴C、目录D、题录{第4页}10、信息的属性包括（ABCD ）A、客观性B、时效性C、传递性D、共享性{第3页}11、信息素质的内涵主要包括（ABC ）。
A、信息意识素质B、信息能力素质C、信息道德素质D、信息职业素质{第9页}12、以下类型的信息属于三次信息的是（BC ）。
A、目录B、词典C、百科全书D、科技报告{第4页}附加：I)信息道德规范信息行为，主要包括（ABC ）。
A、不制作、传播、消费不良信息B、不侵犯他人的知识产权、商业秘密、隐私权C、恰当使用与合理开发信息技术D、私下交易个人信息（第10页）II)根据信息的载体和表达方式的不同，信息源可分为（ACD ）。
A、语言信息源B、二次信息C、实物信息源D、文献信息源（第4页）III)文献的基本要素有（AC ）。
A、有一定的知识内容B、一定要记录在纸张上C、一种物质载体D、存在大脑中即可（第2页）三、判断13、档案文献具有原始性特点，客观真实地反映了历史。
2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案一、选择题1、Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of the English language? A. Phoneme. B. Morpheme. C. Lexeme. D. Grammar. 答案：D. Grammar.2、Which of the following best defines “semantics”? A. The study of meaning in language. B. The study of language and its relationship to culture. C. The study of the structure of language. D. The study of the relationship between language and behavior. 答案：A. The study of meaning in language.3、Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A morpheme can be a free form. B. A morpheme can be a bound form. C. A free form cannot be a morpheme. D. A bound form cannot be a morpheme. 答案：C. A free form cannot be a morpheme.4、The word “fig” is related to which of the following words?A. Figtree.B. Figure.C. Figment.D. Figures. 答案：B. Figure.5、“Bird” is to “nest” as “flower” is to which of the following?A. garden.B. petal.C. bloom.D. rose. 答案：A. garden.二、判断题1、A syllable in English contains both a consonant and a vowel sound. 答案：正确。
2002川大高等代数及答案四川大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试题一、(本题满分24分，每小题8分) 解答下列各题.51. 证明多项式f (x ) =x -5x +1在有理数域Q 上不可约.证明：由s a n =1、r a 0=1，又(s , r ) =1r有的可能值为±1，带入验证有f (1) =-3、f (-1) =5s故f (x ) 不含有理根，则f (x ) 只能分解为二次多项式和三次多项式的乘积232232有f (x ) =(x +a 1x +1)(x +b 1x +c 1x +1) 或f (x ) =(x +a 2x -1)(x +b 2x +c 2x -1)⎧a 1+b 1=0⎧a 2+b 2=0⎪a b +c +1=0⎪a b +c -1=0⎪111⎪222 得方程⎨a 1c 1+b 1+1=0和⎨a 2c 2-b 2-1=0，两方程无解⎪⎪⎪⎩a 1+c 1+5=0⎪⎩a 2+c 2-5=05故f (x ) =x -5x +1在有理数域Q 上不可约22. 设A 为n 阶方阵且A +A =2E . 其中E 为n 阶单位矩阵. 证明：r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) =n ，其中r (A ) 表示矩阵A 的秩.证明：r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) =r (E -A ) +r (A +2E ) ≥r [(E -A ) +(A +2E )]=r (3E ) =n 即r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) ≥n ①2由A +A =2E ，得(A -E )(A +2E ) =O有A +2E 的列向量全部是方程(A -E ) X =θ的解，有r (A +2E ) ≤n -r (A -E ) 即r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) ≤n ②由①、②，得r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) =n23. 设n 维线性空间V 上的线性变换T满足：T=T. 证明：T+E可逆，其中E为恒等变换.证明：取V 的一组基ε1, ε2, , εn令T在这组基下的矩阵为T ，有T+E在这组基下的矩阵为T +E2由T =T ，得T 的特征值为1、0，有T +E 的特征值为2、1，则T +E ≠0故T +E 可逆，则T+E可逆⎡-13-10⎤2002A 二（本题满分12分）设A =⎢，求. ⎥2116⎣⎦λ+1310=(λ-1)(λ-2) =0 ，有A 的特征值为1、2 解：λE -A =-21λ-1410=当λ=1时，有E -A =-21-00基础解系有n -r (E -A ) =1个向量构成，α1=(5, -7)’151010=当λ=2时，有2E -A =-21-00基础解系有n -r (2E -A ) =1个向量构成，α2=(2, -3)’-12002-1=P -1A 2002P =Λ2002 令可逆矩阵P =(α1, α2) ，有P AP =Λ，有(P AP )2002A 有200352132⎡15-7⋅2⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤=P Λ2002P -1=⎢=⎢⎥⎢⎥2002⎥⎢2002-7-32-7-5-21+21⋅2⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣10-5⋅22003⎤⎥-14+15⋅22002⎦三、（本题满分12分）设V 是数域F 上的三维线性空间. 证明：不存在V 的线性变换T使⎡01-2⎤⎡110⎤⎢-12-2⎥B =⎢011⎥A =得T在V 的两组基下的矩阵分别为：⎢⎥和⎢⎥⎢⎢⎣001⎥⎦⎣001⎥⎦证明：反证法，设存在这样的矩阵A 、B .由A 、B 为同一线性变换T在V 的两组基下的矩阵，则有A ≅Bλ-1022=(λ-1) 3，有A 的特征值为1、1、1 λ-11-121-12000 0λE -A =1λ-2当λ=1时，有E -A =1-12=00000故特征值1对应n -r (E -A ) =2个线性无关的特征值向量①λ-1λE -B =0-10-1=(λ-1) 3，有B 的特征值为1、1、1 λ-0-10-1 0λ-1当λ=1时，有E -B =0000故特征值1对应n -r (E -B ) =1个特征向量②由①、②与A ≅B 矛盾，则假设矛盾故不存在V 的线性变换T使得T在V 的两组基下的矩阵分别A 、B4443四(本题满分12分) 设α, β, γ是三次方程x +3x -1=0的根，求α+β+γ的值.4444解：令x 1=α、x 2=β、x 3=γ，x 1+x 2+x 3的首项为x 1，有x 14322x 20121x 300010-00-00-0→σ14-0σ2σ3σ4=σ141-00-00-0→σ13-1σ2σ3σ4=σ12σ2σσσσ=σ→σσσσ=σ1σ3→2-22-00-00-012342-11-11-00-0123422444422有x 1+x 2+x 3=σ1+a σ1σ2+b σ2+c σ1σ3取x 1=1、x 2=1、x 3=0，有σ1=2，σ2=1，σ3=0 有4a +b =-14 ①取x 1=1、x 2=2、x 3=0，有σ1=3，σ2=2，σ3=0 有18a +4b =-64 ②取x x ，有σ121=2=x 3=11=C 3=3，σ2=C 3=3，有9a +3b +c =-26 ③由①、②、③，得a =-4、b =2、c =4有x 4444221+x 2+x 3=σ1-4σ1σ2+2σ2+4σ1σ3由方程x 3+3x -1=0根与系数的关系得，σ1=0、得α4+β4+γ4 =18五、（本题满分16分）利用正交变换将实二次型f (x 1, x 2, x 3) =x 1x 2+x 1x 3+x 2x 3化为标准形. 并写出相应的正交变换和标准形. ⎡⎢011⎤⎢22⎥解：二次型矩阵为A =⎢1⎢201⎥2⎥⎢11⎥⎢⎣220⎥⎥⎦σC 33=3=1σ2=3、σ3=1λλE -A =-121-2-1212λ-1λ-12111-=-λ-222-λ001211-=(λ+) 2(λ-1)221λ+2-11A 的特征值为-、-、122111--22211-E -A =000当λ=-时，有22000-1n -r (-E -A ) =2个线性无关的向量构成，α1=(1, -1, 0)’ 、α2=(1, 0, -1)’ 基础解系由21当λ=1时，有-E -A =-121-212121-111-2213-=024001-123-4 0-基础解系由n -r (E -A ) =1个向量构成，α3=(1, 1, 1)’ 把α1、α2、α3正交化β1=α1=(1, -1, 0)’ β2=α2-(α2, β1) 111β1=α2-β1=(, , -1)’(β1, β1) 222(α3, β1) (α3, β2)β3=α3-β1-β2=α3=(1, 1, 1)’(β1, β1) (β2, β2)γ1=β12β3β6113=(1, -1, 0)’ 、γ2=2=(, , -1)’ 、γ3==(1, 1, 1)’ β12β2222β3312122f (x , x , x ) =-y -y +y C =(γ, γ, γ) 令正交矩阵123123 123，有X =CY ，即有22-1六、（本题满分12分，每小题6分）设A 、B 是n 阶实正交矩阵，t 为矩阵A B 的特征根-1的重数. 证明：（1）det(AB ) =1的充要条件是t 为偶数. （2）A +B 的秩r (A +B ) =n -t .证明：（1）由A 、B 是n 阶实正交矩阵，有AB (AB )’ =ABB ‘ A ‘ =E ，则AB 为实正交矩阵-1-1由AA ‘ =E ，得A =A ‘ ，即A B =A ‘ B由A 与A ‘ 对应相同的特征值，则AB 与A ‘ B 对应相同的特征值-1有det(AB ) =det(A ‘ B ) =det(A B )实正交矩阵的特征值只能是1和-1 故det(AB ) =1n -t⋅(-1) t =(-1) t ，则有det(AB ) =1的充要条件是t 为偶数-1-1（2）由A 可逆，有r (A +B ) =r [A (A +B )]=r (E +A B ) =n -t七、（本题满分12分）设α1, α2, , αm 为欧氏空间V 的一组线性无关向量，而β1, β2, , βm 和γ1, γ2, , γm 为V 的两组正交向量组. 假设对每个1≤i ≤m ，βi 和γi 均可以由α1, α2, , αi 线性表出. 证明：存在m 个实数a 1, a 2, , a m 使得βi =a i γi 1≤i ≤m .证明：令W =L (α1, α2, , αm ) ⊆V取W 两组标准正交基ε1, ε2, , εm 、e 1, e 2, , e m有(ε1, ε2, , εm ) =(β1, β2, , βm ) Λ1、(e 1, e 2, , e m ) =(γ1, γ2, , γm ) Λ2 则Λ1、Λ2为对角矩阵，有Λ1、Λ2为对角矩阵-1-11(ε1, ε2, , εm ) =(e 1, e 2, , e m ) A ，有(β1, β2, , βm ) =(γ1, γ2, , γm ) Λ2A Λ-1 ①则A 为正交矩阵由βi 和γi 均可以由α1, α2, , αi 线性表出，有(β1, β2, , βm ) =(α1, α2, , αm ) B 、(γ1, γ2, , γm ) =(α1, α2, , αm ) C-1则B 、C 为上三角矩阵，有C B 为上三角矩阵有(β1, β2, , βm ) =(γ1, γ2, , γm ) C B ②-1-1-1-1由①、②，得Λ2A Λ1=C B ，则A =Λ2C B Λ1有A 为上三角矩阵，则A 为上三角矩阵③-1-1-1-1-1-1由A ‘ =A =(Λ2C B Λ1)’ =Λ1’ B ‘ (C )’ (Λ2)’ ，有A 为下三角矩阵④-1由③、④，得A 为对角矩阵，则A 为对角矩阵-1有(β1, β2, , βm ) =(γ1, γ2, , γm ) Λ2A Λ1=(γ1, γ2, , γm ) Λ-1令Λ=diag (a 1, a 2, , a m ) ，即证βi =a i γi 1≤i ≤m。
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections: ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwill hearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.TherearethreepartsinthisSection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5 minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1. NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou'veheard.Someofthe informationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)Welch'sPersonalInformationPlaceofBirthPhiladelphiaYearofBirth1901TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920MajoratUniversity1FinalDegreePhDYearofMarriage1928GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)2FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)3MainInterest4ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)5Death(Age)77PartBDirections:1Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,enotmorethan3wordsfor eachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutside6thespeaker'shome?Onereportergottothespeaker'sapartmentpretendingtopay7Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking8Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?9Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlessthe10editorsandthenewsdirectorsPartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwill havetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosingA,B,CorD.Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.[B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo[A]getenoughentertainment.[B]havemoreactivities.[C]receiveearlyeducation.[D]haveregularcheckups.13.Accordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshould[A]benoplaceforplay.[B]benearacommonarea.[C]havenoTVsets.[D]haveacomputerforstudy.Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?2[A]Familydebts.[B]Banksavings.[C]Monthlybills.[D]Spendinghabits.15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?[A]$190,000.[B]$330,000.[C]$500,000.[D]$1,000,000.16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?[A]Investintoamutualfund.[B]Usethediscounttickets.[C]Quithiseating-outhabit.[D]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,domestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer'spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?[A]Fall.[B]Rise.[C]V-shape.[D]Zigzag.18.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?[A]Toembracechangesofthought.[B]Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe'60sand'70s.[D]Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.19.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?[A]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.[C]Theywereafraidoflosingface.[D]Theywerewillingtostaytogether.20.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave[A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.[B]haddifficultybeingpromoted.[C]enjoyedahappierlife.[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语〔二〕3NationalEntranceTestOfEnglishforMA／MSCandidates(2002)考生考前须知1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规那么，得到监考人员指令前方可开场答题。
