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石油行业常用英语词汇（全面）1. 石油勘探（Petroleum Exploration）Seismic survey：地震勘探Exploration well：探井Reservoir：储层Porosity：孔隙度Permeability：渗透率2. 钻井与完井（Drilling and Completion）Drilling rig：钻机Bit：钻头Drill pipe：钻杆Casing：套管Cementing：固井Completion：完井Fracking：水力压裂3. 采油与生产（Oil Production and Extraction）Production well：生产井Pumpjack：抽油机Artificial lift：人工举升Separator：分离器Flowline：输油管线Tank farm：储油罐区4. 石油加工（Petroleum Refining）Crude oil：原油Refinery：炼油厂Distillation：蒸馏Cracking：裂化Catalytic reforming：催化重整Asphalt：沥青Lube oil：润滑油5. 石油产品（Petroleum Products）Gasoline：汽油Diesel：柴油Jet fuel：航空煤油Fuel oil：燃料油Petrochemicals：石油化工产品6. 安全与环保（Safety and Environmental Protection）HSE（Health, Safety and Environment）：健康、安全与环境 Spill：泄漏Emission：排放Waste treatment：废物处理Environmental impact assessment：环境影响评估7. 国际合作与市场（International Cooperation and Market）OPEC（Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries）：石油输出国组织Brent crude：布伦特原油NYMEX（New York Mercantile Exchange）：纽约商品交易所Spot market：现货市场Futures contract：期货合约本文档为您提供了石油行业常用英语词汇的全面梳理，希望对您的工作和学习有所帮助。
China’s Energy Policies————Energy Saving & Emission Reduction Energy Saving & Emission Reduction中国国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所Energy Research Institute/NDRC ，P .R.ChinaDr. YufengYANGERI/NDRCChina China--IEA/NEET Workshop Beijing Nov.Beijing Nov.11-2,2007Outline¾Main Contents of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction¾Importance and Challenges¾Policies on Energy Saving andMain Countermeasures onEmission Reduction中国国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所Energy Research Institute/NDRC，P.R.ChinaMain Contents of Energy Savingand Emission Reduction¾Standards on Energy Consumption and Environment¾To Remove the Outdated Capacity¾Focus on Key Industry and Enterprises¾Improve the Policy System¾Quicken the Step of Technology Innovation¾Strengthen Pollution Control and Environment Protection¾Strengthen the Monitoring and Supervisering。
美国VOCs定义演变历程对我国VOCs环境管控的启示杨一鸣;崔积山;童莉;周学双;牛皓【摘要】挥发性有机物(VOCs)管控已成为现阶段我国大气环境领域的工作重点,而我国尚未明确环保管理工作中的VOCs国家定义.美国是第一个立法管控VOCs的国家,应用历史回顾的分析方法,将美国VOCs定义划分为前VOCs阶段、挥发性定义阶段和反应性定义阶段,并从各阶段大气污染的科学认识、VOCs反应性的科学认识及管控政策以及定义和内涵三方面系统地描述了VOCs定义的演变历程,深刻揭示出各阶段定义的出现均与该阶段大气污染的科学知识、反应性认识及管控政策密切相关,大气污染的科学知识和反应性认识是管控政策的理论基础,而VOCs定义则是管控政策的集中体现.其中,反应性定义是美国VOCs定义的第三个阶段,也是VOCs反应性研究最为深入的阶段,对其进行了重点解读,并对美国VOCs定义的修订趋势进行了预测.最后,结合我国VOCs管控现状,建议现阶段我国国家环境管理采用反应性定义,采用豁免政策为基础的美国VOCs定义并进行修正:保留乙烷作为基准化合物,舍弃KOH(羟基自由基反应速率常数)值,选用MIR(最大增量活性指标)值作为豁免基准指标,在美国现有的豁免物质名单的基础上进行修订并颁布我国的豁免物质名单.基于国家统一的反应性定义,可进一步完善我国VOCs反应性管控政策、完善固定源VOCs监测方法,统一VOCs表征方式、完善VOCs排放清单以及治理技术数据库,进而逐步建立和完善我国VOCs反应性管控体系.%Although the management and control of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) pollution has become a focus in the field of atmospheric environment in China,there is no official definition of VOCs in China yet.The United States (US) was the first country to introduce legislation to control VOCs.In this paper,the historical literatures and cases on the control of VOCs in the US werereviewed and the 3-stage evolution of the VOCs definition in the US was identified:the pre-VOCs stage,the volatility-based stage and the reactivity-based stage.Furthermore,this paper systematically analyzes the evolution of the VOCs definition and classification with respect to the scientific understanding of air pollution and VOCs reactivity,the VOCs control policy,and the definition and connotation of VOCs covering the 3 stages above.The findings revealed that the evolution of the VOCs definition at different stages related closely to the scientific understanding of air pollution and VOCs reactivity,as well as the VOCs control policy at the corresponding stages.The scientific understanding of air pollution and VOCs reactivity is the theoretical basis of control policy,while the definitions of VOCs reflect the control policies accordingly.With the most concentrated and in-depth study on the reactivity of VOCs in the US came the reactivity-based definition of VOCs as the 3rd stage and thus the transformation trend of the VOCs definition was predicted in this paper.Finally,combined with the existing management and control of VOCs in China,the reactivity-based definition of VOCs was proposed for the China national environment management.The exemption policy-based definition of VOCs in the US was also proposed for use and revision:use ethane as the reference compound;abandon the use of KOH (the reaction rate constant with the hydroxyl radical);employ the use of MIR (Maximum Incremental Reactivity) as the benchmark index for exemption;develop and issue China's substance exemption list by studying and revising the current list in the US.By using a national uniform reactivity-based definition ofVOCs,the management and control policy based on VOCs reactivity and monitoring methodology from stationary sources will be further developed,representation of VOCs will be consolidated and formalized,and VOCs emission inventory and control technology database will be developed and improved.Consequently,a national management and control system based on VOCs reactivity will be constructed and gradually optimized in China.【期刊名称】《环境科学研究》【年(卷),期】2017(030)003【总页数】12页(P368-379)【关键词】挥发性有机物;管控;定义;历程【作者】杨一鸣;崔积山;童莉;周学双;牛皓【作者单位】环境保护部环境工程评估中心,北京 100012;中国海洋石油总公司,北京 100010;北京工业大学环境与能源学院,北京 100124;环境保护部环境工程评估中心,北京 100012;中华人民共和国环境保护部,北京 100035;海南省生态环境保护厅,海南海口 570203;环境保护部环境工程评估中心,北京 100012;中国石油集团安全环保技术研究院,北京 102206【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X51近年来，我国出现持续性大面积的灰霾天气，为此国家相继出台了《重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划》、《大气污染防治行动计划》《京津冀及周边地区落实大气污染防治行动计划实施细则》以及《石化行业挥发性有机物综合整治方案》等一系列与大气污染防治政策相关的文件来控制VOCs和细颗粒物(PM2．5)等主要污染物排放．灰霾的产生与臭氧和PM2．5环境质量浓度密切相关，“十二五”规划中指出“对细颗粒物和臭氧影响较大的氮氧化物和挥发性有机物控制薄弱”，而VOCs是臭氧和PM2．5共同的重要的前体物．VOCs管控已成为现阶段我国大气环境治理领域中的热点问题．而我国已有的VOCs行业定义、地方定义并不统一，既有从挥发性〔如沸点和蒸气压(挥发性)〕进行定义的，也有从光化学反应活性(反应性)进行定义的．由于定义不同则涵盖的物质不同，管控的方向也就不同，给VOCs污染源统计、监测、管控等方面均带来了困难，严重制约着我国VOCs的环境管控．因此，尽快明确VOCs的定义是其管控的首要任务．国内对于VOCs定义的研究较少［1-2］，少量研究也仅从定义本身简单地比较了不同定义间的差异，鲜见从定义颁布的背景研究，更缺少针对不同定义对应的科学认识和管控政策的研究．美国是世界上第一个出现光化学烟雾事件的国家，也是第一个立法管控VOCs的国家，其VOCs的研究工作最深入、管控也最严格，并且其VOCs定义是目前世界各国中唯一一个经过修正并仍在不断完善的定义．与其他发达地区(如欧盟［3］)和国家(澳大利亚［4］)相比，美国现行VOCs定义有以下特点:①体现了政策的指导性，是现行VOCs管控政策的集中体现;②体现了系统性和完整性，其定义包含了监测、排放量核算、达标排放等监管要求．目前美国定义已经被加拿大［5］和中国香港［6］所引用或借鉴．综上，笔者应用历史分析方法，根据不同VOCs定义的出现时间将其演变历程划分为前VOCs阶段(1977年之前)、挥发性定义阶段(1977—1992年)和反应性定义阶段(1992年之后)，并从各阶段相应与VOCs相关的大气污染的科学认识、VOCs反应性的科学认识及管控政策以及定义和内涵三方面系统地描述了VOCs定义的变化历程，其中，对反应性定义阶段内容进行重点阐述，最后，对美国下一阶段定义的修订趋势做出预测．在此基础上，根据我国管控现状，对我国VOCs定义和管控政策提出建议．20世纪80年代前VOCs鲜见，当时使用的名词主要是碳氢化合物(Hydrocarbon)［7-10］，或碳氢化合物和有机溶剂［11］．该阶段认为，碳氢化合物以气态形式存在于大气中，其中很多可以参与光化学反应从而引发大气光化学污染．碳氢化合物还可以引发如刺激性等其他对于人体健康的不利影响，但是最主要的环境影响也就是光化学污染并非由碳氢化合物本身直接引起，而是由碳氢化合物及其衍生物与其他物质反应生成的产物(光化学氧化剂)所引发［8］，US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)于1971年颁布了1 h光化学氧化剂的环境空气质量标准(36 FR 8186)［12］，其限值为0．08 ppm〔注:体积浓度(ppm)=质量浓度(mg m3) ［物质分子量 22．4(标准状态下气体的摩尔体积)］〕．1．1 反应性的认识及管控政策该阶段美国的空气污染管控部门已经认识到有机物的反应性对于管控的重要性．美国空气污染控制局或US EPA在一系列文件中提出，“使用有机物替代的措施来降低光化学氧化剂的环境浓度是有效的”，在某些光化学污染严重的地区已经开始运用反应性管控碳氢化合物．洛杉矶和旧金山地区分别出台了反应性管控政策［10］．其中洛杉矶于1966年颁布了著名的66规定(Rule 66)以限制有机溶剂的排放，该规定将所有常用的溶剂分为反应性的溶剂和非反应性的溶剂两类．1970年，在碳氢化合物减排的指导性文件《碳氢化合物和有机溶剂控制技术》(AP-68)中，将推荐的控制技术分为末端治理技术和反应性控制技术两大类，其中，反应性控制技术指的是“使用光化学反应活性较低的物质”．1971年US EPA提出了反应性管控的设想:“如果有机物之间的替代可导致大气反应活性的显著降低，并且环境空气中的光化学氧化剂浓度呈降低趋势时，那么替代可能是有效的”．但是，由于1971—1974年的实地研究结果表明污染物的输送状况能增强光化学氧化剂的生成，而与Rule 66中所规定的某些豁免物质类似的物质被证明是显著的光化学氧化剂前体物，因此，US EPA于1976年发布了关于有机化合物反应性的政策性文件声明．该文件强调，作为一个临时措施，通过反应性的概念进行管控是非常有效的，但还不适用于估算与氧化剂相关的环境空气质量的减排效果;同时US EPA还声明，将与各州和企业代表一起制订一个更好、适用于全国范围的反应性政策．综上，该阶段对于VOCs反应性的理解出现转折，US EPA从鼓励应用反应性转变为对反应性持保守态度．虽然US EPA对于豁免或替代总体持支持态度，但是由于对VOCs反应性的认识不足，因此并没有颁布明确的政策或措施，还仅仅停留在设想的阶段．1．2 碳氢化合物定义及内涵碳氢化合物的定义:由碳和氢两种元素组成，以气态存在于环境大气中，可参与光化学反应，生成相关污染物并导致光化学污染的物质［8］．碳氢化合物分为芳香烃、脂肪烃和脂环烃［8，10］．然而，该阶段的碳氢化合物的定义仅包含了碳和氢元素的化合物，而不包含氧、氮、硫以及卤素等衍生化合物［8，10-11］．因此，在《碳氢化合物和有机溶剂控制技术》(AP-68)中，除了碳氢化合物之外，还补充了有机溶剂．其中有机溶剂的定义为除氢和碳元素之外，还可能包含一种或多种氧、氮、硫和氯的化合物元素的化合物，同时该定义还将溶剂的稀释剂也包含在内．总体而言，该阶段明确了碳氢化合物的环境影响主要是由于二次污染物光化学氧化剂所引起．该阶段碳氢化合物的定义及内涵并不统一，在涉及环境影响——产生光化学污染时，碳氢化合物指的是所有参与光化学反应的有机化合物的集合;而碳氢化合物本身的定义却仅仅包含了碳和氢这两种元素，并没有将众多衍生物涵盖其中．碳氢化合物和有机溶剂虽然从一定程度上弥补了这个缺陷，然而有一些有机物虽并不作为溶剂使用，但却是光化学氧化剂的前体物，因此涵盖的物质仍不全面．该阶段US EPA明确了臭氧是光化学氧化剂中最重要的组分，并于1979年颁布了小时臭氧环境空气质量标准(44 FR 8202)，其限值为0．12 ppm，从而完成了环境质量标准中的光化学氧化剂到臭氧的转变．此外，US EPA还明确了VOCs和氮氧化物(NOx)是臭氧的主要前体物［12-14］．2．1 VOCs反应性的科学认识及管控政策该阶段US EPA认识到VOCs反应速率存在差异，即有些VOCs因自身原因可以很快生成臭氧，也有一些VOCs则需要更长的时间，但是也能生成大量的臭氧．US EPA认为，已有的数据和信息表明只有极少数的VOCs可以免于管控［15］．这个观点对该阶段的VOCs管控政策产生了重要影响．VOCs控制技术指南(CTGs)系列［16-17］以及《VOCs控制推荐政策》是该阶段最重要的VOCs 管控政策．2．1．1 CTGsCTGs强调传统的VOCs控制措施，其认为，增加处理设施和改进生产工艺的管控措施要比VOCs豁免或替代等反应性管控措施更有效．如在《VOCs控制技术卷Ⅱ:金属罐、电磁线圈、纸张、纤维、乘用车以及轻型货车的表面涂层》［16］中提到，末端治理、涂料改性和过程控制这三个技术是“切实有效的”(Positive)减排技术，因为这三个技术大幅减少了排放到大气中的VOCs的量;而溶剂替代技术虽然一定程度上能降低光化学氧化剂的环境浓度，但实质上并没有减少有机物的排放量．2．1．2 VOCs控制推荐政策1977年7月US EPA颁布了《VOCs控制推荐政策》，开启了VOCs豁免之路，因此也被称为豁免政策．该政策将VOCs分为反应性的和微反应性的两大类:反应性的化合物作为VOCs接受管控，而微反应性的则可以免于管控．第一批豁免物质包含了4种化合物——甲烷、乙烷、1，1，1-三氯乙烷和三氯氟甲烷．随着反应性研究的深入，越来越多的化合物被豁免．数据显示，截至1992年，共有21种(类)化合物被豁免［18］．微反应性基准的确定源于1975年的烟雾箱实验［18-19］，该试验将多种有机化合物〔当时洛杉矶环境空气中VOCs总浓度为4 ppmv〕注入烟雾箱，将臭氧最大生成量与当时的臭氧环境空气质量标准限值(0．08 ppm)进行对比．在最大臭氧浓度未超过该限值的化合物中，丙烷反应性最大，而乙烷反应性略低于丙烷，为保守起见，US EPA将乙烷作为基准化合物来判定其他物种活性的高低，此后也一直以乙烷作为基准化合物以判断有机物是否为微反应性物质．由于该阶段认为VOCs反应性的大小主要体现在生成臭氧速率的不同上，因而使用羟基自由基反应速率常数(KOH)值来判断有机物是否为微反应性的，其值表征了目标化合物与羟基自由基进行反应的摩尔速率常数．总体而言，该阶段是对于VOCs反应性进一步深入的阶段，实现了有机物替代从设想到作为一项正式管控政策颁布并实施的转变，在传统减排方式的基础上，开始了豁免或替代减排的道路．2．2 挥发性定义及内涵20世纪70年代末，为指导各州开展州实施计划，US EPA出版了《污染物控制技术指南》(CTGs)系列，首次提出了 VOCs定义(下称 CTGs定义)［16-17］:“除CO、CO2、H2CO3、金属碳化物、金属碳酸盐、碳酸铵之外，标准状态下蒸汽压大于0．1 mmHg的碳化合物”(注:1 mmHg=133．28 Pa)．由此可以看出，该定义采用了排除法，首先明确了有机物的定义，即有机物属于碳化合物;其次，将已知的无机碳化合物排除，然后再通过蒸气压限值规定，将特定范围内的有机物归为VOCs．此后通过排除法来定义有机化合物乃至VOCs的做法一直被US EPA所沿用．使用蒸气压限值定义VOCs的做法受到当时科学认识的影响，因为之前普遍认为碳氢化合物的挥发性由碳原子数决定．通常碳原子数为1～4的碳氢化合物常温时为气态，而碳原子数为5或者更多的纯碳氢化合物通常为液体或固态，而碳原子数大于12的由于气相浓度较低可忽略［8］．由于该阶段认为所有的VOCs所生成的臭氧量相同，因此该定义的出发点是通过挥发性管控所有的VOCs．CTGs定义一经提出就受到质疑，因为在此前洛杉矶地区的Rule 66中已给出了类似定义，即“220 F(约104℃)时大于0．5 mmHg(6．67 Pa)的有机化合物”(下称Rule 66定义)．如果只看蒸汽压限值，CTG定义(0．1 mmHg)比Rule 66定义(0．5 mmHg)更为严格，管控物质也更多;然而，不同温度对应不同蒸汽压，考虑到温度的不同，CTGs定义反而更不严格．如图1所示，CTGs定义将碳原子数小于12的有机化合物作为VOCs，而Rule 66定义将碳原子数小于18的有机化合物作为VOCs［20］．而之后的科学研究进一步表明常温下，碳原子数远大于12的有机化合物可以在气态中发现:碳原子数直到18的有机物可以在气态发现;碳原子数大于24的有机物被发现部分为气态，部分为液态;一些烷烃化合物的碳原子数直到31也发现以气态存在．此外，高温时低挥发性的有机物也能变成气态并参与光化学反应，化合物是否挥发很大程度上取决于使用时的加热方式和程度，US EPA认为，管理机构并不能预先确定类似的情形，因而存在难以规范和管控的问题［18］．2．3 反应性定义的提出和挥发性定义的废除由于挥发性定义豁免了许多实际上能挥发到大气中并参加光化学反应的有机物，US EPA认为，应对该定义修订，并将蒸汽压限值从VOCs定义中去除．1987年11月，US EPA提出了一项新的臭氧和一氧化碳政策声明［21］，指出“很多法规不正确的使用了蒸汽压限值(如0．1 mmHg)，导致了很多具有光化学活性的化合物被豁免而不受管控”．因此，该提案提供了一个不包含蒸汽压限值的VOCs模型定义，即“任何参与光化学反应的有机化合物，但不包含甲烷、乙烷等11种化合物”．1988年5月，US EPA颁布了《关于VOCs定义中蒸汽压限值设定存在不足与缺陷的声明》(下称声明)［22］．该声明认为，各州VOCs管理规定应与US EPA的反应性政策保持一致，VOCs定义中不能使用0．1 mmHg蒸汽压限值，因为这样的定义豁免了低挥发性但在特定过程会挥发并参与光化学反应的有机物．1990年《清洁空气法修正案》［23］将US EPA的声明编成法典，要求各地区从合理可行控制技术(RACT)中纠正现有的不足，随后各州按照要求修改了相关内容，从VOCs定义中删除了0．1 mmHg蒸汽压限值的规定．随着1990年《清洁空气法修正案》的实施，臭氧达标策略的关注点从以往的单一VOCs控制转为VOCs和NOx的协同控制，臭氧不达标地区在继续管控VOCs的基础上增加了对NOx的管控要求．在制定光化学污染达标策略时，US EPA突出了污染物综合评估的需求，并且随着环境空气质量的改善，US EPA逐步收紧臭氧标准［12］．3．1 反应性的科学认识及管控政策该阶段是VOCs反应性研究最为深入的阶段，VOCs的反应性被广泛研究并取得大量成果．US EPA认识到，对于臭氧而言，目前已知的大约有上千种VOCs物质能够反应生成臭氧，但并不是所有的VOCs都具有相同的臭氧生成能力．其中，一些反应活性较低的VOCs对臭氧贡献率是很有限的;而有一些VOCs能更快地生成臭氧，或者生成更多的臭氧;另有一些VOCs不仅自身具有生成臭氧的能力，还可以提高其他VOCs生成臭氧的能力．反应性不仅仅是化合物本身性质，还与化合物所处自然环境密切相关．一种有机化合物的绝对活性随着VOCs与NOx浓度比值、气象条件、空气中其他VOCs的混合以及反应时间的不同而有差异．因此，仅使用KOH值来表征VOCs对于臭氧的贡献已经不能满足评估需求．利用SAPRC90化学机制下［24］的单箱轨迹模型、6种不同的反应性指标和3种不同的臭氧影响量化方法，卡特(William P．L．Carter)探索了18种不同指标来排序大气中单个VOCs的活性．卡特认为，如果只有一种指标用于管控目的，那么最大增量MIR(活性指标)是最合适的［18］．MIR值综合考虑到了包括环境状况在内各种因素对于臭氧生成的影响，代表了VOCs管控最有效的状况．目前，MIR值已被广泛应用于反应性政策［25］制订、反应性机理研究和光化学模型［26-30］开发等工作．该阶段US EPA对反应性管控政策的重视程度不断加强，并于2005年9月颁布了《臭氧州实施计划中控制VOCs的临时性指南》［19］，该指南是反应性定义阶段最重要的管控政策．该指南鼓励各州在颁布自己的州实施计划以满足臭氧的环境空气质量标准时，还应充分考虑最新的VOCs反应性的研究进展．该指南还指出，US EPA在继续实施豁免政策的同时，还需鼓励臭氧持续不达标地区采用基于具体VOCs反应性的管控政策(下称具体反应性政策)，并提出以下建议措施:a)完善精确的具体物种的VOCs排放清单:鼓励各州完善VOCs排放清单，包括具体VOCs物质的排放量估算，而不是VOCs总量估算．b)优先使用具体VOCs反应性指标的控制措施:使用反应活性指标和具体VOCs物种排放信息，可计算出降低臭氧环境浓度的成本，进而以较小的代价实现环境质量达标．c)采用特定控制措施控制高反应性VOCs的排放:监管高反应活性的VOCs比监管所有VOCs物质更有效果．d)鼓励使用VOCs替代物质和反应性加权排放限值:对于一些重要的VOCs排放行业，如油漆、涂料和黏合剂等，生产商可通过优化工艺进而改变物质组分和VOCs的总排放量．可以看出，豁免政策仍然属于基于排放量管控的、致力于管控所有VOCs(考虑豁免)的减排方式，而具体反应性政策是根据具体物质(不考虑豁免)反应性的不同而区别对待，因此该指南的发布标志着US EPA反应性政策的重大转变．3．2 反应性定义及内涵1992年2月，US EPA颁布了反应性定义并被编入法典［40 CFR51．100(s)］．新定义规定，经证明为微反应性的有机物不属于VOCs范畴．VOCs主体定义为除CO、CO2、H2CO3、金属碳化物、金属碳酸盐、碳酸铵之外，任何参加大气光化学反应的碳化合物．对定义的持续修订是反应性定义最为显著的特点，修订内容主要体现在两个方面:①因历次增加豁免物质而进行的修订;②增加了《加州气溶胶反应性规定》［24］，也就是具体反应性政策的管理规定．截至2016年6月9日，除上述主体描述外完整的定义还包括7项补充条款(见表1)．由表1可见，条款1～4属于豁免物质在具体管控工作中实施的说明，可视为豁免政策的补充条款(豁免条款)，而条款6～7则是对于具体反应性政策的说明，可视为具体反应性政策的补充条款(具体反应性条款)．反应性定义实质是对现行管控政策的提炼和总结，是管控政策的集中体现．3．2．1 豁免政策反应性定义前根据豁免政策，US EPA总共豁免了21种(类)物质，成为第一次反应性定义的组成部分，之后通过定义修订又陆续豁免了40种(类)物质，豁免政策颁布后豁免物质汇总见图2(详细信息可通过https: www．federalregister．gov 检索)．由图2可以看出，反应性定义中的豁免物质与豁免政策保持同步，是豁免政策的延伸．虽然US EPA一直以乙烷作为豁免基准化合物，但反应性定义阶段的豁免指标在原先KOH值的基础上，增加了MIR值，而反应性定义之前的豁免主要是通过KOH值确定的，1993年US EPA开始使用MIR值进行豁免评估，丙酮［31］是第一个根据MIR值进行豁免评估的化合物．3．2．2 具体反应性政策20世纪90年代初，CARB(加州空气资源委员会)就已经开始出台了基于VOCs反应性来制定的相关政策法规．CARB于1991年将MIR值纳入到低排放量机动车与清洁能源单种VOCs排放量的核算政策法规中．整个20世纪90年代期间，CARB对反应性规模及其在相应环境监管体系中的应用做了持续研究．2000年6月，CARB结合当时最新的MIR值出台了气溶胶涂料的相关法规，之后又将MIR值应用到包括建筑涂料在内的其他法规中．2005年US EPA批准了《加州气溶胶反应性规定》［32］作为加州臭氧州实施计划的一部分;同时，为了确保该规定的落实，US EPA还承认了其MIR值的合理性．至此将之前规定的豁免物质也纳入管控范围，是对于VOCs定义的重要修订．尽管具体反应性管控的方法相对于基于排放量管控方法取得的VOCs减排效果更加明显，但在实施过程中仍存在许多亟待解决的问题．由于VOCs物质众多，具体反应性管控方法要比排放量管控方法复杂得多，在一定程度上导致了管控成本的增加．4．1 美国VOCs定义历程总结与美国VOCs定义的3个阶段相对应，其VOCs管控政策大致也可以分为3个阶段:①管控所有VOCs;②豁免政策;③豁免政策与具体反应性政策并存．前两个阶段的定义与管控政策并不完全相符，但随着对于VOCs污染的科学认识的进步、反应性认识的进步、管控政策的调整，美国也在不断调整VOCs定义;到了第三个阶段，定义与管控政策保持了一致．可以看出，美国的VOCs定义历程既是与VOCs 相关大气污染科学的发展历程，也是VOCs反应性和管控政策发展的历程．随着VOCs定义的变化，美国臭氧环境质量也在逐步改善，其历年臭氧环境质量。
环境污染研究报告英文Research Report on Environmental PollutionIntroduction:Environmental pollution is a pressing issue that affects the overall well-being of our planet. It refers to the introduction of harmful pollutants into the environment, causing adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and the sustainability of natural resources. This research report aims to analyze various aspects of environmental pollution and suggest potential solutions to mitigate its impact. Types of Environmental Pollution:1. Air Pollution: The release of harmful gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere from industrial activities, vehicular emissions, and burning of fossil fuels. This leads to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and climate change.2. Water Pollution: The contamination of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, due to industrial effluents, sewage discharge, and agricultural run-offs. It adversely affects aquatic life, disrupts ecosystems, and affects human health through waterborne diseases.3. Soil Pollution: The addition of harmful chemicals, such as pesticides, fertilizers, and industrial waste, to the soil, rendering it unfit for agricultural purposes. It affects crop growth, groundwater quality, and ultimately, threatens food security.4. Noise Pollution: The excessive and unwanted sound that disrupts the natural balance of the environment. It causes stress,hearing impairments, and affects the behavior and communication of humans and animals.Solutions to Environmental Pollution:1. Regulation and Policy: Governments should enforce strict regulations on industries, ensuring compliance with emission standards and waste management protocols. Additionally, implementing policies that promote sustainable practices, such as renewable energy and waste reduction, can help reduce pollution levels.2. Public Awareness and Education: Educating the public about the harmful effects of pollution and instilling responsible behavior is crucial. Campaigns can be organized to raise awareness about sustainable practices, such as recycling, energy conservation, and efficient transportation.3. Technology and Innovation: Encouraging research and development in clean technologies, such as renewable energy sources and efficient waste management systems, can lead to significant reductions in pollution levels.4. International Cooperation: Pollution knows no boundaries. International collaboration is necessary to address global environmental issues effectively. Countries should work together to share knowledge, resources, and best practices, promoting sustainable development on a global scale.Conclusion:Environmental pollution is a complex issue that requires concertedefforts from individuals, communities, governments, and industries to mitigate its impact. By implementing regulations, raising public awareness, investing in clean technologies, and fostering international cooperation, we can work towards a cleaner and healthier environment for future generations. It is imperative that we act collectively to protect and preserve our planet.。
2023日本排放和污水,保护海洋英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Protecting the Ocean: Japan's Emission and Sewage Control in 2023IntroductionJapan is a country known for its stunning natural beauty, including its pristine oceans. However, in recent years, the country has been facing challenges with regards to controlling emissions and sewage discharge that are affecting the marine ecosystem. In this essay, we will discuss the current situation in Japan, the measures being taken to address these issues, and the importance of protecting the ocean for future generations.Current SituationJapan is one of the largest economies in the world, with a high level of industrialization and urbanization. As a result, there has been a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants being discharged into the ocean. The country is also facing challenges with managing sewage and wastewater, which are impacting the water quality and marine life in coastal areas.Measures being TakenIn response to these environmental challenges, the Japanese government has implemented strict regulations and policies to control emissions and sewage discharge. For example, the country has set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by a certain percentage by 2030 and has implemented acap-and-trade system to regulate emissions from industries. In addition, Japan has also invested in wastewater treatment plants and infrastructure to improve sewage management and reduce the impact on marine ecosystems.Importance of Protecting the OceanThe ocean plays a critical role in supporting life on Earth, providing food, oxygen, and regulating the climate. Protecting the ocean is not only important for the environment but also for the economy and livelihoods of people who depend on marine resources. By controlling emissions and sewage discharge, Japan can help preserve the health and biodiversity of its oceans for future generations.ConclusionIn conclusion, Japan is taking steps to address the challenges of emissions and sewage discharge that are impacting its marineecosystems. By implementing strict regulations and investing in infrastructure, the country is working towards protecting its oceans and ensuring a sustainable future. It is important for all stakeholders, including the government, industries, and the public, to continue to work together to safeguard the health of Japan's oceans for generations to come.篇2Protecting the Oceans: Japan's Efforts to Reduce Emissions and Wastewater Pollution in 2023IntroductionThe oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and play a crucial role in supporting life on our planet. However, human activities, such as industrialization, agriculture, and urbanization, have had a significant impact on the health of the oceans. In recent years, Japan has made efforts to reduce emissions and wastewater pollution to protect the marine environment. This essay will explore Japan's initiatives in 2023 to safeguard the oceans from the harmful effects of human activities.Reducing EmissionsOne of the main sources of ocean pollution is emissions from industries and transportation. Japan has implemented strict regulations on emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles to reduce air pollution, which can eventually end up in the oceans. In 2023, the Japanese government aims to further decrease greenhouse gas emissions by promoting the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. By transitioning to cleaner energy sources, Japan can reduce its carbon footprint and mitigate the impact of climate change on the oceans.Furthermore, Japan has been investing in innovative technologies to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology allows for the removal of carbon dioxide before it is released into the atmosphere, thus preventing ocean acidification and coral reef destruction. By supporting the development of CCS technology, Japan can protect the marine ecosystem from the harmful effects of carbon emissions.Wastewater ManagementAnother critical issue facing the oceans is wastewater pollution, which can lead to eutrophication, algal blooms, and the destruction of marine habitats. Japan has implemented strictregulations on wastewater treatment to ensure that pollutants are removed before they reach the oceans. In 2023, Japan plans to upgrade its sewage treatment plants to improve the quality of treated water discharged into the sea. By investing in advanced treatment technologies, Japan can reduce the amount of nutrients, heavy metals, and microplastics entering the marine environment.Moreover, Japan has been promoting the use ofnature-based solutions to manage wastewater and protect coastal ecosystems. Green infrastructure, such as wetlands, mangroves, and artificial reefs, can naturally filter pollutants and provide habitat for marine species. By restoring and conserving coastal ecosystems, Japan can improve water quality, enhance biodiversity, and strengthen the resilience of coastal communities to climate change impacts.Marine ConservationIn addition to reducing emissions and wastewater pollution, Japan has been actively involved in marine conservation efforts to protect endangered species, such as whales, dolphins, and sea turtles. In 2023, Japan plans to expand marine protected areas and establish sanctuaries for marine mammals to safeguard their habitats from human activities, such as overfishing and habitatdestruction. By designating marine protected areas, Japan can preserve biodiversity, restore fish stocks, and promote sustainable fisheries management.Furthermore, Japan has been collaborating with international organizations and neighboring countries to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. In 2023, Japan aims to strengthen enforcement measures, such as port inspections, vessel monitoring, and trade documentation, to prevent IUU fishing activities in its waters and beyond. By cracking down on illegal fishing practices, Japan can protect marine resources, support the livelihoods of coastal communities, and promote sustainable seafood consumption.ConclusionIn conclusion, Japan's efforts to reduce emissions and wastewater pollution in 2023 are essential for protecting the oceans and ensuring the sustainability of marine ecosystems. By implementing strict regulations, investing in innovative technologies, and promoting nature-based solutions, Japan can contribute to the global effort to combat climate change, preserve biodiversity, and enhance the resilience of coastal communities. As a maritime nation, Japan has a responsibility to lead by example and inspire other countries to take action tosafeguard the oceans for future generations. Together, we can work towards a healthier, cleaner, and more resilient marine environment for all.篇3Title: 2023 Japan's Emissions and Sewage Infractions: Protecting the OceansIntroductionJapan, a country known for its innovation and technology, is facing a growing concern when it comes to environmental issues, particularly in the realm of emissions and sewage disposal. In 2023, reports have surfaced highlighting the alarming rates of pollutants being released into the oceans, posing a significant threat to marine life and ecosystems. This essay aims to delve into the current state of Japan's environmental practices, focusing on emissions and sewage management, and explore potential solutions to mitigate the impacts on the oceans.Emissions in JapanJapan has long been criticized for its high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily stemming from its heavy reliance on fossil fuels for energy production. The burning of coal and oil in power plants and factories has contributedsignificantly to air pollution and global warming. In 2023, Japan's emissions levels have reached a critical point, surpassing the limits set by international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.The consequences of these emissions are far-reaching, affecting not only Japan's population but also neighboring countries and the global environment. The increase in greenhouse gases has led to rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and accelerated sea-level rise, ultimately posing a threat to the stability of ecosystems and human livelihoods.Sewage Management in JapanApart from emissions, Japan is also grappling with challenges in sewage management, particularly in urban areas where population density is high. The inadequate infrastructure and outdated systems have resulted in the discharge of untreated sewage into rivers and seas, contaminating water sources and endangering marine life. The lack of proper treatment facilities and regulations has exacerbated the problem, leading to water pollution and eutrophication in coastal areas.The impact of sewage pollution on marine ecosystems is profound, with reports of fish kills, coral reef degradation, and harmful algal blooms becoming increasingly common. Thepresence of toxic substances and pathogens in sewage effluents poses a health risk to both aquatic organisms and human beings, highlighting the urgent need for improved sewage treatment practices in Japan.Protecting the OceansTo address the pressing issue of emissions and sewage pollution in Japan, a multi-faceted approach is required, encompassing policy changes, technological innovations, and community involvement. The government must take decisive action to enforce stricter regulations on emissions and sewage disposal, penalizing violators and incentivizing sustainable practices. Investment in renewable energy sources and green infrastructure is crucial to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development.Furthermore, the improvement of sewage treatment facilities and the implementation of advanced technologies such as membrane bioreactors and UV disinfection systems are essential to ensure the safe disposal of wastewater. Public awareness campaigns and educational programs can also play a significant role in fostering a culture of environmental stewardship and encouraging individual responsibility in waste management.ConclusionIn conclusion, Japan's emissions and sewage infractions pose a significant threat to the oceans and marine ecosystems. Without immediate action, the consequences of environmental degradation will be irreversible, endangering biodiversity and compromising the well-being of future generations. By implementing sustainable practices, enforcing regulations, and fostering a sense of collective responsibility, Japan can lead the way towards a cleaner and healthier ocean environment for all. It is imperative that we act now to protect our oceans and preserve the beauty and diversity of marine life for generations to come.。
碳排放的措施英语作文英文回答：Carbon Emissions: Mitigation Strategies.Carbon emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These emissions are primarily caused by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes.Mitigating carbon emissions is crucial to combat climate change and its adverse effects on the environment and human well-being. Several strategies can be employed to reduce carbon emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy:Energy Efficiency: Enhancing energy efficiency in various sectors, such as buildings, transportation, and industry, can significantly reduce energy consumption and,thus, carbon emissions. Implementing energy-efficient technologies, optimizing energy usage, and improving insulation can lead to substantial energy savings.Renewable Energy: Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectricity, can eliminate carbon emissions from electricity generation. Investing in renewable energy infrastructure, developing innovative technologies, and providing incentives for renewable energy adoption can accelerate the shift to clean energy.Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): CCS involves capturing carbon dioxide from industrial and energy processes and storing it underground, preventing its release into the atmosphere. This technology holdspotential for reducing carbon emissions from sectors with high carbon intensity, such as power plants and manufacturing facilities.Forestry and Land Management: Forests play a vitalrole in absorbing and storing carbon dioxide throughphotosynthesis. Sustainable forestry practices, including reforestation, afforestation, and improved forest management, can enhance carbon sequestration and mitigate climate change. Preserving and expanding forest areas contribute to carbon storage and biodiversity conservation.Transportation Decarbonization: Reducing carbon emissions from the transportation sector involves transitioning to electric vehicles, promoting public transportation, encouraging walking and cycling, and optimizing logistics to minimize emissions. Developing low-carbon fuels and improving fuel efficiency can further cut emissions and reduce air pollution.Policy and Regulation: Governments play a crucial role in driving carbon emission reductions through policies, regulations, and incentives. Implementing carbon pricing, setting emissions targets, and providing financial support for low-carbon technologies can stimulate innovation and promote the adoption of sustainable practices.Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about theimpacts of carbon emissions and the benefits of mitigating them is essential for fostering behavior change. Engaging the public, businesses, and policymakers in educational initiatives can drive informed choices and support policies that reduce carbon emissions.By implementing these strategies, we can significantly reduce carbon emissions and transition to a sustainable, low-carbon future. It requires collaborative efforts from governments, businesses, and individuals to mitigate climate change and create a cleaner, healthier planet for generations to come.中文回答：碳排放，减缓措施。
对环境污染提意见的英语作文Environmental Pollution: A Growing Concern and the Need for Immediate ActionThe world we live in today is facing a grave challenge – the issue of environmental pollution. As our societies have become increasingly industrialized and developed, the strain on our natural resources and the delicate balance of our ecosystems has reached a critical point. From the air we breathe to the water we drink, the impact of human activities has left an indelible mark on the environment, posing a threat not only to our own well-being but also to the future of our planet.One of the primary contributors to environmental pollution is the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels. The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes has led to a significant increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, causing the Earth's temperature to rise, leading to the phenomenon known as global warming. The consequences of global warming are far-reaching, from melting glaciers and rising sea levels to morefrequent and severe natural disasters, all of which have a profound impact on the delicate balance of our ecosystems.Another major source of environmental pollution is the improper disposal of waste, both industrial and domestic. The accumulation of plastic waste, for instance, has become a global crisis, with millions of tons of plastic finding their way into our oceans and waterways, harming marine life and disrupting the natural balance of aquatic ecosystems. The release of toxic chemicals and hazardous materials from industrial processes has also led to the contamination of soil and groundwater, posing a serious threat to human health and the environment.Air pollution, caused by the emission of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants, is another pressing issue. Urban areas, particularly those with high population density and heavy traffic, often suffer from poor air quality, leading to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and other health issues. The burning of biomass, such as wood and crop residues, for cooking and heating in developing countries, also contributes significantly to air pollution, affecting the health and well-being of millions of people.The impact of environmental pollution on human health cannot be overstated. Exposure to polluted air, contaminated water, and toxic substances can lead to a wide range of health problems, fromrespiratory diseases and cancer to neurological disorders and reproductive issues. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of environmental pollution, as their bodies are more susceptible to the harmful effects of these pollutants.To address the growing problem of environmental pollution, a multifaceted approach is required. Governments, industries, and individuals must work together to implement comprehensive policies and strategies that prioritize environmental protection and sustainable development. This includes the adoption of renewable energy sources, the implementation of stricter regulations on emissions and waste management, and the promotion of eco-friendly practices in all aspects of daily life.Individuals can also play a crucial role in mitigating environmental pollution by adopting sustainable lifestyle choices. This includes reducing energy consumption, recycling and properly disposing of waste, and supporting eco-friendly products and services. By making small changes in our daily lives, we can collectively contribute to a healthier and more sustainable future for our planet.In conclusion, the issue of environmental pollution is a pressing global concern that requires immediate and concerted action. The consequences of our collective actions, or inactions, will have a lasting impact on the health of our planet and the well-being offuture generations. It is our responsibility to take immediate steps to address this challenge and ensure a sustainable and livable future for all.。
The Importance of Yangtze RiverManagement: A Global PerspectiveThe Yangtze River, known as the "mother river" of China, plays a crucial role in the country's economic, cultural, and ecological development. However, in recent years, the river has been facing numerous challenges, including pollution, erosion, and overexploitation, which have threatened its sustainability and生态健康. Therefore, the importance of Yangtze River management cannot be overstated, and a comprehensive strategy is urgently needed to ensure the river's long-term well-being.The first step in managing the Yangtze Rivereffectively is to understand the root causes of theexisting problems. One significant contributor is the rapid industrialization and urbanization along the riverbanks, which has led to increased discharges of pollutants and waste into the waterway. Additionally, deforestation andsoil erosion have further exacerbated the issue, leading to siltation and decreased water quality. To address these issues, a holistic approach must be taken that involvesgovernment policies, technological advancements, and community engagement.Government policies should aim to regulate and restrict industrial pollution. Strict emission standards and enforcement measures should be implemented to ensure compliance with environmental regulations. Additionally, incentives for sustainable practices, such as tax breaks or subsidies for eco-friendly technologies, can encourage businesses to adopt more environmentally responsible methods.Technological advancements also play a crucial role in Yangtze River management. Innovations in water treatment and waste management can help reduce pollution and improve water quality. For example, advanced wastewater treatment facilities can process industrial waste before it enters the river, reducing the amount of harmful substances entering the waterway. Similarly, smart monitoring systems can help track pollution levels and identify sources of pollution, enabling quicker responses and more effective management.Community engagement is another essential aspect of Yangtze River management. Local communities living along the riverbanks have a direct stake in its health and well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to involve them indecision-making processes and raise awareness about the importance of river protection. Education programs and public outreach activities can help raise awareness and encourage community members to adopt sustainable practices, such as reducing water usage, recycling, and promoting environmental conservation.In conclusion, the Yangtze River's management is a complex and multifaceted task that requires a coordinated effort from various stakeholders. By implementing comprehensive strategies that involve government policies, technological advancements, and community engagement, we can ensure the long-term sustainability and ecological health of this vital river. The global community should also take note and learn from China's experiences in river management, as the well-being of rivers is fundamental to our planet's overall ecological balance and sustainability. **长江治理的重要性：全球视角**长江，被誉为中国的“母亲河”，在国家的经济、文化和生态发展中扮演着至关重要的角色。
英语演讲——中国的环保措施Ladies and gentlemen,Today, I stand before you to discuss China's environmental protection measures. As the world's most populous nation, China faces unique challenges when it comes to protecting our environment. However, our government and citizens have taken significant steps towards sustainable development and preservation of our natural resources.One of the key initiatives in China's environmental protection efforts is the promotion of renewable energy. We have invested heavily in wind, solar, and hydroelectric power, making China the world's leading producer of clean energy. This has not only reduced our dependence on fossil fuels but has also significantly decreased air pollution in many urban areas.Furthermore, China has implemented strict regulations and policies to control industrial pollution. Factories are required to meet specific emission standards and use environmentally friendly technologies. Heavy fines are imposed on those who fail to comply with these regulations. Additionally, the government has launched initiatives to encourage the development and adoption of green technologies, such as electric vehicles and energy-efficient appliances.In recent years, we have also witnessed a shift towards sustainable agriculture practices in China. Farmers are encouraged to use organic fertilizers and reduce the use of chemical pesticides. This move not only protects the quality of our soil and water but alsoensures the production of healthier and safer food for our citizens.Moreover, China recognizes the importance of preserving its rich biodiversity. We have established nature reserves and protected areas to conserve endangered species and their habitats. Efforts are also being made to restore damaged ecosystems and protect our valuable forests from illegal logging.However, there is still a long way to go in our environmental journey. As China continues to develop economically, we must strike a balance between growth and sustainability. Our government is committed to continuing its policies and initiatives toward environmental protection, but we also need the support and participation of every citizen.Individual actions, such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and practicing sustainable lifestyles, can make a significant difference in the overall health of our planet. We must all take responsibility for our actions and work together to create a cleaner and greener future.In conclusion, China recognizes the importance of environmental protection and has implemented a range of measures to address these challenges. We have made significant progress but acknowledge that there is still work to be done. Through continued dedication and collaboration, we can create a better, more sustainable world for ourselves and future generations.Thank you.。
