2011年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学(英美文学方向)考研真题【圣才出品】

2007年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学（英语教育方向）考研真题I. Choose the one answer that best answers the question orcompletes/explains the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)1. ______ is a voiced bilabial stop.A. [p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [d]2. The number of morphemes in the word uninterrupted is ______.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five3. Politician and statesman differ in ______.A. denotative meaningB. social meaningC. affective meaningD. reflected meaning4. “I hereby declare the starting of the war!” The sentence displays the ______ function of language.A. informativeB. interpersonalC. performativeD. emotive5. “After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing.” The sentence is a case of ______.A. Faulty parallelismB. Dangling modifierC. Sentence fragmentD. Run-on sentence6. “We were travelling along a lazy road.” The figure of speech used in the sentence is ______.A. MetaphorB. PersonificationC. MetonymyD. Transferred epithet7. Which of the following is not an icon of England?A. StonehengeB. King James BibleC. Thanksgiving TurkeyD. A cup of tea8. Soon after the ______, foundations were laid of the trade, colonial empire, and seapower which made England “the mistress of the seas.”A. Wars of the RosesB. Hundred Years WarC. defeat of the Invincible ArmadaD. First Anglo-Dutch War9. Which of the following cities lies on the Pacific Coast of USA?A. New York CityB. ChicagoC. Los AngelesD. City of Vancouver10. Which of the following is not an American organization?A. SenateB. House of RepresentativesC. Department of DefenseD. House of Lords11. The Supreme Court of USA is composed of ______ Justices.A. fiveB. sevenC. nineD. twelve12. Geoffrey Chaucer, regarded as the first famous English poet in the history ofEnglish literature, wrote the following except ______.A. The Canterbury TalesB. The House of FameC. The Parliament of FowlesD. Boethius13. The Elizabethan age in the history of British literature represents the glory of theEnglish theatre. The greatest playwright produced in this age is ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Edmund SpencerC. Philip SydneyD. Christopher Marlowe14. The English novel as a genre began to prosper in ______.A. 16th centuryB. 17th centuryC. 18th centuryD. 19th century15. The subject matter in Jane Austen’s novels is very limited. It is confined to thedescription of ______.A. the life of English rural gentry classB. English urban peopleC. London societyD. English farmers16. In ______, captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale which shearedoff his leg on a previous voyage, and his crazy chasing of it eventually brings death to all on board the whaler except Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.A. TypeeB. White JacketC. Moby DickD. Billy Budd17. Which of the following novels is not written by Henry James?A. Daisy MillerB. The Golden BowlC. What Maisie KnewD. The Rise of Silas Lapham18. What is the translation criterion put forward by Eugene Nida?A. dynamic equivalenceB. semantic equivalenceC. contextual equivalenceD. flexible equivalence19. Which of the following falls into the category of pragmatic translation?A. novel translationB. drama translationC. peom translationD. advertisement translation20. What is the most distinguished feature of the DTS (descriptive translationstudies)?A. accuracyB. comprehensivenessC. toleranceD. strictnessII. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase to complete the sentence or passage. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)1. For many beginners, the basic difficulty in translation is whether to retain the content or to keep the ______.2. Comprehension of the source text and ______ in the target language are considered as the two basic skills of a translator.3. ______, who knew not a single word of any foreign language but translated many foreign novels into Chinese, is often regarded as a pioneer in modem translation history of China.4. Yan Fu did most of his translations in the field of ______ with the aim of introducing Western ideas into China at the turn to the last century.5. Professor Jin Di, who puts forward the theory of equivalent effects, translated into Chinese James Joyce’s novel ______.6. Assimilation is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a ______ sound.。

天津外国语大学2011年翻译硕士英语考研真题试卷科目：211翻译硕士英语(专业学位)科目代码：211科目名称：翻译硕士英语专业领域：翻译硕士考生须知：答题必须使用黑(蓝)色墨水(圆珠)笔；不得在试题(草稿)纸上作答；凡未按规定作答均不予评阅、判分。

(考试时间180分钟总分100分)Ⅰ. Choose the one answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points).1. I have discovered a new dimension to running: extreme marathons boasting the kind of experiences only possible in China.A. bragging about C. delaying sth. for reasonsB. having sth. as a pride D. producing the effect of2. When a child meets a swindling tutor, the parents will lose money while the child will lose precious opportunities to move forward.A. being intentional C. being meanB. being fraud D. being restless3. On a drab street lined with low-rise shops and restaurants, Dandelion Middle School is hardly noticeable.A. rising lowlyB. busyC. noisyD. flat4. In total, more than 13, 000 people have been evacuated to higher ground, and three temporary settlement centers, with government-installed tents, were set up on August 9.A. withdrawnB. alleviatedC. holleredD. changed5. Chert warned against the possibility of home prices rebounding when low interest rates are adopted to mitigate inflation.A. plunging intoB. bouncing backC. striking upD. withdrawing6. China has boosted its buying of Japanese government bonds this year, snapping up a net $6 billion of mostly short-term notes between January and April, double the record amount logged for all of 2005, said the Ministry of Finance of Japan.A. taking upB. smashing upC. snatching upD. pinching up7. An up-to-date guidebook, on-line resources, and personal contacts are Where to get the lowdown on what goes where, when it goes and how reliable it is.A. whole truthB. protectionC. warningD. property8. The recent leadership adjustment in. the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was one of the world's most attention- gabbing affairs.A. energy-consuming C. attention-digressingB. worshiping as sacred D. eye-catching9. To increase performance and win against Morgan Stanley, Chen decided to forge a short-lived alliance between Yongle and Dazhong Electronics, which brought Yongie to the brink of insolvency.A. constituteB. confrontC. foamD. remit10. But for me, none of this matched the experience of simply meandering around Pingyao's unheralded back streets.A. hiking afar C. moving aimlesslyB. jogging slowly D. escorting carefully11. Trapped miners dramatically emerged after 69 days of underground imprisonment.A. hindered. C. acceleratedB. came up to the surface D. joined to the crowd12. China is the third country in the world to build rockets carrying manned spacecraft.A. manufactured C. man-madeB. having human crew D. affiliated to13. The three referees were detained in March, pushing the credibility of Chinese referees to an all-time low.A. kept in custody C. shut in prisonB. arrested D. under investigation14. Chang-e 2 will eventually be maneuvered into an orbit just 15 km above the Moon.A. placedB. manipulatedC. movedD. emitted15. When we talk about giving universities greater autonomy to recruit students, people may be concerned about possible fraud and preferential treatment enjoyed by students from wealthy or powerful families.A. deliberate deception C. merciful rescueB. authoritative control D. intentional disguise16. This generates three" potential English literacy challenges that separate Chinese students from foreign instructors.A. producesB. radiatesC. makesD. shapes17. This cultural perspective disorients foreign teachers, who misperceive their students as passive and withdrawn.A. perceivesB. conceivesC. misunderstand D, processes18. Some esoteric fonts used by today's artists emulate monks who copied medieval manuscripts by hand.A. complicatedB. mysteriousC. gibberishD. cursive19. The application of 3G is once upswing in China; however, the era of 4G has also begun.A. pokeB. dwindleC. soarD. rise20. Tower C of Office Park, a dazzling new office building in Beijing's Central Business District, has been widely praised in the market for its superior quality and pleasant amenities after it was unveiled to the market at a press conference held in March 2010.A. convenienceB. regularityC. sightD. outlookⅡ. In each of the following sentences there are four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the part that is grammatically incorrect. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points).1. The miserable fate of Enron's employees will be a landmark in business 新Ahistory, one of those events that everyone agrees must never allow to happen again.B C D2. Basically, computerized data processing is much the same as done byA B Chand or by electromechanical methods.D3. The potential profit, and the ease on which they can be made from insiderAtrading, market manipulation, conflict-of-interest transactions and manyBother illegal or unethical activities, are too great and too pervasive to be ignored.C D4. I lost my sight when I was four years old, It occurred to me the otherAday that I might not come to love life as I do if I hadn't been blind.B C D5. American literary historians, are perhaps prone to view their own nationalA Bscene too narrowly, mistake prominence for uniqueness.C D6. One argument is used to support the idea that employment will continueA Bto be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventuallyCbecome available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall.D7. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to blackA BAmericans as compared to other American minorities, because the sharpC Ddifference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.8. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively and thatA Bwhich he recognizes, increasing in size as he grows older as a result ofC Deducation and experience.9. Native to South America and cultivated there for thousands of years, theA Bpeanut is said to have introduced to North America by early explorers.C D10. Researchers have found subtle neurological differences between theA Bbrains of men and women either in physical structure and in the way they function.C DⅢ. Below each of the following 4 passages you will find questions or incomplete statements about the passage. Each statement or question is followed by lettered words or expressions. Select the word or expression that most satisfactorily completes or answers each question in accordance with the meaning of the passage. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)(1) Chinese firms are going global for the usual reasons: to acquire raw materials, get technical know-how and gain access to foreign markets. But they are under theguidance of a state that many countries consider a strategic competitor, not an ally. As our briefing explains, it often appoints executives, directs deals and finances them through state banks. Once bought, natural-resource firms can become captive suppliers of the Middle Kingdom. Some believe China Inc can be more sinister than that: for example, America thinks that Chinese telecoms-equipment firms pose a threat to its national security.That would be a mistake. China is miles away from posing this kind of threat: most of its firms are only just finding their feet abroad. Even in natural resources, where it has been most active in dealmaking, it is not close to controlling enough supply to rig the market for most commodities.Nor is China's system as monolithic as foreigners often assume. State companies compete at home and their decision-making is consensual rather than dictatorial. When abroad they may have mixed motives, and some sectors—defence and strategic infrastructure, for instance—are too sensitive to allow them in. But such areas are relatively few.What if Chinese state-owned companies run their acquisitions for politics, not profit? So long as other firms could satisfy consumers' needs, it would not matter. Chinese companies could safely be allowed to own energy firms, for instance, in a competitive market where customers could turn to 6ther suppliers. And if Chinese firms throw subsidised capital around the world, that's fine. America and Europe could use the money. The danger that cheap Chinese capital might undermine rivals can be better dealt with by beefing up competition law than by keeping investment out.Not all Chinese companies are state-directed. Some are largely independent and mainly interested in profits. Often these firms are making the running abroad. Take Volvo's new owner, Geely. Volvo should now be able to sell more cars in China; without the deal its future was bleak. Chinese firms can bring new energy and capital to flagging companies around the world; but influence will not just flow one way. To succeed abroad, Chinese companies will have to adapt. That means hiring local managers, investing in local research and placating local concerns—for example by listing subsidiaries locally. Indian and Brazilian firms have an advantage abroad thanks to their private-sector DNA and more open cultures. That has not. been lost on Chinese managers1. In face of China's economic expansion abroad, the author of this article isA. OptimisticB. PessimisticC. NeutralD. Noncommittal2. According to the article, the reason why China cannot control the market for most commodities in energy sector isA. China does not have enough money.B. Chinese companies are reluctant to cooperate with foreign firms.C. China is in initial stage of investing abroad.D. Chinese companies are state-owned.3. What is Volvo's immediate benefit after Geely becomes its new owner?A. Sales go upB. Future becomes unpredictableC. Workers have a salary hike.D. Unemployment goes down.4. "So long as other firms could satisfy consumers' needs, it would not matter. " This implies thatA. Chinese cannot control the market.B. The market is not competitiveC. Consumers do not like Chinese companiesD. Indian companies are more powerful5. It is suggested that-Chinese firms should do the following if they want to succeed abroadA. Stick to public ownershipB. Make changes to suit local conditionsC. Invest more moneyD. Have more decision making power(2) Why we age is the subject of vigorous debate. The classical view is that aging happens because of random wear and tear. A newer view holds that aging is more orderly and genetically, driven. Proponents of this view point out that animals of similar species and exposure to wear and tear have markedly different life span, The Canadagoose has a longevity of 23. 5 years; the emperor goose only 6. 3 years. Perhaps animals are like plants, with lives that are to a large extent, internally governed. Certain species of bamboo, for instance, form a dense stand that grows and flourishes for a hundred years, flowers all at once, and then dies.The idea that living things shut down and not just wear down has received substantial support in the past decade. Researchers working with the now famous worm C. elegans (two of the last five Nobel Prizes in medicine went to scientist doing work on the little nematode) were able to produce worms that live more than twice as long and age more slowly by altering a single gene. Scientists have since come up with single-gene alterations that increase the life spans of Drosophila fruit flies, mice and yeast.These findings notwithstanding, scientists do not believe that our life spans are actually programmed into us. After all, for most of our hundred-thousand-year existence—all but the past couple of hundred years—the average life span of human beings has been thirty years or less. (Research suggests that subjects of the Roman Empire had an average life expectancy oftwenty-eighty years. Today the average life span in developed countries is almost eighty years. If human life spans depend on our genetics, then medicine has got the upper hand. We are, in a way, freaks living well beyond our appointed time. So when we study aging, what we are trying to understand is not so much in a natural process as an unnatural one. Inheritance has surprisingly little influence on longevity. James Vaupel, of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, in Rostock, Germany, noted that only six percent of how long you'll live, compared with the average, is explained by your parents' longevity; by contrast, up to ninety percent of how tall you are, compared with the average, is explained by your parents' height. Even genetically identical twins vary widely in life span: the typical gap is more than fifteen years.6. The main idea of this piece isA. How long one lives depends on one's parents.B. How long one lives is related to one's genesC. How long one lives depends on many factors.D. How long one lives can be statistically determined.7. The example of goose's life span shows thatA. Canada goose lives longer than emperor goose.B. Emperor goose has a very short life span.C. Canada goose and emperor goose belong to the same specie.D. Different kinds of the same specie may have different life span8. What, as the author mentions in this article, is genetically determined?A. life expectancyB. heightC. voiceD. look9. It can be assumed that people in the past several hundreds of yearsA. live less than 30 year on averageB. live more than 60 years on averageC. live exactly 30 years on averageD. live at least 30 year on average10. While twins have many things in common, only one feature is mentioned in this article. What is it?A. Twins look alike.B. Twins are almost identical in height.C. Twins usually have different length of life span.D. Twins usually have the same temperament.(3) Many reasons have been adduced for the rise of the Leica. There is the hectic progress of the illustrated press, avid for photographs to till its columns; there is the increased mobility; spending power, and leisure time of the middle class, who wished to preserve a record of these novel blessing, if not for posterity, then at least for shot. Yet the great inventions, more often than not, are triggered less by vast historical movements than by the pressures of individual change—or in Leica's case, by asthma. Every Leica employee who drives down Oscar-Barnack, Strasse is reminded of corporate glory, for it was Banack, a former engineer at Carl Zeiss, the famous lens makers in Jena, who designed the Leica I. He was an amateur photographer, and the camera had first occurred to him, as if in a vision, in 1905, twenty years before it actually went on sale: " Back then I took pictures using a camera that tool 13 by 18 plates, with six double-plate holders and a large leather case similar to a salesman's sample case. This was quite a load to haul around when I set off each Sunday through the Thuringer Wald, while I struggled up the hillsides (bearing in mind that I suffer from asthma) an idea came to me. Couldn't this be done differently?"Five years later, Barnack was invited to work for Ernst Leitz, a rival optical company, in Watzlar. (The company stayed there until 1988, when it was sold, and the camera division, renamed Leica, shifted to Solms, fifteen Minutes away. ) By 1919-14, he had developed what became known as the ur-Leica; a tough, squat rectangular metal box, not much bigger than a spectacles case, with rounded comers and a retractable brass lens. You could tuck it into a jacket pocket, wander around the Thuringer woods all weekend, and never gasp for breath The extraordinary fact is that, if you were to place it next to today's Leica MP, the similarities would far outweigh the differences; stand a young man beside his own great-grand father and you get the same effect. Barnack took a picture on August 2, 1914, using the new device. Reproduced in Alessandro Pasi's comprehensive study Leica: Witness to a Century (2004), it shows a helmeted soldier turning away from a column on which he has just plastered the imperial order for mobilization. This was the first hint of the role that would fall to Leica above all other cameras: to be there in history's face. Not until the end of the hostilities did Bamack resume work on the Leica, as it came to be called. ( His own choice of name was Lilliput, but wiser counsels prevail. Whenever you buy a35-milimeter camera, you pay homage to Barnack. )11. Leica most probably isA. the brand name of a cameraB. the name of a factoryC. the brand name of filmD. the name of a man12. Leica was invented thanks toA. There appear more magazines with picturesB. People have more money to spareC. People are able to live in different placesD. The inventor suffers from asthma13. The "illustrated press" appearing in this article most probably refers toA. Newspapers and magazines with many picturesB. Illustrious person under pressure of workC. Explanation telling people how to relieve from pressureD. Books telling people how to operate the press14. "His own choice of name was Lilliput, but wiser counsels prevail. " This sentence meansA. The product is named Lilliput.B. The product's name is neither Lilliput nor Leica.C. The product is named LeicaD. "Leica" is abandoned for a better name for the product.15. "Stand a young man beside his own great-grand father and you get the same effect. " This metaphor is cited to show thatA. Leica MP and Leica I look alike.B. Leica MP is more advancedC. Leica I enjoyed a long history than Leica MPD. Leica MP enjoys more respect than Leica I(4) "Essay end up in books, "—like this one—"but they start their lives in magazines, " wrote Susan Sontag in her introduction to The Best American Essays 1992. That's what I see first, year and year: the magazines.Hundreds of them. Some so slick they slip from my hands and slide off each other when I try to construct neat piles. Some of the satiny and scented fashion magazines display so much commercialized fetishism—high-gloss models brought to erotic ecstasy by luxurious handbags—that I feel, as I dutifully flip through the clingy pages searching for content, I must be a creature from a different planet, a terribly deprived and disadvantaged one. Still, that doesn't prevent me from sniffing the perfume ads along, the way, and for an intoxicating moment sample a world where reading and writing essays seems not just a marginal occupation, but decidedly declasse.The Best American Essays features a selection of the year's outstanding essays, essays of literary achievement that show an awareness of craft and forcefulness of thought, Hundreds of essays are gathered annually from a wide assortment of national and regional publications. These essays are then screened, and approximately one hundred are turned over to a distinguished guest editor, who may add a few personal discoveries and who makes the final selections. The list of Notable Essays appearing inthe back of the book is drawn from the final comprehensive list that includes not only all the essays submitted to the guest editor but also many that were not submitted. To qualify for the volume, the essay must be a work of respectable literary quality, intended as a fully developed, independent essay on a subject of general interest( not specialized scholarship), originally written in English (or translated by the author) for publication in an American periodical during the calendar year. Today's essay is a highly flexible and shifting form, however, so these criteria are not carved in stone.Magazine editors who want to be sure their contributions will be considered each year should submit issues or subscriptions to: Robert Atwan, Serial Editor, The Best American Essays. P. O. Box 220, Redville, MA 02137. Writers and editors are welcome to submit published essays from any American periodical for consideration; unpublished work does not qualify for the series and cannot be reviewed or evaluated. Please note: all submissions must be directly from the publication and not in manuscript or printout format. Editors of online magazines and literary bloggers should not assume that appropriate work will be seen; they are invited to submit printed copies of the essays (with full citations) to the address above.16. "Essays end up in books, "—like this one—"but they start their lives in magazines, " This sentence meansA. Essays end their life in books.B. Essays are first published in magazines and then in the book form.C. Essays in magazines can gain a larger readershipD. Essays play their ceaselessly active and important role in books.17. "These criteria are not carved in stone". It can be safely assumed according to the article that this sentence means.A. These criteria are written in books.B. These criteria are fixed and remain unchangedC. These criteria are flexible and always changeD. These criteria are authorized and powerful18. How are the best essays selected?A. Selected by a group of specialists.B. Selected by three or four readersC. Selected by American readers and Canadian readersD. Selected first by the serial editor, and then finalized by the guest editor19. The phrase "personal discoveries" most probably meansA. Treasures accidentally found by a personB. Lost things finally recovered by someoneC. Essays the guest editor wants to include in the bookD. Essays readers like very much20. Part of the serial editor's address reads "MA 02137". Here MA is the abbreviation of a US State. It isA. MarylandB. MichiganC. MassachusettsD. MississippiⅣ. The following excerpt is taken from one English newspaper. The primary purpose of this passage is intended to provide a source of inspiration for writing rather than tempt you into copying the same thing in your composition.The gifts or blessings of life are always there but if we are not aware of them, they don't do much for us. That is where gratefulness comes in. Gratefulness makes us aware of the gift and makes us happy. As long as we take things for granted they don't make us happy. Gratefulness is the key to happiness. Practicing gratitude is so central to my spirituality. That's why I am now working on a website that is called . It is an interactive website that helps people to discover and cultivate gratefulness and to change society. There are a thousand ways to do that. We even have a new feature of lighting a candle in cyberspace. This is not a gimmick, but it is a 21st century ritual. You click on the candlewick to light it and it will burn for twenty-four hours and get smaller as it burns. You can send a message to someone telling them you lit a candle for them. This provides a gratefulness ritual you can do right where you are, and we are very poor on ritual in our time. Rituals are very important to human beings; they keep us alive.Write an argumentative essay of about 400 words on the following topic (30 points)What Gratitud e Means to Me。

2012年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学（美国社会文化方向）考研真题I.Chinese-English Translation(40points)Directions:Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.24岁的龙口姑娘刁娜，前不久与丈夫在下班途中，看到一位女子被撞倒在路中央。

为也不让伤者被二次碾轧，“不让小悦悦悲剧重演”，刁娜与丈夫毫不犹豫地下车救人，一边拨打急救电话，一边护在作者身前疏导交通。

渐渐地天色越来越暗，看着面前一辆辆汽车飞驰而来，刁娜心里也是害怕的。

她急中生智，让丈夫去车里拿警示牌。

可就在这时，意外发生了。

一辆小汽车超过一辆货车，直开到刁娜跟前，刁娜被狠狠地撞倒在地，右腿钻心的疼，然后疼昏了过去……刁娜的善举感染了车祸中的肇事者、被救者，他们用友善、谅解和诚信，续写了一段关于良知、公德与责任的佳话……在一个民族陷入集体的道德焦虑、道德追问之时，刁娜的义举，各方的人性善良，既是一抹亮色，也让我们深思。

II.Critical Writing(40points)Directions:Respond to the following passage in an essay of no more than300 words with a title of your own choice,a clearly stated central argument,and details/examples to support the argument.Write your answer onthe ANSWER SHEET.Yan Xuetong,professor of political science and dean of the Institute of ModernInternational Relations at Tsinghua University,argues in Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power,that“morality can play a key role in shaping international competition between political powers—and separating the winners from the losers.”III.This part consists of seven sections.Answer the questions set for the program for which you are making the application.Write your answers or your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(70points)Section E:美国社会文化方向部分(70points)This section is set for applicants to the MA program of American Society and Culture.Write the question numbers and your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 1.Explain the following terms(20points)1)New York City2)the Industrial Revolution in America3)the Red Scare4)segregation laws2.Essay Questions(50points).Directions:Write a short paper of about200words on each of the following topics.1)Why are they so many free choices in religion for American?Why is there no fierce religious struggle in the U.S.as it often happens in Europe?(15points)2)What were John Dewey’s major contributions to the American education?(15points)3)Comment on the possible trend of Sino-American relations of the on-coming Obama’s era.(20points)。

2011年国际关系学院英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、匹配题(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Please match the following authors with their works.(10 points)1. The Waves2. All"s Well that Ends Well3. Where Angels Fear to Tread4. Song of Myself5. Ulysses6. The Hairy Ape7. Women in Love8. The Pit9. Death in the Afternoon10. Babbitt11. Adam Bede12. Burmese Days13. The Innocents Abroad14. The Open Boat15. The Sketch Book16. Oliver Twist17. Lord Jim18. The American19. Light in August20. Typee（分数：40.00）(1).William Faulkner（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).James Joyce（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Sinclair Lewis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).George Eliot（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).Stephen Crane（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (6).Charles Dickens（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (7).Mark Twain（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (8).E. M. Forster（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (9).Eugene O"Neill（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (10).William Shakespeare（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (11).Frank Norris（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (12).Joseph Conrad（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (13).Henry James（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (14).Herman Melville（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (15).Ernest Hemingway（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (16).Walt Whitman（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (17).George Orwell（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (18).D.H. Lawrence（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (19).Virginia Woolf（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (20).Washington Irving（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________二、填空题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)1.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is an autobiographical sketch of(1)"s childhood and early(2)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.The Romantic period in American literature stretches from(3)to(4)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.James Fenimore Cooper created a(5)about the(6)period of the American nation.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.Edgar Allan Poe believes(7)is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones and the(8)__of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.The Lake Poets criticized the industrialized(9)society by advocating the(10)to the patriarchal society of the past while Byron and Shelley attacked the forces of oppression both (11)and(12)and called on the oppressed people to rise against earthly tyrants.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.The height of Thomas Hardy"s achievement as a novelist was reached in his last two novels both published in the 1890"s. The central figures in the two novels are(13)and(14)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7.Hemingway"s(15)hero is a man of(16)rather than a man of thought. He can be destroyed but not(17)and he always shows(18)under pressure.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.The central theme of Paradise Lost is taken from the(19)and deals with the Christian story of "the(20)of man".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________三、评论题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)9.Please read the following poem and make comments in about 300 words.(50 points)The Wild Swans at Coole *The trees are in their autumn beauty,The woodland paths are dry,Under the October twilight the waterMirrors a still sky;Upon the brimming water among the stonesAre nine-and-fifty swans.The nineteenth autumn has come upon meSince I first made my count;I saw, before I had well finished,All suddenly mountAnd scatter wheeling in great broken ringsUpon their clamorous wings.I have looked upon those brilliant creatures,And now my heart is sore.All"s changed since I, hearing at twilight,The first time on this shore,The bell-beat of their wings above my head,Trod with a lighter tread.Unwearied still, lover by lover,They paddle in the coldCompanionable streams or climb the air;Their hearts have not grown old;Passion or conquest, wander where they will,Attend upon them still.But now they drift on the still water,Mysterious, beautiful;Among what rushes will they build,By what lake"s edge of poolDelight men"s eyes when I awake some dayTo find they have flown away?* Coole was the estate of Lady Augusta Gregory, the poet"s friend and patron, who encouraged the young poet and made her house a second home to him.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Please read the following story and make comments in about 500 words.(70 points)A Rose for EmilyIWhen Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old man-servant—a combined gardener and cook—had seen in at least ten years.It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street. But garages and cotton gins had encroached and obliterated even the august names of that neighborhood; only Miss Emily"s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps—an eyesore amongeyesores. And now Miss Emily had gone to join the representatives of those august names where they lay in the cedar-bemused cemetery among the ranked and anonymous graves of Union and Confederate soldiers who fell at the battle of Jefferson.Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor—he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron—remitted her taxes, the dispensation dating from the death of her father on into perpetuity. Not that Miss Emily would have accepted charity. Colonel Sartoris invented an involved tale to the effect that Miss Emily"s father had loaned money to the town, which the town, as a matter of business, preferred this way of repaying. Only a man of Colonel Sartoris" generation and thought could have invented it, and only a woman could have believed it.When the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, this arrangement created some little dissatisfaction. On the first of the year they mailed her a tax notice. February came, and there was no reply. They wrote her a formal letter, asking her to call at the sheriffs office at her convenience. A week later the mayor wrote her himself, offering to call or to send his car for her, and received in reply a note on paper of an archaic shape, in a thin, flowing calligraphy in faded ink, to the effect that she no longer went out at all. The tax notice was also enclosed, without comment.They called a special meeting of the Board of Aldermen. A deputation waited upon her, knocked at the door through which no visitor had passed since she ceased giving china-painting lessons eight or ten years earlier. They were admitted by the old Negro into a dim hall from which a stairway mounted into still more shadow. It smelled of dust and disuse—a close, dank smell. The Negro led them into the parlor. It was furnished in heavy, leather-covered furniture. When the Negro opened the blinds of one window, they could see that the leather was cracked; and when they sat down, a faint dust rose sluggishly about their thighs, spinning with slow motes in the single sun-ray. On a tarnished gilt easel before the fireplace stood a crayon portrait of Miss Emily"s father.They rose when she entered—a small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head. Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand.She did not ask them to sit. She just stood in the door and listened quietly until the spokesman came to a stumbling halt. Then they could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain.Her voice was dry and cold. "I have no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris explained it to me. Perhaps one of you can gain access to the city records and satisfy yourselves. ""But we have. We are the city authorities, Miss Emily. Didn"t you get a notice from the sheriff, signed by him?""I received a paper, yes," Miss Emily said. "Perhaps he considers himself the sheriff... I have no taxes in Jefferson. ""But there is nothing on the books to show that, you see. We must go by the—""See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson. ""But, Miss Emily—"" See Colonel Sartoris. "(Colonel Sartoris had been dead almost ten years.)" I have no taxes in Jefferson. Tobe!" The Negro appeared. "Show these gentlemen out. "IISo she vanquished them, horse and foot, just as she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before about the smell. That was two years after her father"s death and a short time after her sweetheart—the one we believed would marry her —had deserted her. After her father"s death she went out very little; after her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all. A few of the ladies had the temerity to call, but were not received, and the only sign of life about the place was the Negro man—a young man then—going in and out with a market basket." Just as if a man—any man—could keep a kitchen properly," the ladies said; so they were not surprised when the smell developed. It was another link between the gross, teeming world and the high and mighty Griersons.A neighbor, a woman, complained tothe mayor, Judge Stevens, eighty years old."But what will you have me do about it, madam?" he said."Why, send her word to stop it," the woman said. "Isn"t there a law?"" I"m sure that won"t be necessary," Judge Stevens said. " It"s probably just a snake or a rat that nigger of hers killed in the yard. I"ll speak to him about it. "The next day he received two more complaints, one from a man who came in diffident deprecation. "We really must do something about it, Judge. I"d be the last one in the world to bother Miss Emily, but we"ve got to do something. " That night the Board of Aldermen met—three graybeards and one younger man, a member of the rising generation."It"s simple enough," he said. "Send her word to have her place cleaned up. Give her a certain time to do it in, and if she don"t...""Dammit, sir, " Judge Stevens said, "will you accuse a lady to her face of smelling bad?"So the next night, after midnight, four men crossed Miss Emily"s lawn and slunk about the house like burglars, sniffing along the base of the brickwork and at the cellar openings while one of them performed a regular sowing motion with his hand out of a sack slung from his shoulder. They broke open the cellar door and sprinkled lime there, and in all the outbuildings. As they recrossed the lawn, a window that had been bark was lighted and Miss Emily sat in it, the light behind her, and her upright torso motionless as that of an idol. They crept quietly across the lawn and into the shadow of the locusts that lined the street. After a week or two the smell went away.That was when people had begun to feel really sorry for her. People in our town, remembering how old lady Wyatt, her great-aunt, had gone completely crazy at last, believed that the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were. None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such. We had long thought of them as a tableau; Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door. So when she got to be thirty and was still single, we were not pleased exactly, but vindicated; even with insanity in the family she wouldn"t have turned down all of her chances if they had really materialized.When her father died, it got about that the house was all that was left to her; and in a way, people were glad. At last they could pity Miss Emily. Being left alone, and a pauper, she had become humanized. Now she too would know the old thrill and the old despair of a penny more or less.The day after his death all the ladies prepared to call at the house and offer condolence and aid, as is our custom. Miss Emily met them at the door, dressed as usual and with no trace of grief on her face. She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the ministers calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body. Just as they were about to resort to law and force, she broke down, and they buried her father quickly.We did not say she was crazy them. We believed she had to do that. We remembered all the young men her father had driven away, and we knew that with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will.IIIShe was sick for a long time. When we saw her again, her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows—sort of tragic and serene.The town had just let the contracts for paving the sidewalks, and in the summer after her father"s death they began the work. The construction company came with niggers and mules and machinery, and a foreman named Homer Barron, a Yankee—a big, dark, ready man, with a big voice and eyes lighter than his face. The little boys would follow in groups to hear him cuss the niggers, and the niggers singing in time to the rise and fall of picks. Pretty soon he knew everybody in town. Whenever you heard a lot of laughing anywhere about the square, Homer Barron would be in the center of the group. Presently we began to see him and Miss Emily on Sunday afternoons driving in the yellow-wheeled buggy and the matched team of bays from the livery stable.At first we were glad that Miss Emily would have an interest, because the ladies all said, " Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer. " But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige— without calling it noblesse oblige. They just said, "Poor Emily. Her kinsfolk shouldcome to her. " She had some kin in Alabama; but years ago her father had fallen out with them over the estate of old lady Wyatt, the crazy woman, and there was no communication between the two families. They had not even been represented at the funeral.And as soon as the old people said, "Poor Emily," the whispering began. "Do you suppose it"s really so?" they said to one another. "Of course it is. What else could..." This behind their hands; rustling of craned silk and satin behind jalousies closed upon the sun of Sunday afternoon as the thin, swift clop-clop-clop of the matched team passed; "Poor Emily. "She carried her head high enough—-even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson; as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness. Like when she bought the rat poison, the arsenic. That was over a year after they had begun to say " Poor Emily," and while the two female cousins were visiting her." I want some poison," she said to the druggist. She was over thirty then, still a slight woman, though thinner than usual, with cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across the temples and about the eyesockets as you imagine a lighthouse-keeper"s face ought to look " I want some poison," she said."Yes, Miss Emily. What kind? For rats and such? I"d recom—""I want the best you have.I don"t care what kind. "The druggist named several. "They"ll kill anything up to an elephant. But what you want is—""Arsenic," Miss Emily said. "Is that a good one?"" Is... arsenic ? Yes, ma"am. But what you want—""I want arsenic.The druggist looked down at her. She looked back at him, erect, her face like a strained flag. "Why, of course," the druggist said. "If that"s what you want. But the law requires you to tell what you are going to use it for.Miss Emily just stared at him, her head tilted back in order to look him eye for eye, until he looked away and went and got the arsenic and wrapped it up. The Negro delivery boy brought her the package; the druggist didn"t come back. When she opened the package at home there was written on the box, under the skull and bones; "For rats.IVSo the next day we all said, " She will kill herself" ; and we said it would be the best thing. When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, " She will marry him. " Then we said, " She will persuade him yet, " because Homer himself had remarked—he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks" Club —that he was not a marrying ter we said, "Poor Emily" behind the jalousies as they passed on Sunday afternoon in the glittering buggy, Miss Emily with her head high and Homer Barron with his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth, reins and whip in a yellow glove.Then some of the ladies began to say that it was a disgrace to the town and a bad example to the young people. The men did not want to interfere, but at last the ladies forced the Baptist minister—Miss Emily"s people were Episcopal—to call upon her. He would never divulge what happened during that interview, but he refused to go back again. The next Sunday they again drove about the streets, and the following day the minister"s wife wrote to Miss Emily"s relations in Alabama.So she had blood-kin under her roof again and we sat back to watch developments. At first nothing happened. Then we were sure that they were to be married. We learned that Miss Emily had been to the jeweler"s and ordered a man"s toilet set in silver, with the letters H. B. on each piece. Two days later we learned that she had bought a complete outfit of men"s clothing, including a nightshirt, and we said, "They are married. " We were really glad. We were glad because the two female cousins were even more Grierson than Miss Emily had ever been.So we were not surprised when Homer Barron —the streets had been finished some time since— was gone. We were a little disappointed that where was not a public blowing-off, but we believed that he had gone on to prepare for Miss Emily"s coming, or to give her a chance to get rid of the cousins.(By that time it was a cabal, and we were all Miss Emily"s allies to help circumvent the cousins.)Sure enough, after another week they departed. And, as we had expected all along, within three days Homer Barron was back in town.A neighbor saw the Negro man admit him at the kitchen door at dusk one evening.And that was the last we saw of Homer Barron. And of Miss Emily for some time. The Negro man went in and out with the market basket, but the front door remained closed. Now and then we would see her at a windowfor a moment, as the men did that night when they sprinkled the lime, but for almost six months she did not appear on the streets. Then we knew that this was to be expected too; as if that quality of her father which had thwarted her woman"s life so many times had been too virulent and too furious to die.When we next saw Miss Emily, she had grown fat and her hair was turning gray. During the next few years it grew grayer and grayer until it attained an even pepper-and-salt iron-gray, when it ceased turning. Up to the day of her death at seventy-four it was still that vigorous iron-gray, like the hair of an active man.From that time on her front door remained closed, save for a period of six or seven years, when she was about forty, during which she gave lessons in china-painting. She fitted up a studio in one of the downstairs rooms, where the daughters and granddaughters of Colonel Sartoris" contemporaries were sent to her with the same regularity and in the same spirit that they were sent to church on Sundays with a twenty-five-cent piece for the collection plate. Meanwhile her taxes had been remitted.Then the newer generation became the backbone and the spirit of the town, and the painting pupils grew up and fell away and did not send their children to her with boxes of color and tedious brushes and pictures cut from the ladies" magazines. The front door closed upon the last one and remained closed for good. When the town got free postal delivery, Miss Emily alone refused to let them fasten the metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to it. She would not listen to them.Daily, monthly, yearly we watched the Negro grow grayer and more stooped, going in and out with the market basket. Each December we sent her a tax notice, which would be returned by the post office a week later, unclaimed. Now and then we would see her in one of the downstairs windows—she had evidently shut up the top floor of the house—like the carven torso of an idol in a niche, looking or not looking at us, we could never tell which. Thus she passed from generation to generation—dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse.And so she died. Fell ill in the house filled with dust and shadows, with only a doddering Negro man to wait on her. We did not even know she was sick; we had long since given up trying to get any information from the Negro. He talked to no one, probably not even to her, for his voice had grown harsh and rusty, as if from disuse.She died in one of the downstairs rooms, in a heavy walnut bed with a curtain, her gray head propped on a pillow yellow and moldy with age and lack of sunlight.VThe Negro met the first of the ladies at the front door and let them in, with their hushed, sibilant voices and their quick, curious glances, and then he disappeared. He walked right through the house and out the back and was not seen again.The two female cousins came at once. They held the funeral on the second day, with the town coming to look at Miss Emily beneath a mass of bought flowers, with the crayon face of her father musing profoundly above the bier and the ladies sibilant and macabre; and the very old men—some in their brushed Confederate uniforms—on the porch and the lawn, talking of Miss Emily as if she had been a contemporary of theirs, believing they had danced with her and courted her perhaps, confusing time with its mathematical progression, as the old do, to whom all the past is not a diminishing road, but, instead, a huge meadow which no winter ever quite touches, divided from them now by the narrow bottleneck of the most recent decade of years.Already we knew that there was one room in that region above stairs which no one had seen in forty years, and which would have to be forced. They waited until Miss Emily was decently in the ground before they opened it.The violence of breaking down the door seemed to fill this room with pervading dust. A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as for a bridal: upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights, upon the dressing table, upon the delicate array of crystal and the man"s toilet things backed with tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured. Among them lay a collar and tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust. Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded; beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks.The man himself lay in the bed.For a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleepthat outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him. What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the patient and biding dust.Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

2011-1-15 8：30~11:30am，政治，全国统考一，单选题二，多选题其中单选20道，多选14道吧，不记得很清楚了，考查的重点是经济学，特别是我国的市场经济，当然还有法学、马哲、和一点点历史，不算难。

三，材料分析，记得有4-5道题，每题中有2-3道小题，考了我记得有市场经济——历史与经济结合，简述我国经济的发展；哲学中的矛盾，实践与自然、人的关系；我国的国际地位和环境；多民族党派与中共关系。

这些题只要能把政治的基本脉络理清，加上一些历史和法学知识，其实都不难。

1月15号下午，14；00-17；00，翻译硕士英语，共四道大题；第一大题，选择题，20‘，选出划线句子或词语的合适解释，有点类似大学阅读课本的选择题。

第二大题，选择题，10’，找出划线句子的语法错误，难度不是很大，有专四水平可以做出。

第三大题，阅读，4篇，每篇600-700词，每篇回答五个问题，选择的，不难。

呵呵，有些可以说是不用看文章就可以选出的。

第四大题，写作，要求400字，“what gratitude means to me?"翻译硕士英语总体来说有点难度，真得把英语基础打牢。

2011-1-16 8:30~11:30am 翻译基础英语一，名词解释，共40道题1-20道题，英译中，如：CPI IDD UNESO hard news government watchdog ....21-40道题：中译英，如：经济适用房生态文明节能减排全球变暖 ...二，篇章翻译英译汉，长度461词，是关于一篇Labor owner how to create the power,wealth and fortune的文章，时间隔得太久了，只能有大概印象了。

汉译英，长度386字，是关于老鼠为什么在十二生肖中排第一 ....老鼠的危害....老鼠的可爱。

其中有这么一句我印象很深刻：老鼠是四害之一，“老鼠过街，人人喊打”。

2011-1-16 下午 14：00~17:00 汉语写作与百科知识（全中文答题，很有意思的一门考试）一，名词解释，共三道大题，每道大题都是先给出一段话，然后就划线的部分解释：1. 1）丝绸之路 2）中亚 3）西亚 4）中东 5）河西走廊 6）塔克拉玛干沙漠 7）帕米尔高原 8）阳关 9）陇西 10）干阐....2. 1）魏源 2）海国图志 3）明治维新 4）太平天国 5）洋务运动 ......3. 1）陆九渊 2）进士第 3）朱熹 4）靖康之变 5）论语 .....二，小作文写通知，按规定格式写通知，党中央国务院对中国人民银行....的通知，忘了...三，大作文要求写议论文，话题是”真诚待人处事“说实话，考研（翻译硕士英语笔译）每科都有三个小时，真的够充足的时间了，是一项纯能力考试，即将毕业的都可以考考，很有意义。

[考研类试卷]2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷.doc[考研类试卷]2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 ______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（A）Chomsky（B）Saussure（C）Bloomfield（D）Halliday2 A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（A）comprehension（B）performance（C）perception（D）competence3 "I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（A）displacement（B）creativity（C）duality（D）arbitrariness4 The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______. （A）Bloomfield（B）Saussure（C）Chomsky（D）Halliday5 Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（A）Processing utterances.（B）Producing utterances.（C）Language acquisition.（D）Componential analysis.6 The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（A）Articulatory phonetics（B）Auditory phonetics（C）Phonological process（D）Acoustic phonetics7 Which of the following statements is true?（A）Larynx is what we sometimes call "Adam's apple".（B）The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.（C）There are two nasal consonants in English.（D）It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8 ______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（A）Diphthongs（B）Pure Vowels（C）Cardinal Vowels（D）Vowel Glides9 The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（A）consonants（B）places of articulation（C）vowels（D）manners of articulation10 Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（A）Voiceless alveolar affricate.（B）Voiceless bilabial nasal.（C）Voiced alveolar stop.（D）Voiced alveolar fricative.11 Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（A）High front tense unrounded vowel.（B）High back lax rounded vowel.（C）Mid central lax unrounded vowel.（D）Low back lax rounded vowel.12 The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence ofa minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（A）allophone（B）phoneme（C）sound（D）syllable13 ______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（A）Allomorph（B）Word（C）Morpheme（D）Root14 ______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（A）Affix（B）Suffix（C）Stem（D）Prefix15 By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（A）substitutability（B）position（C）co-occurrence（D）coordination16 ______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（A）Subject（B）Predicate（C）Object（D）Complement17 ______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（A）Particles（B）Auxiliaries（C）Pro-forms（D）Determiners18 Which of the following is under the category of "OpenClass"?（A）Nouns.（B）Conjunctions.（C）Determiners.（D）Prepositions19 ______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types. （A）Hyponymy（B）Antony my（C）Polysemy（D）Synonymy20 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（A）An Integrated Theory（B）Speech Act Theory（C）The Classical Theory（D）The Referential Theory二、填空题21 ______ studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.22 Hymes' theory of______was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.23 As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.24 According to Langacker, ______ is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantagepoint, figure-ground segregation, etc.25 In cognitive linguistics, ______ is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.26 Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a ______ schema, which involvesa physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.27 ARGUMENT IS WAR is a______metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.28 In the cognitive literature, ______ is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.29 ______ theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.30 Hymes points out that a ______ refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".31 The ______ hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker's unique ways of understanding of the world.32 An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and ______ was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.33 ______ linguistics addresses the structuring withinlanguage of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.34 As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.35 Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, ______, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.36 John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to ______, which was published posthumously in 1962.37 According to Austin, though ______ cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.38 The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant ______ must be appropriate.39 Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of______.40 The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, ______ and non-conventionality.41 Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of______ communicatesthe presumption of its own optional relevance.42 According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is ______ to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".43 In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the forceof______, or speaker's economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer's economy. 44 Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by ______ which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.45 A popular term in Stylistics, ______, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.46 Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are____.47 A/An______ foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed bya stressed one.48 On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is______.49 The term______was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.50 ______is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.三、写作题51 Choose four of the following questions for EssayDiscussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.52 Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.53 The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?54 The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.55 Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.56 There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior;a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first:linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.57 Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.58 Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.。

16．天津外国语大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2013）天津外国语大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：英语语言文学Questions in this section are set for applicants to the MA program of English Linguistics.1. Multiple Choice: (30 points)Directions: For each item, there are four choices of answers. Select the only ONE which best completes the statement. Write the number of the question, horizontally five in each line, and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the property of ______.A. arbitrarinessB. displacementC. creativityD. duality【答案】B2. The ______ function of language enables our language to talk about itself.A. performativeB. emotiveC. phaticD. metalingual【答案】D3. Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?A. [m]B. [l]C. [w]D. [s]【答案】A4. Which is the description of the consonant[b]?A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiced bilabial stopC. voiceless alveolar fricativeD. voiced alveolar fricative【答案】B5. When preceding/p/, the negative prefix in- changes to im- through a processcalled ______.A. dissimilationB. bilabializationC. assimilationD. none of the above【答案】A6. The number of morphemes in the word girls is ______.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four【答案】B7. Which of the following is an endocentric compound?A. runawayB. playboyC. self-controlD. breakthrough【答案】C8. Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?A. -putB. -ceiveC. -mitD. -tain【答案】A9 . The word televise is created through the process of ______.A. blendingB. inventionC. back-formationD. borrowing【答案】C10. The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes toidentify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.A. caseB. agreementC. tenseD. aspect【答案】A11. Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?A. good, badB. hit, missC. long, shortD. small, big【答案】B12. The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that therelation between a word and a thing is mediated by ______.A. referenceB. conceptC. controlD. dependency【答案】B13. The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the firsttwo decades of the twentieth century except ______.A. SaussureB. BloomfieldC. ChomskyD. Firth【答案】C14. The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries hasbeen the rapid rise of ______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.A. descriptive, historicalB. structural, generativeC. functional, formalistD. structural, historical【答案】A15. The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose maininterest lay in ______ theory.A. phoneticB. phonologicalC. semanticD. syntactic【答案】B16. ______ usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associatedwith the use of language.A. Cognitive linguisticsB. Corpus linguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Neuro-linguistics。

2011年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：62.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.______ is a central vowel.（分数：2.00）A.[e]B.[i]C.[u]D.[a]2.Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?（分数：2.00）A.single vs. marriedB.hot vs. coldC.alive vs. deadD.husband vs. wife3.Which of the following is a minimal pair?（分数：2.00）A.pet, kidB.put, pestC.cave, shaveD.must, taste4.Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?（分数：2.00）poundB.inflectionC.derivationD.coinage5.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）rynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.6.A ______has been added to Chomsky"s first model of grammar as shown in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965).（分数：2.00）A.set of rewriting rulesponent of categoriesC.semantic componentD.word classification7.According to the manner of articulation,[m]is a______.（分数：2.00）A.bilabialB.plosiveC.nasalteral8."I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（分数：2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.creativityC.dualityD.displacement9.______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.（分数：2.00）nguepetencemunicative competenceD.Linguistic potential10.Which of the following is an "inflectional suffix"?（分数：2.00）A.-istB.-aryC.-ingD.-ify11.In today"s grammar we normally say that English does not have a " future tense". This is because in English ______.（分数：2.00）A.the future is not expressed by morphological changeB.the future can be expressed in many waysC.the future belongs to the category of "aspect"D.the future is expressed by modal verbs12.______is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.（分数：2.00）A.BilingualismB.DiglossiaC.PidginD.Creole13.______ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.（分数：2.00）A.RegisterB.Linguistic repertoireC.IdiolectD.Dialect14.Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?（分数：2.00）A.positional relationsB.relations of co-occurrenceC.relations of expansionD.relations of substitutability15.All of the following are characteristics of implicature EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.conventionalityB.non-detachabilityC.cancellabilityD.calculability16."He has already trunked two packs" is an example of______error.（分数：2.00）A.anticipationB.exchangeC.morpheme-exchangeD.perception17.The criterion used in IC analysis is______.（分数：2.00）A.constructionB.constituentC.structureD.substitutability18.According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, ______ makes up the central part.（分数：2.00）A.conceptual meaningB.connotative meaningC.social meaningD.thematic meaning19."The Club" is a device for blocking an automobile"s steering wheel, thus protecting the car from being stolen. And one of its ads reads:The Club ! FD Anti-theft device for cars Police Say: " Use it" or Lose It In terms of the Gricean theory, what maxim is exploited here?（分数：2.00）A.the maxim of mannerB.the maxim of relevanceC.the maxim of qualityD.the maxim of quantity20.What semantic relation do the following sentences have?A. I saw a girl.B. I saw a child.（分数：2.00）A.contradictionB.entailmentC.synonymD.Presupposition二、名词解释(总题数：6，分数：12.00)21.semantic field theory(3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.favourite sentence type(4 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 23.free variation(3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(4 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.endocentric construction(3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 26.back formation(3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、写作题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)27.Choose any THREE of the following questions to analyze. Write the number of the question and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Discuss the major contributions of Saussure to modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ment on the "innateness hypothesis".（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 29.Explain the purpose and significance of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by historical linguists.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 30.How do you interpret the distinctions between language acquisition and language learning?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________31.How do you comment on the two frequently used analogies for attempted inference on the origin of language: the acquisition of speech by children and the structures and characteristics of so-called "primitive" languages?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

2013年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学（美国社会文化方向）考研真题I.Chinese-English Summary Translation(40points)Directions:Write a summary of the following essay in about200English words.作为文化事件的“于丹被轰”肖鹰作为一个被媒体和市场联手打造的文化符号，“国学超女于丹”这两年来多少有些沉寂。

然而，11月17日在北大百年大讲堂举办的一场昆曲商演上发生的于丹被观众轰下台一事，又将于丹推到了公众视线的焦点上。

关于此事，已有现场视频流传于网络，情形是简单明白的：当昆曲节目表演结束，进入谢幕时，以10位昆曲界著名艺术家伫立作背景，主持人请于丹上台讲话，身着超短裙、黑色长丝袜和超高跟鞋的于丹在观众喝倒彩声中走上舞台。

当于丹在接受台上一位老艺术家献花之后开始讲话说“我先代表大家……”时，有观众喊出“于丹下去”，并且得到其他多位观众的呼应，于丹只得放弃讲话，退到后台并悄然下台。

我以为，这是一个文化利好事件，至少可概括出三点。

首先是对于丹教授的利好。

于丹现为北京师范大学艺术与传媒学院副院长、教授，虽然出身于文学硕士，但长期从事的是媒体策划及相关教学，2007年在央视百家讲坛讲《论语》成名后，就在国内文化市场以“国学专家（大师）”的招牌行市。

于丹之所以能暴得大名，一方面来自于她以媒体中人的敏感捕捉到了当时受众的普遍心理需要，并以简洁明快的演讲方式予以灌输，另一方面是，她由中国受众最广的媒体央视捧出。

以“国学”行市，于丹无论从知识层面，还是从精神层面，都有难以弥补的局限。

她声称自己四岁读《论语》，但对《论语》的解说错误百出，而讲《庄子》更是臆断妄议，基本文理不通。

讲点实在话，于丹讲国学，犹如没有根底的票友在“曲苑杂坛”里充大师。

成名后的于丹，并没有自我反省，或扬长避短，而是在与媒体与市场的合谋中随行就市，高调扮演文化市场的“国学符号”。