现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit7

Unit 7Task 1【答案】A.1) In a mental asylum.2) He was a member of a committee which went there to show concern for the pertinents there.3) They were cants behaving like humans.4) He was injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill.5) He spent the rest of his life in comfort.B.painter, birds, animals, cats, wide, published, encouragement, A year or two, The Illustrated London News, cats' Christmas party, a hundred and fifty, world famous 【原文】Dan Rider, a bookseller who loved good causes, was a member of a committee that visited mental asylums. On one visit he noticed a patient, a quiet little man, drawing cats. Rider looked at the drawings and gasped."Good lord, man," he exclaimed. "You draw like Louis Wain!""I am Louis Wain," said the artist.Most people today have never heard of Louis Wain. But, when Rider found him in 1925, he was a household name."He made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world," said H. G. Wells in a broadcast appeal a month or two later. "British cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves."Before Louis Wain began drawing them, cats were kept strictly in the kitchen if they were kept at all. They were useful for catching mice and perhaps for keeping the maidservant company. Anyone else who felt affection for cats usually kept quiet about it. If a man admitted that he liked cats, he would be laughed at. The dog was the only domestic animal that could be called a friend.Louis Wain studied art as a youth and became quite a successful newspaper and magazine artist. He specialized in birds and animals, including dogs, but never drew a cat till his wife was dying. They had not been married long, and during her illness a black-and-white cat called Peter used to sit on her bed. To amuse his wife, Louis Wain used to sketch and caricature the cat while he sat by her bedside. She urged him to show these-drawings to editors, fie was unconvinced, but wanted to humour her.The first editor he approached shared his lack of enthusiasm. "Whoever would want to see a picture of a cat?" he asked, and Louis Wain put the drawings away. A year or two later he showed them to the editor of The Illustrated London News, who suggested a picture of a cats' Christmas party across two full pages. Using his old sketches of Peter, Louis Wain produced a picture containing about a hundred and fifty cats, each one different from the rest. It took him a few days to draw, and it made him world famous.For the next twenty-eight years he drew nothing but cats. He filled his house with them, and sketched them in all their moods. There was nothing subtle about his work. Its humour simply lay in showing cats performing human activities; they followed every new fashion from sea bathing to motoring. He was recognized, somewhat flatteringly, as the leading authority on the feline species. He became President of the National Cat Club and was eagerly sought after as a judge at cat shows.Louis Wain's career ended abruptly in 1914, when he was seriously injured in abus accident and became mentally ill. Finally, he was certified insane and put in an asylum for paupers.After Dan Rider found him, appeals were launched and exhibitions of his work arranged, and he spent the rest of his life in comfort. He continued to draw cats, but they became increasingly strange as his mental illness progressed. Psychiatrists found them more fascinating than anything he had done when he was sane.Task 2【答案】A.1) Because he was always trying new things and new ways of doing things just like a young painter.2) It didn’t look like her.3) It was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was.4) People from the poorer parts of Paris, who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick.B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TC. 1881, 1973, Malaga, Spain, ninety-one yearsD. fifteen, nineteen, twenty-three, colors, darker, change, soft-colored, strange,shape, human face and figure, strange【原文】Pablo Picasso was born in 1881. So probably you are wondering why we call him "the youngest painter in the world". When he died in 1973, he was ninety-one years old. But even at that age, he was still painting like a young painter.For that reason, we have called him the "youngest" painter. Young people are always trying new things and new ways of doing things. They welcome new ideas. They are restless and are never satisfied. They seek perfection. Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best, riley prefer to repeat their successes, rather than risk failure. They have found their own place in life and don't like to leave it. We know what to expect from them.When he was over ninety, this great Spanish painter still lived his life like a young man. He was still looking for new ideas and for new ways to use his artistic materials.Picasso's figures sometimes face two ways at once, with the eyes and nose in strange places. Sometimes they are out of shape or broken. Even the colors are not natural. The title of the picture tells us it is a person, but it may look more like a machine.At such times Picasso was trying to paint what he saw with his mind as well as with his eyes. He put in the side of the face as well as the front. He painted the naked body and the clothes on it at the same time. He painted in his own way. He never thought about other people's opinions.Most painters discover a style of painting that suits them and keep to it, especially if people like their pictures. As the artist grows older his pictures may change, but not very much. But Picasso was like a man who had not yet found his own style. He was still looking for a way to express his own restless spirit.The first thing one noticed about him was the look in his large, wide-open eyes. Gertrude Stein, a famous American writer who knew him when he was young, mentioned this hungry look, and one can still see it in pictures of him today. Picasso painted a picture of her in 1906, and the story is an interesting one.According to Gertrude Stein, she visited the painter's studio eighty or ninety times while he painted her picture. While Picasso painted they talked about everything inthe world that interested them. Then one day Picasso wiped out the painted head though he had worked on it for so long. "When I look at you I can't see you any more!" he remarked.Picasso went away for the summer. When he returned, he went at once to the picture left in the comer of his studio. Quickly he finished the face from memory. He could see the woman's face more clearly in his mind than he could see it when she sat in the studio in front of him.When people complained to him that the painting of Miss Stein didn't look like her, Picasso would reply, "Too bad. She'll have to look like the picture." But thirty years later, Gertrude Stein said that Picasso's painting of her was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really wasPicasso was born in Malaga, Spain, a pleasant, quiet town. His father was a painter and art teacher who gave his son his first lessons in drawing.Young Pablo did badly at school. He was lazy and didn't listen to what the teachers were saying. He had confidence in himself from the beginning. But it was soon clear that the boy was an artist and deserved the best training he could get. Not even his earliest drawings look like the work of a child.One can say that Picasso was born to be a painter. He won a prize for his painting when he was only fifteen. He studied art in several cities in Spain. But there was no one to teach him all he wanted to know. When he was nineteen he visited Paris.Paris was then the center of the world for artists. Most painters went there sooner or later to study, to see pictures, and to make friends with other painters. Everything that was new and exciting in the world of painting happened there. When he was twenty-three, Picasso returned there to live, and lived in France for the rest of his life.He was already a fine painter. He painted scenes of town life—people in the streets and in restaurants, at horse races and bull fights. They were painted in bright colors and were lovely to look at.But life was not easy for him. For several years he painted people from the poorer parts of the city. He painted men and women who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick. His colors got darker. Most of these pictures were painted in blue, and showed very clearly what the artist saw and felt. The paintings of this "blue period" are full of pity and despair.Picasso did not have to wait long for success. As he began to sell his pictures and become recognized as a painter, his pictures took on a warmer look. At the same time he began to paint with more and more freedom. He began to see people and places as simple forms or shapes. He no longer tried to make his pictures true to life.The results at first seemed strange and not real. The pictures were difficult to understand. His style of painting was known as Cubism, from the shape of the cube. Many people did not like this new and sometimes frightening style. But what great paintings give us is a view of life through one man's eyes, and every man's view is different.Some of Picasso's paintings are rich, soft-colored, and beautiful. Others are strange with sharp, black outlines. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They can make our own view of the world sharper. For they force us to say to ourselves, "What makes him paint like that? What does he see?"Birds, places, and familiar objects play a part in Picasso's painting. But, when one thinks of him, one usually thinks of the way he painted the human face and figure. It is both beautiful and strange. Gertrude Stein wrote, "The head, the face, the human body--these are all that exist for Picasso. The souls of people do not interest him. The reality of life is in the head, the face, and the body."Task 3【答案】American Decorative Arts and Sculpture:colonial period, furniture, ceramics, ship modelsAmerican Art:The Far East, Islam, scroll painting, Buddhist sculpture, prints, the third millennium European Decorative Arts and Sculpture:Western, the fifth century, Medieval art, decorative arts, English silver, porcelain, the musical instrumentsPaintings:11th century, 20th century, impressionists, Spanish, DutchTextiles and Costumes:high quality, a broad selection, weavings, laces, costumes, accessories【原文】Welcome to the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston has long been recognized as a leading center for the arts. One of the city's most important cultural resources is the Museum of Fine Arts, which houses collections of art from antiquity to the present day, many of them unsurpassed. Now let me introduce to you some of the collections here.The Museum's collections of American decorative arts and sculpture range from the colonial period to the present time, with major emphasis on pre-Civil War New England. Furniture, silver, glass, ceramics, and sculpture are on exhibition, as well as an important collection of ship models. Favorite among museum-goers are the collection of 18th-century American furniture, the period rooms, and the superb collection of silver.The Boston Museum's Asiatic collections are universally recognized as the most extensive assemblage to be found anywhere under one roof. Artistic traditions of the Far East, Islam, and India are represented by objects dating from the third millennium B.C. to the contemporary era. The collections of Japanese and Chinese art are especially noteworthy. The variety of strengths in the collection are reflected in such areas as Japanese prints, Chinese and Japanese scroll painting, Chinese ceramics, and a renowned collection of Buddhist sculpture.The Department of European Decorative Arts and Sculpture houses Western European works of art dating from the fifth century through 1900. Outstanding among these holdings are the collection of medieval art and the collection of French 18th-century decorative arts. Also of exceptional importance are the English silver collection, the 18th-century English and French porcelain, and the collection of musical instruments.The Museum has one of the world's foremost collections of paintings ranging from the 11th century to the early 20th century. This department is noted for French paintings from 1825 to 1900, especially works by the impressionists. The Museum's great collection of paintings by American artists includes more than 60 works by John Singleton Copley and 50 by Gilbert Stuart. There is also a strong representation of paintings from Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.The collection of textiles and costumes is ranked among the greatest in the world because of the high quality and rarity of individual pieces and because it has a broad selection of representative examples of weavings, embroideries, laces, printed fabrics, costumes, and costume accessories. The textile arts of both eastern and western cultures are included, dating from pre-Christian times to the present.Apart from what I have mentioned, the Museum has got much more to offer, for example, the collections of classical art, Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern art, and 20th-century art. I'll leave you to explore by yourselves and enjoy your time here.Task 4【答案】A.1) specialists, specialized settings, money, sharp division2) conventions, some societies and periods3) commodityB.1) Because they lacked opportunity: The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.2) Because the art of indigenous peoples did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art.C. 1) F 2) T【原文】The functions of the artist and artwork have varied widely during the past five thousand years. It our time, the artist is seen as an independent worker, dedicated to the expression of a unique subjective experience. Often the artist's role is that of the outsider, a critical or rebellious figure. He or she is a specialist who has usually undergone advanced training in a university department of art or theater, or a school with a particular focus, such as a music conservatory. In our societies, works of art are presented in specialized settings: theaters, concert halls, performance spaces, galleries, and museum. There is usually a sharp division between the artist and her or his audience of non-artists. We also associate works of art with money: art auctions in which paintings sell for millions of dollars, ticket sales to the ballet, or fundraising for the local symphony.In other societies and parts of our own society, now and in the past, the arts are closer to the lives of ordinary people. For the majority of their history, artists have expressed the dominant beliefs of a culture, rather than rebelling against them. In place of our emphasis on the development of a personal or original style, artists were trained to conform to the conventions of their art form. Nor have artists always been specialists; in some societies and periods, all members of a society participated in art. The modern Western economic mode, which treats art as a commodity for sale, is not universal. In societies such as that of the Navaho, the concept of selling or creating a salable version of a sand painting would be completely incomprehensible. Selling Navaho sand paintings created as part of a ritual would profane a sacred experience.Artists' identities are rarely known before the Renaissance, with the exception of the period of Classical Greece, when artists were highly regarded for their individual talents and styles. Among artists who were known, there were fewer women than men. In the twentieth century, many female artists in all the disciplines have been recognized. Their absence in prior centuries does not indicate lack of talent, but reflects lack of opportunity. The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.Artists of color have also been recognized in the West only recently. The reasons for this absence range from the simple--there were few Asians in America and Europe prior to the middle of the nineteenth century--to the complexities surrounding African Americans. The art of indigenous peoples, while far older than that of the West, did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art. Until recently,such art was ignored or dismissed in Western society by the dominant cultural gatekeepers.Task 5【答案】A.1) a) 2) c) 3) b)B.Ⅰ. observant, a dog, Leather BarⅡ. Magnificent visual memory, essentialsⅢ. Rhythm, DustmenⅣ. everyday scenes, Her salty sense of humourC. 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) T【原文】Few artists can have made such an immediate impact on the public as Beryl Cook. At one moment she was completely unknown; at the next, so it seemed, almost everyone had heard of her. First, a few paintings appeared quietly in the window of a remote country antique shop. Then there were exhibitions in Plymouth, in Bristol, in London; an article in a colour supplement, a television programme, a series of greetings cards and a highly successful book. Her rise was all the more astonishing since she was completely untrained, and was already middle-aged by the time she began to paint.Faced with such a series of events, the temptation is to discuss Beryl's art in the context of naive art. This seems to me a mistake, for she is a highly sophisticated and original painter, whose work deserves to be taken on its own terms.What are those terms? If one actually meets Beryl, one comes to understand them a little better. The pictures may seem extrovert, but she is not. For example, she is too shy to turn up at her own private viewings. Her pleasure is to stay in the background, observing.And what an observer Beryl Cook is! It so happens that I was present when the ideas for two of the paintings in the present collection germinated. One is a portrait of my dog, a French bulldog called Bertie. When Beryl came to see me for the first time, he jumped up the stairs ahead of her, wearing his winter coat which is made from an old scarf. A few days later his picture arrived in the post. The picture called Leather Bar had its beginnings the same evening. I took Beryl and her husband John to a pub. There was a fight, and we saw someone being thrown out by the bouncers.The point about these two incidents is that they both happened in a flash. No one was carrying camera; there was no opportunity to make sketches. But somehow the essentials of the scene registered themselves on Beryl, and she was able to record them later in an absolutely convincing and authoritative way.The fact is she has two very rare gifts, not one. She has a magnificent visual memory, and at same time she is able to rearrange and simplify what she sees until it makes a completely convincing composition. Bertie's portrait, with its plump backside and bow legs, is more like Bertie than reflection in a mirror—it catches the absolute essentials of his physique and personality.But these gifts are just the foundation of what Beryl Cook does. She has a very keen feeling for pictorial rhythm. The picture of Dustmen, for instance, has a whirling rhythm which is emphasized by the movement of their large hands in red rubber gloves—these big hands are often a special feature of Beryl's pictures. The English artist she most closely resembles in this respect is Stanley Spencer.Details such as those I have described are, of course, just the kind of thing toappeal to a professional art critic. Important as they are, they would not in themselves account for the impact she has had on the public.Basically, I think this impact is due to two things. When Beryl paints an actual, everyday scene—and I confess these are the pictures I prefer—the smallest detail is immediately recognizable. Her people, for example, seem to fit into a kind of Beryl Cook stereotype, with their big heads and fat and round bodies. Yet they are in fact brilliantly accurate portraits. Walking round Plymouth with her, I am always recognizing people who have made an appearance in her work. Indeed, her vision is so powerful that one tends ever after to see the individual in the terms Beryl has chosen for him/her.The other reason for her success is almost too obvious to be worth mentioning—it is her marvelous sense of humour. My Fur Coat is a picture of a bowler-hatted gentleman who is being offered an unexpected treat. What makes the picture really memorable is the expression on the face of the man. The humour operates even in pictures which aren't obviously "funny". There is something very endearing, for instance, in the two road sweepers with Plymouth lighthouse looming behind them.A sense of humour may be a good reason for success with the public. It is also one which tends to devalue Beryl's work with professional art buffs. Her work contains too much life to be real art as they understand it.This seems to me nonsense, and dangerous nonsense at that. Beryl does what artists have traditionally done—she comments on the world as she perceives it. And the same time she rearranges what she sees to make a pattern of shapes and colours on a flat surface—a pattern which is more than the sum of its individual parts because it has the mysterious power to enhance and excite our own responses to the visible.I suspect Beryl's paintings will be remembered and cherished long after most late 20th-century art is forgotten. What they bring us is a real sense of how ordinary life is lived in our own time, a judgment which is the more authoritative for the humour and lightness of touch.Task 6【答案】A. objects, action or story, painted and composed, interestingB.Plate 1: symmetrical, more interesting designPlate 2: asymmetrical, shapes, colorsPlate 3: extends, the left side, pointC.Plate 4: c) d)Plate 5: a) b) d)Plate 6: a) b) d)【原文】The six pictures in your book are all what we call still life paintings—that is to say, they pictures of ordinary objects such as baskets of fruit, flowers, and old books. There is no “action”, there is n o "story" being told in any of these paintings. Yet we find these paintings interesting because of the way they have been painted, and especially because of the way they have been composed.The picture in PLATE 1 was painted by the seventeenth-century Spanish master Zurbaran. How simply Zurbaran has arranged his objects, merely lining them up in a row across the table! By separating them into three groups, with the largest item in thecenter, he has made what we call a symmetrical arrangement. But it is a rather free kind of symmetry, for the objects on the left side are different in shape from those on the right. Furthermore, the pile of lemons looks heavier than the cup and saucer. Yet Zurbaran has balanced these two different groups in a very subtle way. For one thing, he has made one of the leaves point downward toward the rose on the saucer, and he has made, the oranges appear to tip slightly toward the right. But even by themselves, the cup and saucer, combined with the rose, are more varied in shape than the pile of lemons on the left. All in all, what Zurbarran has done is to balance the heavier mass of lemons with a more interesting design on the right.We find a completely different sort of balance in a still life by the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Pieter Claesz (see PLATE 2). Objects of several different sizes are apparently scattered at random on a table. Claesz has arranged them asymmetrically, that is, without attempting to make the two halves of the picture look alike. The tall glass tumbler, for instance, has been placed considerably off-center, weighing down the composition at the left. Yet Claesz has restored the balance of the picture by massing his most interesting shapes and liveliest colors well over to the right.PLATE 3, a still life by the American painter William M. Harnett, seems even more heavily weighted to one side, for here two thick books and an inkwell are counterbalanced merely by a few pieces of paper. But notice the angle at which Harnett has placed the yellow envelope: How it extends one side of the pyramid formed by the books and inkwell way over to the left edge of the picture, like a long cable tying down a ship to its pier. Both the newspaper and the quill pen also point to this side of the painting, away from the heavy mass at the right, thus helping to balance the whole composition.Now turn to a still life by one of Harnett's contemporaries, the great French painter Paul Cezanne (see PLATE 4). Here the composition is even more daringly asymmetrical, for the climax of the entire picture is the heavy gray jug in the upper fight comer. Notice that Cezanne has arranged most of the fruit on the table, as well as a fold in the background drapery, so that they appear to move upward toward this jug. Yet he has balanced the composition by placing a bright yellow lemon at the left and by tipping the table down toward the lower left corner.Our next still life (see PLATE 5), by the famous Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, seems hardly "still" at all. As we view this scene from almost directly above, the composition seems to radiate in all directions, almost like an explosion. Notice that Van Gogh has painted the tablecloth with short, thick strokes which seem to shoot out from the very center of the picture.Finally, let us look at a painting by Henri Matisse (see PLATE 6). Here we see a number of still life objects, but no table to support them. Matisse presents each form by itself, in a world of its own, rather than as part of a group of objects in a realistic situation. But he makes us feel that all these forms belong together in his picture simply by the way he has related them to one another in their shapes and colors.Task 7【原文】Frank Lloyd Wright did not call himself an artist. He called himself an architect. But the buildings he designed were works of art. He looked at the ugly square buildings around him, and he did not like what he saw. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.Frank Lloyd Wright lived from 1869 to 1959. When he was young, there were nocourses in architecture, so he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. Soon he was designing buildings that were beautiful.He also wanted to make his buildings fit into the land around them. One of the houses he designed is on top of a high hill. Other people built tall, square houses on hills, but Wright did not want to lose the beauty of the hill. He built the house low and wide.Now other architects know how to design buildings to fit into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright showed them how to do it.。

unit 6 The Last LeafWhen Johnsy fell seriously ill, she seemed to lose the will to hang on to life. The doctor held out little hope for her. Her friends seemed helpless. Was there nothing to be done?约翰西病情严重，她似乎失去了活下去的意志。

医生对她不抱什么希望。

朋友们看来也爱莫能助。

难道真的就无可奈何了吗？The Last LeafO. Henry 1 At the top of a three-story brick building, Sue and Johnsy had their studio. "Johnsy" was familiar for Joanna. One was from Maine; the other from California. They had met at a cafe on Eighth Street and found their tastes in art, chicory salad and bishop sleeves so much in tune that the joint studio resulted.最后一片叶子欧·亨利在一幢三层砖楼的顶层，苏和约翰西辟了个画室。

“约翰西”是乔安娜的昵称。

她们一位来自缅因州，一位来自加利福尼亚。

两人相遇在第八大街的一个咖啡馆，发现各自在艺术品味、菊苣色拉，以及灯笼袖等方面趣味相投，于是就有了这个两人画室。

2 That was in May. In November a cold, unseen stranger, whom the doctors called Pneumonia, stalked about the district, touching one here and there with his icy fingers. Johnsy was among his victims. She lay, scarcely moving on her bed, looking through the small window at the blank side of the next brick house.那是5月里的事。

Unit 9Task 1【原文】pere: And now for our first question. It es from Mrs. June Moore. Mrs. Moore? Mrs. Moore: Does the panel think that puters will change our lives?pere: Mrs. Moore wants to know if puters will change our lives. Philip Barnes? Philip Barnes: puters have already changed our lives. Business is more efficient. Planes and trains provide a better service...Miss Anderson: Just a moment, Mr. Barnes. You may be right about business, but how many people have lost their jobs because of puters? puters havechanged our lives, but I don't want my life changed.Arthur Haines: Excuse me, Miss Anderson. We're talking about our lives, not your life.The puter will affect everyone in the world. Records can be kept ofeverything we do. Records will be kept of all our private lives. In myopinion, the puter is the greatest disaster of the 20th century.Phyllis Archer: Could I interrupt? Arthur Haines says the puter is a disaster, but the puter is a machine. It was invented by people; it is used by people. Ifthe puter is a disaster, then people are a disaster.pere: Thank you, Phyllis Archer. Thank you, panel. And thank you, Mrs. Moore.Task 2【答案】A.1) It includes a 9-inch TV screen, a keyboard with 46 numbers and characters on it, a printer, and two disk drives.2) It's all contained right on the floppy disk.3) It’s much better than a typewriter in that one can move words or sentences from place to place or make corrections or changes right on the screen, and never have to erase on paper.4) It can help him make a monthly budget for his household with electronic spreadsheet software.B.1) loads your program into the machine2) typewriter, typewriter,3) turning the puter on and loading a program4) the different things the program can do【原文】Narrator: For Harvey Van Runkle, it was love at first sight, or should we say, love at first byte? Really, it is 64,000 bytes—that's the size of the memory on hisnew BANANA-3 personal puter. It all happened by accident. His wife,Charlotte, had sent him out to buy a new toaster, when he found himselfstanding in front of a puter display at the BANANA puter Store. Salesman: Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this little puter is going to change your lives. Just consider the hardware: You have a 9-inch TV screen. That’s your videodisplay terminal. You have a keyboard with 46 numbers and characters on it.You have a printer that will give you paper printouts of your work in threecolors. You have two disk drives—one inside the puter terminal and oneoutside. This puter can do anything! Now let’s have a little demonstration.Who would like to try the new BANANA-3 puter? You, sir. You lookinterested. Step right up and try the BANANA-3.Harvey: What's a d-disk drive?Salesman: That's the part of the puter that loads your program into the machine. Harvey: Oh. What's a program?Salesman: The program? That's your software. That's the instructions. It's all contained right on this floppy disk here. The instructions on this disk tell the puterwhat to do.Harvey: Oh, you mean like my wife. She always tells me what to do.Salesman: Exactly. Now what type of program would you like? I have word processing,I have electronic spreadsheet...Harvey: What's word processing?Salesman: Word processing is using the puter like a typewriter. But it's much betterthan a typewriter. You can move words or sentences from place to place ormake corrections or changes right on the screen. You never have to eraseon paper. It's a wonderful little program! Would you like to try it, Mr... Harvey: Van Runkle. Harvey Van Runkle. I've never used a puter before... Salesman: It's easy. First we start up the machine, and then boot up a program. Harvey: Boot up?Salesman: That's puter talk for turning the puter on and loading a program. There. Now we look at the menu.Harvey: Menu? But I just had lunch. I'm not hungry.Salesman: No, no. This is a program menu, not a restaurant menu. It shows the different things the program can do. For example, here we have "file". If youselect file, you can choose which of your documents you want to work on.And here’s “edit”. This gives you ways to correct your document. Harvey: Gee, this is great! There's only one problem.Salesman: What's that?Harvey: I don't have any documents. I'm a plumber.Salesman: But you have bills, don't you?Harvey: Yeah, but...Salesman: Well, with our electronic spreadsheet software, you can make a monthly budget for your household.Harvey: No. My wife, Charlotte, does that.Salesman: Well, now you can do it, Harvey.Harvey: I don't know...Salesman: And you have friends, don't you?Harvey: Yeah, well there's my brother-in-law Bob...Salesman: Great! You can write letters to Bob on your new BANANA-3 puter!Harvey: Okay. How much is it?Salesman: Never mind. Do you have a credit card?Harvey: Well, sure...Salesman: Great. Joe, get Harvey here signed up, will you? He wants a BANANA-3 witha printer and software. Okay, step right up, ladies and gentlemen. This putercan do anything!Task 3【答案】A.1) They are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.2) Digital puters.3) Only one person at a time can use them.4) It is because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.5) Each person who uses a miniputer has a puter terminal that is connected to the miniputer by interface wires. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.B.There are two primary kinds of puters: analog puters and digital puters. Unless you are a scientist, you probably will not use analog puters. These puters are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.In contrast, digital puters perform their tasks by counting. Some digital puters are built to help solve only a specific kind of problem. For example, digital puters that monitor airplanes flying in and out of airports are built only for that task. Most digital puters, though, can be used to help solve many kinds of problems. Among them, microputers and miniputers are two kinds of mon digital puters.Microputers, also called personal puters, are the newest puters. Many are about the size of a very small television set. Some, however, are so small and light that people can carry them easily on business trips. Because puter manufacturers produce an enormous amount of puter hardware, it is possible for anyone to own and use a microputer. Therefore, we now see these machines in many homes, schools, and businesses. There is one disadvantage to these puters, though. Only one person at a time can use them. Also, many people who buy microputers do not understand what these machines can and cannot do. Some experts say that almost half of all micro-puters are not used often because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.Like microputers, miniputers are used in small businesses. However, they are larger than microputers and are used more frequently in large offices and businesses than in small businesses. Another difference is that more than one person can use a miniputer at the same time. We call this time-sharing. Some miniputers can have more than a hundred people time-sharing them. Each person who uses a miniputer has aputer terminal that is connected to the miniputer by interface wires. But even though more than one person can use a miniputer, the puter has only one CPU. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.Task 4【答案】A.1) It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played attoo slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.2) Lupa had once heard that even a sophisticated analog puter couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is.3) When Lupa stood up and walked around the room, it was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an inter was someone with a microphone.B.1) They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me.2) You know something; I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program.3) You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you?It was a Sunday; but how do you know whether I'm right? Thank you for visiting the puter exhibit.【原文】Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the puter. It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it."Do you have a name?" Lupa asked."Not yet," the puter answered. "They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me."Now Lupa thought this was clever, the way they had programmed the puter. She wondered if there was some way to screw up the program. She had once heard that even a sophisticated analog puter couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is, so she decided to give it a try."My paws give me pause," she said.The puter was silent."My paws give me pause," Lupa repeated. "It's a clause without claws."Lupa waited in silence for a response."You know something," the puter said. "I thought you'd be different. Just oncetoday I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program."Lupa smiled. "This was marvelous," she thought to herself. "They'd thought of everything.""Sorry," she said. "Mi dispiace.""Ah, you speak Italian," the puter said with some sarcasm."Qui, d'accord," Lupa answered. "C'est vrai.""And French, too. Your French is better than your Italian. Though neither one is great. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have to shut down. It's closing time."Lupa stood up and walked around the room. It was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an inter was someone with a microphone. She thought about how to test for this."You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you?" Lupa asked."It was a Sunday," the puter answered, "but how do you know whether I'm right? Thank you for visiting the puter exhibit."Task 5【答案】A.1) b) 2) c)B.1) F 2) F 3) F 4) THello. I think we can begin now if you're ready. Um, today I want to talk to you about puters, about the impact of puters on how we talk, on the ways we talk. Now of course we all know that puters have changed our lives in many ways. Stop and think for a minute about how we use puters in our everyday life. It's hard to think of anything we do that hasn't been changed by puters. For example, puters allow us to get money directly from our bank accounts at cash machines. At hospitals, puters help doctors understand what is wrong with patients. We can use puters to help us decide which color to paint our houses, which hair styles to have, or which dresses or suits would look good on us--lots of professional and personal uses. puters are simply a part ofour lives, and, I think it is safe to say, they will continue to be. What I'd like to look at today is how the use of puters has had an impact on our language--how puters have changed the expressions we say, the words we use.First, let me give you some examples. These are examples from English that I'd like you to think about. The first example is this. Someone at an office says, "We'd like to have the project online by next Monday." In puter talk "online" means started or working. So this statement means that we'd like to have the project started and going by next Monday.The second example is from a discussion or seminar. Someone might say, "Let's take this discussion offline until tomorrow." To take a puter "offline" means to disconnect it or take it out of the system. What do you think it means to take a discussion offline? To take a discussion "offline" means to stop talking about it. This example means "let's stop discussing this now and talk about it tomorrow."The third example is: "I'll try to interface my plans with yours." To "interface", in puter talk, means to do something so that different puter parts or software can work together. So "I'll try to interface my plans with yours" means that "I'll try to change my plans to fit with yours." People still say, of course, "I'll try to change my plans to fit with yours." But now we might also start to hear people say, "I'll try to interface my plans with yours," or "Let's see if we can interface our schedules so that we can meet next week."Let’s try one more example. Our fourth example might take place at home. Someone says,” I just can’t access where I left my car keys.” In puter talk to “access”something means to make information available. If I can’t access where I left my keys, I don’t have this information available for me to use. What would be another way to say this? Of course, we could also say, “I can’t remember where I put my keys.”Task 6【答案】1) Cyber ethics.2) It will focus on teaching educators how to teach their students cyber ethics.3) Because it’s not done verbally so that people can overhear it; they think it’s anonymous on the Internet.4) She was a former principal and an adjunct professor at Marymount University,teaching curriculum development and technology in the classroom.5) Young puter users do not see hacking, threats, cyber talking, Intellectual Property Rights violations and virus distribution as crimes.6) She said that it is something that needs to be instructed as routine curriculum, and student should know that these behaviors are as unacceptable in cyberspace as in thephysical realm.【原文】Although schools are doing a better job at teaching children how to use the Internet, they are not addressing cyber ethics. "Cyber Ethics: Teaching Responsible Use of Technology" will focus on teaching educators how to teach their students cyber ethics. When typical crimes are mitted on the Internet, students do not see them as a crime, said Cherie Geide, the conference director."They don't see anything wrong with it because they see it as a prank. It's more unacceptable to do it verbally where people can overhear it. They think it's anonymous on the Internet," said Geide, a former principal and an adjunct professor at Marymount University, teaching curriculum development and technology in the classroom.Geide said young puter users do not see hacking, threats, cyber talking, Intellectual Property Rights violations, such as in software or music, and virus distribution as crimes."This is something that needs to be instructed as routine curriculum," she said, "that this behavior is as unacceptable in cyberspace as in the physical realm.Task 7【答案】A.1) It's Microsoft's SANTA that the kids can't resist; it's the ultimate software with atraditional twist—remended by no less than the jolly old elf, and on the package, a picture of Santa himself.2) Father did last-minute Internet shopping; Mum and I had just settled down for a long winter’s nap.B.1) not a creature was stirring, except father's mouse. The puter was humming; the icons were hopping2) were hung next to the modem with care in the hope that Santa would bring new software3) were nestled all snug in their beds, with visions of puter games filling their leads4) now had been re-routed to Washington State where Santa's workshop had been moved by Bill Gates5) now finds he's a new billionaire; with a shiny red Porsche in place of his sleigh, and a house on Lake Washington just down the way from where Bill has his mansion; preens in black Gucci boots and red Calvin Klein jeans6) no more dolls or tin soldiers or little toy drams, only pact disk ROMs with the Microsoft label7) a new Christmas star, owned by the Microsoft guy8) turned on with a Jingle-Bells sound, as I sprang from my bed and was turningaround9) a smiling Bill Gates next to jolly old Santa, two arm-in-arm matesexclaim in voices so bright, have a Microsoft Christmas, and to all a good night【原文】It was the night before Christmas, and all through the house not a creature was stirring, except father's mouse. The puter was humming; the icons were hopping, as father did last-minute Internet shopping.The stockings were hung next to the modem with care in the hope that Santa would bring new software. The children were nestled all snug in their beds, with visions of puter games filling their leads.The letters to Santa had been sent out by Mum, to santatoyshop.northpole., which now had been re-routed to Washington State where Santa's workshop had been moved by Bill Gates. All the elves and the reindeer had had to skedaddle to flashy new quarters in suburban Seattle.Alter living a life that was simple and spare, Santa now finds he's a new billionaire; with a shiny red Porsche in place of his sleigh, and a house on Lake Washington just down the way from where Bill has his mansion. The old fellow preens in black Gucci boots and red Calvin Klein jeans.No more dolls or tin soldiers or little toy drams will be under the tree, only pact disk ROMs with the Microsoft label. So spin up your drive from now on, Christmas runs only on Windows 95.It's Microsoft's SANTA that the kids can't resist; it's the ultimate software with a traditional twist—remended by no less than the jolly old elf, and on the package, a picture of Santa himself."Get 'em young, keep 'em long" is Microsoft's theme; and a merger with Santa is a marketer's dream. "To the top of the NASDAQ! To the top of the Dow! Now dash away! Dash away! Dash away—wow!"And Mum in her handkerchief and me in my cap, had just settled down for a long winter's nap. When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter, the whirr and the hum of our satellite platter. As it turned toward that new Christmas star in the sky, the SANTALITE owned by the Microsoft guy. As I sprang from my bed and was turning around, my puter turned on with a Jingle-Bells sound.And there on the screen was a smiling Bill Gates next to jolly old Santa, two arm-in-arm mates. And I heard them exclaim in voices so bright, have a Microsoft Christmas, and to all a good night!Task 8【答案】A.1) You would need a puter because of its "memory" and speed; a puter can consider more factors than a person can.2) The reservation clerk uses a machine to record information about where you want togo and the flight number of the plane that will take you to your destination.3) The puter not only determines what seats are available at what prices, but it also prints the tickets at the same time.B.1) there is a limit to the number of considerations the human mind can2) analyzing this factor in relation to information about the business that has already been programmed3) in which puters are being4) whether or not there is space for youC. See the last paragraph but one in the script.【原文】Suppose you are a manufacturer of bicycles. You are trying to decide whether or not to build a larger factory or to buy more machines. You could just say to yourself, "Business has been good. We've sold a lot of bicycles recently, so I think we ought to expand our plant."Or you could consider such questions as the following: How much would the changes cost? Can the bicycle-riding population be expected to increase or decrease? Many such questions would have to be answered, but there is a limit to the number of considerations the human mind can take into account.In a situation like this, you would need a puter. Because of its "memory" and speed, a puter can consider more factors than a person can. Does the bicycle manufacturer wonder how the weather will affect bicycle sales? The puter can tell him by analyzing this factor in relation to information about the business that has already been programmed into the puter.This is just one of many situations in which puters are being used today. This new servant of man is only about twenty-five years old, but it has already changed the lives of more than 200 million Americans. Wherever the citizen turns, he finds a puter working.puters are used when one reserves space on an airplane. Walk into any airline office. Before selling you a ticket, the reservation clerk uses a machine that looks like a typewriter to record information about where you want to go and the flight number of the plane that will take you to your destination. This information is sent instantly to a central puter that may be many kilometers away from the airline office. Within seconds, the puter informs the clerk whether or not there is space for you on that plane.Such reservation systems are now in increasing use. They are also employed by hotels, by -panics that rent cars, and by offices that sell tickets to theaters and sports events. The puter not only determines what seats are available at what prices, but it also prints thetickets at the same time.When puters are used in the way just described, some part of the system can actually be seen. Usually what one sees is a machine that looks like a typewriter; it is called a puter terminal. But puters are also used in unseen ways. For example, they determine how much time there should be between traffic signals to prevent traffic problems and to keep millions of cars moving in an orderly flow. When you buy an automobile, a factory process that is controlled by a puter enables you to obtain a car with your own choice of colours and special features in just a few weeks' time. In medical laboratories, puters have reduced the errors in testing, and they have saved doctors countless hours of work. Before long, medical histories of all Americans will be kept in puter "banks". If a person bees ill far from his home, local doctors will be able to get his medical record immediately. In science, the puter has performed in minutes experiments which would have required thousands of hours of work by human hands and minds.The United States is not the only country affected by the "puter revolution". All the major countries of the world have puters, and the developing countries are increasingly aware that puters play a big part in their economic advancement.Task 9【答案】A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) c)B. 1) T 2) F 3) FC.1) potential criminals: puter crime2) using less obvious and less easily remembered passwords that allow access to3) limit the user's access to information as well as the operations the userD.Courts are being tougher and puter security is improving. puter security is getting more sophisticated. For example, less obvious passwords are being used, and access-control software and "dial back" systems have been developed. Scrambling devices and audit trails are also available.【原文】Let's talk a little now about what is being done to stop puter crime. First, the courts are getting much tougher on hackers. They are punishing puter criminals more severely. They are trying to send a strong message to potential criminals: puter crime is serious. If you're caught doing it, you'll be punished. This is seen as a way of preventing hacking.puter security is getting more sophisticated. It's being improved by using less obvious and less easily remembered passwords that allow access to systems. These passwords should be given to the minimum number of people.Access-control software is being more mon. This software limits the user's access toinformation as well as the operations the user can perform. So, for example, access control software might only let users read certain files or programs, but not let them input data, and may keep them out of other files entirely.Then there are "dial back" systems that ask the user or caller for a password. The system then checks the password in a directory and calls the user back at his or her telephone number. This stops hackers who are calling from another number from gaining access to the system.Scrambling devices are also being developed by puter engineers. These devices scramble messages so that hackers can't understand them. Data can be unscrambled and used only if the scrambling key is known by the user. Scrambling is a very effective way of protecting information.Audit trail software is also now available. Audit trails monitor the use of a puter and alert owners to any attempt to enter their puter system. It is usually possible to identify any user who gained access to the system and when the access occurred, making it possible to trace the hacker.Well, those are some of the major things that are happening at the present time in order to decrease puter crime. None of them is pletely satisfactory, but together they are certainly helping. These changes, as well as the improvements that are certain to e, should influence people to stop hacking by making it less profitable and more risky.Task 10【原文】"The astronauts are returning to earth at exactly 5:24. Splashdown will be in the Pacific, 427ciles west of Hawaii."You have often heard announcements like this on television. Scientists can tell us exactly when pace-capsule will arrive on the moon, for instance, and exactly when it will return. They can calculate things like this to the nearest second. How do they do it? Well, of course, they use mathematics. We can all do simple sums on paper, but we must use puters for extremely difficult calculations. Perhaps you have seen mechanical calculating machines in banks and offices. puters aren't mechanical. They don't have wheels and gears in them. Instead, they work on electrical circuits and can do difficult calculations at tremendous speed. They can work 100 million times faster than the human mind!。

Unit 7Task 1【答案】A.1) In a mental asylum.2) He was a member of a committee which went there to show concern for the pertinents there.3) They were cants behaving like humans.4) He was injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill.5) He spent the rest of his life in comfort.B.painter, birds, animals, cats, wide, published, encouragement, A year or two, The Illustrated London News, cats' Christmas party, a hundred and fifty, world famous 【原文】Dan Rider, a bookseller who loved good causes, was a member of a committee that visited mental asylums. On one visit he noticed a patient, a quiet little man, drawing cats. Rider looked at the drawings and gasped."Good lord, man," he exclaimed. "You draw like Louis Wain!""I am Louis Wain," said the artist.Most people today have never heard of Louis Wain. But, when Rider found him in 1925, he was a household name."He made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world," said H. G. Wells in a broadcast appeal a month or two later. "British cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves."Before Louis Wain began drawing them, cats were kept strictly in the kitchen if they were kept at all. They were useful for catching mice and perhaps for keeping the maidservant company. Anyone else who felt affection for cats usually kept quiet about it. If a man admitted that he liked cats, he would be laughed at. The dog was the only domestic animal that could be called a friend.Louis Wain studied art as a youth and became quite a successful newspaper and magazine artist. He specialized in birds and animals, including dogs, but never drew a cat till his wife was dying. They had not been married long, and during her illness a black-and-white cat called Peter used to sit on her bed. To amuse his wife, Louis Wain used to sketch and caricature the cat while he sat by her bedside. She urged him to show these-drawings to editors, fie was unconvinced, but wanted to humour her.The first editor he approached shared his lack of enthusiasm. "Whoever would want to see a picture of a cat?" he asked, and Louis Wain put the drawings away. A year or two later he showed them to the editor of The Illustrated London News, who suggested a picture of a cats' Christmas party across two full pages. Using his old sketches of Peter, Louis Wain produced a picture containing about a hundred and fifty cats, each one different from the rest. It took him a few days to draw, and it made him world famous.For the next twenty-eight years he drew nothing but cats. He filled his house with them, and sketched them in all their moods. There was nothing subtle about his work. Its humour simply lay in showing cats performing human activities; they followed every new fashion from sea bathing to motoring. He was recognized, somewhat flatteringly, as the leading authority on the feline species. He became President of the National Cat Club and was eagerly sought after as a judge at cat shows.Louis Wain's career ended abruptly in 1914, when he was seriously injured in abus accident and became mentally ill. Finally, he was certified insane and put in an asylum for paupers.After Dan Rider found him, appeals were launched and exhibitions of his work arranged, and he spent the rest of his life in comfort. He continued to draw cats, but they became increasingly strange as his mental illness progressed. Psychiatrists found them more fascinating than anything he had done when he was sane.Task 2【答案】A.1) Because he was always trying new things and new ways of doing things just like a young painter.2) It didn’t look like her.3) It was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was.4) People from the poorer parts of Paris, who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick.B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TC. 1881, 1973, Malaga, Spain, ninety-one yearsD. fifteen, nineteen, twenty-three, colors, darker, change, soft-colored, strange,shape, human face and figure, strange【原文】Pablo Picasso was born in 1881. So probably you are wondering why we call him "the youngest painter in the world". When he died in 1973, he was ninety-one years old. But even at that age, he was still painting like a young painter.For that reason, we have called him the "youngest" painter. Young people are always trying new things and new ways of doing things. They welcome new ideas. They are restless and are never satisfied. They seek perfection. Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best, riley prefer to repeat their successes, rather than risk failure. They have found their own place in life and don't like to leave it. We know what to expect from them.When he was over ninety, this great Spanish painter still lived his life like a young man. He was still looking for new ideas and for new ways to use his artistic materials.Picasso's figures sometimes face two ways at once, with the eyes and nose in strange places. Sometimes they are out of shape or broken. Even the colors are not natural. The title of the picture tells us it is a person, but it may look more like a machine.At such times Picasso was trying to paint what he saw with his mind as well as with his eyes. He put in the side of the face as well as the front. He painted the naked body and the clothes on it at the same time. He painted in his own way. He never thought about other people's opinions.Most painters discover a style of painting that suits them and keep to it, especially if people like their pictures. As the artist grows older his pictures may change, but not very much. But Picasso was like a man who had not yet found his own style. He was still looking for a way to express his own restless spirit.The first thing one noticed about him was the look in his large, wide-open eyes. Gertrude Stein, a famous American writer who knew him when he was young, mentioned this hungry look, and one can still see it in pictures of him today. Picasso painted a picture of her in 1906, and the story is an interesting one.According to Gertrude Stein, she visited the painter's studio eighty or ninety times while he painted her picture. While Picasso painted they talked about everything inthe world that interested them. Then one day Picasso wiped out the painted head though he had worked on it for so long. "When I look at you I can't see you any more!" he remarked.Picasso went away for the summer. When he returned, he went at once to the picture left in the comer of his studio. Quickly he finished the face from memory. He could see the woman's face more clearly in his mind than he could see it when she sat in the studio in front of him.When people complained to him that the painting of Miss Stein didn't look like her, Picasso would reply, "Too bad. She'll have to look like the picture." But thirty years later, Gertrude Stein said that Picasso's painting of her was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really wasPicasso was born in Malaga, Spain, a pleasant, quiet town. His father was a painter and art teacher who gave his son his first lessons in drawing.Young Pablo did badly at school. He was lazy and didn't listen to what the teachers were saying. He had confidence in himself from the beginning. But it was soon clear that the boy was an artist and deserved the best training he could get. Not even his earliest drawings look like the work of a child.One can say that Picasso was born to be a painter. He won a prize for his painting when he was only fifteen. He studied art in several cities in Spain. But there was no one to teach him all he wanted to know. When he was nineteen he visited Paris.Paris was then the center of the world for artists. Most painters went there sooner or later to study, to see pictures, and to make friends with other painters. Everything that was new and exciting in the world of painting happened there. When he was twenty-three, Picasso returned there to live, and lived in France for the rest of his life.He was already a fine painter. He painted scenes of town life—people in the streets and in restaurants, at horse races and bull fights. They were painted in bright colors and were lovely to look at.But life was not easy for him. For several years he painted people from the poorer parts of the city. He painted men and women who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick. His colors got darker. Most of these pictures were painted in blue, and showed very clearly what the artist saw and felt. The paintings of this "blue period" are full of pity and despair.Picasso did not have to wait long for success. As he began to sell his pictures and become recognized as a painter, his pictures took on a warmer look. At the same time he began to paint with more and more freedom. He began to see people and places as simple forms or shapes. He no longer tried to make his pictures true to life.The results at first seemed strange and not real. The pictures were difficult to understand. His style of painting was known as Cubism, from the shape of the cube. Many people did not like this new and sometimes frightening style. But what great paintings give us is a view of life through one man's eyes, and every man's view is different.Some of Picasso's paintings are rich, soft-colored, and beautiful. Others are strange with sharp, black outlines. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They can make our own view of the world sharper. For they force us to say to ourselves, "What makes him paint like that? What does he see?"Birds, places, and familiar objects play a part in Picasso's painting. But, when one thinks of him, one usually thinks of the way he painted the human face and figure. It is both beautiful and strange. Gertrude Stein wrote, "The head, the face, the human body--these are all that exist for Picasso. The souls of people do not interest him. The reality of life is in the head, the face, and the body."Task 3【答案】American Decorative Arts and Sculpture:colonial period, furniture, ceramics, ship modelsAmerican Art:The Far East, Islam, scroll painting, Buddhist sculpture, prints, the third millennium European Decorative Arts and Sculpture:Western, the fifth century, Medieval art, decorative arts, English silver, porcelain, the musical instrumentsPaintings:11th century, 20th century, impressionists, Spanish, DutchTextiles and Costumes:high quality, a broad selection, weavings, laces, costumes, accessories【原文】Welcome to the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston has long been recognized as a leading center for the arts. One of the city's most important cultural resources is the Museum of Fine Arts, which houses collections of art from antiquity to the present day, many of them unsurpassed. Now let me introduce to you some of the collections here.The Museum's collections of American decorative arts and sculpture range from the colonial period to the present time, with major emphasis on pre-Civil War New England. Furniture, silver, glass, ceramics, and sculpture are on exhibition, as well as an important collection of ship models. Favorite among museum-goers are the collection of 18th-century American furniture, the period rooms, and the superb collection of silver.The Boston Museum's Asiatic collections are universally recognized as the most extensive assemblage to be found anywhere under one roof. Artistic traditions of the Far East, Islam, and India are represented by objects dating from the third millennium B.C. to the contemporary era. The collections of Japanese and Chinese art are especially noteworthy. The variety of strengths in the collection are reflected in such areas as Japanese prints, Chinese and Japanese scroll painting, Chinese ceramics, and a renowned collection of Buddhist sculpture.The Department of European Decorative Arts and Sculpture houses Western European works of art dating from the fifth century through 1900. Outstanding among these holdings are the collection of medieval art and the collection of French 18th-century decorative arts. Also of exceptional importance are the English silver collection, the 18th-century English and French porcelain, and the collection of musical instruments.The Museum has one of the world's foremost collections of paintings ranging from the 11th century to the early 20th century. This department is noted for French paintings from 1825 to 1900, especially works by the impressionists. The Museum's great collection of paintings by American artists includes more than 60 works by John Singleton Copley and 50 by Gilbert Stuart. There is also a strong representation of paintings from Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.The collection of textiles and costumes is ranked among the greatest in the world because of the high quality and rarity of individual pieces and because it has a broad selection of representative examples of weavings, embroideries, laces, printed fabrics, costumes, and costume accessories. The textile arts of both eastern and western cultures are included, dating from pre-Christian times to the present.Apart from what I have mentioned, the Museum has got much more to offer, for example, the collections of classical art, Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern art, and 20th-century art. I'll leave you to explore by yourselves and enjoy your time here.Task 4【答案】A.1) specialists, specialized settings, money, sharp division2) conventions, some societies and periods3) commodityB.1) Because they lacked opportunity: The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.2) Because the art of indigenous peoples did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art.C. 1) F 2) T【原文】The functions of the artist and artwork have varied widely during the past five thousand years. It our time, the artist is seen as an independent worker, dedicated to the expression of a unique subjective experience. Often the artist's role is that of the outsider, a critical or rebellious figure. He or she is a specialist who has usually undergone advanced training in a university department of art or theater, or a school with a particular focus, such as a music conservatory. In our societies, works of art are presented in specialized settings: theaters, concert halls, performance spaces, galleries, and museum. There is usually a sharp division between the artist and her or his audience of non-artists. We also associate works of art with money: art auctions in which paintings sell for millions of dollars, ticket sales to the ballet, or fundraising for the local symphony.In other societies and parts of our own society, now and in the past, the arts are closer to the lives of ordinary people. For the majority of their history, artists have expressed the dominant beliefs of a culture, rather than rebelling against them. In place of our emphasis on the development of a personal or original style, artists were trained to conform to the conventions of their art form. Nor have artists always been specialists; in some societies and periods, all members of a society participated in art. The modern Western economic mode, which treats art as a commodity for sale, is not universal. In societies such as that of the Navaho, the concept of selling or creating a salable version of a sand painting would be completely incomprehensible. Selling Navaho sand paintings created as part of a ritual would profane a sacred experience.Artists' identities are rarely known before the Renaissance, with the exception of the period of Classical Greece, when artists were highly regarded for their individual talents and styles. Among artists who were known, there were fewer women than men. In the twentieth century, many female artists in all the disciplines have been recognized. Their absence in prior centuries does not indicate lack of talent, but reflects lack of opportunity. The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.Artists of color have also been recognized in the West only recently. The reasons for this absence range from the simple--there were few Asians in America and Europe prior to the middle of the nineteenth century--to the complexities surrounding African Americans. The art of indigenous peoples, while far older than that of the West, did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art. Until recently,such art was ignored or dismissed in Western society by the dominant cultural gatekeepers.Task 5【答案】A.1) a) 2) c) 3) b)B.Ⅰ. observant, a dog, Leather BarⅡ. Magnificent visual memory, essentialsⅢ. Rhythm, DustmenⅣ. everyday scenes, Her salty sense of humourC. 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) T【原文】Few artists can have made such an immediate impact on the public as Beryl Cook. At one moment she was completely unknown; at the next, so it seemed, almost everyone had heard of her. First, a few paintings appeared quietly in the window of a remote country antique shop. Then there were exhibitions in Plymouth, in Bristol, in London; an article in a colour supplement, a television programme, a series of greetings cards and a highly successful book. Her rise was all the more astonishing since she was completely untrained, and was already middle-aged by the time she began to paint.Faced with such a series of events, the temptation is to discuss Beryl's art in the context of naive art. This seems to me a mistake, for she is a highly sophisticated and original painter, whose work deserves to be taken on its own terms.What are those terms? If one actually meets Beryl, one comes to understand them a little better. The pictures may seem extrovert, but she is not. For example, she is too shy to turn up at her own private viewings. Her pleasure is to stay in the background, observing.And what an observer Beryl Cook is! It so happens that I was present when the ideas for two of the paintings in the present collection germinated. One is a portrait of my dog, a French bulldog called Bertie. When Beryl came to see me for the first time, he jumped up the stairs ahead of her, wearing his winter coat which is made from an old scarf. A few days later his picture arrived in the post. The picture called Leather Bar had its beginnings the same evening. I took Beryl and her husband John to a pub. There was a fight, and we saw someone being thrown out by the bouncers.The point about these two incidents is that they both happened in a flash. No one was carrying camera; there was no opportunity to make sketches. But somehow the essentials of the scene registered themselves on Beryl, and she was able to record them later in an absolutely convincing and authoritative way.The fact is she has two very rare gifts, not one. She has a magnificent visual memory, and at same time she is able to rearrange and simplify what she sees until it makes a completely convincing composition. Bertie's portrait, with its plump backside and bow legs, is more like Bertie than reflection in a mirror—it catches the absolute essentials of his physique and personality.But these gifts are just the foundation of what Beryl Cook does. She has a very keen feeling for pictorial rhythm. The picture of Dustmen, for instance, has a whirling rhythm which is emphasized by the movement of their large hands in red rubber gloves—these big hands are often a special feature of Beryl's pictures. The English artist she most closely resembles in this respect is Stanley Spencer.Details such as those I have described are, of course, just the kind of thing toappeal to a professional art critic. Important as they are, they would not in themselves account for the impact she has had on the public.Basically, I think this impact is due to two things. When Beryl paints an actual, everyday scene—and I confess these are the pictures I prefer—the smallest detail is immediately recognizable. Her people, for example, seem to fit into a kind of Beryl Cook stereotype, with their big heads and fat and round bodies. Yet they are in fact brilliantly accurate portraits. Walking round Plymouth with her, I am always recognizing people who have made an appearance in her work. Indeed, her vision is so powerful that one tends ever after to see the individual in the terms Beryl has chosen for him/her.The other reason for her success is almost too obvious to be worth mentioning—it is her marvelous sense of humour. My Fur Coat is a picture of a bowler-hatted gentleman who is being offered an unexpected treat. What makes the picture really memorable is the expression on the face of the man. The humour operates even in pictures which aren't obviously "funny". There is something very endearing, for instance, in the two road sweepers with Plymouth lighthouse looming behind them.A sense of humour may be a good reason for success with the public. It is also one which tends to devalue Beryl's work with professional art buffs. Her work contains too much life to be real art as they understand it.This seems to me nonsense, and dangerous nonsense at that. Beryl does what artists have traditionally done—she comments on the world as she perceives it. And the same time she rearranges what she sees to make a pattern of shapes and colours on a flat surface—a pattern which is more than the sum of its individual parts because it has the mysterious power to enhance and excite our own responses to the visible.I suspect Beryl's paintings will be remembered and cherished long after most late 20th-century art is forgotten. What they bring us is a real sense of how ordinary life is lived in our own time, a judgment which is the more authoritative for the humour and lightness of touch.Task 6【答案】A. objects, action or story, painted and composed, interestingB.Plate 1: symmetrical, more interesting designPlate 2: asymmetrical, shapes, colorsPlate 3: extends, the left side, pointC.Plate 4: c) d)Plate 5: a) b) d)Plate 6: a) b) d)【原文】The six pictures in your book are all what we call still life paintings—that is to say, they pictures of ordinary objects such as baskets of fruit, flowers, and old books. There is no “action”, there is no "story" being told in any of these paintings. Yet we find these paintings interesting because of the way they have been painted, and especially because of the way they have been composed.The picture in PLATE 1 was painted by the seventeenth-century Spanish master Zurbaran. How simply Zurbaran has arranged his objects, merely lining them up in a row across the table! By separating them into three groups, with the largest item in thecenter, he has made what we call a symmetrical arrangement. But it is a rather free kind of symmetry, for the objects on the left side are different in shape from those on the right. Furthermore, the pile of lemons looks heavier than the cup and saucer. Yet Zurbaran has balanced these two different groups in a very subtle way. For one thing, he has made one of the leaves point downward toward the rose on the saucer, and he has made, the oranges appear to tip slightly toward the right. But even by themselves, the cup and saucer, combined with the rose, are more varied in shape than the pile of lemons on the left. All in all, what Zurbarran has done is to balance the heavier mass of lemons with a more interesting design on the right.We find a completely different sort of balance in a still life by the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Pieter Claesz (see PLATE 2). Objects of several different sizes are apparently scattered at random on a table. Claesz has arranged them asymmetrically, that is, without attempting to make the two halves of the picture look alike. The tall glass tumbler, for instance, has been placed considerably off-center, weighing down the composition at the left. Yet Claesz has restored the balance of the picture by massing his most interesting shapes and liveliest colors well over to the right.PLATE 3, a still life by the American painter William M. Harnett, seems even more heavily weighted to one side, for here two thick books and an inkwell are counterbalanced merely by a few pieces of paper. But notice the angle at which Harnett has placed the yellow envelope: How it extends one side of the pyramid formed by the books and inkwell way over to the left edge of the picture, like a long cable tying down a ship to its pier. Both the newspaper and the quill pen also point to this side of the painting, away from the heavy mass at the right, thus helping to balance the whole composition.Now turn to a still life by one of Harnett's contemporaries, the great French painter Paul Cezanne (see PLATE 4). Here the composition is even more daringly asymmetrical, for the climax of the entire picture is the heavy gray jug in the upper fight comer. Notice that Cezanne has arranged most of the fruit on the table, as well as a fold in the background drapery, so that they appear to move upward toward this jug. Yet he has balanced the composition by placing a bright yellow lemon at the left and by tipping the table down toward the lower left corner.Our next still life (see PLATE 5), by the famous Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, seems hardly "still" at all. As we view this scene from almost directly above, the composition seems to radiate in all directions, almost like an explosion. Notice that Van Gogh has painted the tablecloth with short, thick strokes which seem to shoot out from the very center of the picture.Finally, let us look at a painting by Henri Matisse (see PLATE 6). Here we see a number of still life objects, but no table to support them. Matisse presents each form by itself, in a world of its own, rather than as part of a group of objects in a realistic situation. But he makes us feel that all these forms belong together in his picture simply by the way he has related them to one another in their shapes and colors.Task 7【原文】Frank Lloyd Wright did not call himself an artist. He called himself an architect. But the buildings he designed were works of art. He looked at the ugly square buildings around him, and he did not like what he saw. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.Frank Lloyd Wright lived from 1869 to 1959. When he was young, there were nocourses in architecture, so he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. Soon he was designing buildings that were beautiful.He also wanted to make his buildings fit into the land around them. One of the houses he designed is on top of a high hill. Other people built tall, square houses on hills, but Wright did not want to lose the beauty of the hill. He built the house low and wide.Now other architects know how to design buildings to fit into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright showed them how to do it.。

Unit 1Task 1【答案】A. unusual, whatever, escape, traditions, present, grey, moulded, shape, hereB.1) Students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance.2) When people went anywhere on a visit, the pretty English girls all kissed them.3) Erasmus, Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, and Newton (or Wordsworth, Byron, Tennyson, etc.)【原文】My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever country one comes as a student one cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge traditions---and they go back so far! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same time the past, the present and even the future. It’s easy to see in the old grey stone buildings how the past moulded the present and how the present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this university town looks like and how it came to be here at all.The story of the University began, so far as I know, in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from Oxford.Of course there were no colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from anywhere and everywhere. They were armed; some even banded together to rob the people of the countryside. Gradually the idea of the college developed, and in 1284, Peterhouse, the oldest college in Cambridge, was founded.Life in college was strict; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. Books were very scarce and all the lessons were in the Latin language which students were supposed to speak even among themselves.In 1440 King Henry VI founded King’s College, and the other colleges followed. Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, was at one of these, Queens’ College, from 1511 to 1513, and though he wrote that the college beer was ―weak and badly made‖, he also mentioned a pleasant custom that unfor tunately seems to have ceased.―The English girls are extremely pretty,‖ Erasmus said, ―soft, pleasant, gentle, and charming. When you go anywhere on a visit the girls all kiss you. They kiss you when you arrive. They kiss you when you go away and agai n when you return.‖Many other great men studied at Cambridge, among them Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, Newton, Wordsworth, Byron and Tennyson.Task 2【答案】A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c)B.1) They usually wear black gowns—long gowns that hang down to the feet are for graduates, and shorter ones forundergraduates.2) Women students do not play a very active part in university life at Cambridge, but they work harder than men. C.1) meadows, green, peaceful, bending into, intervals, deep coloured, reflection, contrasts, lawns2) peace, scholarship, peace, suggest, stretches, charmingly cool, graceful【原文】Now let me give you some idea of what you would see if you were to talk around Cambridge. Let us imagine that I am seeing the sights for the first time. It is a quite market town and the shopping centre extends for quite a large area, but I notice more bookshops than one normally sees in country town s, and more tailors’ shops showing in their windows the black gowns that students must wear—long gowns that hang down to the feet for graduates and shorter ones for undergraduates.In the centre of the town is the market place where several times each week country traders come to sell their produce. Everywhere there are teashops, some in modern and many in old buildings, reached by climbing narrow stairs. There is a great deal of bicycle traffic, mainly undergraduates who race along thoughtless of safety, with long scarves (in various colours to denote their college) wound round their necks.Continuing, I find my way to the river which flows behind the college buildings and curls about the town in the shape of a horseshoe. This narrow river is the Granta, and a little farther on changes in name to the Cam. It flows slowly and calmly. The ―Blacks‖, as this part of the town behind the colleges is called, have been described as the loveliest man-made view in English. It is indeed beautiful. To the felt, across the stream, there are no buildings, merely meadows, colleges’ gardens and lines of tall trees. Everything is very green and peaceful. On the river bank are willow trees with their branches bending into the water and, at intervals along the river, stone bridges cross the stream and lead into the colleges which line the bank. The deep coloured brick or stone of collegewalls, sometimes red and sometimes grey, is 500 years old. The walls rise out of their own reflection in the water and their colour contrasts charmingly with glimpses of the many green lawns.Walking along the river bank, where the only sound is the noise of gentle wind in the tree tops, I came to my college, King’s College. Across a bridge and beyond a vast carpet of green lawn stands King’s College Chapel, the largest and most beautiful building in Cambridge and the most perfect example left of English fifteenth-century architecture.The colleges join one another along the curve of the river. Going through a college gate one finds one is standing in an almost square space of 70 yards known as a ―court‖. Looking down into the court on all sides are the buildings where the students live. The colleges are built on a plan common to all. There is a chapel, a library, and a large dinning-hall. One court leads to another and each is made beautiful with lawns or a fountain or charming old stone path. The student gets a good impression of all the English architectural styles of the past 600 years---the bad as well as the good.There are 28 colleges, excluding three for women students. Women students do not play a very active part in university life at Cambridge, but they work harder than men.It is difficult to walk around the quite courts of the colleges without feeling a sense of peace and scholarship. And the sense of peace that green lawns always suggest to me is found in the town too, for often one is surprised to meet open stretches of grass in the midst of the streets and house giving a charmingly cool countryside effect and re minding one of the more graceful days of eighteenth century. I’ll finish as I began on that note, the feeling one has here of the past in the present, of continuing tradition and firm faith.Task 3【答案】A. 1) b) 2) c)B.“F ive Secrets” for Getting a Student VisaSecret One: Get free, accurate information by visiting the US Embassy website.Secret Two: Be thoroughly prepared.Bring: I-20 form or IAP form;Diploma(s);Standardized test score reports (TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc.);All letters and e-mails from the school, esp. those discussing financial aid;Evidence of funding for the applicant’s studies;Business cards;Any other documents that might be important.Secret Three: Answer the questions that are asked. Don’t give the visa officer a prepared speech.Secret Four: Tell the truth.Secret Five: Come back to China in two ways:1) Come back to see your family and maintain your ties to China.2) Come back to China after graduation.【原文】On March 7, US Consul General David Hopper and three other officials from the Visa Section of the American Embassy met with students at Peking University. One of the officials presented ―Five Secrets‖for getting a student visa.Secret One:Get free, accurate information on applying for a student visa. Visit the US Embassy website. There is no charge for using these resources. Why pay to get the same information from other sources?Secret Two:Be thoroughly prepared. Make sure you bring:● Y I-20 form (or IAP-66 form);●Your diploma(s);●Your standardized test score reports (TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc.);●All letters and e-mails from the school, especially those that discuss scholarships, assistantships, fellowshipsand other forms of financial aid;●Evidence of funding for your studies (bank documents, etc.);●Your business cards (if you have a job);●Any other documents that you think might be important.Secret Three:Answer those questions that are asked. Don’t give the visa officer a prepared speech! Here’s an example of what to avoid.Visa officer：Hi, how are you today?Applicant：I’m going to study chemical engineering at X University.Visa officer：X University? I've been to the campus many times.Applicant：I will surely return to China and find a good job with a major multinational company.Visa officer：So tell me, what color is the sky?Applicant：I was given a teaching assistantship because the school believes my test scores and credentials are excellent．These people are not communicating, and the applicant is not advancing his cause!Secret Four：Tell the truth. If the visa officer thinks you’re lying, you won’t ge t a visa.Secret Five：Come back to China. We mean that in two ways：1. Come back to see your family and maintain your ties to China．Keep up your friendships and professionalcontacts here．Students returning on vacation d on’t eve n need to come in for an interview；they can simply use the drop-box service offered at many CITIC Bank locations.2. Come back to China after you graduate. Use those advanced skills and theories that you learn in the US tomake China a better place．Task 4【答案】A.1) You are not well suited for it. / You do not have the necessary qualities or abilities for it.2) You cannot go back to the previous situation. /You cannot change your mind.3) You can’t change halfway the subjects you choose to study.B. 1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) a) 5) a) 6) b)C.References:In the text, John criticizes the British university system for being too specialized in their curriculum, and argues that the American system is a better one. But Peter, the US student, doesn’t agree. In the debate, encourage students to refer to the points made by Peter or john in the conversation. They may also use their own experience at a Chinese university to support their viewpoints.John’s arguments for a broader course of study:—Students who follow a broader course will have a better understanding of the world in general, and they will be more flexible in their jobs, so that if things go wrong they will be able to change jobs more easily.—Things are changing so rapidly that we have to change with them. Too much emphasis on specialization makes it difficult for us to renew or update our knowledge.—The majority of British students never use 90 percent of what they have studied at university, because what they learned is too academic and difficult.Peter’s arguments against John:—There are too many subjects today. You won’t be competent in anything if you don’t focus. Life is short. You can’t do everything.—People usually know what they want to do in high school.—There are not many alternatives if students want to learn enough to be competent in their subject.—American students with a first degree don’t have the depth of knowledge they should have.—Specialization is particularly important in sciences.—People need to acquire a lot of pure knowledge, particularly in technical and scientific areas. The importance of pure knowledge should not be underestimated.【原文】John: I disagree, Peter. I don’t think it really matters what your educational background is. Anyone who is bright enough is going to do well whatever their education.Peter: But John, …John: In fact, I think some people carry on with their education when they would do a lot better to get out and start building their own careers by learning things in real life.Peter: Yes, but the whole point is, life is getting so much more complicated these days that unless you carry on with your studies you just can't cope.John: For certain things, and certain people, okay. But to my mind, the big problem in education is that you specialize too quickly. I mean, in England, you start specializing from the third year in secondary school, when you're about 14. And it gets steadily narrower until you do your A-levels in only two or three subjects.You either do languages, or natural sciences, or social sciences.Peter: But surely these days you have to, John—you can't possibly study everything, because there's just too much. John: Yes, but how many kids at the age of 16 really know what they want to do? How many of them are convinced that the three subjects they've chosen, or have been recommended, are the ones that will let them follow the careers they eventually decide on?Peter: Oh, I think most young people who stay on at school have a fair idea of what they want to do.John: I'm not so sure, Peter. And after all, that's not the end of it. When they get to university in England, the subjects they study are so narrow that they are only good for one thing; so they are stuck with it.Peter: But I don't really see that there is any alternative if people are going to learn enough to be competent in their subject. They've got to specialize early, and I suppose those that realize they've made a mistake can always swap to something else.John: Ah, but that's just it. You can't. Suppose you study languages at university and then decide that you are not cut out for it and would like to be a doctor. You've burnt your bridges. You can't just change horses in midstream; you've got to go right back to the beginning and you lose years. I think the American system is much better.Peter: In what way?John: Well, for your first degree you've got to study a fairly wide range of subjects, and you can choose them yourself, within certain limits.Peter: Fine, but doesn't that mean that American students with a first degree don't have the depth of knowledge they should have?John: Should have for what?Peter: Well, they often aren't accepted for postgraduate work in England with just a first degree.John: Maybe not, but I don't really think that's important. They come out with a pretty good general knowledge ina wide area. After all, when you think about a lot of the stuff English students have to study, what good is itto them afterwards? I'm sure the majority of British students never use 90 percent of what they studied at university.Peter: That may be true of some arts subjects, but what about the sciences?John: Even there, a lot of what they do at university is so academic and abstruse that they will never be able to put it to any practical use. I'm sure they would benefit far more from on-the-job experience. And if they've had a broader course of study they've got two advantages.Peter: How do you mean?John: First of all, they will have a better understanding of the world in general, so they will be more flexible in their jobs, and then if things do go wrong they will be able to switch jobs more easily.Peter: That all sounds very simple, but I think you're still underestimating the amount of pure learning that you need these days, particularly in technical and scientific areas. I mean even at school these days, children have to learn far more things than we did when we were at school.John: All the more reason why we should not try to concentrate on such a few things at such an early age. Things are changing so rapidly these days that we have to change with them. When we were younger, there was a pretty good chance that we would be able to carry on in the profession we'd chosen until we retired. But these days, people have got to be prepared to change their jobs and learn new skills as technology moves ahead. Take just the area of the office, for example. How many offices...Task 5【答案】domestic, diversity, flexibility, more than 3,600, campuses, enrolled students, industries, about 3 million, Harvard, Stanford, community colleges, state universities, faculties, ethnic minorities, subjects and course options, student, consumer, flexibility, specialize, a higher education, postsecondary, a new career, retired people【原文】That a record 453,787 foreign students from 180 countries attended colleges and universities in the US in the past academic year is perhaps the most vivid indication that there are important advantages in American higher education.No other country receives even half as many foreign students, yet international students represent only 3% of the total enrollment at US colleges and universities. In all, some fifteen million students attend America's institutions of higher education.These statistics illustrate four major features of the American higher education system which make it attractive to both domestic and foreign students: size, diversity, flexibility and accessibility.Today there are more than 3,600 institutions of higher education in the United States. Some of the large state university systems, such as those in New York, California and Texas, comprise dozens of campuses and hundreds of thousands of enrolled students. Indeed, higher education has become one of the biggest "industries" in the US, employing some three million people.The range and diversity of institutions and programs of study in the US are even more impressive. The system encompasses both prestigious private universities such as Harvard and Stanford, which are among the best in the world, and local publicly-funded community colleges; both huge state university campuses enrolling 40,000-50,000 students and tiny private institutes with fewer than 100 students.American higher education is diverse in other ways, too. Not only do most colleges and universities enroll foreign students, but foreign faculty and visiting scholars play an important role on many campuses, particularly the large universities. In most comprehensive institutions, there are as many female students as male, and the numbers of students and faculty from ethnic minorities, particularly Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans have been steadily increasing. As a result, the campus communities of many American universities reflect in microcosm the diversity of larger society.Higher education in the US is also unique in offering an enormous variety of subjects and course options, ranging from Aerospace Engineering to Women's Studies and from Art to Zoology. Because it is dependent on tuition for funding, higher education in the US is student-centered and consumer-oriented; institutions teach what students want to know and what society as a whole thinks is useful. For example, the large public universities of New York, Ohio State University, and the University of Texas at Austin offer hundreds of different degree programs and have academic catalogs listing thousands of courses.The variety of programs and courses contributes to the flexibility of the American system. Undergraduates usually begin their program taking "general education," "liberal arts," or "core curriculum" courses—in order that they might become more "well-rounded" students—and only later select their major in many cases, not until their second year.Because they do not specialize from the very beginning, undergraduate students have more options than theircounterparts in other countries. Not infrequently, American undergraduates change their mind and decide to take a different major, but this does not oblige them to start over, for at least part of their course work can still be applied to the new degree.Most academic programs include "elective courses" which students can sometimes take outside their main field of study. This gives them added choice in planning their education, and enables them to broaden their perspective by learning about other subjects. Thus, much is left up to student, who is expected to choose from a bewildering variety of institutions, degree programs and courses, and often must depend on his/her academic advisors for help in planning a program of study.The size, diversity and flexibility of the American higher education system all contribute to its accessibility. Americans take for granted that everyone, regardless of their origin, should have a right to a higher education, and opportunities do exist for a large percentage of college-age young people to pursue postsecondary studies. It should be remembered that in the US the category "higher education" can encompass vocational, technical, professional and other specialized training.Fundamental to American culture is the high value it places on education. At whatever level, education is considered a form of self-improvement, which can lead to new career opportunities, economic advances and personal betterment, regardless of one's age. An increasing number of older, "non-traditional" students are attending college and university in the US, many having gone back for additional training or to prepare for a new career. Moreover, as many as fifteen million Americans, including large number of retired people, enroll in noncredit college courses (in other words, courses not leading to a degree) every year.Task 6【答案】A.1) b) 2) a) 3) a) 4) c) 5) b)B.I.A.1. little use for the liberation of African people2. to overcome the social and technological backwardnessB.1.formal education, society2. catalyst, social changeII.A. the world`s best, the most appropriateB. integrate education and life, and education and productionC. we should judge a child or and an adult by their academic abilityIII. the formal education system, society as a whole, cooperativeness, a desired to serve【原文】Part 1We know that something called ―education‖ is a good thing. And all African states therefore spend a large proportion of government revenue on it. But, I suspect that for us in Africa the underlying purpose of education is to turn us into black Europeans, or black Americans, because our education policies make it quite clear that we are really expecting education in Africa to enable us to emulate the material achievements of Europe and America. We have not begun to think seriously about whether such material achievements are possible or desirable.The primary purpose of education is the liberation of man. To ―liberate‖ is to ―set free‖. It implies impediments to freedom having been thrown off. But a man can be physically free from restraint and still be unfree if his mind is restricted by habits and attitudes which limit his humanity.Education is incomplete if it enables man to work out elaborate schemes for universal peace but does not teach him how to provide good food for himself and his family. It is equally incomplete if it teaches man to be an efficient tool user and tool maker, but neglects his personality and his relationship with his fellow human beings.There are professional men who say, "My market value is higher than the salary I am receiving in Tanzania." But no human being has a market value—except a slave. When people say such things, in effect they are saying, "This education I have been given has turned me into a marketable commodity, like cotton or sisal." And they are showing that, instead of liberating their humanity by giving it a greater chance to express itself, the education they have received has degraded their humanity. Their education has converted them into objects—repositories of knowledge like rather special computers.We condemn such people. Yet it is our educational system which is instilling in boys and girls the idea that their education confers a price tag on them—which ignores the infinite and priceless value of a liberated human being, who is cooperating with others in building a civilization worthy of creatures made in the image of God. Part 2A formal school system, devised and operated without reference to the society in which its graduates will live, is of little use as an instrument of liberation for the people of Africa. At the same time, learning just by living and doing in the existing society would leave us so backward socially and technologically that human liberation in the foreseeable future is out of the question. Somehow we have to combine the two systems. We have to integrate formal education with the society and use education as a catalyst for change in that society.Inevitably it takes time to change. We have not solved the problem of building sufficient self-confidence to refuse what we regard as the world's best (whatever that may mean), and to choose instead the most appropriate for our conditions. We have not solved the problem of our apparent inability to integrate education and life, and education and production. We have not solved the problem of overcoming the belief that academic ability marks out a child or an adult as especially praiseworthy, or as deserving a privileged place in society.This is not a failure within the formal education system. It is a failure of society as a whole. Indeed, the educationalists have advanced in these matters more than other sections of the community. But our society has not yet accepted that character, cooperativeness and a desire to serve are relevant to a person's ability to benefit from further training.Task 7【原文】For beauty and for romance the first place among all the cities of the United Kingdom must be given to Oxford. The impression that Oxford makes upon those who, familiar with her from early years, have learnt to know and love her in later life is remarkable. Teeming with much that is ancient, she appears the embodiment of youth and beauty. Exquisite in line, sparkling with light and colour, she seems ever bright and young, while her sons fall into decay and perish. "Alma Mater!" they cry, and love her for her loveliness, till their dim eyes can look on her no more.And this is for the reason that the true lovableness of Oxford cannot be learnt at once. As her charms have grown from age to age, so their real appreciation is gradual. Not that she cannot catch the eye of one who sees her for the first time, and, smiling, hold him captive. This she can do now and then; but even so her new lover has yet to learn her preciousness.Unit 2Task 1【答案】A. 1) c) 2) d) 3) b)B. 1) T 2) F 3) TC. b→e→d→a→c【原文】Dear Ann Landers:I buried my husband yesterday. We were married for 23 years. My hand is not very steady but I must write this letter. Perhaps it is grief therapy for myself, but whatever the reason I hope you will not think I am out of my head.Our marriage was what you might call "average". We had more than our share of arguments, but on balance we had more fun together than most couples our age. I am Italian and Bill was Irish. Maybe that explains a few things. Anyway, I loved him very much and I know he loved me.We had an argument Wednesday night. It was a bitter quarrel and we both said things we shouldn't have. Thursday morning I fixed Bill a good breakfast but we didn't speak. I figured we'd patch things up at supper. That afternoon at 4 o'clock he was dead. It was a massive heart attack, his first. By the time I reached the hospital, he was gone.Years ago you gave some advice on how to have a good marriage. You said, "Never go to bed mad." How I wish I had taken that advice. It's awful to know that our last words were angry ones.I hope every married couple who reads this will ask themselves this question: "If I never see my beloved again, what were the last words we spoke to one another?" That's something to think about, isn't it? Too Late For Me!Task 2【答案】1) Donald, whom Olivia loves, has proposed marriage to her.2) She cannot make up her mind because it is wartime and she does not have enough time to know more about Donald and ensure her feelings.3) She thinks Donald probably just wants to marry himself off before he is killed in the war.【原文】Olivia: Donald has asked me to marry him.Marcia: Has he? That's wonderful! Olivia!Olivia: Is it?Marcia: Well... yes.., don't you think it is?Olivia: I'm not sure. I'm really not.Marcia: Why not? Don't you love him?Olivia: Yes... I think so. But is that a good reason to get married? Now? With a war going on?Marcia: I don't think I understand.Olivia: Well, it's.., how shall I say it...? Oh, I find it very difficult to explain!Marcia: Are you afraid he may be... may be...Olivia: Killed? Yes, of course. But that isn't the reason.Marcia: Well, what is it, then?Olivia: It's just that I feel that.., how can I put it...? If there weren't a war on, things would be different. We'd have more time together. More time to decide. How can I be sure I really love him? Or that he loves me? I sometimes think that he wants to get married now because he thinks it may be his last chance.Marcia: To do what?Olivia: To get married, of course.Marcia: Oh, I see. I mean, I think I'm beginning to understand now.Olivia: What would you do if you were me? I mean, would you..do you think I should...。

Unit7一、练习答案Answers to Test PaperI.Spelling1.investment environment2.primitive society3.explosive situation4.interior decoration5.parental approval6.intensified agriculture7.insufficient evidence8.immune system9.cruel suppression10.genetically modified food11.immature adolescents12.parallel structure13.haunting memory14.melancholy music15.elaborate plan16.nonviolence advocate17.domino effect18.social disharmony19.ethnic identity20.interpersonal relationshipII.Word-Formation1.预见；不加甄别的2.互动；反应过度；不满3.独家的；有关哲学的；娱乐的4.过于乐观；低估；在竞争中超过5.营养不足的；过于劳累的6.人员过多的；学历太高了7.流动工；令人沮丧的8.强制的；自愿的9.势利的；使人生气的；极其令人讨厌的10.举棋不定的；反应堆III.Cloze(1)sat(2)floor(3)hurt(4)shouted(5)outside(6)would(7)what(8)investigation(9)about(10)diedIV.TranslationChinese→English1.Let’s face the fact that no country can be immune to environmental problems.If we only pay lip service to environmental protection today,our eventual losses will far outweigh the present economic gains.2.For the law to be respected and supported,it must be designed in such a wayas to benefit the general public and must be vigorously enforced.Otherwise it will create a general contempt for the law and result in social instability.3.Political science tells us that it is a real paradox.If the government is too weak,it is useless；if it is too powerful,it begins to abuse power and becomes corrupt.But no individual should ever be permitted to possess absolute power.Power must be restrained,shared and controlled.4.I wish that our university can set the stage for our creative intellectual pursuits.I believe that natural curiosity is a greater power than discipline.I am also awareof the importance of creative reading for pleasure,and being free fromexcessive assigned work.5.As I gazed at my dead brother’s picture,a haunting memory unfolded.I saw uslying,well after midnight,in the only double bed our sister had in the house, recalling our happy childhood,the time when we were surrounded by love and care,promising each other that we would go back to our hometown which we had not visited for half a century.English→Chinese实验结果十分有趣：如果只给实验者片刻时间来看屏幕，答对率高达95％，可是，如果给他们时间分析和研究屏幕，答对率只有70％。

鐙匯・畠仟井寄僥哂囂(及屈井)油傍縮殻3油薦膳楼基宛Unit 1 ParentsPassage 1Ex. 11-3 c a bEx. 21. her husband spend more time with his mother. //Life is too short, you need to spend time with the people you love, You probably won¨t believe me, but I know you love her and I think that if the two of you spend more time together, it will make us closer.2. 1) she was waiting by the door with her coat on and she had her hair curled.2) She had told her lady friends about this.Passage 2Ex. 1 1-3 c d dEx. 21. took// out to dinner// neighborhood2. nicer than he expected.3. A couple of times.4. the importance of slowing down//his marriagePart C 1-5 b c b d dUnit 2 CoincidencePassage 1Ex 1 1-4 b a d cEx 2 1984 // son // medical school // tuition // afford it // realize // newspaper ads // extra business // advertisement //succeeded // agent // changed // phone call // put aside // doing // immediately familiar // his father-in-law¨s // visited // father-in-law // alive //coincidencePassage 21. The house was decorated exactly the same as Mr. Stewart remembered it2. Mr. Stewart happened to be in the house when a postman came to deliver a letter to his father-in-law who had died 15 years ago.3. The old postman had called in sick that day, and the postman who came in his place was not familiar with the neighborhood. Other wise the letter would have been returned to its sender.Ex. 21. He was intrigued.2. A bank statement.3. His father-in-law had put an amount of money in the bank for his grandchildren¨s education.4. A little over $ 15,0005. He could use the money to cover the tuition of his first year at a medical college.6. He is a doctor in Illinois.Part C1) collections5)Theater2) shot 3)presence 7) victim4)justice 6) occur8) officers had only managed to identify the first victim minutes before the second accident9) They married on the same day, had worn identical wedding dresses and carried the same flowers.10) How can we explain the above similarities?Unit 3 CourageEx 1 1-2 c cPassage 21-2 d bEx. 21. Because she was afraid Krimali might not be able to catch the baby.2. Because she thought the bed sheets could somehow protect the Ex 2 1-8 T FF F F T T Fbaby form being hurt if she failed to catch her.3. Because they were afraid of the swaying ceiling.4. To make it easier and safer for the baby¨s mother to get down.5. About two dozen.Part C1-4 a b d dUnit 4 MarriageConversation 1Ex. 1Ex. 2 1-3 b c a1. understand each other¨s expectations // could be avoided //live happily2. Cleaning up // cleaned up and put away before going to bed3. Sleeping //11 p.m. // 6:30 a.m. // on weekendsConversation 2Ex. 1Ex. 21. get lost// five minutes // driving // stop // directions2. breaking rules // break a rule // apologize and do something nice for the other person to make it up 1-3 c c a3. reviewing the contents of the agreement // review this agreement once a year // make necessary changesPart CUnit 5 YouthPassage 1Ex. 1 1-2 d c 1-3 a d bEx. 2 Testing //river // if there were antibiotics // resistant // 350 water samples // the samples // Low levels // three // Water Prize // 5000 / Sweden¨sPassage 2Ex. 11. reaching //everybody //exposing //lies2. advertising campaign // youth // against tobacco companies3. the message // teenagers // their advertisementsEx. 2 1-5 c a d c bPart C1-4 a c d cUnit 6 StressConversation 1鐙屈・畠仟井寄僥哂囂油傍縮殻及屈井3油薦圻猟式基宛Unit1-12畠仟井寄僥哂囂及屈井油傍縮殻及眉過油薦圻猟式基宛Unit 1Text 1Dating with My Mother (Part One)After 22 years of marriage, I have discovered the secret to keep love alive in my relationship with my wife, Peggy. I started dating with another woman.It was Peggy's idea. One day she said to me, 'Life is too short, you need to spend time with the people you love. You probably won't believe me, but I know you love her and I think that if the two of you spend more time together, it will make us closer.' The 'other' woman my wife was encouraging me to date is my mother, a 72-year-old widow who has lived alone since my father died 20 years ago. Right after his death, I moved 2,500 miles away to California and started my own life and career. When I moved back near my hometown six years ago, I promised myself that I would spend more time with mom. But with the demands of my job and three kids, I never got around to seeing her much beyond family get-togethers and holidays.Mom was surprised and suspicious when I called and suggested the two of us go out to dinner and a movie.'What's wrong?' she asked.'I thought it would be nice to spend some time with you,' I said. 'Just the two of us.''I would like that a lot,' she said.When I pulled into her driveway, she was waiting by the door with her coat on. Her hair was curled, and she was smiling. 'I told my lady friends I was going out with my son, and they were all impressed. They can't wait to hear about our evening,' Mother said.Exercise 1: 1. c 2. a3.bQuestions:1. What would make the speaker closer to his wife, Peggy?2. What do you know about the speaker's mother?3. Which of the following adjectives best describes Peggy?Exercise 2:1. She suggested that her husband spend more time with his mother. She said to her husband, "Life is too short, but you need to spend time with the people you love. You probably won't believe me, but I know you love her and I think that if the two of you spend more time together , it will make us closer."2. 1) ...she was waiting by the door with her coat on and she had her hair curled.2) She had told her lady friends about this.Text 2Dating with My Mother (Part Two)We didn't go anywhere fancy, just a neighborhood place where we could talk. Since her eyes now see only large shapes and shadows, I had to read the menu for both of us.'I used to be the reader when you were little,' she said.'Then it is time for you to relax and let me return the favor,' I said.We had a nice talk over dinner, just catching up on each other's lives. We talked for so long that we missed the movie.'I'll go out with you again,' my mother said as I dropped her off, 'but only if you let me buy dinner next time.'I agreed.'How was your date?' my wife asked when I got home that evening.'Nice...nicer than I thought it would be,' I said.Mom and I get out for dinner a couple of times a month. Sometimes we take in a movie, but mostly we talk. I tell her about my trails at work and brag about the kids and Peggy. Mom fills me in on family gossip and tells me about her past. Now I knowwhat it was like for her to work in a factory during the Second World War. I know how she met my father there, and know how they went through the difficult times. I can't get enough of these stories. They are important to me, a part of my history. We also talk about the future. Because of health problems, my mother worries about the days ahead.Spending time with my mom has taught me the importance of slowing down. Peggy was right. Dating another woman has helped my marriage.Exercise 1: 1. c 2. d 3. dQuestions:1. What does the story mainly tell us?2. Which of the following is true?3. What can you learn from the story?Ex. 21. took// out to dinner// neighborhood2. nicer than he expected.3. A couple of times.4. the importance of slowing down//his marriageUnit 2Text1What a Coincidence! (Part One)Andrew had always wanted to be a doctor. But the tuition for a medical school in 1984 was 15,000 dollars a year, which was more than his family could afford. To help him realize his dream, his father, Mr. Stewart, a real estate agent, began searching the house-for-sale ads in newspapers in order to find extra business. One advertisement that he noted down was for the sale of a house in a nearby town. Mr. Stewart called the owner, trying to persuade him to let him be his agent. Somehow he succeeded and the owner promised that he would come to him if he failed to get a good deal with his present agent. Then they made an appointment to meet and discuss the thing.As good things are never easy to acquire, the time for the appointment had to be changed almost ten times. On the day when they were supposed to meet at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, Mr. Stewart received another call from the owner. His heart sank as he feared there would be another change of time. And so it was. The owner told him that he couldn't make it at three but if he would come right then, they could talk it over. Mr. Stewart was overjoyed. Leaving everything aside, he immediately set out to drive to the house.As he approached the area, he had a strange feeling of having been there before. The streets, the trees, the neighborhood, all looked familiar to him. And when he finally reached the house, something clicked in his mind. It used to be the house of his father-in-law! The old man had died fifteen years ago but when he was alive, he had often visited him with his wife and children. He remembered that, like his son Andrew, his father-in-law had also wanted to study medicine and, failing to do so, had always hoped that one of his two daughters or his grandchildren could someday become a doctor.Exercise 1:1. b 2. a 3. d 4. cQuestions:1. Who are the two main characters in the story you have just heard?2. How did Mr. Stewart get to know the owner of the house?3. What problem did Mr. Stewart have?4. What is the coincidence in the story you have just heard?Exercise 2:1984 / son / medical school / tuition / afford it / realize / newspaper ads / extra business / advertisement / succeeded / agent / changed / phone call / put aside / doing / immediately / familiar / father-in-law's / visited / his father-in-law alive / coincidence Text2What a Coincidence! (Part Two)When he entered the house, Mr. Stewart was even more amazed to find that the house was decorated exactly as he had remembered it. He told the owner about this and the latter became intrigued too. However, they were in for even greater surprises. It so happened that in the middle of their discussion, a postman came to deliver a letter. And the letter was addressed to Mr. Stewart's father-in-law! Were it not for Mr. Stewart's presence there and then, the letter would be returned as no person of that name lived in the house any longer. As the postman demanded a signature on the receipt slip, Mr. Stewart signed for his long-deceased father-in-law. Mystified, the owner urged Mr. Stewart to open the letter and see what it contained. The letter was from a bank. When he opened it, two words immediately met his eye -- 'For education'. It was a bank statement of an amount his father-in-law had put in years ago for his grandchildren's education needs. With the interest it had earned over the years, the standing value of the amount came to a little over $15,000, just enough money to cover the tuition of Andrew's first year at a medical college!Another thing that is worth mentioning is about the postman. The original postman, who had worked in this neighborhood, called in sick that day. So the postman, who was new to the area, came to deliver mail in his place. Had it been the old postman, the letter would undoubtedly be returned to the sender as he knew full well that no person bearing that name lived in that house any longer.The miracle was a blessing for Andrew. With the money given to him by his grandfather he was able to study medicine. Now he is a doctor in Illinois.Exercise1・1. The house was decorated exactly the same as Mr. Stewart remembered it2. Mr. Stewart happened to be in the house when a postman came to deliver a letterto his father-in-law who had died 15 years ago.3. The old postman had called in sick that day, and the postman who came in hisplace was not familiar with the neighborhood. Other wise the letter would have been returned to its sender.Exercise 2:1. He was intrigued.2. A bank statement.3. his father-in-law had put an amount of money in the bank for his grandchildren's education.4. A little over $15,000.5. He could use the money to cover the tuition of his first year at a medical college.6. He is a doctor in Illinois.Unit 3Text 1Krimali (Part One)On the morning of the devastating earthquake that struck India in 2001, Krimali, a girl of 17, had just left home to go to an interview for a position of a sales clerk. She was pleased with her green and yellow flowered dress, but felt something wasn't quiteright about her hair. She returned home, removing her shoes and leaving them at the door.Moments later, the earthquake struck. Ceilings and walls in the building shook in the deafening noise. Then everything began crashing down.Krimali and her immediate family escaped serious injury but were unable to make their way out. The ceiling of an entire room towered above the only possible escape route. Completely detached on three sides, the huge slab clung to an outside wall on its fourth side. To an observer, it could drop at any moment.People were screaming and didn't know what to do. Krimali decided to act. Carefully she climbed barefoot up and down the debris until she reached a point just beneath the swaying ceiling. About four meters below were uneven pieces of concrete, broken glass and smashed furniture, all mixed with sharp spikes of iron. She knew if she could manage to get down to the ground level, she could make her way to safety. She paused to figure out the best way down. As there wasn't any good place to jump, she just jumped. Luckily, she landed in a crouch, her feet missing any sharp edges. Emboldened by her good fortune, Krimali knew it was up to her to persuade others to follow.Exercise 1: Ex 1 1-2 c c Ex 2 1-8 T F F F F T T FText 2Krimali ( Part Two)Krimali planned to rescue her family first, but just then she heard a woman from two storeys above screaming for someone to save her two-month-old baby."Throw the baby to me," Krimali shouted. "I can catch her!"The woman refused. Krimali told the woman to wrap the baby in bed sheets and then toss her down. Crying uncontrollably, the mother wrapped the little girl but still would not part with her baby. As the mother tried to decide what to do, Krimali intently watched the concrete ceiling hanging above her. Finally the mother tossed the baby. Krimali made a clean catch. A bright smile lit up the woman's face. "I'll be back!" Krimali called out, hugging the child to her as she hurriedly picked her way out to where survivors had gathered.She gave up the baby, then asked if any of the men there would come back with her to help others trapped in the building. No one came forward, for they were all afraid of that swaying ceiling. But for Krimali, a small girl of 154 centimeters in height and weighing about 50 kilos, her fears had been lifted by what she had accomplished.On her way back into the ruins, she saw part of a large door. It was extremely heavy but she managed to drag it to the spot just below the hanging ceiling. By placing it on the ruins, she created something like a sliding board. With Krimali coaching her, the baby's mother partly jumped and partly rolled down the board to the ground level. Krimali led her through the debris to her baby.In the hours that followed Krimali made countless rescue missions into the building, each time in the shadow of the huge ceiling. Thanks to her courage, about two dozen men, women and children were saved.Exercise 1:Questions :1-2 d bExercise 2:1. Because she was afraid Krimali might not be able to catch her.2. Because she thought the bed sheets could somehow protect the baby from being hurt if she failed to catch her.3. Because they were afraid of the swaying ceiling.4. To make it easier and safer for people to get down.5. About two dozen were saved.Unit 4Text 1A Marriage Agreement (Part One)(Tom and Linda have signed a marriage agreement. Both agree not to break the rules outlined in the agreement. John, a reporter, is talking to them about the agreement.) John: Tom, Linda, first I'd like to ask you why you decided to write this unusual agreement.Tom: We found that many problems are caused when a person has different expectations from his or her spouse. We wanted to talk about everything openly and honestly before we started living together.Linda: Also we both know how important it is to respect each other's pet peeves. Like, I can get very annoyed if others leave stuff -- clothing, papers, everything! -- lying around on the floor. It really bugged me, so we put that in the agreement.John: This is mentioned in Article 1: Cleaning Up, isn't it? It says, "Nothing will be left on the floor overnight. Everything must be cleaned up and put away before going to bed."鐙眉・畠仟井寄僥哂囂油傍縮殻3 基宛Unit1Part B Passage1 Exercise1: 1.c 2.a. 3.b Exercise2 : 1.her husband spend more time with his mother 2.1)she was waiting by the door with her coat on and she her hair curled .2)she had told her lady friends about this. Passage2 Exercise1: 1.c 2.d 3.dExercise2 :1.took;out to dinner;neighborhood 2.nice than he expected 3.A couple of times4.the importance of showing down;his marriage Part C 1.b 2.c 3.b 4.d5.dhad Unit 2Part B Passage1 Exercise1:1.b 2.a 3.d 4.c Exercise2 :1984;son;medicalschool;tuition;afford it;realize;newspaper ads;extrabusiness;advertisement;succeeded;agent;changed; phone call;putaside;doing;immediately;familiar;his father-in-law¨s;visited;father-in-law;alive;coincidence; Passage2 Exercise1:1.The house was decorated exactly the same as Mr.Stewartremembered it. 2. Mr.Stewart happened to be in the house when a postman came to deliver a letter to his father-in-law who had died 15 years ago. 3.the old postman had called in sick that day ,and the postman who came in his place was not familiar with the neighborhood .otherwise the letter would have been returned to its sender Exercise2 :1.He was intrigued 2.A bank statement 3.his father-in-law had put an amount of money in the bank for his grandchildren¨s education. 4.A little over $15000 5.he could use the money to cover the tuition of his first year at a medical school. 6.he is a doctor in Illinois Part C collections;shot;presence;justice;Theater;occur;victim;8)officers had only managed to identify the first victim minutes before the second accident9)they married on the same day ,had worn identical wedding dresses and carried the same flowers 10)How can we explain the above similaritiesUnit 3Part B Passage1 Exercise 1: 1.c 2. c Exercise 2:1.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F Passage2 Exercise 1: 1.d 2. b Exercise 2: 1.Because she was afraid Krimali might notbe able to catch the baby. 2.Because she thought the bed sheets could somehow protect the baby from being hurt if she failed to catch her. 3.Because they were afraid of the swaying ceiling 4.to make it easier and safer for the baby ¨s mother to get down.5.About two dozen Part C 1.a2.b3.d4.dUnit 4Part B Passage1 Exercise 1: 1. d 2. c 3.a Exercise 2: 1.understand each other ¨s expectations ;could be avoided ;live happily together 2.cleaning up;cleaned up and put away before going to bed 3.sleeping; 11p.m;6:30a.m;on weekends Passage2 Exercise 1:1.c 2.c 3.a Exercise 2: 1.get lost;five minutes ;driving;stop;direction2.breakingrules;break a rule;apologize and do something nice for the other person to make it up3.reviewing the contents of the agreement;review this agreement once ayear;make necessary changes Part C 1.a 2.d 3.bUnit 5Part B Passage1 Exercise 1:1. d 2. c Exercise 2: Testing;river;if there were antibiotics ; resistant;350 water samples;the samples;low levels;three;WaterPrize ;5000;Sweden¨sPassage2 Exercise 1:1.eaching;verybady;xposing;ies 2.advertisingcampaign;youth;against tobacco companies 3.the massage;teenagers;theiradvertisements Exercise 2: 1.c 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.b Part C 1.a 2.c 3.d 4.cUnit 6Part B Conversation1 Exercise 1: 1.d 2.c 3.b Exercise 2: policeofficer;30;patrol;undercover;detective;supervising investigation;being a police officer;assignment;patrol; the fear of the unknown Conversation2 Exercise 1:1.T 2. F 3 .T4.F5.T Exercise 2: 1.an exercise program;a psychological program;counseling for officers;several discussion groups 2.baseball;get some sort of exercise;his personal relationships;relationship with his wife Part C 1.d 2.d 3.d 4.b 5.cUnit7Part B Conversation1 Exercise 1: 1.in Mr.Andrew Song¨s office 2.Boss and secretary 3.To see Mr.Andrew Song on business Exercise 2: 1.d 2.b 3.a 4.b 5.c Conversation2 Exercise 1:1.b 2.c Exercise 2: to discuss the causes of the decline in profits;10:00a.m;Chief Sales Executive;Sales are down but not by too much ;the budget for sales hasn¨t increased even with information;the products are old Part C 1.d 2.b 3.d 4.bゞ畠仟井寄僥哂囂3油傍縮殻圻猟式基宛〃。

Unit1Part BPassage1Exercise1: 1.c 2.a. 3.bExercise2 : 1.her husband spend more time with his mother2.1)she was waiting by the door with her coat on and she hadher hair curled .2)she had told her lady friends about this.Passage2Exercise1: 1.c 2.d 3.dExercise2 :1.took;out to dinner;neighborhood2.nice than he expected3.A couple of times4.the importance of showing down;his marriagePart C 1.b 2.c 3.b 4.d 5.dUnit 2Part BPassage1Exercise1:1.b 2.a 3.d 4.cExercise2 :1984;son;medical school;tuition;afford it;realize;newspaper ads;extra business;advertisement;succeeded;agent;changed; phone call;put aside;doing;immediately;familiar;his father-in-law’s;visited;father-in-law;alive;coincidence;Passage2Exercise1:1.The house was decorated exactly the same as Mr.Stewart remembered it.2. Mr.Stewart happened to be in the house when a postman came to deliver a letter to his father-in-law who had died 15 years ago.3.the old postman had called in sick that day ,and the postman who came in his place was not familiar with the neighborhood .otherwise the letter would have been returned to its senderExercise2 :1.He was intrigued2.A bank statement3.his father-in-law had put an amount of money in the bank for his grandchildren’s education.4.A little over $150005.he could use the money to cover the tuition of his first year at a medical school.6.he is a doctor in IllinoisPart C collections;shot;presence;justice;Theater;occur;victim;8)officers had only managed to identify the first victim minutes before the second accident9)they married on the same day ,had worn identical wedding dresses and carriedthe same flowers10)How can we explain the above similaritiesUnit 3Part BPassage1Exercise 1: 1.c 2. cExercise 2:1.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.FPassage2Exercise 1: 1.d 2. bExercise 2: 1.Because she was afraid Krimali might not be able to catch the baby.2.Because she thought the bed sheets could somehow protect the babyfrom being hurt if she failed to catch her.3.Because they were afraid of the swaying ceiling4.to make it easier and safer for the baby ’s mother to get down.5.About two dozenPart C 1.a 2.b 3.d 4.dUnit 4Part BPassage1Exercise 1: 1. d 2. c 3.aExercise 2: 1.understand each other ’s expectations ;could be avoided ;livehappily together2.cleaning up;cleaned up and put away before going to bed3.sleeping; 11p.m;6:30a.m;on weekendsPassage2Exercise 1:1.c 2.c 3.aExercise 2: 1.get lost;five minutes ;driving;stop;direction2.breaking rules;break a rule;apologize and do something nice for theother person to make it up3.reviewing the contents of the agreement;review this agreement once ayear;make necessary changesPart C 1.a 2.d 3.bUnit 5Part BPassage1Exercise 1:1. d 2. cExercise 2: Testing;river;if there were antibiotics ; resistant;350 water samples;thesamples;low levels;three;Water Prize ;5000;Sweden’sPassage2Exercise 1:1.eaching;verybady;xposing;ies2.advertising campaign;youth;against tobacco companies3.the massage;teenagers;their advertisementsExercise 2: 1.c 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.bPart C 1.a 2.c 3.d 4.cUnit 6Part BConversation1Exercise 1: 1.d 2.c 3.bExercise 2: police officer;30;patrol;undercover;detective;supervisinginvestigation;beinga police officer;assignment;patrol; the fear of the unknownConversation2Exercise 1:1.T 2. F 3 .T 4.F 5.TExercise 2: 1.an exercise program;a psychological program;counseling forofficers;several discussion groups2.baseball;get some sort of exercise;his personal relationships;relationshipwith his wifePart C 1.d 2.d 3.d 4.b 5.cUnit7Part BConversation1Exercise 1: 1.in Mr.Andrew Song’s office2.Boss and secretary3.To see Mr.Andrew Song on businessExercise 2: 1.d 2.b 3.a 4.b 5.cConversation2Exercise 1:1.b 2.cExercise 2: to discuss the causes of the decline in profits;10:00a.m;Chief Sales Executive;Sales are down but not by too much ;the budget for sales hasn’tincreased even with information;the products are oldPart C 1.d 2.b 3.d 4.bTest11-8ddadcacc 9-12cbdb 13-15cbd26-28bcd 29-32bdaa 33-35bdcTest 21-8cacbdcbd 9-11ccd 12-15cdbb26-28cda 29-32adbd 33-35cabTest116Researchers 17murdr 18Fortunately 19harmony 20advantage 21boxers 22brains 23Even the most ordinary household items such as irons or can-openers are designed for right-handed people. 24you can buy anything from left-handed pocket calculators to knives and coffee mugs. 25People who buy things from the shop say it just makes their everyday life much easier.Test 216course 17prevent 18technology 19benefits 20particular 21Due 22communities 23they are 24Recycling should be put into consideration 25consumers themselves have to be responsible for the proper disposal of their garbage.以下无正文仅供个人用于学习、研究；不得用于商业用途。

练习答案Pre—class work H1. Paraphrase.1) Then the two men looked at each other briefly and severely and immediately Mr. Crowther went on with his reading, while Mr. Harraby-Ribston went back to his seat, sat down again breathing quickly, because he had made such an effort to throw the suitcase out of the window.2) He was the kind of man who likes to talk and enjoys company, and had guessed that what he did would invariably start a conversation.3) His companion might get a conclusion that there was a corpse in the suitcase. In case of that, perhaps would inform the police when the train arrived at the destination and then the policemen might ask him some embarrassing and shameful questions.4) These thoughts were moving around quickly in Mr. Harraby-Ribston's mind, and they took away his hope that his action would give him an interesting conversation, which he thought he deserved.5) Although he pretended to be indifferent, he was very much surprised when he saw a rich gentleman throwing a suitcase from the window of a moving train.6) That chap was clearly expecting him to react violently, and therefore Mr. Crowther deliberately decided no to react, because he didn't want to give that man this satisfaction.7) But Mr. Harraby-Ribston could no longer remain quiet. He had to speak, orhe would burst. As he naturally would rather speak than burst, he said: "Excuse me, sir, but I must say, you surprise me."8) Clothes, hairbrushes and so on are all somewhat related to my marriage and will bring back memories, which I want to bury forever.9) "Yes, that's quite true!" said Mr. Harraby-Ribston, who, by now, couldn't control his excitement at all.2. Learn to use reference books.1) Find the proper definitions of the following in the text.(1) association: the things that related to it(2) chicken: a young and inexperienced person (esp. a woman)(3) out of the question: not possible or not allowed(4) in one's line: to be the type of thing that someone is interested or good at(5) pitch: degree; or level, height2) Find the synonyms and antonyms of the following in a thesaurus.(1) particular: synonym: special, fussy antonym: common(2) charming: synonym: pleasing, attractive antonym: dull, tedious, ugly3. Word-building.1) Give the corresponding nouns of the following verbs.(1) resumption (2) betrayal (3) pretense(4) robbery(5) reference (6) refreshment (7) allowance(8) abandonment(9) infringement (10) affection (11) involvement(12) temptation(13) recovery (14) resentment (15) adoption(16) provocation(17) hesitation (18) astonishment (19) entertainment (20) appreciation2) Give the corresponding nouns of the following adjectives.(1) violence (2) infallibility (3) prosperity (4) curiosity(5) distraction (6) privacy (7) annoyance (8) satisfaction(9) insignificance (10) triviality (11 ) weariness(12) certainty(13) frankness (14) anxiety (15) freshness (16) pride(17) reticence (18) unpleasantness3) Translate the following using your acquired rules of word-building.(1)也许他的块头儿使他没有成为抢劫的理想目标。