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现代农林英语课文英汉对照硕水保163班2016年12月29日contentsUnit 1 Urban Agriculture (I)Unit 2 Forestry Management (III)Unit 3 Biodiversity (VI)Unit 4 Wetlands ............................................................................... V III Unit 5 Agricultural High Technology . (XI)Unit 6 Low-Carbon Agriculture ........................................................ X IV Unit 7 Urban Planning .................................................................... X VI Unit 9 Landscape Gardens .. (XX)Unit 10 Ecological Literature (XXII)现代农林英语英汉对照Unit 1 Urban AgricultureCurrent Situation and IssuesThe United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) has warned that the 12 megacities (+10 million population) will experience increasing difficulty in feeding themselves. London’s ‘ecological footprint’ is estimated to extend to 125 times the capital’s surface area with food accounting for around 40% of this. London’s residents, visitors and workers consume 2.4 million tons of food and produce 883,000 tons of organic waste per year. The food industry makes a significant contribution to London’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with around 11% of all jobs found in the food sector.联合国粮食及农业组织警告说12个拥有千万人口的超大城市将要在养活自己上遭遇越来越多的困难。
林业三年级英语知识点总结Forestry is the science and art of managing and caring for forests, as well as the production and use of wood. It is an important field of study that helps us understand the importance of forests, their ecosystems, and the various products and services they provide. Below are some key points about forestry that third-graders should know:1. What is a forest?A forest is a large area covered primarily with trees and other vegetation. It is an important part of the Earth's ecosystem and plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature.2. Importance of forests:Forests provide a wide range of benefits, including:- Providing habitat for a diverse range of plant and animal species- Storing and sequestering carbon, helping to mitigate climate change- Producing oxygen through the process of photosynthesis- Offering recreational opportunities for people to enjoy nature- Providing wood and other forest products for human use3. Types of forests:There are different types of forests, including:- Tropical forests: Found near the equator and characterized by high levels of biodiversity and rainfall.- Temperate forests: Found in regions with four distinct seasons and are known for their hardwood trees such as oak and maple.- Boreal forests: Also known as taiga, these are found in the subarctic regions and are dominated by coniferous trees such as spruce and fir.4. Forest ecosystem:A forest is a complex ecosystem that includes various living organisms and their physical environment. It consists of trees, plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms, all of which interact with each other to form a balanced ecosystem.5. Forest products:Forests provide a wide range of products that are important for human use, including:- Wood for construction, furniture, paper, and other products- Medicinal plants and herbs- Fruits, nuts, and other food products- Resin, rubber, and other industrial materials- Honey, wax, and other bee products6. Forest management:Forestry involves the sustainable management of forests to ensure their long-term health and productivity. This includes techniques such as selective logging, afforestation, and reforestation to maintain the balance between human needs and the conservation of natural resources.7. Forest conservation:Conservation of forests is important to protect biodiversity, maintain healthy ecosystems, and ensure the sustainable use of forest resources. This includes measures such as establishing protected areas, implementing sustainable logging practices, and promoting community-based conservation efforts.8. Forestry careers:There are various careers related to forestry, including:- Forester: Manages and oversees forest resources, including planning and implementing sustainable management practices.- Forest ranger: Protects forests and wildlife, and ensures compliance with conservation laws and regulations.- Wildlife biologist: Studies and monitors wildlife populations in forest ecosystems.- Arborist: Cares for trees in urban and rural settings, including tree planting, pruning, and maintenance.Overall, forestry is a complex and important field of study that provides valuable insights into the management and conservation of forest ecosystems. By understanding the key concepts of forestry, third-graders can develop a deeper appreciation for the importance of forests and the role they play in sustaining life on Earth.。
《林学专业外语》课程大纲一、课程概述课程名称（中文）：林学专业外语（英文）：Professional English For Forestry课程编号：14351039课程学分：3.0学分课程总学时：48学时课程性质：专业课二、课程内容简介本课程的主要内容是学习林业有关的专业英文作品，学习和掌握阅读专业英文书刊技巧以及科技文献检索方法，学习和掌握林业科技论文的格式和写作特点。
课程主要内容包括：土壤学、林木种子、林木育苗与树木学、森林生态学、遗传育种、森林经理、森林有害生物管理、森林培育和3S技术等方面。
分别选定若干主题。
每课主要由课文，相应参考译文，阅读材料组成。
通过课程的学习，提高学生林学专业外语文献的阅读理解能力，同时加强专业英语的翻译、写作、交流能力。
三、教学目标与要求林学专业外语是林学专业的专业课程，课程的目标是使学生掌握常用的专业英语词汇、英文专业资料的检索和阅读技巧，具备专业英语的听、说、读、写能力。
课程的基本要求：学生应该掌握1000～1200个林业专业单词和词组；能顺利阅读并正确理解林学专业的书刊和资料；能借助词典将专业文章、资料译成汉语，做到理解正确，译文达意；能用英语写作专业论文和进行专业交流。
四、教学内容与学时安排绪论（2学时）一、课程任务及意义二、经典的专业外语图书和期刊资料简介三、专业外文文献的检索和获取方法四、课程的主要内容及课程要求第一章Seed and Seeding（4学时）1. 教学目的与要求：了解国外林木种苗学领域主要的外语书籍、期刊资料；理解林木种苗学领域主要外文资料的内容及要点；掌握林木种苗学相关的专业英语词汇。
2. 教学重点与难点：教学重点：林木种苗学相关的专业英语词汇及阅读技巧；教学难点：林木种苗学主要外文资料的内容及要点，学生听、说、读、写综合能力的培养。
第一节Seed Development and Harvest（1学时）一、Maturation process of seed二、Methods for Seed Harvest第二节Seed Treatment（1学时）一、Seed Dormancy二、Accelerating Germination第三节Seed Storage（2学时）一、Longevity of Seeds二、Principles for Seed Storage第二章Dendrology（6学时）1. 教学目的与要求：了解国外树木学领域主要的外语书籍、期刊资料；理解树木学领域主要外文资料的内容及要点；掌握树木学相关的专业英语词汇。
树种调查英文专业术语Conducting a Tree Species Investigation: A Comprehensive ExplorationThe world around us is teeming with diverse and fascinating flora, each species uniquely adapted to its environment. Among the most captivating of these natural wonders are the myriad tree species that grace our landscapes, providing not only aesthetic beauty but also vital ecological functions. As professionals in the field of environmental science, it is our responsibility to delve deeper into the intricacies of these arboreal marvels, uncovering their taxonomic classifications, physiological characteristics, and roles within their respective ecosystems.At the heart of this endeavor lies the tree species investigation, a meticulous process of identifying, categorizing, and studying the trees that populate a given region. This endeavor requires a comprehensive understanding of botanical terminology, as well as a keen eye for the subtle differences that distinguish one species from another. By mastering the English language lexicon associated with tree taxonomy, we can unlock a wealth of knowledge and unlock the doors to a deeper appreciation of the natural world.To begin our investigation, we must first familiarize ourselves with the fundamental taxonomic hierarchy that governs the classification of trees. At the broadest level, we have the kingdom Plantae, which encompasses all photosynthetic organisms, including both flowering and non-flowering plants. Within this kingdom, trees are classified under the division Tracheophyta, also known as vascular plants, which possess specialized tissues for the transport of water and nutrients.Delving deeper, we find that trees belong to the class Magnoliopsida, or dicotyledons, characterized by the presence of two seed leaves, or cotyledons, upon germination. This class is further divided into numerous orders, each with its own distinctive features and adaptations. For instance, the order Fagales includes the familiar oak, beech, and chestnut trees, while the order Pinales encompasses the coniferous species, such as pines, firs, and spruces.At the species level, the specific epithet, or scientific name, serves as the primary means of identification. This binomial nomenclature system, pioneered by the renowned Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, assigns each plant a unique two-part name, consisting of the genus and species. For example, the common oak tree is known scientifically as Quercus rubra, where Quercus represents the genus and rubra denotes the specific species.In addition to taxonomic classification, the tree species investigation also delves into the morphological characteristics that distinguish one species from another. These include the shape and arrangement of leaves, the texture and pattern of bark, the structure of the branching pattern, and the overall form and size of the tree. By carefully observing and documenting these features, we can build a comprehensive understanding of the trees within a given ecosystem.Beyond the external features, the physiological attributes of trees also play a crucial role in their identification and classification. Factors such as the presence or absence of needle-like leaves, the arrangement and structure of the vascular system, and the unique chemical compounds produced by the tree can all provide valuable insights into its identity and evolutionary relationships.In the context of a tree species investigation, the study of leaf morphology is particularly important. Characteristics such as leaf shape, venation patterns, and the presence of trichomes (hair-like structures) can be used to differentiate between species. For instance, the maple tree (Acer) is known for its distinctive palmate leaves, while the oak tree (Quercus) typically displays lobed or deeply indented leaf blades.Bark texture and pattern also serve as important identificationmarkers, as the outer layer of a tree's trunk can exhibit a wide range of characteristics, from the smooth, silvery bark of the birch (Betula) to the deeply furrowed, scaly bark of the shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). By familiarizing ourselves with the diverse range of bark textures and patterns, we can enhance our ability to accurately identify tree species in the field.Another crucial aspect of the tree species investigation is the study of the overall tree form, including the branching pattern, the shape of the crown, and the overall height and diameter of the trunk. These characteristics can provide valuable insights into the tree's adaptation to its environment, as well as its stage of growth and developmental maturity. For example, the towering, columnar shape of the bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) is a testament to its ability to thrive in wetland environments, while the broad, spreading canopy of the American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) is an adaptation to life in open, sunny landscapes.As we delve deeper into the world of tree species, we must also consider the unique chemical compounds and secondary metabolites produced by these remarkable organisms. From the fragrant terpenes of the pine (Pinus) to the medicinal alkaloids found in the bark of the willow (Salix), these chemical signatures can serve as valuable tools in the identification and classification of trees. By understanding the role of these compounds in the tree's overallphysiology and ecological interactions, we can gain a more holistic appreciation for the complex and interconnected nature of the natural world.In the course of our tree species investigation, we may also encounter instances of hybridization, where two distinct species interbreed to produce offspring with characteristics intermediate between the parent plants. This phenomenon can present a unique challenge, as the resulting trees may exhibit a blend of features that do not neatly fit into established taxonomic categories. In such cases, a thorough understanding of genetic analysis and molecular techniques may be necessary to accurately identify the hybrid and its parent species.Throughout the tree species investigation, it is essential to maintain meticulous records and documentation. This includes the creation of detailed field notes, the collection of herbarium specimens, and the compilation of comprehensive photographic documentation. By building a robust database of information, we can not only aid in the identification and classification of tree species, but also contribute to the broader scientific understanding of the natural world.As we embark on this journey of tree species investigation, we must remember that our work extends far beyond the mere cataloging of these remarkable organisms. By deepening our knowledge andappreciation of the trees that surround us, we can unlock insights into the complex web of ecological relationships that sustain our planet. From the vital role of trees in the carbon cycle to their importance as habitats for countless other species, our understanding of these arboreal wonders can inform and shape our efforts to protect and preserve the natural environments that we call home.In conclusion, the tree species investigation is a multifaceted and captivating endeavor that requires a deep understanding of botanical terminology, morphological characteristics, and physiological adaptations. By mastering the English language lexicon associated with tree taxonomy, we can unlock a wealth of knowledge and become more effective stewards of the natural world. Through our continued efforts to identify, classify, and study the diverse tree species that grace our landscapes, we can contribute to the greater scientific understanding of the living world and inspire others to appreciate the beauty and complexity of the natural environment.。
现代农林英语课文英汉对照硕水保163班2016年12月29日contentsUnit 1 Urban Agriculture (I)Unit 2 Forestry Management (III)Unit 3 Biodiversity (VI)Unit 4 Wetlands ............................................................................... V III Unit 5 Agricultural High Technology . (XI)Unit 6 Low-Carbon Agriculture ........................................................ X IV Unit 7 Urban Planning .................................................................... X VI Unit 9 Landscape Gardens .. (XX)Unit 10 Ecological Literature (XXII)现代农林英语英汉对照Unit 1 Urban AgricultureCurrent Situation and IssuesThe United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) has warned that the 12 megacities (+10 million population) will experience increasing difficulty in feeding themselves. London’s ‘ecological footprint’ is estimated to extend to 125 times the capital’s surface area with food accounting for around 40% of this. London’s residents, visitors and workers consume 2.4 million tons of food and produce 883,000 tons of organic waste per year. The food industry makes a significant contribution to London’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with around 11% of all jobs found in the food sector.联合国粮食及农业组织警告说12个拥有千万人口的超大城市将要在养活自己上遭遇越来越多的困难。
木材科学专业词汇大全Mechanical Properties of Wood木材的力学性质木材流变学rheology of wood弹性elasticity塑性plasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity蠕变creep蠕变恢复creep recovery应变strain应力stress应力—应变曲线stress-strain curve 分应力stress component分应变strain component应力松驰stress relaxation松弛失效failure byrelaxation疲劳fatigue刚性模量modulus of rigidity变形deformation载荷loading各向异性anisotropy正交对称性rhombic symmetry弹性形变elastic deformation弹性常数elastic constant木材弹性异向性the anisotropic elasticity of wood对称轴axis of symmetry柔度compliance泊松比Poisson’s ratio压缩系数compressibility体积模量bulk modulus理想弹性变形ideal elastic deformation粘滞流动形变viscous flow deformation木材硬度hardness of wood屈服点yieldpoint拉伸tension压缩compression弯曲bending木材冲击韧性toughness of wood木材抗劈强度cleavage strength of wood木材抗弯强度bending strength of wood木材静曲弹性模量the modulus of elasticity in static bending of wood木材顺纹抗剪强度shearing strength parallel to grain of wood木材顺纹抗拉强度tensile strength parallel to grain of wood木材顺纹抗压强度compressive strength parallel to grain of wood木材横纹压力compression perpendicular to grain of wood木材横纹抗压弹性模量modulus of elasticity in compression perpendicular to grain of wood静力试验测定determination by static test动态试验测定determination by dynamic test木材断裂力学Fracture Mechanics ofWood断裂韧性FractureToughness裂纹shake(check)径裂heart shake轮裂ring shake环裂round shake弧裂cup shake冻裂frost crack干裂drying shake贯通裂through shake脆性破碎（brittle/brash fracture）：又称做胡萝卜破碎。
Word List for Unit 1 Passage 1 What Is a Forest?forestry [ U] /ˈfɒrɪstri/the science or practice of planting and taking care of trees and forests 林学；林业country covered by forests. 林地vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/[ U] plants in general, especially the plants that are found in a particular area or environment （统称）植物；（尤指某地或环境的）植被，植物群落，草木trillion /ˈtrɪljən/1. 1 000 000 000 000; one million million 万亿；兆HELP You say a, one, two, several, etc. trillion without a final ‘s’ on ‘trillion’. Trillions (of...) can be used if there is no number or quantity before it. Always use a plural verb with trillion or trillions . 说a, one, two, several, etc. trillion时，trillion后面不加s。
若前面没有数目或数量，可用trillions (of ...)。
trillion和trillions均用复数动词。
2. a trillion or trillions ( informal ) a very large amount 大量；无数3. ( old-fashioned) ( BrE ) one million million million; 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 百万兆tropic /ˈtrɑːpɪk/1. [ Cusually sing.] one of the two imaginary lines drawn around the world 23° 26′ north ( the Tropic of Cancer ) or south ( the Tropic of Capricorn ) of the equator 回归线（北回归线称作the Tropic of Cancer，南回归线称作the Tropic of Capricorn）2. the tropics [ pl.] the area between the two tropics , which is the hottest part of the world 热带；热带地区Cancer n. /ˈkænsə(r)/1. [ U] the fourth sign of the zodiac , the Crab 黄道第四宫；巨蟹宫；巨蟹（星）座2. [ sing.] a person born under the influence of this sign, that is between 22 June and 22 July, approximately 属巨蟹座的人（约出生于6月22日至7月22日）Capricorn /ˈkæprɪkɔːrn/1. [ U] the 10th sign of the zodiac , the Goat 黄道第十宫；摩羯宫；摩羯（星）座2. [ C] a person born under the influence of this sign, that is between 21 December and 20 January, approximately 属摩羯座的人（约出生于12月21日至1月20日）temperate zone /ˈtempərət zəʊn/ [ Cusually sing.] ( technical 术语) an area of the Earth that is not near the equator or the South or North Pole 温带subtropics /ˌsʌbˈtrɑːpɪks/N-PLURAL the region lying between the tropics and temperate lands 亚热带temperate adj./ˈtempərət/1. [ usually before noun] ( technical 术语) ( of a climate or region 气候或地区) having a mild temperature without extremes of heat or cold 气候温和的；温带的2. ( formal ) behaving in a calm and controlled way 温和的；心平气和的；自我克制的conifer /ˈkɑːnɪfər/noun [C] one of various types of evergreen tree which produce fruit in the form of cones针叶树coniferous /kəˈnɪfərəs/adj.松类的, 结球果的，松柏科的，针叶的(树林)【根】fer＝to carry（运；载），to bear（忍耐）boreal /ˈbɔːriəl/adj.北方的,北方生物带的,北方气候带的，北的，北风的borealBoreal means northern from the eponymous /ɪˈpɑːnɪməs/（同名的）Boreas/ˈbɔːriəs/北风之神, god of the North Wind in Greek mythology.Definition "Boreal" usually applied to ecosystems localized in subarctic /sʌbˈɑːktɪk/adj.亚北极的；亚北极区的；靠近北极的(in Northen hemisphere) and in subantarctic/,sʌbænt'ɑ:ktik/ adj.亚南极的(in Southern hemisphere) zones. A boreal forest, also known as the taiga/ˈtaɪɡə/[ sing.U]泰加林（北方湿地的针叶林）；北方针叶林, is the set of forest ecosystems than can survive in northern, specifically subarctic, regions.The ecosystems that lie immediately to the south (in Northen hemisphere) or to the north (in Southern hemisphere) of boreal ones are often called hemiboreal. /ˈhemɪˌbɔːriəl/ n. 半寒带森林subject /ˈsʌbdʒekt/[ADJ] v-link ADJ to nTo be subject to something means to be affected by it or to be likely to be affected by it. 可能受…影响的；易遭受…的Prices may be subject to alteration... 价格可能会受变更影响。
《森林植物识别与鉴定（双语）》应知应会植物学单词01.059 科family01.063 属genus01.069 种species01.071 变种variety01.143 乔木tree, arbor01.144 灌木shrub01.153 根root01.154 茎stem01.155 芽bud01.156 叶leaf01.157 花flower01.158 果实fruit01.159 种子seed01.214 双名法binomial nomenclature 又称“二名法”。
01.215 植物园botanical garden02.076 枝[条] branch02.077 长枝long shoot02.078 短枝dwarf shoot02.079 小枝branchlet, ramellus02.089 [棘]刺thorn02.092 顶芽terminal bud02.093 腋芽axillary bud02.097 叶柄下芽infrapetiolar bud, subpetiolar bud02.142 落叶deciduous leaf02.143 常绿叶evergreen leaf02.144 单叶simple leaf02.145 复叶compound leaf02.146 单身复叶unifoliate compound leaf02.147 羽状复叶pinnately compound leaf02.148 掌状复叶palmately compound leaf 02.149 三出复叶ternately compound leaf02.155 互生叶alternate leaf02.156 对生叶opposite leaf02.157 轮生叶verticillate leaf, whorled leaf02.159 簇生叶fascicled leaf02.198 叶枕pad, pedestal02.199 托叶stipule02.202 叶柄petiole02.207 叶端leaf apex 又称“叶尖”。
在森林里分辨树的方法Distinguishing trees in a forest involves observing various characteristics such as leaves, bark, branches, and overall tree structure. Different tree species have unique features that can aid in identification. Here's a basic method to distinguish trees in a forest:1.Leaf Characteristics:•Shape: Examine the overall shape of the leaves. Are they needle-like, scale-like, lobed, simple, or compound?•Arrangement: Observe how leaves are arranged on the branches. Are they opposite, alternate, or whorled?•Margins: Check the leaf edges. Are they smooth, serrated, toothed, or lobed?2.Bark Features:•Texture: Touch and examine the bark texture. Is it smooth, rough, peeling, or furrowed?•Color: Note the color of the bark. Different treespecies have varying shades, from light gray to dark brown.•Presence of Lenticels: Look for small, corky pores called lenticels on the bark. They aid in gas exchange.3.Branching Patterns:•Opposite or Alternate: Determine if the branches are opposite or alternate. Some trees, like maples, haveopposite branching, while others, like oaks, have alternate.•Whorled: Check for whorled branching, where three or more branches arise from the same point on the stem.4.Overall Tree Shape:•Canopy Shape: Observe the general shape of the tree's canopy. Is it conical, rounded, columnar, or irregular?•Height: Consider the tree's overall height. Some species are tall and straight, while others may have a more irregular form.5.Fruit and Seed Structures:•Cones: If the tree is a conifer, examine the cones. Note their size, shape, and whether they are clustered or solitary.•Fruits: For deciduous trees, observe the fruits. Check if they are nuts, samaras, capsules, or berries.6.Flowers and Catkins:•Flowers: If the tree is flowering, observe the size, color, and arrangement of flowers. Some trees have conspicuous flowers, while others have inconspicuous ones.•Catkins: Some trees, like willows and oaks, produce catkins. Observe their size, shape, and color.7.Habitat and Geographic Location:•Local Geography: Consider the geographical location and local climate. Certain trees are more prevalent inspecific regions.•Soil Type: The soil composition can influence tree growth. Some species thrive in sandy soil, while othersprefer loamy or clayey soil.8.Seasonal Changes:•Deciduous vs. Evergreen: Determine if the tree is deciduous or evergreen. Deciduous trees lose their leavesin the fall, while evergreens retain leaves year-round.e Field Guides and Apps:•Identification Guides: Utilize field guides orsmartphone apps designed for tree identification. Theseresources often include detailed images, descriptions, andkey features for accurate identification.Remember, accurate tree identification may require a combination of these characteristics. Field guides, local botanical experts, and online resources can be valuable aids in the identification process. Additionally, familiarizing yourself with the most common tree species in your region can enhance your ability to distinguish trees in a forest.。
