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第9章英语语言的应用（II）I. Fill in the blanks.1. H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of _____ Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie.【答案】quality【解析】质量原则的内容。
2. In the light of the _____ principle, four maxims are specified. They are the maxim of quantity, maxim of _____, maxim of _____ and the maxim of _____.（人民大学2005年、吉林大学2004年研）【答案】cooperative; quality; relation; manner【解析】考查合作原则及四条次则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。
3. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maximof_____.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?【答案】relation【解析】很显然Y的回答与X的问题“你昨晚跟谁在一起？”无关。
第7章英语语言意义（II）I. Fill in the blanks.1. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: _____, _____.【答案】argument; predicate【解析】述谓结构分析把述谓结构分析分割为论元和谓词。
其中谓词是控制论元的主要要素。
2. _____is a type of meaning-dependence between one sentence and another. In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between the two sentences if a entails b: When a is true, b is necessarily true; when b is false, a is false; when b is true, a may be true or false.【答案】Entailment【解析】蕴含是具有独立意义的不依赖于句子所处的语境。
如果a蕴含b，那么它们存在着如下的真值关系：当a为真时，b也一定为真；当b为假时，a为假；当a为假时，b或真或假；当b为真时，a或真或假。
3. _____means two sentences may have the same meaning, that is, in terms of truth value, a has the same truth value as b: If a is true, b is true; also if a is false, b is false; and vice versa.【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系指两个句子拥有同样的意思，即在真值方面，a与b真值相同。
第10章英语语言变体（I）I.Fill in the blanks.1. Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field，mode and _____.（中山大学2003年研）【答案】tenor【解析】话语包括语场、语式、语旨三个方面。
2. More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by _____.【答案】women【解析】语言使用的性别差异。
3. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, _____ language.【答案】vernacular【解析】凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。
4. A linguistic _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.【答案】taboo【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。
5. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.【答案】social【解析】语言本身是不存在性别歧视的，但当语言被不同的人使用时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。
6. In terms of sociolinguistics, _____ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.【答案】idiolect【解析】从社会语言学的角度讲，个人习语指个人语言风格。
第2章英语语音Ⅰ.Fill in the following blanks:1.The sound/p/can be described with“_____,bilabial,stop”.（北二外2007研）【答案】voiceless【解析】/p/是双唇音，爆破音，清音。
2.The sound/b/can be described with“_____,bilabial,stop”.（北二外2004研）【答案】voiced【解析】/b/是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。
3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel.And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of_____and manner of articulation.（北二外2004研）【答案】place【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。
4._____are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.（中山大学2006研）【答案】Consonants【解析】发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。
5.The present system of the_____derives mainly from one developed in the1920s by the British phonetician,Daniel Jones(1881—1967),and his colleagues at University of London.（中山大学2008研）【答案】cardinal vowels【解析】基本元音是指一系列约定俗成、固定不变的元音特质，目的是为语言中实际存在的元音描述提供一个参照框架。
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（章节题库第6章英语语言意义（Ⅰ））【圣才出品】第6章英语语言意义（Ⅰ）Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.According to G.Leech,_____meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.（北二外2007研）【答案】affective【解析】利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。
2._____=PARANT(x,y)&MALE(x)（北二外2005研）【答案】FATHER【解析】同时满足“父母亲”和“男性”的条件的只能是“父亲”。
3.According to G Leech,_____meaning refers to logic,cognitive,or denotative content.（北二外2005研）【答案】conceptual【解析】利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
4.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for,is known as the_____theory.（中山大学2008研）【答案】referential【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。
5._____is the technical name for the sameness relation.（北二外2007研）【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。
所谓的同义词都是依赖语境的，它们总是在这方面或那方面有所不同。
6.Terms like“apple”,“banana”and“pear”are_____of the term“fruit”.（北二外2007研）【答案】hyponyms【解析】上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。
陈新仁《英语语⾔学实⽤教程》（章节题库第12章英语习得）【圣才出品】第12章英语习得Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as_____.（中⼭⼤学2008研）【答案】interlanguage【解析】中介语是在外语或第⼆语⾔学习中形成的。
2.An influential claim regarding the input issue is the hypothesis that there must be sufficient,comprehensible input available to L2learners,as captured by the_____ formula.【答案】“i+1”【解析】关于输⼊问题，⼀个有影响⼒的说法是假设对于第⼆语⾔学习者必须有可获得的⾜够的以及能够被理解的输⼊，⽤公式可表⽰为“i+1”。
3.Error is the grammatically incorrect form;_____appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.（中⼭⼤学2008研）【答案】mistake【解析】mistake是指在语法上正确但在交流语境中不恰当。
4._____are“the special thoughts or behaviors that individuals use to help them comprehend,learn,or retain new information”.【答案】Learning strategies【解析】学习策略是指特殊的想法或⾏为，这种想法或⾏为能够帮助学习者理解，学习或者获得新的信息。
陈新仁《英语语⾔学实⽤教程》配套...第10章英语语⾔变体（I）I.Fill in the blanks.1. Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field，mode and _____.（中⼭⼤学2003年研）【答案】tenor【解析】话语包括语场、语式、语旨三个⽅⾯。
2. More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by _____.【答案】women【解析】语⾔使⽤的性别差异。
3. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, _____ language.【答案】vernacular【解析】凡属标准语之外的那些语⾔变体都被叫做⾮标准语或本地语。
4. A linguistic _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.【答案】taboo【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因⽽避免使⽤的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。
5. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.【答案】social【解析】语⾔本⾝是不存在性别歧视的，但当语⾔被不同的⼈使⽤时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。
6. In terms of sociolinguistics, _____ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.【答案】idiolect【解析】从社会语⾔学的⾓度讲，个⼈习语指个⼈语⾔风格。
第3章英语语言单位Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.In traditional grammar,_____is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item.（中山大学2006研）【答案】pronoun【解析】在传统语法中，代词是唯一一种可用来代替其他语言项目的词性。
2.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an_____affix from a longer form already in the language.（中山大学2006研）【答案】imagined【解析】逆构词法是一种不规则的构词类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。
3._____is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers,whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.It is the minimum free form.（中山大学2005研）【答案】Word【解析】词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。
它是最小的自由形式词，是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位。
4.Take is the_____of taking,taken and took.【答案】lexeme【解析】词位是语言词汇的基本单位，taking，taken和took都是take这个词位的词位变体。
5.The_____is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar,a unit which cannot be divided a unit which cannot be dividedwithout destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether lexical or grammatical.（北二外2008研）【答案】morpheme【解析】语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
第9章英语语言的应用（II）课后习题详解Check your understanding.State whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) Maxim of quantity requires one to provide as much information as possible. 【答案】F(2) In order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways.【答案】F(3) Every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face.【答案】T(4) Politeness is a matter of degree.【答案】T(5) Cultures vary as far as politeness issues are concerned.【答案】TIn-Class Activities1. The meaning of “and” in English seems to be rather diversified in different contexts. Compare:a. The film is long and boring.b. Jane found John was handsome and fell in love with him.c. Jane called John and told him the news.Ask(1) How would you interpret “and” in each of the cases?Key: In a, “and” is a pure conjunction that coordinates two parts. In b, “and”signals cause-effect relation. In c, “and” indicates the sequence of events, meaning “and then”.(2) Do you vote for the argument that “and” is polysemous, or the argument that“and” has just one basic meaning and the other “meanings” areimplicatures derived from the context?Now, focus on the use of “or” in English:d. His birthday is in June or July.e. For the new post, a diploma in mathematics or computer science is a must.Key: “and” has one basic meaning. Other interpretations are derived from this basic meaning plus contextual information by way of implicature.(3) It seems that “or” has two conflicting meanings. What are they? Do you thinkone meaning is basic and the other is derivable in context by virtue ofimplicature?Key: They are exclusive “or” and inclusive “or”. The inclusive “or” is more basic. The exclusive “or” is realized by way of implicature.2. Being underinformative or overinformative in daily conversation is not rare. When either happens, some implicature is intended. Look at the followingfragment of talk:Jane: What’s your stepmother like?John: She’s a woman and she married my father.Ask(1) What does John want to say in actuality?Key: The stepmother is no good.(2) Why does John answer that way, you suppose?Now consider the following:Jane: When did you come back last night?John: Two o’clock in the morning. The meeting was just too long.Key: He does not want to say directly that his stepmother is bad.(3) What does John imply in the second part of his reply?Key: He did not mean to be late.(4) Why does John give that additional information?Public signs and ads also employ additional information sometimes. Look at the following pictures:Key: He wants to explain why he was late so that Jane would pardon him, if she minded.(5) What is the extra information in each of the cases?Key: In the first picture, the additional information is that “there is ice falling”.In the second picture, the additional information is “Heart disease is the#1 killer of African Americans”. In the third picture, the additionalinformation is “水是生命的源泉。
第2章英语语音课后习题详解Check your understanding.State whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.【答案】F(2) Not all English phonemes have allophones.【答案】T(3) The same set of vowels is used in all languages.【答案】F(4) All syllables must contain at least one vowel.【答案】F(5) The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.【答案】F(6) English is a tone language.【答案】FIn-Class Activities1. In order to discover the phonemes used in the sound system of a language, scholars once designed a method based on the notion of minimal pairs, like “pat”vs. “fat”. Three requirements were proposed for identifying a minimal pair: (1) the two words are different in meaning; (2) the two words are different because of just one phoneme; and (3) the phonemes that make the two words different occur in the same phonetic environment. By phonetic environment we mean the sound(s) preceding and that/those following it, e. g. the phonetic environment of [I] in [pit] is [p_t] and that of [P] is [#_it] (#stands for a word or syllable boundary). The contrasting sounds in words forming a minimal pair are said to be in contrastive distribution, as in [bit] vs. [beit] and [pit] vs. [bit].Ask(1) What is the phonetic environment of [t] in [pit] ?Key: [i_](2) Are the following pairs of words minimal pairs?a. desk vs. task;b. leave vs. leakKey: a. No.b. Yes. ( li:v vs. li:k )2. Allophones as the realizations of the same phoneme are technically said to be in complementary distribution; in other words, they are found in different phonetic environments. For instance, the allophones of the phoneme /l/, clear [l] and dark [?], occur as follows:Clear [1]: occurs before vowels or after initial consonant(s) like /b/, /s/, /k/, //,/f/, /p/, /sp/.Dark [?]: occurs elsewhere.Ask(1) Characterize how the allophones of the phoneme/k/are complementarily distributed.Key: [k h ] in initial position; [k]after /s/; [k¬] in final position.(2) Is there any other way of characterizing the complementary distribution of clear [l] and dark [?]?Key: [l] before vowels; [ł] elsewhere.3. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/is defined as composed of such distinctive features as [plosive] + [bilabial] + [breathed] because each of them can distinguish/p/from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [P h] does not distinguish of meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case. Ask(1) What distinctive feature makes/f/and/v/different?Key: [voiced].(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?a. /y/;b. /k/;c. /n/Key: a. /y/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal]b. /k/ [velar] + [voiceless] + [plosive]c. /n/ [nasal] + [voiced] + [alveolar]4. Suppose the distribution of [r] and [l] in the following words is characteristic of Korean: rupi; “ruby”; mul; “water”; kiri; “road”; pal; “leg”; saram; “person”; səul; “Seoul”; ratio; “radio”; ipalsa; “barber”(1) Are [r] and [l] in complementary distribution? In what environment does each occur?Key: Yes. [r] occurs before vowels; [l] occurs after vowels.(2) Do they occur in any minimal pairs?Key: No.(3) Suppose that [r] and [l] are allophones of one phoneme. State the rule that can derive the allophonic forms.Key: [r] is lateralized when it occurs after vowels.5. A sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a sequential/ neighboring sound; e. g. [] is realized as [], [] and [] respectively in “impossible”, “irresistible “, and “ illegal “ This is what we call the assimilation rule. Assimilation, particularly noticeable in ordinary conversational speech, occurs in a variety of contexts. For example, when you tell someone “I can go”, the influence of the following velar [] will almost certainly make the preceding nasal sound In [] come out as [] (a velar) rather than [] (an alveolar). Notice also that the vowel in “can” has also changed to schwa []from the isolated-word version [] through the process of weakening.Ask(1) Can you give more examples of assimilation?Key: compatriot, sing.(2) Can you find any exceptions?Key: input, unbeatable, Canberra.Now, study the following dialect of English carefully. There seems to be a predictable variant [] of the diphthong [].(3) What phonetic segments condition this change?Key: The consonant immediately after the vowel.6. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cause a change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, “economics” can be read as both[] and []. Here, // and //are in free distribution.Ask:(1) Can you give more examples of free variation?Key: advertisement [əd΄və:tismənt] [əd΄və:tizmənt]; association [əsəusi΄eiʃən] [əsəu i΄eiən](2) Why do you think such a phenomenon exists in a language like English?Key: Individual variation is responsible for this phenomenon.7. A certain sound in words like “sign”, “design” and “resign” may be deleted even though it may be orthographically represented, while their corresponding nominal forms, namely “signature”, “designation” and “resignation”, involve the articulation of the sound. The process involved here is the deletion rule.Ask(1) Which sound is deleted in “sign”, “design” and “resign”?Key: [g](2) Can you offer other examples of deletion?Key: paradigm (atic), condemn(ation)(3) Can you give some words that involve total deletion?Key: plumb, plumber; climb, climbing(4) Are there any other types of deletion in English?Key: debt, know8. English has a number of expressions such as “chit-chat” and “flip-flop” which never seem to occur in the reverse order (i.e. chat-chit, flop-flip). Here are more。
