杭州名校真题系列：2016-2017八上期末江干区统考

单词拼写余杭区1. The restaurant has the w service of the three. Many people don’t want to go there.2. The little girl are looking forward to h from her friend soon.3. Problems and worries are n in life. We should not run away from them.4. I h out in the park with my close friend yesterday. It was really relaxing.5. Don’t go to school or go to work w breakfast. It’s not good for our healthy.6. What can we do to help the poor children? We should take it s .7. Remember to take this medicine only o a day after meals.8. T the old man lives alone, he is happy.9. Ellen is t . She can sing, dance and paint very well.10. “Help y to some chicken.” Alice said to us.下沙1. Sunshine Cinema is the c to my home. It’s just next to my house.2. Tom isn’t leaving u next Monday.3. Uncle Wang often tells j to make us laugh.4. My grandpa often dresses h up as Santa Clause on Christmas Day.5. The w always gets a very good prize in the talent show.6. How much should he pay? That’s up to him to d !7. Miss Smith is very kind to her students. She t cares about them.8. Chairman Xi attended(出席) the o ceremony of G20 in Hangzhou.9. ---That’s Tara, i it?---No, it’s Tina.10. If the others don’t want to come, we will go w them.西湖区1. In Hangzhou, which movie t has the biggest IMAX screen?2. I can do it m . Don’t worry. It’s OK for me.3. Some think the game Pokeman Go is great, but others don’t. Which side do you a ?4. ---How much h do you need for this fruit salad?---One spoon.5. Be careful. Don’t make this kind of c mistakes any more.6. W Mrs. Wu’s help, we can’t work it out so quickly.7. The air pollution this year in Hangzhou is becoming b than it was last year.8. A many people didn’t believe Trump could win, he made it in the end.9. Just speak q . Dad is sleeping in the next room.10. The Chinese swimmer Fu Yuanhui first a in Rio 2016 and soon became a popular star.上城区1. Tim is in bed with a t of 40℃, and he needs a good rest.2. Once flying to the moon was i for people and few people believed that, however, people now can take a rocket to reach there.3. Leo likes computer science very much, and he learns it all by h in his spare time.4. Lisa is going to spend the vacation in a village so she can enjoy herself q .5. According to a survey, more than 40 p of Chinese cities are facing the hazy(雾霾) weather every year.6. I w if I could pass the exam. Luckily, Mr Lee told me I did it.7. If buildings fall down with people i , fire fighters come to save the people under the building.8. Mark is going to study history at a u after he finishes high school.9. Sam h around the West Lake with his friend yesterday, enjoying the beauty of the lake.10. I’d like to find a friend who is s to me and we can have something in common.语法填空余杭区Nowadays Wechat(微信) is more and more. I often talk to my English friends on Wechat to help me speak English (good) than before. And I can read lots of (information) on Wechat that can make me know more around. Some news also makes me become more careful. Sometimes I feel Wechat is like mirror that helps me see something (clear).now, Wechat brings me some trouble as well. Some friends put photos of the real things on Wechat to tell what they sell is really good. I am angry about (that) advertisements(广告). Because some of them may be not true. As a (say) goes, seeing is believing. I know people are cheated(被欺骗) by some news easily. What’s worse, some news always ask us (send) it to others. This (make) me not comfortable! Friends seem to become enemies! In fact, I am thinking about never using Wechat on my phone again because using it too much is bad my eyes.下沙To: ClassSubject: An InvitationDear classmates,I am glad to tell you a piece of good news. We will hold a classmate party the evening of Friday, August 18th. Would you like (come)?We (have) the party in Sunshine Restaurant. It starts at 6 in the evening. A lot of classmates will come on time.(one), we will have buffet(自助餐). You can taste delicious Chinese food. If you like western food (good), there are also all kinds of Spaghetti, sandwiches and steaks. And we have ice-cream some fantastic drinks.At the party, you can enjoy beautiful music by our classmates, exciting street dances by some boys, and wonderful performances by a famous (magic). There will be a talent show, too. Everyone who takes part in the party will get small gift. Please don’t be late for the party.We are looking forward to (see) you soon.Best wishes!(you) sincerely,Cindy西湖区How does technology(科技) change lives? Many think it is great. For most people, technology means you can do (much) in less time and have fun while doing it. Here’s one example.People make letters with smoke from airplanes. People can see the letters from the streets, buildings and places far from the sky. It’s called skywriting. It (begin) in England. In 1922, the (one) words written in the sky over America were “Hello USA”. That year skywriting began to be used for advertising. It kept popular until the 1950s. It’s difficult to put a message the sky. The pilot must count numbers to know when to turn the smoke on and off. Wind moves the letters, so the pilot (watch) their shadows on the ground or their (shape) in the sky. If it’s a (snow) day, the pilot in the plane can’t see the white letters, we on the ground can see them in the sky. People are so (create) to have romantic time!However, for some people, technology can be so much more than just for fun. It can change(they) lives. Most believe tomorrow’s technology comes out right side up!上城区Tony: What a delicious smell! Your pizza looks so nice.Betty: Thanks! I’m preparing for the party. Many friends will come here. It is a big event for(we).Tony: Exactly!Bob: What are those on top?Betty: Oh, they’re cheese and (tomato). Do you want to try a piece?Bob: Ugh! No, thanks. I’m afraid I don’t like cheese, it smells too strong.Betty: Well, my chocolate cookies are done now. Have a try!Bob: I love them! They taste (real) sweet and they feel soft in the middle.Tony: Are you cooking lots of different things? You look very busy!Betty:Yes, I am! you know, t here’s a lot of food to prepare before the party. There’s some pizza and some cookies, and now I’m(make) an apple pie and a cake.Bob: Apple pie sounds nice. Shall I get the sugar?Betty:Yes, please. Oh, are you sure that’s sugar? Taste it (one). It might be salt!Bob: No, it’s OK. It tastes sweet. It’s sugar.Tony: What’s this? It tastes sweet, .Betty:That’s strawberry jam, for the cake.Bob: Good, everything tastes so sweet! It’s my (luck) day!Betty&Tony: Haha. No sweet sweat(汗水).完形填空余杭区“Who needs a shopping center if you have Taobao?" says Wang Lin, 28, a writer in Beijing. Taobao is 1 online shopping site in China. It has become an important part of Wang Lin's life. She 2 lots of money buying the things she likes on Taobao.A growing number of Chinese Internet users 3 Wang Lin have found the fun of online shopping. They don’t have to spend a lot of time going to the shops. Just click the mouse, they can find almost 4 they need on Taobao, from clothes to books, from candies to DVD players.5 online shoppers are students or young workers. More women6 on line than men. According to a survey,7 and household things are the most popular on their shopping list. “People like to buy clothes online8 they can often buy the clothes at a very good price.” Wang Lin Says. Taobao means “9 treasure” in Chinese.The most important 10 for an online shopper is the November 11th -Singles’ Day shopping festival. At first, it is 11 a day to celebrate being single, but now, it means the biggest online promotion(促销) in China. Online shoppers from 217 countries outside China 12 the shopping festival.You 13 worried about the security(安全性) of online shopping. Wang Lin said, “Unless you receive the products from the sellers and are satisfied with them, the shop owner 14 the money. You can 15 get your money back if you want to return the products."( )1. A. the poorest B. the simplest C. the largest D. the smartest( )2. A. spends B. pays C. costs D. takes( )3. A. of B. with C. at D. like( )4. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything( )5. A. All B. Most C. A little D. Few( )6. A. discuss B. promise C. shop D. accept( )7. A. clothes B. toys C. books D. food( )8. A. so B. though C. because D. until( )9. A. looking after B. looking for C. looking out D. looking forward to( )10. A. rule B. time C. way D. person( )11. A. quite B. certainly C. pretty D. just( )12. A. refused B. chose C. expected D. joined( )13. A. may be B. can C. should be D. must( )14. A. will get B. will pay C. won’t get D. won’t pay( )15. A. also B. too C. either D. so far下沙Delia was a young pianist. Her husband, Joe, was a young artist. Each of them was taking lessons: Joe with a famous art teacher, and Delia with a great pianist from Germany. Their teachers were the very best, so lessons were 1 , more than they could really afford, but… when you love your art, 2 is too much.But soon the money began to run out, and they couldn’t afford the lessons any more. Then one day Delia came back home and told Joe that she had met a man whose daughter, Sally, wanted to learn the piano, and he was going to 3 her $50 an hour.“Delia,”Joe said, “I’ll be much 4 if you keep up your lessons,” Delia said it didn’t matter. “When I’ve had some money, I’ll go on with it.” But Joe also 5 his lessons to draw pictures and sell them.A few days later, Joe came home and 6 took $200 from his pocket. “I met a man from Vermont,” he said, “and h 7 one of my pictures. And he wants to buy more!”So the two of them were very happy. They didn’t have to worry any more about 8 .One day, Joe came home and saw that Delia’s hand was wrapped in a bandage(绷带). He asked her what had happened. “Oh,”said Delia, “my student, Sally, asked me to make some coffee for her.I dropped the coffee and burned my 9 . Sally went straight to the drugstore and got this bandage for me. ”“Delia, 10 have you been doing these days?”Joe asked. She tried not to tell him, but the tears 11 . “Oh Joe, I couldn’t get any students, so I worked as a waitress in a restaurant. Today, I burned my hand with hot water. So I can’t work any more. 12 we’ll still have money from the man in Vermont, won’t we?”Joe looked at her. “There’s13 man in Vermont, ”he said. “I’ve been working in a 14 and today someone came in to buy bandages 15 a woman who’s burned her hand. So when I saw you, well, I guessed. ”Looking at each other, they both laughed.( )1. A. expensive B. cheap C. low D. high( )2. A. everything B. something C. nothing D. anything( )3. A. lend B. pay C. cost D. get( )4. A. sadder B. poorer C. happier D. richer( )5. A. lasted B. kept C. held D. stopped( )6. A. angrily B. excitedly C. quietly D. loudly( )7. A. bought B. brought C. saw D. borrowed( )8. A. pictures B. money C. jobs D. lessons( )9. A. leg B. hand C. arm D. face( )10. A. why B. where C. what D. how( )11. A. went B. disappeared C. arrived D. came( )12. A. So B. And C. But D. Or( )13. A. some B. a C. no D. another( )14. A. store B. school C. restaurant D. cinema( )15. A. from B. by C. for D. of西湖区It was still in deep night, everything seemed to be the same as usual.“Tommy!” called a clear little voice. Tommy 1 and sat up in bed. At the foot of the bed stood a boy about his own age, all dressed in 2 , like fresh snow. He had very bright eyes, and he 3 Tommy straightly. “Who are you?” asked Tommy.“I am the New Year!” said the boy. “This is my day, and I bring 4 your leaves.”“What leaves?” asked Tommy.“The new ones, to be sure!” said the New Year. “I hear 5 words of you from my Daddy...”“ 6 is your Daddy?” asked Tommy.“The Old Year, of course!” said the boy. “He said you asked too many questions and I see he was right. And one day you 7 your book into the fire. Now, all this 8 stop.”“Oh, must it?” said Tommy. He felt 9 , and didn’t know just what to say.“10 it does not stop,” the boy said, “you will grow 11 every year, till you grow up into a Terrible Man. Do you want to be a Terrible Man?”“N-no!” said Tommy.“Then you must stop being a terrible boy!” said the New Year. “Take your 12 !” and he held out a book made of leaves, all white.“Turn over one of these every day,” he said, “and soon you will be a good boy instead of a bad one.” Tommy took the leaves and looked at them. 13 each leaf were a few words. On one it said, “Help your mother!” On 14 , “Don’t eat so much!” And on still another, “Don’t fight Billy Jenkins!”“Oh!” cried Tommy. “I have to fight Billy Jenkins! He said ...”“Goodbye!”said the New Year. “I shall come 15 when I am old to see whether you are a good boy or a terrible one. Remember, ‘Terrible boy makes Terrible man’.”( )1. A. stood B. woke C. played D. walked( )2. A. red B. blue C. black D. white( )3. A. looked for B. looked at C. looked after D. looked down( )4. A. you B. me C. her D. him( )5. A. nice B. beautiful C. bad D. interesting( )6. A. How B. What C. Where D. Who( )7. A. threw B. bought C. left D. read( )8. A. might B. would C. could D. must( )9. A. happy B. interested C. brave D. afraid( )10. A. And B. If C. Though D. So( )11. A. taller B. worse C. super D. clever( )12. A. messages B. leaves C. exam D. exercise( )13. A. On B. Between C. From D. Beside( )14. A. other B. the other C. another D. others( )15. A. finally B. once C. too D. again上城区It started in kindergarten. I always climbed up to reach the books about the world and take them 1 the bookshelves to read. I noticed maps of oceans, countries, lakes and people. I made my 2 . I am going to see the world!Through 3 and amazing chances that came my way, I began to see the world. In South America, I walked through rainforests with mountains, animal life, and it really 4 a lot! Africa has a lot of languages among the people who live in cities and villages. I thought that Big Ben was a huge person 5 I saw it in Europe. Going to the top of the Eiffel Tower was exciting and fun. There I can find the people below look so small! I 6 different time zones(时区) and going from summer to winter. Asia was 7 when I became interested in the pandas. And it was a great chance to realize that animals big and small need the help of people like you and me. 8 , in Thailand, it was the elephants. I went to the “elephant camp” and 9 the elephants learn team-building. I was taking a boat trip in South America when offered the ticket to fly to Antarctica. It took me only one second to say 10 on the phone!My dream to visit all over the world became-reality!( )1. A. off B. for C. with D. out( )2. A. reason B. suggestion C. resolution D. diary( )3. A. advice B. travel C. games D. play( )4. A. snowed B. poured C. blew D. flew( )5. A. until B. if C. though D. after( )6. A. went in B. went along C. went through D. went over( )7. A. special B. common C. modern D. traditional( )8. A. First B. Before C. Finally D. Then( )9. A. showed B. caught C. watched D. joined( )10. A. sorry B. well C. no D. yes阅读理解余杭区Almost all cultures celebrate the end of one year and the beginning of another in some way. Different cultures celebrate the beginning of a new year in different ways, and at different times on the calendar.In Western countries, people usually celebrate New Year at midnight on December 31st - January 1st. People may go to parties, sometimes dressed in formal（正式的）clothes, and the may drink champagne（香槟）at midnight. During the first minutes of the new year, people cheer and wish each other happiness for the year ahead. But some cultures prefer to celebrate the new year by waking up early to watch the sun rise. They welcome the new wear with the first light of the sunrise.Many cultures also do special things to get rid of（摆脱）bad luck at the beginning of a new year. For example, in Ecuador, families make a big doll from old clothes. The doll is filled with old newspapers and firecrackers. At midnight, these dolls are burned to show the bad things from the past year are gone and the new year can start afresh（重新）. Other common traditions to keep away bad luck in a new year include throwing things into rivers or the ocean, or saying special things on the first day of the new year.Other New Year traditions are followed to bring good luck in the new year. One widespread Spanish tradition for good luck is to eat grapes on New Year’s Day. The more grapes a person eats, the more good luck the person will have in the tear. In France, people eat pancakes for good luck at New Year. In the United States, some people eat black-eyed peas for good luck-but to get good luck for a whole year you have to eat 365 of them!( )1. The reading is mainly about .A. the meaning of “Have New Year”B. several different New Year traditionsC. what to eat on New Year’s DayD. why people dress up nicely on New Year’s Day( )2. From this passage we know that .A. some cultures celebrate New Year in the morningB. the western people celebrate New Year only on New Year’s DayC. people in Ecuador go to parties on December 31st - January 1stD. no cultures do special things to celebrate New Year( )3. In some culture, people throw things into rivers or seas to .A. bring good luckB. keep away bad luckC. forget everythingD. plan for the next year( )4. To welcome a lucky new year, .A. some people say special things on New Year’s DayB. some families make many big dolls and beat themC. some people cook many pancakes on New Year’s DayD. people in Europe eat 365 grapes on New Year’s Day( )5. When eating black-eyed peas on New Year’s Day, people think .A. one pea brings on day of luckB. black-eyed peas are the best medicineC. the peas are too black and taste badD. the peas are helpful to count numbers( )6. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? (P=Paragraph)Jenny Williams was a strange little girl. She liked to spend her time alone eating chocolate. Her parents were worried,so they took all the chocolate away.Jenny left her house to look for some chocolate. She found a small house full of glasses. Among all the glasses, a blue glass caught Jenny's attention. It was full of chocolate. There was also a card in it, saying,“Tears for chocolate."Jenny was very excited. She took the blue glass and ran out of the house to look for someone crying. First, she met a little boy crying hard,and she collected his tears. The tears were quickly changed into chocolate. While Jenny was collecting the tears, she comforted the boy. Finally, the boy stopped crying and they had a fun time together.Later, Jenny met a woman who had broken some plates and an old man who couldn’t find his dog. They were so sad that their tears could not help falling down. Jenny tried her best to make them happy and forgot to collect their tears.Soon, Jenny realized that making people happy was even more important than finding chocolate. So she stopped collecting tears and began to help sad people. As a result, she became friends with them and lived a much happier life than before.( )1. Jenny Williams was a strange girl because .A. she often cried when she was aloneB. she liked to collect chocolate very muchC. she liked to be alone eating chocolateD. she was helpful and liked to help others.( )2. There was and a lot of chocolate i the blue glass.A. tearsB. a cardC. a candyD. a plate( )3. What does the underlined word ‘comforted’ in the third paragraph mean?A. 安慰B. 责备C. 担心D. 鼓励( )4. Which of the following is the correct order about Jenny?①Jenny tried her best to comfort the woman and the old man.②Jenny found a blue glass of chocolate in a small house full of glass.③Jenny stopped collecting tears and began to help sad people.④Jenny met a little boy crying hard, and she collected his tears.⑤Jenny took the blue glass and ran out of the house to collect tears.A.2-3-5-4-1B. 5-4-2-1-3C. 2-5-4-1-3D. 5-4-1-2-3( )5. What can we learn from the passage?A. Chocolate is so delicious that we should eat more.B. It was fantastic that tears became chocolate.C. Jenny’s parents were happy about what she did.D. We will be much happier when we make others happy.上城区All kinds of animals can communicate in one way or another. Maybe you have heard about the way bees dance around to send messages to each other and the ways dogs bark to give warnings or to be friendly. But did you know about infrasonic(次声的) communication used by elephants? This is how it works: Humans hear low sounds like the notes in music or birds singing in the sky. But we don’t hear sounds lower than these. However, animals such as elephants and hippos can hear much lower sounds than humans can. And what’s more, they can make lower sounds as well, and they use them to communicate with each other. This is known as infrasound(次声).Another amazing thing about infrasound is that it travels over several kilometers. Sounds which have a higher pitch(音高), like the ones people can hear, don’t travel well through walls, leaves, trees, and other materials. That is why we can’t hear sounds from more than 100 meters away. But infrasound is much “stronger”, and things like grass and trees have no effect on it. Therefore, it can travel much farther. Elephants can hear infrasonic calls from 4 kilometers away!There have been reports of people watching groups of elephants feeding or resting and then the elephants suddenly all stopped whatever they were doing for no reason at all. They obviouslyheard a warning call from a long way away, but the people didn’t hear a sound. In places like a zoo or wildlife park, where you can get nearer to animals, it is easier to sense when infrasonic sounds are made. When you stand near mother elephants with their babies in a zoo, you may notice a slight rumbling(隆隆声) in the air every few minute - not loud or strong, but clearly noticeable. This is infrasonic communication - the mother elephants are “talking” to their babies.( )1. The writer mentions bees and dogs .A. as examples of animal communicationB. because they use infrasonic communicationC.because scientists want to learn how they communicateD. to explain that animals use the same way to communicate( )2. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?A. Humans can hear infrasonic calls.B. Only elephants can hear infrasound.C. Infrasound is lower than musical notes.D. Some animals can’t hear human sounds.( )3. People can’t hear sounds from more than 100 meters away because .A. the sounds don’t travel wellB. people can’t feel the soundsC. the sounds are too much lowD. people can’t understand them( )4. Which statement is True according to the passage?A. People can’t hear or feel infrasonic sounds.B. Infrasound can’t travel through grass and trees.C. Elephants can hear a call from forty kilometers away.D. People may feel infrasonic sounds when getting close.( )5. What is the passage mainly about?A. Animals understand human sounds.B. Some animals can speak using words.C. Animals hear low sounds like music notes.D. Some animals use infrasound to communicate.。

八年级（上）英语（R）杭州市江干区期末统考卷满分120分，考试时间100分钟班级___________姓名___________学号___________一、单项填空（本题有5小题，每小题1分，共5分）（）16.This is not my dictionary.I left___________at home.A.hisB.hersC.mineD.yours（）17.—What can I do to stay healthy?—___________you do more exercise,such as running and walking,you will make it.A.IfB.WhileC.BeforeD.Unless（）18.I’m interested in animals,so I___________every Saturday working in an animal hospital.A.getB.spendC.payD.take（）19.—Did you hear about Because of You,one of the___________English songs?—Yes.It sounds so beautiful!A.popularB.more popularC.least popularD.most popular（）20.—Can you come to my house for my birthday party?—___________,but I have to meet my parents in the airport.A.It’s kind of youB.Of courseC.That’s rightD.I’d love to二、完形填空（本题有15小题，每小题1分，共15分）。

通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2016学年第一学期学业水平测试八年级思想品德﹒历史与社会答案一、选择题（每小题2分，共56分。

请选出各题中一个最符合题意的正确选项，不选、多选、错选均不给分）二、非选择题（第29题10分、第30题12分、第31题12分、第32题10分，共44分）。

29．(1)秦灭六国完成统一（1分）秦始皇（秦王嬴政）（1分）统一的中央集权政治制度（1分）（2）科举考试制度（1分）科举制是一种相对公平的选拔制度，为读书人创造了相对平等的竞争机会，为社会发展提供了更多的人才。

（2分）（3）雕版印刷、活字印刷（2分）雕版印刷术的发明，对于人类文化的保存、传播和发展起到了重大作用；活字印刷术大大促进了文化的传播。

（2分）30．（1）张骞；马可·波罗。

（2分）（2）佛教（2分）；文化在传播时要受到当地历史文化传统和当地自然条件的影响(或文化的多样性)。

（2分）（3）经济重心的南移或江南经济的开发。

（2分）（4）相同点：都促进了经济文化的交流。

（2分）不同点：丝绸之路陆路传播、京杭大运河水路传播；丝绸之路沟通中西文明、京杭大运河促进国内南北方文明交流等等。

（2分）31．（1）铁农具和牛耕的推广所带来的生产力水平的提高。

（2分）（2）曲辕犁；筒车；唐朝；开元盛世。

（4分）（3）坊市格局被打破，商业活动不再受区域、时间限制；城市商业贸易更加繁荣，普遍出现夜市和早市；出现了纸币──交子、最早的商标、广告；集市逐渐形成；随着经济的的发展，兴起了大量的手工业、商业城镇。

（写出两点即得2分）新气象出现的主要原因在于宋朝社会经济的发展。

（2分）（4）生产工具（或技术）的改进能推动经济的发展、社会的进步；生产工具（或农具）的改进带来盛世局面。

科学技术是第一生产力；要坚持把发展科技（创新）放在首位等等。

符合题意即可。

（2分，写出一条即可）32.（1）材料说明网络交往有诸多益处，它能使我们获得知识和能力，丰富我们的人生经验；（1分）漫画说明了沉迷网络对青少年的不良影响。

八年级（上）英语（R）杭州市江干区期末统考卷满分120分，考试时间100分钟班级___________姓名___________学号___________一、单项填空（本题有5小题，每小题1分，共5分）（）16.This is not my dictionary.I left___________at home.A.hisB.hersC.mineD.yours（）17.—What can I do to stay healthy?—___________you do more exercise,such as running and walking,you will make it.A.IfB.WhileC.BeforeD.Unless（）18.I’m interested in animals,so I___________every Saturday working in an animal hospital.A.getB.spendC.payD.take（）19.—Did you hear about Because of You,one of the___________English songs?—Yes.It sounds so beautiful!A.popularB.more popularC.least popularD.most popular（）20.—Can you come to my house for my birthday party?—___________,but I have to meet my parents in the airport.A.It’s kind of youB.Of courseC.That’s rightD.I’d love to二、完形填空（本题有15小题，每小题1分，共15分）。

通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2016-2017学年浙江省杭州市江干区八年级（上）期末化学试卷一、选择题（每题3分，共60分，每小题只有一个选项符合题意）1．（3分）下列错误实验操作，需要补充仪器才能改正的是（）A．滴加液体B．振荡试管C．加热固体D．过滤2．（3分）对下列物质进行归类，正确的是（）A．垂体、甲状腺、唾液腺都属于内分泌腺B．食盐水、碳棒、橡皮都属于导体C．硫酸铜、云母、食盐都属于晶体D．碘酒、牛奶、可乐都属于溶液3．（3分）下列关于溶液的说法正确的是（）A．溶液是无色透明的，无色透明的液体不一定都是溶液B．溶液体积等于溶质和溶剂体积之和C．浓溶液是饱和溶液，饱和溶液不一定都是溶液D．温度会影响固体溶解度大小，搅拌不会增大固体溶解度4．（3分）如图（1）表示甲、乙量固体物质的溶解度随温度变化的情况；图（2）表示A、B试管中分别盛有甲、乙量固体的饱和溶液，试管底部均有未溶解的固体，向烧杯中加入一种物质，发现A试管中固体增多，B试管中固体减少，则加入的物质是（）A．硝酸铵固体B．氯化钠C．氢氧化钠固体D．生石灰5．（3分）将某温度下热的硝酸钾饱和溶液逐渐冷却至室温，下列有量随时间变化趋势的图象不正确的是（）A．B．C．D．6．（3分）碳酸饮料（汽水）类产品是指在一定条件下充入二氧化碳气体的饮料，如图是一瓶喝剩下的汽水，瓶壁上还附有许多气泡，振荡一下，一些气泡就会离开瓶壁，上浮，最后露出水面消失．下列说法中有科学道理的是（）A．打开瓶盖时，有大量气泡冒出是由于温度升高气体溶解度减小引起的B．振荡前该饮料是二氧化碳的不饱和溶液C．瓶壁上气泡一定受到浮力的作用，且气泡受到的浮力等于气泡的重力，所以没有上浮D．气泡在上升的过程中，气泡逐渐变大，所受的浮力也逐渐变大二、填空题（本大题共10分）7．（6分）KCl在不同温度下溶解度的数据如表：（1）60℃时，100g水中最多可溶解KCl g．（2）90℃时，100g饱和KCl溶液冷却到30℃时，溶液的质量100g（选填“＞”、“＜”或“=”）（3）40℃时，KCl饱和溶液中溶质质量分数为；该溶液升温到60℃时，溶液属于溶液（选填“饱和”或“不饱和”）．8．（4分）目前许多学校安装了直饮水机，其主要工作流程如图．（1）①中活性炭具有作用（2）直饮水机使用方便：只要将它与自来水管网对接，截留清除水中的有害物质（如细菌等），便得到直饮水，直饮水属于（选填“混合物”或“纯净物”）（3）水的净化：向浑蚀的天然水中加入明矾，静置一段时间后，取上层液体过滤，得到略带颜色的液体，实验中加入明矾的作用是促进了水中悬浮杂质的沉降．此过程是（选填“物理”或“化学”）变化．过滤操作中用到的玻璃仪器有烧杯、玻璃棒、（填仪器名称）．三、实验探究题（本大题共6分）9．（6分）菊花的无土栽培营养液主要成分如配方表所示：现在要按以上配方配制约5升的菊花栽培营养液，实验步骤如下：（1）计算：分别算出各种成分所需质量，如硫酸钾m=毫克．（2）称量：用天平（托盘天平或电子天平）称出各成分质量．（3）溶解：将称得的物质倒入烧杯中，加入少量水，用搅拌，完全溶解后再将其倒入5升的容量瓶中（一种专用于配溶液的容器），再用少量蒸馏水洗涤烧杯内壁2﹣3次，洗涤液全部转入到容量瓶中，再向容量瓶中加入蒸馏水，液面离容量瓶颈刻度线下1﹣2cm时，改用滴加蒸馏水至液面与刻度线相切．（4）装瓶：将容量瓶中配好的溶液全部倒入特定塑料桶中待用反思与评价：步骤3中，如果缺少“再用少量蒸馏水洗涤烧杯内壁2﹣3次”这步骤则配出的营养液浓度将（偏高、偏低或不影响）．如果步骤4中有部分溶液不小心洒出，则配出的营养液浓度（偏高、偏低或不影响）．四、解答题10．（5分）杭晖中学每年在开学前都要对教室进行消毒处理，现医务室购买了一桶消毒剂，上标有“20升，1.1克/厘米3，20%”的字样．问：（1）这一桶消毒剂的溶液质量是多少？消毒剂中含溶质质量是多少？（2）学校内共有房间40间，每间要用去2%的消毒液约2千克，则至少需要从桶中取出多少千克消毒液再加上多少水才能配出所需的量．2016-2017学年浙江省杭州市江干区八年级（上）期末化学试卷参考答案与试题解析一、选择题（每题3分，共60分，每小题只有一个选项符合题意）1．（3分）下列错误实验操作，需要补充仪器才能改正的是（）A．滴加液体B．振荡试管C．加热固体D．过滤【解答】解：A、使用胶头滴管滴加少量液体时，注意胶头滴管不能伸入到试管内或接触试管内壁。

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单词拼写余杭区1. The restaurant has the w service of the three. Many people don’t want to go there.2. The little girl are looking forward to h from her friend soon.3. Problems and worries are n in life. We should not run away from them.4. I h out in the park with my close friend yesterday. It was really relaxing.5. Don’t go to school or go to work w breakfast. It’s not good for our healthy.6. What can we do to help the poor children? We should take it s .7. Remember to take this medicine only o a day after meals.8. T the old man lives alone, he is happy.9. Ellen is t . She can sing, dance and paint very well.10. “Help y to some chicken.” Alice said to us.下沙1. Sunshine Cinema is the c to my home. It’s just next to my house.2. Tom isn’t leaving u next Monday.3. Uncle Wang often tells j to make us laugh.4. My grandpa often dresses h up as Santa Clause on Christmas Day.5. The w always gets a very good prize in the talent show.6. How much should he pay? That’s up to him to d !7. Miss Smith is very kind to her students. She t cares about them.8. Chairman Xi attended(出席) the o ceremony of G20 in Hangzhou.9. ---That’s Tara, i it?---No, it’s Tina.10. If the others don’t want to come, we will go w them.西湖区1. In Hangzhou, which movie t has the biggest IMAX screen?2. I can do it m . Don’t worry. It’s OK for me.3. Some think the game Pokeman Go is great, but others don’t. Which side do you a ?4. ---How much h do you need for this fruit salad?---One spoon.5. Be careful. Don’t make this kind of c mistakes any more.6. W Mrs. Wu’s help, we can’t work it out so quickly.7. The air pollution this year in Hangzhou is becoming b than it was last year.8. A many people didn’t believe Trump could win, he made it in the end.9. Just speak q . Dad is sleeping in the next room.10. The Chinese swimmer Fu Yuanhui first a in Rio 2016 and soon became a popular star.上城区1. Tim is in bed with a t of 40℃, and he needs a good rest.2. Once flying to the moon was i for people and few people believed that, however, people now can take a rocket to reach there.3. Leo likes computer science very much, and he learns it all by h in his spare time.4. Lisa is going to spend the vacation in a village so she can enjoy herself q .5. According to a survey, more than 40 p of Chinese cities are facing the hazy(雾霾) weather every year.6. I w if I could pass the exam. Luckily, Mr Lee told me I did it.7. If buildings fall down with people i , fire fighters come to save the people under the building.8. Mark is going to study history at a u after he finishes high school.9. Sam h around the West Lake with his friend yesterday, enjoying the beauty of the lake.10. I’d like to find a friend who is s to me and we can have something in common.语法填空余杭区Nowadays Wechat(微信) is more and more. I often talk to my English friends on Wechat to help me speak English (good) than before. And I can read lots of (information) on Wechat that can make me know more around. Some news also makes me become more careful. Sometimes I feel Wechat is like mirror that helps me see something (clear).now, Wechat brings me some trouble as well. Some friends put photos of the real things on Wechat to tell what they sell is really good. I am angry about (that) advertisements(广告). Because some of them may be not true. As a (say) goes, seeing is believing. I know people are cheated(被欺骗) by some news easily. What’s worse, some news always ask us (send) it to others. This (make) me not comfortable! Friends seem to become enemies! In fact, I am thinking about never using Wechat on my phone again because using it too much is bad my eyes.下沙To: ClassSubject: An InvitationDear classmates,I am glad to tell you a piece of good news. We will hold a classmate party the evening of Friday, August 18th. Would you like (come)?We (have) the party in Sunshine Restaurant. It starts at 6 in the evening. A lot of classmates will come on time.(one), we will have buffet(自助餐). You can taste delicious Chinese food. If you like western food (good), there are also all kinds of Spaghetti, sandwiches and steaks. And we have ice-cream some fantastic drinks.At the party, you can enjoy beautiful music by our classmates, exciting street dances by some boys, and wonderful performances by a famous (magic). There will be a talent show, too. Everyone who takes part in the party will get small gift. Please don’t be late for the party.We are looking forward to (see) you soon.Best wishes!(you) sincerely,Cindy西湖区How does technology(科技) change lives? Many think it is great. For most people, technology means you can do (much) in less time and have fun while doing it. Here’s one example.People make letters with smoke from airplanes. People can see the letters from the streets, buildings and places far from the sky. It’s called skywriting. It (begin) in England. In 1922, the (one) words written in the sky over America were “Hello USA”. That year skywriting began to be used for advertising. It kept popular until the 1950s. It’s difficult to put a message the sky. The pilot must count numbers to know when to turn the smoke on and off. Wind moves the letters, so the pilot (watch) their shadows on the ground or their (shape) in the sky. If it’s a (snow) day, the pilot in the plane can’t see the white letters, we on the ground can see them in the sky. People are so (create) to have romantic time!However, for some people, technology can be so much more than just for fun. It can change (they) lives. Most believe tomorrow’s technology comes out right side up!上城区Tony: What a delicious smell! Your pizza looks so nice.Betty: Thanks! I’m preparing for the party. Many friends will come here. It is a big event for(we).Tony: Exactly!Bob: What are those on top?Betty: Oh, they’re cheese and (tomato). Do you want to try a piece?Bob: Ugh! No, thanks. I’m afraid I don’t like cheese, it smells too strong.Betty: Well, my chocolate cookies are done now. Have a try!Bob: I love them! They taste (real) sweet and they feel soft in the middle.Tony: Are you cooking lots of different things? You look very busy!Betty:Yes, I am! you know, t here’s a lot of food to prepare before the party. There’s some pizza and some cookies, and now I’m(make) an apple pie and a cake.Bob: Apple pie sounds nice. Shall I get the sugar?Betty:Yes, please. Oh, are you sure that’s sugar? Taste it (one). It might be salt!Bob: No, it’s OK. It tastes sweet. It’s sugar.Tony: What’s this? It tastes sweet, .Betty:That’s strawberry jam, for the cake.Bob: Good, everything tastes so sweet! It’s my (luck) day!Betty&Tony: Haha. No sweet sweat(汗水).完形填空余杭区“Who needs a shopping center if you have Taobao?" says Wang Lin, 28, a writer in Beijing. Taobao is 1 online shopping site in China. It has become an important part of Wang Lin's life. She 2 lots of money buying the things she likes on Taobao.A growing number of Chinese Internet users 3 Wang Lin have found the fun of online shopping. They don’t have to spend a lot of time going to the shops. Just click the mouse, they can find almost 4 they need on Taobao, from clothes to books, from candies to DVD players.5 online shoppers are students or young workers. More women6 on line than men. According to a survey,7 and household things are the most popular on their shopping list. “People like to buy clothes online8 they can often buy the clothes at a very good price.” Wang Lin Says. Taobao means “9 treasure” in Chinese.The most important 10 for an online shopper is the November 11th-Singles’Day shopping festival. At first, it is 11 a day to celebrate being single, but now, it means the biggest online promotion(促销) in China. Online shoppers from 217 countries outside China 12 the shopping festival.You 13 worried about the security(安全性) of online shopping. Wang Lin said, “Unless you receive the products from the sellers and are satisfied with them, the shop owner 14 the money. You can 15 get your money back if you want to return the products."( )1. A. the poorest B. the simplest C. the largest D. the smartest( )2. A. spends B. pays C. costs D. takes( )3. A. of B. with C. at D. like( )4. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything( )5. A. All B. Most C. A little D. Few( )6. A. discuss B. promise C. shop D. accept( )7. A. clothes B. toys C. books D. food( )8. A. so B. though C. because D. until( )9. A. looking after B. looking for C. looking out D. looking forward to( )10. A. rule B. time C. way D. person( )11. A. quite B. certainly C. pretty D. just( )12. A. refused B. chose C. expected D. joined( )13. A. may be B. can C. should be D. must( )14. A. will get B. will pay C. won’t get D. won’t pay( )15. A. also B. too C. either D. so far下沙Delia was a young pianist. Her husband, Joe, was a young artist. Each of them was taking lessons: Joe with a famous art teacher, and Delia with a great pianist from Germany. Their teachers were the very best, so lessons were 1 , more than they could really afford, but…when you love your art, 2 is too much.But soon the money began to run out, and they couldn’t afford the lessons any more. Then one day Delia came back home and told Joe that she had met a man whose daughter, Sally, wanted to learn the piano, and he was going to 3 her $50 an hour.“Delia,”Joe said, “I’ll be much 4 if you keep up your lessons,”Delia said it didn’t matter. “When I’ve had some money, I’ll go on with it.” But Joe also 5 his lessons to draw pictures and sell them.A few days later, Joe came home and 6 took $200 from his pocket. “I met a man from Vermont,”he said, “and h 7 one of my pictures. And he wants to buy more!”So the two of them were very happy. They didn’t have to worry any more about 8 .One day, Joe came home and saw that Delia’s hand was wrapped in a bandage(绷带). He asked her what had happened. “Oh,”said Delia, “my student, Sally, asked me to make some coffee for her.I dropped the coffee and burned my 9 . Sally went straight to the drugstore and got this bandage for me. ”“Delia, 10 have you been doing these days?”Joe asked. She tried not to tell him, but the tears11 . “Oh Joe, I couldn’t get any students, so I worked as a waitress in a restaurant. Today,I burned my hand with hot water. So I can’t work any more. 12 we’ll still have money from the man in Vermont, won’t we?”Joe looked at her. “There’s13 man in Vermont, ”he said. “I’ve been working in a 14 and today someone came in to buy bandages 15 a woman who’s burned her hand. So when I saw you, well, I guessed. ”Looking at each other, they both laughed.( )1. A. expensive B. cheap C. low D. high( )2. A. everything B. something C. nothing D. anything( )3. A. lend B. pay C. cost D. get( )4. A. sadder B. poorer C. happier D. richer( )5. A. lasted B. kept C. held D. stopped( )6. A. angrily B. excitedly C. quietly D. loudly( )7. A. bought B. brought C. saw D. borrowed( )8. A. pictures B. money C. jobs D. lessons( )9. A. leg B. hand C. arm D. face( )10. A. why B. where C. what D. how( )11. A. went B. disappeared C. arrived D. came( )12. A. So B. And C. But D. Or( )13. A. some B. a C. no D. another( )14. A. store B. school C. restaurant D. cinema( )15. A. from B. by C. for D. of西湖区It was still in deep night, everything seemed to be the same as usual.“Tommy!” called a clear little voice. Tommy 1 and sat up in bed. At the foot of the bed stood a boy about his own age, all dressed in 2 , like fresh snow. He had very bright eyes, and he 3 Tommy straightly. “Who are you?” asked Tommy.“I am the New Year!” said the boy. “This is my day, and I bring 4 your leaves.”“What leaves?” asked Tommy.“The new ones, to be sure!” said the New Year. “I hear 5 words of you from my Daddy...”“ 6 is your Daddy?” asked Tommy.“The Old Year, of course!” said the boy. “He said you asked too many questions and I see he was right. And one day you 7 your book into the fire. Now, all this 8 stop.”“Oh, must it?” said Tommy. He felt 9 , and didn’t know just what to say.“10 it does not stop,” the boy said, “you will grow 11 every year, till you grow up into a Terrible Man. Do you want to be a Terrible Man?”“N-no!” said Tommy.“Then you must stop being a terrible boy!” said the New Year. “Take your 12 !” and he held out a book made of leaves, all white.“Turn over one of these every day,” he said, “and soon you will be a good boy instead of a bad one.”Tommy took the leaves and looked at them. 13 each leaf were a few words. On one it said, “Help your mother!” On 14 , “Don’t eat so much!” And on still another, “Don’t fight Billy Jenkins!”“Oh!” cried Tommy. “I have to fight Billy Jenkins! He said ...”“Goodbye!” said the New Year. “I shall come 15 when I am old to see whether you are a good boy or a terrible one. Remember, ‘Terrible boy makes Terrible man’.”( )1. A. stood B. woke C. played D. walked( )2. A. red B. blue C. black D. white( )3. A. looked for B. looked at C. looked after D. looked down( )4. A. you B. me C. her D. him( )5. A. nice B. beautiful C. bad D. interesting( )6. A. How B. What C. Where D. Who( )7. A. threw B. bought C. left D. read( )8. A. might B. would C. could D. must( )9. A. happy B. interested C. brave D. afraid( )10. A. And B. If C. Though D. So( )11. A. taller B. worse C. super D. clever( )12. A. messages B. leaves C. exam D. exercise( )13. A. On B. Between C. From D. Beside( )14. A. other B. the other C. another D. others( )15. A. finally B. once C. too D. again上城区It started in kindergarten. I always climbed up to reach the books about the world and take them 1the bookshelves to read. I noticed maps of oceans, countries, lakes and people. I made my 2 . I am going to see the world!Through 3 and amazing chances that came my way, I began to see the world. In South America, I walked through rainforests with mountains, animal life, and it really 4 a lot! Africa has a lot of languages among the people who live in cities and villages. I thought that Big Ben was a huge person 5 I saw it in Europe. Going to the top of the Eiffel Tower was exciting and fun. There I can find the people below look so small! I 6 different time zones(时区) and going from summer to winter. Asia was 7 when I became interested in the pandas. And it was a great chance to realize that animals big and small need the help of people like you and me. 8 , in Thailand, it was the elephants. I went to the “elephant camp” and 9 the elephants learn team-building. I was taking a boat trip in South America when offered the ticket to fly to Antarctica. It took me only one second to say 10 on the phone!My dream to visit all over the world became-reality!( )1. A. off B. for C. with D. out( )2. A. reason B. suggestion C. resolution D. diary( )3. A. advice B. travel C. games D. play( )4. A. snowed B. poured C. blew D. flew( )5. A. until B. if C. though D. after( )6. A. went in B. went along C. went through D. went over( )7. A. special B. common C. modern D. traditional( )8. A. First B. Before C. Finally D. Then( )9. A. showed B. caught C. watched D. joined( )10. A. sorry B. well C. no D. yes阅读理解余杭区Almost all cultures celebrate the end of one year and the beginning of another in some way. Different cultures celebrate the beginning of a new year in different ways, and at different times on the calendar.In Western countries, people usually celebrate New Year at midnight on December 31st - January 1st. People may go to parties, sometimes dressed in formal（正式的）clothes, and the may drink champagne （香槟）at midnight. During the first minutes of the new year, people cheer and wish each other happiness for the year ahead. But some cultures prefer to celebrate the new year by waking up early to watch the sun rise. They welcome the new wear with the first light of the sunrise.Many cultures also do special things to get rid of（摆脱）bad luck at the beginning of a new year. For example, in Ecuador, families make a big doll from old clothes. The doll is filled with old newspapers and firecrackers. At midnight, these dolls are burned to show the bad things from the past year are gone and the new year can start afresh（重新）. Other common traditions to keep away bad luck in a new year include throwing things into rivers or the ocean, or saying special things on the first day of the new year.Other New Year traditions are followed to bring good luck in the new year. One widespread Spanish tradition for good luck is to eat grapes on New Year’s Day. The more grapes a person eats, the more good luck the person will have in the tear. In France, people eat pancakes for good luck at New Year. In the United States, some people eat black-eyed peas for good luck-but to get good luck for a whole year you have to eat 365 of them!( )1. The reading is mainly about .A. the meaning of “Have New Year”B. several different New Year traditionsC. what to eat on New Year’s DayD. why people dress up nicely on New Year’s Day( )2. From this passage we know that .A. some cultures celebrate New Year in the morningB. the western people celebrate New Year only on New Year’s DayC. people in Ecuador go to parties on December 31st - January 1stD. no cultures do special things to celebrate New Year( )3. In some culture, people throw things into rivers or seas to .A. bring good luckB. keep away bad luckC. forget everythingD. plan for the next year( )4. To welcome a lucky new year, .A. some people say special things on New Year’s DayB. some families make many big dolls and beat themC. some people cook many pancakes on New Year’s DayD. people in Europe eat 365 grapes on New Year’s Day( )5. When eating black-eyed peas on New Year’s Day, people think .A. one pea brings on day of luckB. black-eyed peas are the best medicineC. the peas are too black and taste badD. the peas are helpful to count numbers( )6. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? (P=Paragraph)Jenny Williams was a strange little girl. She liked to spend her time alone eating chocolate. Her parents were worried,so they took all the chocolate away.Jenny left her house to look for some chocolate. She found a small house full of glasses. Among all the glasses, a blue glass caught Jenny's attention. It was full of chocolate. There was also a card in it, saying,“Tears for chocolate."Jenny was very excited. She took the blue glass and ran out of the house to look for someone crying. First, she met a little boy crying hard,and she collected his tears. The tears were quickly changed into chocolate. While Jenny was collecting the tears, she comforted the boy. Finally, the boy stopped crying and they had a fun time together.Later, Jenny met a woman who had broken some plates and an old man who couldn’t find his dog. They were so sad that their tears could not help falling down. Jenny tried her best to make them happy and forgot to collect their tears.Soon, Jenny realized that making people happy was even more important than finding chocolate. So she stopped collecting tears and began to help sad people. As a result, she became friends with them and lived a much happier life than before.( )1. Jenny Williams was a strange girl because .A. she often cried when she was aloneB. she liked to collect chocolate very muchC. she liked to be alone eating chocolateD. she was helpful and liked to help others.( )2. There was and a lot of chocolate i the blue glass.A. tearsB. a cardC. a candyD. a plate( )3. What does the underlined word ‘comforted’ in the third paragraph mean?A. 安慰B. 责备C. 担心D. 鼓励( )4. Which of the following is the correct order about Jenny?①Jenny tried her best to comfort the woman and the old man.②Jenny found a blue glass of chocolate in a small house full of glass.③Jenny stopped collecting tears and began to help sad people.④Jenny met a little boy crying hard, and she collected his tears.⑤Jenny took the blue glass and ran out of the house to collect tears.A.2-3-5-4-1B. 5-4-2-1-3C. 2-5-4-1-3D. 5-4-1-2-3( )5. What can we learn from the passage?A. Chocolate is so delicious that we should eat more.B. It was fantastic that tears became chocolate.C. Jenny’s parents were happy about what she did.D. We will be much happier when we make others happy.上城区All kinds of animals can communicate in one way or another. Maybe you have heard about the way bees dance around to send messages to each other and the ways dogs bark to give warnings or to be friendly. But did you know about infrasonic(次声的) communication used by elephants? This is how it works:Humans hear low sounds like the notes in music or birds singing in the sky. But we don’t hear sounds lower than these. However, animals such as elephants and hippos can hear much lower sounds than humans can. And what’s more, they can make lower sounds as well, and they use them to communicate with each other. This is known as infrasound(次声).Another amazing thing about infrasound is that it travels over several kilometers. Sounds which have a higher pitch(音高), like the ones people can hear, don’t travel well through walls, leaves, trees, and other materials. That is why we can’t hear sounds from more than 100 meters away. But infrasound is much “stronger”, and things like grass and trees have no effect on it. Therefore, it can travel much farther. Elephants can hear infrasonic calls from 4 kilometers away!There have been reports of people watching groups of elephants feeding or resting and then the elephants suddenly all stopped whatever they were doing for no reason at all. They obviouslyheard a warning call from a long way away, but the people didn’t hear a sound. In places like a zoo or wildlife park, where you can get nearer to animals, it is easier to sense when infrasonic sounds are made. When you stand near mother elephants with their babies in a zoo, you maynotice a slight rumbling(隆隆声) in the air every few minute - not loud or strong, but clearly noticeable. This is infrasonic communication - the mother elephants are “talking” to their babies.( )1. The writer mentions bees and dogs .A. as examples of animal communicationB. because they use infrasonic communicationC.because scientists want to learn how they communicateD. to explain that animals use the same way to communicate( )2. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?A. Humans can hear infrasonic calls.B. Only elephants can hear infrasound.C. Infrasound is lower than musical notes.D. Some animals can’t hear human sounds.( )3. People can’t hear sounds from more than 100 meters away because .A. the sounds don’t travel wellB. people can’t feel the soundsC. the sounds are too much lowD. people can’t understand them( )4. Which statement is True according to the passage?A. People can’t hear or feel infrasonic sounds.B. Infrasound can’t travel through grass and trees.C. Elephants can hear a call from forty kilometers away.D. People may feel infrasonic sounds when getting close.( )5. What is the passage mainly about?A. Animals understand human sounds.B. Some animals can speak using words.C. Animals hear low sounds like music notes.D. Some animals use infrasound to communicate.。

2016—2017学年度第一学期期末测试卷八年级(初二)数学参考答案及评分意见一、选择题（本大题共8小题，每题3分，共24分）1．D ； 2．C ； 3．B ； 4．B ； 5．D ； 6．A ； 7．D ； 8．B ．二、填空题（本大题共6小题，每题3分，共18分）9．x ≠2； 10．1； 11．10； 12．130°； 13．（﹣1，0）；14．（0，2）或（0，﹣2）或（4，﹣2）．三、解答题（本大题共4小题，每题6分，共24分）15．解：（1）原式=﹣4b ·a 4b 2÷(﹣2a )……………1分 =2a 4－1b 1＋2……………2分 =2a 3b 3．……………3分 （2）原式=x [x (x －2y )＋y 2]……………1分 =x (x 2－2xy ＋y 2)……………2分 =x (x －y )2．……………3分 16．解：（1）原式=2(1)(1)1a a a a -+-+……………1分 =221111a a a a -+=++．……………2分 当a =99时，原式=11991100=+．……………3分 （2）方程两边同乘（x ＋1）(x －1)，得x (x ＋1)=3(x －1)＋(x ＋1)(x －1)．……………1分 解得x =2．……………2分 查验：当x =2时，（x ＋1）(x －1)≠0，∴x =2是原方程的解．……………3分 17．解：由题意，得60,80.x y xy --=⎧⎨+=⎩ ∴6,8.x y xy -=⎧⎨=-⎩……………2分 （1）原式=（x －y ）2＋2xy=62＋2×（﹣8）=20．……………4分 （2）原式=x 2＋y 2＋2xy －2(x －y )=20＋2×(﹣8)－2×6=﹣8．……………6分 18．（1）证：∵3×4=12，∴x a ·x b =x c ．……………1分 即x a ＋b =x c ． ∴a ＋b =c ．……………3分 （2）解：由（1）知a ＋b =c ，∴a －c =﹣b ．……………4分 ∴x a ＋3b －c =x 3b －b =x 2b =(x b )2=42=16．……………6分四、解答题（本大题共3小题，每题8分，共24分）19．解：（1）①a2＋2ab＋b2；②（a＋b）2 ……………2分等式是a2＋2ab＋b2=（a＋b）2 ……………4分（2）a2＋3ab＋2b2=(a＋2b)(a＋b) ……………6分对应的拼图是：……………8分20．解：（1）设每件乙种服装的进价为x元，每件甲种服装的进价为（x＋20）元，那么依照题意，得2000800220x x=⨯+，解得x=80．……………2分经查验知，x=80是方程的解，且适合题意，∴x＋20=100．……………3分∴每件甲种服装的进价为100元，每件乙种服装的进价为80元．……………4分（2）甲种服装的件数为2000÷100=20，乙种服装的件数为800÷80=10，……………5分设每件乙种服装的售价为y元，则依照题意，得20（130－100）＋10（y－80）≥780，………6分解得y≥98．……………7分∴每件乙种服装的售价至少是98元．……………8分21．证：（1）在AB上截取AG=AF，连接DG．∵AD平分∠BAC，∴∠DAF=∠DAG．∵AD=AD，∴△ADF≌△ADG．……………1分∴∠AFD=∠AGD，FD=GD．……………2分∵FD=BD，∴GD=BD，∴∠DGB=∠B．…………3分∵∠DGB＋∠AGD=180°．∴∠B＋∠AFD=180°．……………4分（2）AE=AF＋FD，其证明进程是：……………5分由（1）知∠B＋∠AFD=180°．∵∠B＋2∠DEA=180°．∴∠AFD=2∠DEA．……………6分在△DGE中，∠AGD=∠DEA＋∠EDG，且∠AGD =∠AFD．∴∠DEA=∠EDG．……………7分∴DG=EG=FD．∴AE=AG＋EG=AF＋FD．……………8分五、探讨题（本大题共1小题，共10分）22．解：（1）①CF=BD，CF⊥BD．……………2分②当点D在线段BC的延长线上时，所画如图2所示．…………3分①中的结论仍然成立，其理由是：……………4分在△ABC中，AB=AC，∠BAC=90°，∴∠ACB=∠B=45°．在△ADF中，AD=AF，∠DAF=90°，∴∠BAC＋∠CAD=∠DAF＋∠CAD，即∠BAD=∠CAF．∴△ACF≌△ABD．∴CF=BD．……………5分∴∠ACF=∠B=45°．∴∠FCB=∠ACF＋∠ACB=45°＋45°=90°．∴CF⊥BD．……………6分（2）CF⊥BC，其证明进程是：……………7分过A作AE⊥AC交BC于E，那么∠CAE=90°．∵∠ACB=45°，∴∠AEC=45°．∴△ACE是等腰直角三角形，∴AC=AE．……………8分在△ADF中，AD=AF，∠DAF=90°，∴∠F AD－∠CAD=∠CAE－∠CAD．即∠CAF=∠EAD．∴△ACF≌△AED．∴∠ACF=∠AED=45°．……………9分∴∠FCB=∠ACF＋∠ACB=45°＋45°=90°，∴CF⊥BC．……………10分。

2016-2017学年浙江省杭州市余杭区八年级（上）期末物理试卷一、选择题1．将塑料包装带撕成细丝后，上端打结，然后用干燥的丝绸或毛皮等顺着细丝向下捋几下，下图是各种实验结果的情形，其中实验结果不可能的是（）A．B．C．D．2．半潜船可用来运输超大型货物，空载时漂浮于海面（如图甲）；装载时需向船体水舱注水，船体重力增加，巨大的甲板下沉至海面以下（如图乙）；待货物被拖到甲板上方时，排出水舱中的水，船体重力减小，甲板上浮至海面，完成货物装载（如图丙）。

半潜船在甲、乙、丙三种状态时所受的浮力分别为F1、F2、F3，则以下判断正确的是（）A．F1＞F3＞F2B．F2＞F3＞F1C．F3＞F1＞F2D．F3＞F2＞F1 3．如图是研究并联电路电流特点的实物图，电源电压保持不变，先同时闭合开关S和S1，两灯均发光，观察并记录电流表示数后，断开开关S1，此时（）A．甲表示数不变，乙表示数变大B．甲表示数变小，乙表示数变大C．甲表示数变大，乙表示数不变D．甲表示数变小，乙表示数不变4．如图，在水中有一支试管处于悬浮状态。

现用细棒在试管上端轻轻往下按一下，则（）A．试管将下沉，最后沉底B．试管将上浮，最后漂浮C．试管先下沉，然后回到原来位置D．试管先下沉，接着在原位置附近上下振动5．将烧瓶内的水加热至沸腾后移去火焰，水会停止沸腾。

迅速塞上瓶塞，把烧瓶倒置并向瓶底浇冷水（如图），你会观察到烧瓶内的水又沸腾起来，产生这一现象的原因是（）A．瓶内气体温度升高，压强增大，水的沸点降低B．瓶内气体温度降低，压强减小，水的沸点降低C．瓶内气体温度降低，压强减小，水的沸点升高D．瓶内气体温度升高，压强减小，水的沸点升高6．某种电脑键盘清洁器有两个开关，开关S1只控制照明用的小灯泡L，开关S2只控制吸尘用的电动机M，在图所示的四个电路图中，符合上述要求的是（）A．B．C．D．7．学习了“流体压强与流速的关系”后，为了解决“H”形地下通道中过道的通风问题，同学们设计了如下几种方案。

2016-2017学年浙江省杭州市江干区下沙区八年级（上）期末物理试卷一、选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）1．（3分）下列对各图的描述中正确的是（）A．图一说明人的吸力能将牛奶吸入口中，并将牛奶盒吸扁B．图二马德堡半球实验证明了大气压的存在，也说明了大气压很大C．图三海里的章鱼的触手上有许多吸盘，这些吸盘在大气压的作用下捕捉猎物D．图四高压锅容易把饭做熟，是因为锅内气压高，沸点低2．（3分）如图所示，小应错把电流表当作电压表使用，此时若闭合开关，一定会发生（）A．电流表损坏B．电源短路C．L1不亮D．L2灯丝烧断3．（3分）弹簧测力计下挂一长方物体，将物体从盛有适量水的烧杯上方离水面某一高度处缓缓下降，然后将其逐渐进入水中如图（甲），图（乙）是弹簧测力计示数F与物体下降高度h变化关系的图象，则下列说法中正确的是（）A．物体的体积是500cm3B．物体受到的最大浮力是5NC．物体的密度是2.25×103kg/m3D．物体刚浸没时下表面受到水的压力是9N4．（3分）如图所示，电源电压4V，电阻R1=20Ω，滑动变阻器的最大阻值为50Ω．当滑动变阻器的滑片由中点向左移动时，下列说法正确的是（）A．电流表A1的示数变大B．电流表A的示数变大C．当电流表A的示数为0.3A时，滑动变阻器连入电路的有效阻值为40ΩD．滑片滑动过程中，电路的总电阻在45Ω～70Ω之间变化5．（3分）许多汽车顶部有一弧形天窗，打开时能够有效地使车内外空气流通。

当汽车行驶时按图示方式打开天窗，下面有关换气原理的描述正确的是（）A．车外气体流速大于车内，外部空气被压入B．车外气体流速大于车内，内部空气被压出C．车外气体流速小于车内，外部空气被压入D．车外气体流速小于车内，内部空气被压出6．（3分）端午节那天，小明发现煮熟的咸鸭蛋有的沉在水底，有的浮在水面（如图所示）．若甲的体积比乙小，则下列分析合理的是（）A．甲的质量比乙大B．甲受到的浮力等于重力C．甲的密度比乙大D．乙受到的浮力大于重力7．（3分）有一种“浴霸”，具有照明、吹风和加热三个功能，其中照明灯和吹风机（用表示），均可以单独控制，电热丝（用表示）只有在吹风机启动后才可以工作。

车在隧道内的长度 y 之间的关系用图象描述大致是 ( )
4 / 18
A．
B．
C．
D．
【分析】先分析题意，把各个时间段内 y 与 x 之间的关系分析清楚，本题是分段函数，分为
二段． 【解答】解：根据题意可知火车进入隧道的时间 x 与火车在隧道内的长度 y 之间的关系具体
可描述为： 当火车开始进入时 y 逐渐变大，当火车完全进入隧道，由于隧道长等于火车长，此时 y 最大，
2
2
7 / 18
\ÐMCN = 90° ， \ MN = 5 2 ，
2 故答案为： 5 2 ．
2
【点评】本题考查的是直角三角形的性质、勾股定理，掌握在直角三角形中，斜 边上的中线等于斜边的一半是解题的关键．
14．（4 分）如图，已知函数 y = kx + b 和 y = 1 x - 2 的图象交于点 P ，根据图象则不等式组 2
故答案为： 2 < x < 4
8 / 18
【点评】此题考查一次函数的基本性质：函数的增减性，把函数图象与不等式的解集联系起 来，是道非常好的题，难度适中．
2
2
ÐMCB = ÐB ， ÐNCD = ÐD ，根据勾股定理计算即可．
【解答】解：连接 CM 、 CN ，
由勾股定理得， AB = DE = 32 + 42 = 5 ，
Q DABC 、 DCDE 是直角三角形， M ， N 为斜边的中点，
\CM = 5 ， CN = 5 ， ÐMCB = ÐB ， ÐNCD = ÐD ，
【点评】此题主要考查了不等式的基本性质，熟练把握不等式的基本性质是解决问题的关键．
8．（3
分）已知点
(-4,

八年级科学题卷请同学们注意：1． 本试卷分试题卷和答题卷，满分为160分，考试时间120分钟2． 所有答案都必须写在答题卷标定的位置上，务必注意试题序号和答题序号相对应； 3． 考试结束后，只需上交答题卷（本卷g 都取10N /K g ） 祝同学们取得成功！一、选择题（没题2分，共60分，每题只有一个正确答案，多选、少选均不得分） 1．下列与人关系密切的4种液体中，属于溶液的是（） A ．“伊利”纯牛奶 B ．“哇哈哈”矿泉水 C ．肥皂水 D ．血液 2．诗歌和谚语往往蕴含着丰富的地理知识，下列对诗歌和谚语的解读不正确的是（） A ．“大江东去浪淘尽”反映了我国地势西高东低的特征 B ．“一山有四季，十里不同天”形象地反映了山地气候、植被的垂直变化 C ．“早穿皮袄午穿纱，围着火炉吃西瓜”反映了温带大陆性气候气温年较差大的特点 D ．“羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关”中的“春风”指影响我国的夏季风3．三个悬挂着的轻质带电小球，相互作用情况如图所示，那么甲、乙、丙的带电情况（）A ．甲、乙球带异种电荷B ．乙、丙球带异种电荷C ．如果甲球带正电荷，则丙球带负电荷D ．如果甲球带正电荷，则丙球带正电荷4．如图。

一个弹簧一端固定物体，另一端固定在容器底部，放在装满水的装置中处于静止，设想从某一天起，地球的引力减一半，则弹簧对物体的弹力（弹簧处于压缩状态）（）A ．不变B ．减为一半C ．增加为原值两倍D ．弹簧对物体无弹力5．一定温度下，向图1烧杯中加入一定量的水，如图2所示，所得溶液与原溶液相比，下列判断一定正确的是（）A ．所得溶液是饱和溶液B ．溶质的质量分数变大C ．溶质的质量增加D ．溶质的溶解度变大6．骑行作为一种健康自然的运动旅游方式，为越来越多的人所喜爱，骑行者脚蹬各种品牌的自行车，奋力向前，汗流浃背，满脸通红，这些表现体现了皮肤的那些功能（）丙乙乙甲①排泄②调节体温③保护④感受外界刺激 A ．①② B ．②③ C ．②④ D ．③④7．为了方便生活，卧室里的同一个照明灯通常用两个开关控制，一个安装在进门处，另一个在床头附近，操作任意一个开关均可以开灯、关灯，下面四幅图是小明用电池作为电源设计的四个电路模型，能满足要求的是（其中A 图中的1S 、2S 及C 图中的1S 为单刀双掷开关）（ ）A ．B ．C.D.8．小明暑假乘飞机旅行，飞机起飞时，天阴沉沉的，下着蒙蒙细雨，起飞一段时间后，突然窗外阳光明媚，天碧蓝碧蓝的，白云竟都在她的脚下，看上去像无际的草原！小明对这些现象作出了如下分析，其中错误的是（ ） A ．“天气阴沉沉的，下着蒙蒙细雨”描述的是当时的天气B ．在飞机上升的过程中，小明感到耳朵有点疼，这是因为随着高度的升高，气压逐渐减小的缘故C ．地面阴雨绵绵，高空却阳光灿烂，这是因为飞机进入了平流层D ．云、雨、雪等均属于降水9.下列有关人体神经系统结构与功能的叙述，错误的是（ ） A ．神经纤维是神经系统结构和功能的基本单位 B ．小脑具有协调运动，维持身体平衡的功能 C ．大脑皮层是调节人体生理活动的最高级中枢 D ．脊椎既具有反射功能，又具有传导功能。

浙江省杭州市江干区八年级（上）期末语文试卷一、积累与运用（20分）1．（5分）下面这段话选自《中国石拱桥》，阅读后按要求完成下列各题。

全桥结构匀称，和四周景色配合得十分和xié；桥上的石栏石板也雕刻得古朴美观。

唐朝的张鷟说_____远望这座桥就像“初月出云，长虹饮涧_____赵州桥（①）的技术水平和（②）的艺术价值，（③）显示了我国劳动人民的智慧和力量。

桥的主要设计者李春就是一位（④）的工匠，在桥头的碑文里刻着他的名字。

（1）“均称”中“称”是个多音字，下列汉字与其读音相同的一项是A．嗔B．撑C．衬D．秤（2）文中拼音“xié”的汉字写法正确的一项是A．谐B．协C．偕D．胁（3）依次填入语段“____”处的标点符号，完全正确的一项是A．：”。

B．，”。

C．：。

”D．，。

”（4）依次填入语段括号里的词语，最恰当的一项是A．①杰出②高度③充分④不朽B．①高度②杰出③不朽④充分C．①不朽②充分③高度④杰出′D．①高度②不朽③充分④杰出。

2．（8分）古诗文填写。

（1），山山唯落晖。

（王绩《野望》）（2）夕日欲颓，。

（陶弘景《答谢中书书》）（3）夹岸高山，皆生寒树，，，争高直指，千百成峰。

（吴均《与朱元思书》）（4）白居易在《钱塘湖春行》中用鸟儿争春来描绘初春景象的句子是：，。

（5）《春望》中写出了作者与亲人消息隔绝，久盼音讯不至的迫切心情的句子是，。

3．（7分）学校准备开展以“人无信不立”为主题的综合性活动。

请你根据要求，完成下列任务。

（1）班级准备出一期小报，要求每人从古今中外的名人名言里搜索有关“诚信”方面的名言警句，请写出一句你搜索到的名言。

（2）右边是中国消费者协会公布的2017年消费维权年主题的宣传海报，请简要介绍海报的内容，并写出年主题的核心含义。

内容：核心含义：。

二、现代文阅读（30分）4．（18分）高处何所有张晓风①很久很久以前，在一个很远很远的地方，一位老酋长正病危。

2017-2018学年浙江省杭州市江干区八年级（上）期末数学试卷一、选择题（每小题3分，共30分）1．（3分）下列长度的三条线段能组成三角形的是（）A．1cm，2cm，3cm B．2cm，3cm，5.5cmC．5cm，8cm，12cm D．4cm，5cm，9cm2．（3分）下列图案属于轴对称图形的是（）A．B．C．D．3．（3分）如图，在△ABC和△DEF中，B，E，C，F在同一直线上，AB＝DE，AC＝DF，要使△ABC≌△DEF，还需要添加一个条件是（）A．EC＝CF B．BE＝CF C．∠B＝∠DEF D．AC∥DF 4．（3分）点M（﹣5，y）向下平移6个单位长度后所得到的点与点M关于x 轴对称，则y的值是（）A．﹣6B．6C．﹣3D．35．（3分）对于命题“如果∠1+∠2＝90°，那么∠1≠∠2”，能说明它是假命题的反例是（）A．∠1＝60°，2＝40°B．∠1＝50°，∠2＝40°C．∠1＝∠2＝40°D．∠1＝∠2＝45°6．（3分）已知点A，点B在一次函数y＝kx+b（k，b为常数，且k≠0）的图象上，点A在第三象限，点B在第四象限，则下列判断一定正确的是（）A．b＜0B．b＞0C．k＜0D．k＞07．（3分）若a＜b，则下列各式中一定成立的是（）A．a2＜b2B．a﹣1＜b﹣1C．ac＜bc D．ac2＜bc2 8．（3分）已知点（﹣4，y1），（2，y2）都在直线y＝﹣x+2上，则y1，y2大小关系是（）A．y1＞y2B．y1＝y2C．y1＜y2D．不能比较9．（3分）如图，火车匀速通过隧道（隧道长等于火车长）时，火车进入隧道的时间x与火车在隧道内的长度y之间的关系用图象描述大致是（）A．B．C．D．10．（3分）如图，在△ABC中，P是BC上的点，作PQ∥AC交AB于点Q，分别作PR⊥AB，PS⊥AC，垂足分别是R，S，若PR＝PS，则下面三个结论：①AS＝AR；②AQ＝PQ；③△PQR≌△CPS；④AC﹣AQ＝2SC，其中正确的是（）A．②③④B．①②C．①④D．①②③④二、填空题（每小题4分，共24分）11．（4分）“5与m的2倍的和是负数”可以用不等式表示为．12．（4分）若不等式组的解集是﹣1＜x≤1，则a＝，b＝．13．（4分）如图，直角边分别为3，4的两个直角三角形如图摆放，M，N为斜边的中点，则线段MN的长为．14．（4分）如图，已知函数y＝kx+b和y＝x﹣2的图象交于点P，根据图象则不等式组kx+b＜x﹣2＜0的解是．15．（4分）如图，在△ABC中，D，E，F分别是AB，BC上的点，且AE＝AD，BD＝BF，若∠EDF＝42°，则∠C的度数为度．16．（4分）已知A（1，1），B（﹣1，﹣1），C点是x轴上的动点，当△ABC为直角三角形时，则点C的坐标为．三、解答题（共66分）17．（5分）如图，已知AB＝CD，∠ABC＝∠BCD，AC，BD交于点P，求证：BP＝CP．18．（5分）解不等式：4x+5≥1﹣2x．19．（5分）解不等式（组）：．20．（6分）写出命题“等腰三角形两腰上的高线长相等”的逆命题，判断这个命题的真假，并说明理由．21．（9分）在如图所示的直角坐标系中，每个小方格都是边长为1的正方形，△ABC的顶点均在格点上，点A的坐标是（﹣3，﹣1）．（1）将△ABC关于x轴对称得到△A1B1C1，画出△A1B1C1，并写出点B1的坐标；（2）把△A1B1C1平移，使点B平移到B2（3，4），请作出△A1B1C1平移后的△A2B2C2，并写出A2的坐标；（3）已知△ABC中有一点D（a，b），求△A2B2C2中的对应点D2的坐标．22．（10分）为了抓住梵净山文化艺术节的商机，某商店决定购进A、B两种艺术节纪念品．若购进A种纪念品8件，B种纪念品3件，需要950元；若购进A种纪念品5件，B种纪念品6件，需要800元．（1）求购进A、B两种纪念品每件各需多少元？（2）若该商店决定购进这两种纪念品共100件，考虑市场需求和资金周转，用于购买这100件纪念品的资金不少于7500元，但不超过7650元，那么该商店共有几种进货方案？（3）若销售每件A种纪念品可获利润20元，每件B种纪念品可获利润30元，在第（2）问的各种进货方案中，哪一种方案获利最大？最大利润是多少元？23．（12分）如图，在△CBD中，CD＝BD，CD⊥BD，BE平分∠CBA交CD于点F，CE⊥BE垂足是E，CE与BD交于点A．求证：（1）BF＝AC；（2）BE是AC的中垂线；（3）若AD＝2，求AB的长．24．（14分）如图，在平面直角坐标系中，O是坐标原点，正方形OABC的顶点A、C分别在x轴与y轴上，已知正方形边长为3，点D为x轴上一点，其坐标为（1，0），连接CD，点P从点C出发以每秒1个单位的速度沿折线C→B→A的方向向终点A运动，当点P与点A重合时停止运动，运动时间为t 秒．（1）连接OP，当点P在线段BC上运动，且满足△CPO≌△ODC时，求直线OP的表达式；（2）连接PC，求△CPD的面积S关于t的函数表达式；（3）点P在运动过程中，是否存在某个位置使得△CDP为等腰三角形，若存在，直接写出点P的坐标，若不存在，说明理由．2017-2018学年浙江省杭州市江干区八年级（上）期末数学试卷参考答案与试题解析一、选择题（每小题3分，共30分）1．（3分）下列长度的三条线段能组成三角形的是（）A．1cm，2cm，3cm B．2cm，3cm，5.5cmC．5cm，8cm，12cm D．4cm，5cm，9cm【分析】根据三角形的三边关系进行分析判断．【解答】解：根据三角形任意两边的和大于第三边，得A中，1+2＝3，不能组成三角形；B中，3+2＝5＜5.5，不能够组成三角形；C中，5+8＝13＞12，能组成三角形；D中，4+5＝9，不能组成三角形．故选：C．【点评】本题考查了能够组成三角形三边的条件：用两条较短的线段相加，如果大于最长的那条线段就能够组成三角形．2．（3分）下列图案属于轴对称图形的是（）A．B．C．D．【分析】根据轴对称图形的定义，可得答案．【解答】解：是轴对称图形，故选：C．【点评】本题考查了轴对称图形，掌握好轴对称图形的概念．轴对称图形的关键是寻找对称轴，图形两部分折叠后可重合．3．（3分）如图，在△ABC和△DEF中，B，E，C，F在同一直线上，AB＝DE，AC＝DF，要使△ABC≌△DEF，还需要添加一个条件是（）A．EC＝CF B．BE＝CF C．∠B＝∠DEF D．AC∥DF【分析】可添加条件BE＝CF，进而得到BC＝EF，然后再加条件AB＝DE，AC ＝DF可利用SSS定理证明△ABC≌△DEF．【解答】解：可添加条件BE＝CF，理由：∵BE＝CF，∴BE+EC＝CF+EC，即BC＝EF，在△ABC和△DEF中，，∴△ABC≌△DEF（SSS），故选：B．【点评】本题考查三角形全等的判定方法，判定两个三角形全等的一般方法有：SSS、SAS、ASA、AAS、HL．注意：AAA、SSA不能判定两个三角形全等，判定两个三角形全等时，必须有边的参与，若有两边一角对应相等时，角必须是两边的夹角．4．（3分）点M（﹣5，y）向下平移6个单位长度后所得到的点与点M关于x 轴对称，则y的值是（）A．﹣6B．6C．﹣3D．3【分析】直接利用平移的性质得出平移后点的坐标，再利用关于x轴对称点的性质得出答案．【解答】解：∵点M（﹣5，y）向下平移6个单位长度，∴平移后的解析式为：（﹣5，y﹣6），∵点M（﹣5，y）向下平移6个单位长度后所得到的点与点M关于x轴对称，∴y+y﹣6＝0，解得：y＝3．故选：D．【点评】此题主要考查了关于x轴对称点的性质，正确表示出平移后点的坐标是解题关键．5．（3分）对于命题“如果∠1+∠2＝90°，那么∠1≠∠2”，能说明它是假命题的反例是（）A．∠1＝60°，2＝40°B．∠1＝50°，∠2＝40°C．∠1＝∠2＝40°D．∠1＝∠2＝45°【分析】能说明是假命题的反例就是能满足已知条件，但不满足结论的例子．【解答】解：A、不满足条件，故A选项错误；B、满足条件∠1+∠2＝90°，也满足结论∠1≠∠2，故B选项错误；C、不满足条件，也不满足结论，故C选项错误；D、满足条件，不满足结论，故D选项正确．故选：D．【点评】考查了命题与定理的知识，理解能说明它是假命题的反例的含义是解决本题的关键．6．（3分）已知点A，点B在一次函数y＝kx+b（k，b为常数，且k≠0）的图象上，点A在第三象限，点B在第四象限，则下列判断一定正确的是（）A．b＜0B．b＞0C．k＜0D．k＞0【分析】根据题意和一次函数的性质可以得到函数图象与y轴交点的坐标所在的位置，从而可以解答本题．【解答】解：点A，点B在一次函数y＝kx+b（k，b为常数，且k≠0）的图象上，点A在第三象限，点B在第四象限，∴该函数与y轴交于负半轴，∴b＜0，故选：A．【点评】本题考查一次函数图象上点的坐标特征，解答本题的关键是明确题意，利用一次函数的性质解答．7．（3分）若a＜b，则下列各式中一定成立的是（）A．a2＜b2B．a﹣1＜b﹣1C．ac＜bc D．ac2＜bc2【分析】根据不等式的基本性质①不等式的两边同时加上（或减去）同一个数或同一个含有字母的式子，不等号的方向不变；②不等式的两边同时乘以（或除以）同一个正数，不等号的方向不变；③不等式的两边同时乘以（或除以）同一个负数，不等号的方向改变进行判断即可．【解答】解：A、∵a＜b，但a2不一定＜b2，故此选项错误；B、∵a＜b，∴a﹣1＜b﹣1，故此选项正确；C、∵a＜b，∴ac＜bc错误，关键是不知道c的正负，故此选项错误；C、∵a＜b，∴当c＝0时，ac2＝bc2，故此选项错误；故选：B．【点评】此题主要考查了不等式的基本性质，熟练把握不等式的基本性质是解决问题的关键．8．（3分）已知点（﹣4，y1），（2，y2）都在直线y＝﹣x+2上，则y1，y2大小关系是（）A．y1＞y2B．y1＝y2C．y1＜y2D．不能比较【分析】先根据一次函数的解析式判断出函数的增减性，再根据两点横坐标的大小即可得出结论．【解答】解：∵k＝﹣＜0，∴y随x的增大而减小．∵﹣4＜2，∴y1＞y2．故选：A．【点评】本题考查的是一次函数图象上点的坐标特点，先根据题意判断出一次函数的增减性是解答此题的关键．9．（3分）如图，火车匀速通过隧道（隧道长等于火车长）时，火车进入隧道的时间x与火车在隧道内的长度y之间的关系用图象描述大致是（）A．B．C．D．【分析】先分析题意，把各个时间段内y与x之间的关系分析清楚，本题是分段函数，分为二段．【解答】解：根据题意可知火车进入隧道的时间x与火车在隧道内的长度y之间的关系具体可描述为：当火车开始进入时y逐渐变大，当火车完全进入隧道，由于隧道长等于火车长，此时y最大，当火车开始出来时y逐渐变小．故选：B．【点评】主要考查了根据实际问题作出函数图象的能力．解题的关键是要知道本题是分段函数，分情况讨论y与x之间的函数关系．10．（3分）如图，在△ABC中，P是BC上的点，作PQ∥AC交AB于点Q，分别作PR⊥AB，PS⊥AC，垂足分别是R，S，若PR＝PS，则下面三个结论：①AS＝AR；②AQ＝PQ；③△PQR≌△CPS；④AC﹣AQ＝2SC，其中正确的是（）A．②③④B．①②C．①④D．①②③④【分析】连接AP，由已知条件利用角平行线的判定可得∠1＝∠2，由三角形全等的判定得△APR≌△APS，得AS＝AR，由已知可得∠2＝∠3，得到∠1＝∠3，得QP＝AQ，答案可得．【解答】解：连接AP，∵PR＝PS，PR⊥AB，垂足为R，PS⊥AC，垂足为S，∴AP是∠BAC的平分线，∠1＝∠2，∴△APR≌△APS，∴AS＝AR，又QP∥AR，∴∠2＝∠3，又∠1＝∠2，∴∠1＝∠3，∴AQ＝PQ，没有办法证明△PQR≌△CPS，③不成立，没有办法证明AC﹣AQ＝2SC，④不成立．故选：B．【点评】本题主要考查角平分线的判定和平行线的判定；准确作出辅助线是解决本题的关键，做题时要注意添加适当的辅助线，是十分重要的，要掌握．二、填空题（每小题4分，共24分）11．（4分）“5与m的2倍的和是负数”可以用不等式表示为5+2m＜0．【分析】5与m的2倍的和为5+2m；和是负数，那么前面所得的结果小于0．【解答】解：m的2倍为2m，5与m的2倍的和写为5+2m，和是负数，则5+2m＜0，故答案为5+2m＜0．【点评】本题主要考查由实际问题抽象出一元一次不等式的知识点，解决本题的关键是理解负数用数学符号表示是“＜0”．12．（4分）若不等式组的解集是﹣1＜x≤1，则a＝﹣2，b＝﹣3．【分析】先求出每个不等式的解集，再求出不等式组的解集，即可得出光a、b 的方程，求出即可．【解答】解：∵解不等式①得：x＞1+a，解不等式②得：x≥﹣∴不等式组的解集为：1+a＜x≤﹣∵不等式组的解集是﹣1＜x≤1，∴1+a＝﹣1，﹣＝1，解得：a＝﹣2，b＝﹣3故答案为：﹣2，﹣3．【点评】本题考查了解一元一次不等式组的应用，能得出关于a、b的方程是解此题的关键．13．（4分）如图，直角边分别为3，4的两个直角三角形如图摆放，M，N为斜边的中点，则线段MN的长为．【分析】根据勾股定理求出斜边长，根据直角三角形的性质得到CM＝，CN ＝，∠MCB＝∠B，∠BCD＝∠D，根据勾股定理计算即可．【解答】解：连接CM、CN，由勾股定理得，AB＝DE＝＝5，∵△ABC、△CDE是直角三角形，M，N为斜边的中点，∴CM＝，CN＝，∠MCB＝∠B，∠BCD＝∠D，∴∠MCN＝90°，∴MN＝，故答案为：．【点评】本题考查的是直角三角形的性质、勾股定理，掌握在直角三角形中，斜边上的中线等于斜边的一半是解题的关键．14．（4分）如图，已知函数y＝kx+b和y＝x﹣2的图象交于点P，根据图象则不等式组kx+b＜x﹣2＜0的解是2＜x＜4．【分析】由已知一次函数y＝kx+b和y＝x﹣2的图象交于点P（2，﹣1），根据一次函数的增减性，由图象上可以看出当x＞2是kx+b＜x﹣2，当x＜4时，一次函数y＝x﹣2＜0，从而可以求出不等式组kx+b＜x﹣2＜0的解集．【解答】解：∵一次函数y＝kx+b和y＝x﹣2的图象交于点P（2，﹣1），由图象上可以看出：当x＞2是kx+b＜x﹣2，又∵当x＜4时，一次函数y＝x﹣2＜0，∴不等式组kx+b＜x﹣2＜0的解集为：2＜x＜4．故答案为：2＜x＜4【点评】此题考查一次函数的基本性质：函数的增减性，把函数图象与不等式的解集联系起来，是道非常好的题，难度适中．15．（4分）如图，在△ABC中，D，E，F分别是AB，BC上的点，且AE＝AD，BD＝BF，若∠EDF＝42°，则∠C的度数为96°度．【分析】先根据平角的定义求出∠ADE+∠BDF，再根据等腰三角形的性质得到∠AED+∠BFD，再根据平角的定义求出∠CED+∠CFD，再根据四边形内角和定理可求∠C的度数．【解答】解：∵∠EDF＝42°，∴∠ADE+∠BDF＝138°，∵AE＝AD，BD＝BF，∴∠AED+∠BFDBDF＝138°，∴∠CED+∠CFD＝222°，∴∠C＝360°﹣42°﹣222°＝96°．故答案为：96°．【点评】考查了等腰三角形的性质，平角的定义，四边形内角和定理，注意整体思想的运用．16．（4分）已知A（1，1），B（﹣1，﹣1），C点是x轴上的动点，当△ABC为直角三角形时，则点C的坐标为（2，0）或（﹣2，0）或（，0）或（﹣，0）．【分析】设点C的坐标为（a，0），然后依据两点间的距离公式可勾股定理的逆定理列方程解答即可．【解答】解：设点C的坐标为（a，0）．∴AC＝，AB＝＝，BC＝．当AC为斜边时，（a﹣1）2+12＝8+（a+1）2+12，解得：a＝﹣2，此时点C的坐标为（﹣2，0）．当AB为斜边时，8＝（a﹣1）2+12+（a+1）2+12，解得：a＝，此时点C的坐标为（，0）或（﹣，0）．当BC为斜边时，（a﹣1）2+12+8＝（a+1）2+12，解得：a＝2，此时点C的坐标为（2，0）．综上所述，点C的坐标为（﹣2，0）或（2，0）或（，0）或（﹣，0）．【点评】本题主要考查的是勾股定理的逆定理的应用，熟练掌握勾股定理的逆定理是解题的关键．三、解答题（共66分）17．（5分）如图，已知AB＝CD，∠ABC＝∠BCD，AC，BD交于点P，求证：BP＝CP．【分析】根据SAS证明△ABC与△DCB全等，进而证明即可．【解答】证明：在△ABC与△DCB中，∴△ABC≌△DCB（SAS），∴∠DBC＝∠ACB，即△PBC为等腰三角形，∴PB＝PC．【点评】此题考查全等三角形的判定和性质，关键是根据SAS证明△ABC与△DCB全等．18．（5分）解不等式：4x+5≥1﹣2x．【分析】先移项，然后合并同类项，化系数为1即可．【解答】解：4x+5≥1﹣2x，移项得：4x+2x≥1﹣5，合并同类项得：6x≥﹣4，系数化为1得：x≥﹣．【点评】此题考查了解一元一次不等式的知识，熟练掌握解一元一次不等式的步骤是解题关键．19．（5分）解不等式（组）：．【分析】分别求出各不等式的解集，再求出其公共解集即可．【解答】解：，由①得，x≥，由②得，x＞﹣2；故不等式组的解集为：x≥．【点评】本题考查的是解一元一次不等式组，熟知“同大取大；同小取小；大小小大中间找；大大小小找不到”的原则是解答此题的关键．20．（6分）写出命题“等腰三角形两腰上的高线长相等”的逆命题，判断这个命题的真假，并说明理由．【分析】原命题的题设为等腰三角形，结论为腰上的高相等，然后交换题设与结论得到其逆命题；可根据三角形面积公式判断此命题为真命题．【解答】解：命题“等腰三角形两腰上的高线长相等”的逆命题是两边上的高相等的三角形为等腰三角形，此逆命题为真命题．如图在△ABC中，CD⊥AB，BE⊥AC，且CD＝BE，∵BC＝BC，∴△CBD≌△BCE（HL），∴∠DBC＝∠ECB，∴△ABC为等腰三角形．【点评】本题考查了命题与定理：判断事物的语句叫命题；正确的命题称为真命题，错误的命题称为假命题；经过推理论证的真命题称为定理．也考查了逆命题．21．（9分）在如图所示的直角坐标系中，每个小方格都是边长为1的正方形，△ABC的顶点均在格点上，点A的坐标是（﹣3，﹣1）．（1）将△ABC关于x轴对称得到△A1B1C1，画出△A1B1C1，并写出点B1的坐标；（2）把△A1B1C1平移，使点B平移到B2（3，4），请作出△A1B1C1平移后的△A2B2C2，并写出A2的坐标；（3）已知△ABC中有一点D（a，b），求△A2B2C2中的对应点D2的坐标．【分析】（1）分别作出点A、B、C关于x轴对称得到的对应点，再顺次连接可得；（2）分别作出△A1B1C1向右平移5个单位所得对应点，再顺次连接可得；（3）根据所作图形对应点的左边规律可得．【解答】解：（1）如图所示，△A1B1C1即为所求，点B1的坐标为（﹣2，4）；（2）如图所示，△A2B2C2即为所求，A2的坐标为（4，7）；（3）△A2B2C2中的对应点D2的坐标为（a+5，﹣b）．【点评】此题主要考查了轴对称变换以及平移变换，正确得出对应点位置是解题关键．22．（10分）为了抓住梵净山文化艺术节的商机，某商店决定购进A、B两种艺术节纪念品．若购进A种纪念品8件，B种纪念品3件，需要950元；若购进A种纪念品5件，B种纪念品6件，需要800元．（1）求购进A、B两种纪念品每件各需多少元？（2）若该商店决定购进这两种纪念品共100件，考虑市场需求和资金周转，用于购买这100件纪念品的资金不少于7500元，但不超过7650元，那么该商店共有几种进货方案？（3）若销售每件A种纪念品可获利润20元，每件B种纪念品可获利润30元，在第（2）问的各种进货方案中，哪一种方案获利最大？最大利润是多少元？【分析】（1）关系式为：A种纪念品8件需要钱数+B种纪念品3件钱数＝950；A种纪念品5件需要钱数+B种纪念品6件需要钱数＝800；（2）关系式为：用于购买这100件纪念品的资金不少于7500元，但不超过7650元，得出不等式组求出即可；（3）因为B种纪念品利润较高，故B种数量越多总利润越高，因此选择购A种50件，B种50件．【解答】解：（1）设该商店购进一件A种纪念品需要a元，购进一件B种纪念品需要b元，根据题意得方程组得：，解方程组得：，∴购进一件A种纪念品需要100元，购进一件B种纪念品需要50元；（2）设该商店购进A种纪念品x个，则购进B种纪念品有（100﹣x）个，∴，解得：50≤x≤53，∵x为正整数，x＝50，51，52，53∴共有4种进货方案，分别为：方案1：商店购进A种纪念品50个，则购进B种纪念品有50个；方案2：商店购进A种纪念品51个，则购进B种纪念品有49个；方案3：商店购进A种纪念品52个，则购进B种纪念品有48个；方案4：商店购进A种纪念品53个，则购进B种纪念品有47个．（3）因为B种纪念品利润较高，故B种数量越多总利润越高，设利润为W，则W＝20x+30（100﹣x）＝﹣10x+3000．∵k＝﹣10＜0，∴W随x大而小，∴选择购A种50件，B种50件．总利润＝50×20+50×30＝2500（元）∴当购进A种纪念品50件，B种纪念品50件时，可获最大利润，最大利润是2500元．【点评】此题主要考查了二元一次方程组的应用以及一元一次方程的应用，找到相应的关系式是解决问题的关键，注意第二问应求得整数解．23．（12分）如图，在△CBD中，CD＝BD，CD⊥BD，BE平分∠CBA交CD于点F，CE⊥BE垂足是E，CE与BD交于点A．求证：（1）BF＝AC；（2）BE是AC的中垂线；（3）若AD＝2，求AB的长．【分析】（1）欲证明BF＝AC，只要证明△BDF≌△CDA（ASA）即可；（2）只要证明BC＝BA即可解决问题；（3）连接AF，只要证明DF＝AD，AF＝CF，求出BD即可解决问题；【解答】（1）证明：∵CD⊥AB，BE⊥AC，∴∠BDF＝∠ADC＝∠AEB＝90°，∵∠DBF+∠A＝90°，∠DCA+∠A＝90°，∴∠DBF＝∠DCA，∵BD＝CD，∴△BDF≌△CDA（SAS），∴BF＝AC．（2）证明：∵BE平分∠ABC，∴∠ABE＝∠CBE，∵∠BEA＝∠BEC＝90°，∴∠A+∠ABE＝90°，∠BCA+∠CBE＝90°，∴∠A＝∠BCA，∴BC＝BA，∵BE⊥AC，∴CE＝EA，∴BE是AC的中垂线．（3）解：连接AF．∵△BDF≌△CDA，∴AD＝DF＝2，AF＝2，∵BE垂直平分AC，∴CF＝AF＝2，∴BD＝CD＝2+2，∴AB＝BD+AD＝4+2．【点评】本题考查全等三角形的判定和性质、等腰三角形的性质、线段的垂直平分线的判定和性质、勾股定理等知识，解题的关键是正确寻找全等三角形解决问题，属于中考常考题型．24．（14分）如图，在平面直角坐标系中，O是坐标原点，正方形OABC的顶点A、C分别在x轴与y轴上，已知正方形边长为3，点D为x轴上一点，其坐标为（1，0），连接CD，点P从点C出发以每秒1个单位的速度沿折线C→B→A的方向向终点A运动，当点P与点A重合时停止运动，运动时间为t 秒．（1）连接OP，当点P在线段BC上运动，且满足△CPO≌△ODC时，求直线OP的表达式；（2）连接PC，求△CPD的面积S关于t的函数表达式；（3）点P在运动过程中，是否存在某个位置使得△CDP为等腰三角形，若存在，直接写出点P的坐标，若不存在，说明理由．【分析】（1）根据全等三角形的性质求出点P坐标，再利用待定系数法即可解决问题；（2）分两种情形讨论求解即可解决问题；（3）分四种情形讨论求解即可；【解答】解：（1）∵四边形ABCO是正方形，∴∠COD＝∠OCP，∵OC＝CO，∴当CP＝OD＝1时，△CPO≌△ODC，∴P（1，3），设直线OP的解析式为y＝kx，则有3＝k，∴直线OP的解析式为y＝3x．（2）当点P在线段BC上时，如图1中，S＝•CP•CO＝t（0＜t≤3），当点P在线段AB上时，如图2中，BP＝t﹣3，AP＝3﹣（t﹣3）＝6﹣t，S＝3×3﹣×1×3﹣×3×（t﹣3）﹣×2×（6﹣t）＝﹣t＝6（3＜t≤6），综上所述，S＝．（3）如图3中，①当DC＝DP1时，P1（2，3），②当DC＝DP2时，AP2＝＝，∴P2（3，）．③当CD＝CP 3＝时，BP3＝＝1，∴P3（3，2）．④当P4C＝P4D时，设AP4＝a，则有22+a2＝32+（3﹣a）2，解得a＝，∴P4（3，），综上所述，满足条件的点P坐标为（2，3）或（3，）或（3，2）或（3，）．【点评】本题考查一次函数综合题、正方形的性质、勾股定理、待定系数法等知识，解题的关键是学会用分类讨论的思想思考问题，属于中考常考题型．。

2014-2015学年浙江省杭州市江干区八年级（上）期末数学试卷一、仔细选一选（本题有10个小题，每小题3分，共30分）1．（3分）下列“表情图”中，属于轴对称图形的是（）A．B．C．D．2．（3分）如果三角形的两边分别为3和5，那么第三边可能是（）A．3B．1C．2D．83．（3分）能把一个任意三角形分成面积相等的两部分的是三角形的（）A．角平分线B．高线C．中线D．中垂线4．（3分）将一副直角三角板如图放置，使含30°角的三角板的一条直角边和含45°角的三角板的一条直角边重合，则α的值为（）A．30°B．45°C．70°D．75°5．（3分）下列不等式的变形正确的是（）A．由a＜b，得ac＜bc B．由ac＜bc，得a＜bC．由a＜b，得az2＜bz2D．由az2＜bz2，得a＜b6．（3分）如图，在平面直角坐标系中，点P坐标为（﹣2，3），以点O为圆心，以OP的长为半径画弧，交x轴的负半轴于点A，则点A的横坐标介于（）A．﹣4和﹣3之间B．3和4之间C．﹣5和﹣4之间D．4和5之间7．（3分）已知点P（a+1，2a﹣3）关于x轴的对称点在第一象限，则a的取值范围是（）A．a＜﹣1B．﹣1＜a＜C．﹣＜a＜1D．a＞8．（3分）已知一次函数y=kx+b（k、b是常数，且k≠0）中，x与y的部分对应值如表所示，那么不等式kx+b＞0的解集是（）A．x＞0B．x＜0C．x＞1D．x＜19．（3分）你一定知道乌鸦喝水的故事吧！一个紧口瓶中盛有一些水，乌鸦想喝，但是嘴够不着瓶中的水，于是乌鸦衔来一些小石子放入瓶中，瓶中水面的高度随石子的增多而上升，乌鸦喝到了水．但是还没解渴，瓶中水面就下降到乌鸦够不着的高度，乌鸦只好再去衔些石子放入瓶中，水面又上升，乌鸦终于喝足了水，哇哇地飞走了．如果设衔入瓶中石子的体积为x，瓶中水面的高度为Y，下面能大致表示上面故事情节的图象是（）A．B．C．D．10．（3分）如图，△ABC和△ADE都是等腰直角三角形，∠EAD=∠BAC=90°，∠DAB=45°，连接BE，DC，EC，则下列说法正确的有（）①BE=DC②AD∥BC③BE=DE④BE=EC．A．①③B．②④C．①②④D．①②③④二、认真填一填（本题有6个小题，每小题4分，共24分）11．（4分）直角三角形的两直角边长分别为6和8，则斜边中线的长是．12．（4分）一次函数y=kx+b经过点（0，2），y随着x的增大而增大，则图象不经过第象限．13．（4分）如图，已知，在△ADF和△CBE中，A、E、F、C在同一直线上，AE=CF，AD∥BC，那么添加一个条件后，使得△ADF≌△CBE，所用的判定方法是．14．（4分）如图，△ABC是等边三角形，BC=4，以B点为原点，BC所在的直线为x轴，建立直角坐标系，则A点的坐标为．15．（4分）如图，在Rt△ABC中，∠A=90°，∠ABC的平分线BD交AC于点D，AB=6，BC=10，则AD为．16．（4分）如图，在Rt△ABC中，∠ACB=90°，AC=BC=6 cm，点P从点A出发，沿AB方向以每秒cm的速度向终点B运动；同时，动点Q从点B出发沿BC方向以每秒1 cm的速度向终点C运动．当△PQC为等腰三角形时，则t 的值为．三、全面答一答（本题有7个小题，共66分）17．（6分）如图．在△ABC和△DEF中，B、E、C、F在同一直线上，AB=DE，BE=CF，AB∥ED．求证：AC=DF．18．（8分）解下列不等式和不等式组（1）（x﹣3）（x﹣1）≥1（2）．19．（8分）在边长为3 cm和4 cm的长方形中作等腰三角形，其中等腰三角形的两个顶点是长方形的顶点，第三个顶点落在长方形的边上，请作出3种满足上述条件的等腰三角形（全等的等腰三角形视为一种），并分别求出所画三角形的面积．20．（10分）如图，AC，BD交于点E，AC⊥BD，BE=EC，∠B=∠C，过E作EG⊥DC，垂足为G，交AB于F点．求证：（1）△ABE≌△DCE；（2）F为AB的中点．21．（10分）如图，（1）画出△ABC先向右平移4个单位，再向上平移1个单位后的图形△A'B'C'；（2）求直线A'C'的解析式；（3）求△ABC中AB边上的高．22．（12分）某校八年级举行英语演讲比赛，购买A、B两种笔记本作为奖品，这两种笔记本的单价分别是12元和8元，他们准备购买这两种笔记本共30本，并且购买的A种笔记本的数量要少于B种笔记本数量的，但又不少于B 种笔记本数量的．如果设他们买A种笔记本n本，买这两种笔记本共花费w 元．（1）请写出w（元）关于n（本）的函数关系式，并求出自变量n的取值范围；（2）请你帮他们计算，购买这两种笔记本各多少时，花费最少？最少费用是多少元？（3）商店为了促销，决定仅对A种类型的笔记本每本让利a元销售，B种类型笔记本售价不变．问购买这两种笔记本各多少时，花费最少？23．（12分）复习课中，教师给关于x的函数直线l：y=mx+n﹣1，教师：请独立思考，并把探索发现的与该函数有关的结论（性质）写到黑板上，学生思考后，黑板上出现了一些结论，教师作为活动一员，又补充一些结论，并从中选择如下四条：①当n=5，m=﹣时，原点到l的距离为3；②当m=﹣1时，直线l与直线l1：y=2x+4的交点在第二象限，则n的范围为﹣1≤n≤5；③当m=n时，直线l经过定点（1，﹣1）；④当m=n＜0时，直线1与x轴交于A点，OA的长度始终大于1．教师：请你分别判断四条结论的真假，并给出理由．2014-2015学年浙江省杭州市江干区八年级（上）期末数学试卷参考答案与试题解析一、仔细选一选（本题有10个小题，每小题3分，共30分）1．（3分）下列“表情图”中，属于轴对称图形的是（）A．B．C．D．【解答】解：A不属于轴对称图形，故错误；B不属于轴对称图形，故错误；C不属于轴对称图形，故错误；D属于轴对称图形，故正确；故选：D．2．（3分）如果三角形的两边分别为3和5，那么第三边可能是（）A．3B．1C．2D．8【解答】解：设第三边为a，根据三角形的三边关系：5﹣3＜a＜3+5，解得：2＜a＜8．第三边可能是3，故选：A．3．（3分）能把一个任意三角形分成面积相等的两部分的是三角形的（）A．角平分线B．高线C．中线D．中垂线【解答】解：三角形的中线把三角形分成等底等高的两个三角形，面积相等，所以，能把一个任意三角形分成面积相等的两部分是中线．故选：C．4．（3分）将一副直角三角板如图放置，使含30°角的三角板的一条直角边和含45°角的三角板的一条直角边重合，则α的值为（）A．30°B．45°C．70°D．75°【解答】解：∵∠2=90°﹣45°=45°（直角三角形两锐角互余），∴∠3=∠2=45°，∴∠α=∠3+30°=45°+30°=75°．故选：D．5．（3分）下列不等式的变形正确的是（）A．由a＜b，得ac＜bc B．由ac＜bc，得a＜bC．由a＜b，得az2＜bz2D．由az2＜bz2，得a＜b【解答】解：A、c＜0时，不等号的方向改变，故A不符合题意；B、c＜0时，不等号的方向改变，故B不符合题意；C、z=0时，az2=bz2，故C不符合题意；D、两边都除以同一个正数，不等号的方向不变，故D符合题意；故选：D．6．（3分）如图，在平面直角坐标系中，点P坐标为（﹣2，3），以点O为圆心，以OP的长为半径画弧，交x轴的负半轴于点A，则点A的横坐标介于（）A．﹣4和﹣3之间B．3和4之间C．﹣5和﹣4之间D．4和5之间【解答】解：∵点P坐标为（﹣2，3），∴OP==，∵点A、P均在以点O为圆心，以OP为半径的圆上，∴OA=OP=，∵9＜13＜16，∴3＜＜4．∵点A在x轴的负半轴上，∴点A的横坐标介于﹣4和﹣3之间．故选：A．7．（3分）已知点P（a+1，2a﹣3）关于x轴的对称点在第一象限，则a的取值范围是（）A．a＜﹣1B．﹣1＜a＜C．﹣＜a＜1D．a＞【解答】解：∵点P（a+1，2a﹣3）关于x轴的对称点在第一象限，∴点P在第四象限，∴，解不等式①得，a＞﹣1，解不等式②得，a＜，所以，不等式组的解集是﹣1＜a＜．故选：B．8．（3分）已知一次函数y=kx+b（k、b是常数，且k≠0）中，x与y的部分对应值如表所示，那么不等式kx+b＞0的解集是（）A．x＞0B．x＜0C．x＞1D．x＜1【解答】解：∵﹣2＜﹣1，3＞2，∴一次函数y=kx+b单调递减，∴k＜0．又∵当x=1时，y=0，∴当x＜1时，y=kx+b＞0．故选：D．9．（3分）你一定知道乌鸦喝水的故事吧！一个紧口瓶中盛有一些水，乌鸦想喝，但是嘴够不着瓶中的水，于是乌鸦衔来一些小石子放入瓶中，瓶中水面的高度随石子的增多而上升，乌鸦喝到了水．但是还没解渴，瓶中水面就下降到乌鸦够不着的高度，乌鸦只好再去衔些石子放入瓶中，水面又上升，乌鸦终于喝足了水，哇哇地飞走了．如果设衔入瓶中石子的体积为x，瓶中水面的高度为Y，下面能大致表示上面故事情节的图象是（）A．B．C．D．【解答】解：开始时的水位不是0，因而A错误；乌鸦衔来一些小石子放入瓶中，瓶中水面的高度随石子的增多而上升，因而选项D错误；乌鸦衔来一些小石子放入瓶中，水面上升，到达一定的高度，乌鸦开始喝水，因而水面下降，下降到的高度一定要高于原来，未放石子前的高度；故选：B．10．（3分）如图，△ABC和△ADE都是等腰直角三角形，∠EAD=∠BAC=90°，∠DAB=45°，连接BE，DC，EC，则下列说法正确的有（）①BE=DC②AD∥BC③BE=DE④BE=EC．A．①③B．②④C．①②④D．①②③④【解答】解：∵△ABC和△ADE都是等腰直角三角形，∴AE=AD，AB=AC，∵∠EAD=∠BAC=90°，∠DAB=45°，∴∠EAB=∠DAC=135°，在△ABE与△ACD中，∴△ABE≌△ACD（SAS），∴BE=DC，①正确；∵∠ADC+∠ACD=∠ACD+∠BCD=45°，∴∠ADC=∠BCD∴AD∥BC，②正确；∵∠EAD=∠BAC=90°，∠DAB=45°，∴∠EAB=∠EAC=135°，在△ABE和△ACE中，，∴△ABE≌△ACE（SAS），∴BE=CE，④正确；没有条件能证出BE=DE，③不一定正确；故选：C．二、认真填一填（本题有6个小题，每小题4分，共24分）11．（4分）直角三角形的两直角边长分别为6和8，则斜边中线的长是5．【解答】解：已知直角三角形的两直角边为6、8，则斜边长为=10，故斜边的中线长为×10=5，故答案为5．12．（4分）一次函数y=kx+b经过点（0，2），y随着x的增大而增大，则图象不经过第四象限．【解答】解：将（0，2）代入解析式中可知b=2＞0，由y随着x的增大而增大可知k＞0，所以图象经过一、二、三象限．故答案为：四．13．（4分）如图，已知，在△ADF和△CBE中，A、E、F、C在同一直线上，AE=CF，AD∥BC，那么添加一个条件后，使得△ADF≌△CBE，所用的判定方法是SAS．【解答】解：AD=BC，理由是：∵AD∥BC，∴∠A=∠C，∵AE=CF，∴AE+EF=CF+EF，∴AF=CE，在△ADF和△CBE中∴△ADF≌△CBE（SAS），故答案为：SAS．14．（4分）如图，△ABC是等边三角形，BC=4，以B点为原点，BC所在的直线为x轴，建立直角坐标系，则A点的坐标为（2，2）．【解答】解：过点A作AD⊥x轴于点D，∵△OAC是等边三角形，∴OA=OC=4，由三线合一可知：OD=OC=2，由勾股定理可知：AD=2∴点A的坐标为（2，2）故答案为：（2，2）15．（4分）如图，在Rt△ABC中，∠A=90°，∠ABC的平分线BD交AC于点D，AB=6，BC=10，则AD为3．【解答】解：∵∠A=90°，AB=6，BC=10，∴AC=8，过D作DE⊥BC于E，∵∠A=90°，∠ABC的平分线BD交AC于点D，∴AD=DE，在Rt△ABD与Rt△EBD中，∴Rt△ABD≌Rt△EBD，∴BE=AB=6，∴CE=4，∴DE2+CE2=CD2，即AD2+42=（8﹣AD）2，∴AD=3，故答案为：3．16．（4分）如图，在Rt△ABC中，∠ACB=90°，AC=BC=6 cm，点P从点A出发，沿AB方向以每秒cm的速度向终点B运动；同时，动点Q从点B出发沿BC方向以每秒1 cm的速度向终点C运动．当△PQC为等腰三角形时，则t 的值为2或3．【解答】解：过点P作PN⊥BC于点N，PM⊥AC于点M，分三种情况：①PQ=PC时，则QN=NC，∵点P从点A出发，沿AB方向以每秒cm的速度向终点B运动；同时，动点Q从点B出发沿BC方向以每秒1cm的速度向终点C运动，∴AP=t，BQ=t，∵∠BCA=90°，AC=BC=6cm，∴∠B=∠A=45°，∴AM=PM=t，∴BQ=QN=NC=PM=t，∴BC=3t=6，解得：t=2．②当PQ=CQ时，∵BQ=t，AM=t，∴PQ=CQ=6﹣t，PN=CM=6﹣t，则t=6÷2=3；③当CP=CQ时，∵BQ=t，AM=t，∴CP=CQ=6﹣t，PN=CM=6﹣t，则PC=PN，不合题意；综上所述：当△PQC为等腰三角形时，则t的值为2或3．故答案为：2或3．三、全面答一答（本题有7个小题，共66分）17．（6分）如图．在△ABC和△DEF中，B、E、C、F在同一直线上，AB=DE，BE=CF，AB∥ED．求证：AC=DF．【解答】证明：∵BE=CF，∴BE+CE=CF+CE，即BC=EF，∵AB∥DE，∴∠B=∠DEC，在△ABC与△DEF中，，∴△ABC≌△DEF，∴AC=DF．18．（8分）解下列不等式和不等式组（1）（x﹣3）（x﹣1）≥1（2）．【解答】解：（1）去括号得：x2﹣4x﹣4≥0，当x2﹣4x﹣4=0时，x=2±，所以不等式的解集为x≥2+或x≤2﹣；（2）∵解不等式①得：x＜﹣2，解不等式②得：x≤1，∴不等式组的解集为x＜﹣2．19．（8分）在边长为3 cm和4 cm的长方形中作等腰三角形，其中等腰三角形的两个顶点是长方形的顶点，第三个顶点落在长方形的边上，请作出3种满足上述条件的等腰三角形（全等的等腰三角形视为一种），并分别求出所画三角形的面积．【解答】解：如图1，作BC边的中垂线，交AD于P，∴PB=PC，即△PBC为等腰三角形，S △PBC=BC×h=BC•AB=×4×3=6；如图2，作AB边的中垂线，交CD于E，∴EA=EB，即△EAB为等腰三角形，S△EBC=AB×h=AB•BC=×4×3=6；如图3，以点B为圆心，BA长为半径画弧交BC于点F，∴BA=BF，即△ABF为等腰三角形，S△ABF=×AB×BF=×3×3=4.5．20．（10分）如图，AC，BD交于点E，AC⊥BD，BE=EC，∠B=∠C，过E作EG⊥DC，垂足为G，交AB于F点．求证：（1）△ABE≌△DCE；（2）F为AB的中点．【解答】证明：（1）在△ABE与△DCE中，，∴△ABE≌△DCE；（2）∵EG⊥DC，AC⊥BD，∴∠DGE=∠DEC=90°，∴∠D+∠DEG=∠DEG+∠GEC=90°，∴∠D=∠GEC，∵△ABE≌△DCE，∴∠D=∠A，∵∠AEF=∠GEC，∴∠A=∠AEF，∴AF=EF，∵∠A+B=∠AEF+∠BEF=90°，∴∠B=∠BEF，∴EF=BF，∴AF=BF，∴F为AB的中点．21．（10分）如图，（1）画出△ABC先向右平移4个单位，再向上平移1个单位后的图形△A'B'C'；（2）求直线A'C'的解析式；（3）求△ABC中AB边上的高．【解答】解：（1）如图，△A′B′C′即为所求；（2）设直线A′C′的解析式为y=kx+b（k≠0），∵A′（2，3），C′（4，0），∴，解得，∴直线A′C′的解析式为：y=﹣x+；（3）∵AB2=12+52=26，AC2=22+32=13，BC2=22+32=13，∴△ABC是等腰直角三角形，∴△ABC中AB边上的高==．22．（12分）某校八年级举行英语演讲比赛，购买A、B两种笔记本作为奖品，这两种笔记本的单价分别是12元和8元，他们准备购买这两种笔记本共30本，并且购买的A种笔记本的数量要少于B种笔记本数量的，但又不少于B 种笔记本数量的．如果设他们买A种笔记本n本，买这两种笔记本共花费w 元．（1）请写出w（元）关于n（本）的函数关系式，并求出自变量n的取值范围；（2）请你帮他们计算，购买这两种笔记本各多少时，花费最少？最少费用是多少元？（3）商店为了促销，决定仅对A种类型的笔记本每本让利a元销售，B种类型笔记本售价不变．问购买这两种笔记本各多少时，花费最少？【解答】解：（1）依题意得：w=12n+8（30﹣n）即w=4n+240且n＜（30﹣n）和n≥（30﹣n）解得6≤n＜12，所以，w（元）关于n（本）的函数关系式为：w=4n+240自变量n的取值范围是6≤n＜12，n为整数，（2）对于一次函数w=4n+240∵w随n的增大而增大，且6≤n＜12，n为整数，故当n为6时，w的值最小，此时，30﹣n=30﹣6=24，w=4×6+240=264（元）因此，当买A种笔记本6本、B种笔记本24本时，所花费用最少，为264元；（3）设他们买A种笔记本x本，B种笔记本（30﹣x）本，则w=（12﹣a）x+8（30﹣x），∴w=（4﹣a）x+20，∴当a＜4时，x=6，即买A种笔记本6本，B种笔记本24本，花费最少，当a=4时，6≤x＜12，买A种笔记本6到12本，B种笔记本24到18本，花费=20，当a＞4时，x=12，w最小，买A种笔记本12本，B种笔记本18本，花费最少．23．（12分）复习课中，教师给关于x的函数直线l：y=mx+n﹣1，教师：请独立思考，并把探索发现的与该函数有关的结论（性质）写到黑板上，学生思考后，黑板上出现了一些结论，教师作为活动一员，又补充一些结论，并从中选择如下四条：①当n=5，m=﹣时，原点到l的距离为3；②当m=﹣1时，直线l与直线l1：y=2x+4的交点在第二象限，则n的范围为﹣1≤n≤5；③当m=n时，直线l经过定点（1，﹣1）；④当m=n＜0时，直线1与x轴交于A点，OA的长度始终大于1．教师：请你分别判断四条结论的真假，并给出理由．【解答】解：①当n=5，m=﹣时，直线l为：y=﹣x+4，∴直线l与坐标轴分别交于（3，0）和（0，4），∴原点到l的距离为，故结论①错误；②当m=﹣1时，直线l为y=﹣x+n﹣1，与y轴交于（0，n﹣1），直线l1：y=2x+4与坐标轴交于（﹣2，0），（0，4），∵l与直线l1的交点在第二象限，∴n﹣1的范围是：﹣2＜n﹣1＜4，∴n的范围为﹣1＜n＜5，故结论②错误；③当m=n时，直线l为y=mx+m﹣1，∴当x=﹣1时，y=﹣m+m﹣1=﹣1，∴直线l经过定点（﹣1，﹣1），故结论③错误；④当m=n＜0时，直线1经过第二三四象限，∴直线l与x轴交于负半轴上的A点，∴当y=0时，0=mx+n﹣1，解得x=，当m=n时，x=﹣1，又∵m＜0，∴﹣1＜﹣1，即点A离原点的距离大于1，∴OA的长度始终大于1，故结论④正确．综上所述，①②③错误，④正确．附赠：初中数学易错题填空专题一、填空题1、如果一个数的绝对值等于它的相反数，那么这个数一定是____ _____。