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定语从句和状语从句都属于修饰语成分，定语从句用来修饰名词或代词，状语从句用来修饰动词或全句。
引导定语从句的关联词是关系代词或关系副词。
23.1 定语从句定语从句用来对名词或代词进行修饰，它由关系代词或关系副词引导，其中的关系代词或关系副词在从句中也充当一定的成分。
例如：the man who never gives up永不放弃的人（关系代词who做从句中的主语）the house where he used to live 他过去住过的房子（关系副词where做从句中的状语）粗体部分分别是由who和where引导的从句，用来修饰名词the man和the house，称为定语从句。
被它所修饰的那个名词the man和the house叫做先行词，定语从句通常紧跟在先行词后。
又例如：The boy who visited me was one of my students. 看我的那个孩子是我的一个学生。
（先行词为人）A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。
（先行词为物）Do you remember the day when he arrived? 你记得他到达的日子吗？（先行词为时间）He lives in a place where no one can find it. 他住在一个别人找不到的地方。
（先行词为地点）23.1.1 关系代词的使用关系代词的使用首先取决于先行词是人还是物。
它一方面用来引导定语从句，另一方面还在从句中充当一定的成分。
先请看这张表：在从句中所担任的成分先行词种类做主语做宾语做表语做定语先行词为人时who / that who(m) / that that whose先行词为物时which / that which / that that / of which whose⑴关系代词在从句中做主语，例如：This is the man who / that wants to see you. 这就是那个想见你的人。
地点状语从句与定语从句的区别地点状语从句表示地点、方位，这类从句通常由where引导。
例如：Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
// They will go where they are happy. 他们想到他们觉得快乐的地方去。
(1)地点状语从句由where，wherever，引导，如：We must camp where we can get water.我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。
(2)地点状语从句与定语从句的区别 :在于分句在句中作什么成分。
作状语，则是状语从句；作定语修饰名词，则是定语从句where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。
如：Go back where you came from.(where引导地点状语从句）你从何处来到何处去。
Go back to the village where you came from.(where引导定语从句，修饰village)回到你来的那个村子里去。
(3)地点状语从句的省略，如:Fill in the blanks with articles necessary.(necessary前省略了where it is)在需要的地方填上冠词。
考题解析[考题1] — Mom, what did the doctor say?— He advised me to live ____ the air is fresher. (2006四川)A. in whereB. in whichC. the place whereD. where[答案] D[解析] where引导修饰谓语live的地点状语从句。
[考题2] In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help ____ there is human suffering. (2006江西)A. whoeverB. howeverC. whateverD. wherever[答案] D[解析] where引导修饰谓语send的地点状语从句。
最简单的办法是看where是否有指代先行词应到定语从句还是状语从句的区别主要可以从以下三点来看：一、where引导定语从句时,where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词,where引导的从句修饰先行词.例如:The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.This is the house where I lived two years ago.We will start at the point where we left off.二、where引导状语从句时,where是从属连词,where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where前面没有表示地点的先行词.例如:Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang Rivermeet.Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.I found my books where I had left them.有时,where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义,可放在主句的前面,而where引导的定语从句则不能.例如:Where there is a will,there is a way.〔谚语〕有志者事竟成.Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方就有生命.三、在有些情况下,where引导的定语从句可转换为where引导的地点状语从句.例如:A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be adesert.（＝A tall building was put up where there used to be adesert.）在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼.Bam boo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rainsoften.）温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长.。
地点状语从句和定语从句的区别地点状语从句和定语从句的区别是：看where是否有指代先行词。
有先行词就是定语从句，没有就是地点状语从句。
where引导地点状语从句时，where是从属连词，句子修饰的是主句的谓语动词，where前边没有表示地点的先行词。
eg.I find my books where I had left them.where引导的句子修饰find这个动词，在哪里找到的，虽然从句前边有名词，但不是表示地点的，只是一个名词，译：我在我放书的地方找到了我的笔。
当where引导定语从句时，从句修饰先行词，where是关系副词，代替表地点的先行词，又在从句中做地点状语。
eg:This is the house where I lived two years ago.where引导的句子修饰house这个名词，什么样的房子。
译：这就是我住了两年的房子。
再来多看看几个例句句一：Yoursquo;d better make a mark where you have any questions。
你最好在你有问题的地方做标记。
(地点状语从句)句二：Yoursquo;d better make a mark at the place where you have anyquestions。
你最好在你有问题的地方做标记(定语从句)。
两个句子的中文翻译是一样的，但是英文的从句类型确是区别很大的。
虽然两个句子where前边都有名词，但明显定语从句中修饰的是关于地点的词place，如句二中在你有问题的地方做标记;句一中，从句在有问题的地方，与前边的标记没有关系，而是做标记与从句有关系，即在什么位置做标记，从句是对做标记的修饰，因此，句一的从句是来修饰动词或者说动词词组make a mark的。
Where 引导的从句一. 地点状语从句的用法地点状语从句表示地点、方位，这类从句通常由where引导。
“…..的地方”Stay where you are! （你所在的地方）They will go where they are happy.（他们觉得快乐的地方）Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
wherever 引导表示地点的让步状语从句“无论….哪里”Wherever you go, I’ll follow you. 我会追随你去天涯海角。
二. where 引导的表语从句：You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.句中where是连接副词，引导名词从句做表语，而本身在从句中做状语where=介词+which）北京是我的出生地。
position，situation，case，point，stage表示“情况, 境遇，形势”时定语从句用where 或in which引导Can you think out a situation where this word can be used? 你能设想这个单词被使用的场合吗?Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her. 她的病发展到没人能治的地步。
e.g. I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting for the great chance.(湖南2004)A. howB. whichC. whereD. that三. 地点状语从句与定语从句的区别：主要区别在于分句在句中作什么成分。
作状语，则是状语从句；作定语修饰名词，则是定语从句. where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，where 通常可以由“介词+ which”来替代；而状语从句前则无需先行词。
新高考■定语从句■关系副词的用法+专项练习定语从句-关系副词的用法当引导定语从句的关系词在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语时，应使用关系副词when, where, why。
关系副词的作用如下：①指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词；②在从句中充当句子成分-状语；③起连接作用，把主句和定语从句连接起来。
（-）关系副词引导定语从句（1）w hen引导的定语从句when表示时间，指代先行词并在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词,如time, day, week, year 等。
•We will never forget the day when we flew at an altitude of 6,000 meters in the sky.---我们永远忘不了在6000米高空飞行的那一天。
【误区警示】领先行词是时间名词时，定语从句既可用when引导，也可用that或which引导，关键看关系词在从句中作何种成分。
假设关系词在定语从句中作状语，那么用when引导；假设关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，那么用that或which引导。
—Do you still remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?-你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语）—Do you still remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm ?-你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that/which在从句中作宾语）（2）w here引导的定语从句where表示地点，指代先行词并在定语从句上作地点状语，其先行词往往是表示地点的名词（如place, factory, house, village 等）或表示抽象地点的名词（如position, point, case, stage, situation, atmosphere, condition, activity, job 等）。
Where引导的从句.Where引导定语从句-形容词性从句a. Where 引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的名词，如place, room, house, street, area等，并在定语从句中作地点状语。
Where 在定语从句中用作关系副词，作状语，先行词一般指地点。
在实际的英语学习中，where在定语从句中的用法远不是这么简单，而是复杂得很。
某些在从句中充当地点状语的介词+关系词”结构可以与where互换地点：Where = at/in/on + which1) This is the house in which I lived two years ago = This is the house where I lived two years ago.2) Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually. (Where = on which) 比较学习1) This is the factory where/in which you worked last year.2) This is the factory that/ which you visited last year.在第一句中，关系词在定语从句中作状语，所以用关系副词where或者in which,因为定语从句中worked是个不及物动词；而在第二句中，关系词在定语从句中做宾语，因此用that或which，还可以省略，visited是个及物动词b. Where弓I导的定语从句修饰抽象的，模糊的地点，女口situation, stage, point, case, activity 等。
1）修饰抽象名词situationa）He' s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.b）He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.c）It' s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.2）修饰抽象名词activityThose successful deaf dancers think dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.3）修饰抽象名词pointAfter graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed to decide what to do.4）修饰抽象名词caseThere are cases where the word “ mighty ” used as an adverb.5）修饰抽象名词positionIt' s put me in a position where I can ' t afford to take the job.6）修饰抽象名词jobShe wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use.7) Life is a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.8) This summer I want to go to Hangzhou, where there is a beautiful lake.9) ln experiments where young teens are allowed to sleep as long as they want, they tend to sleep an average of 9 hours.10) Is there a shop around where we can buy some toilet articles?c. 当然了，我们碰到这些词作为先行词时并不一定都用where,我们也要具体情况具体分析，他们只有在定语从句中作状语时候才用where.1) We are trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.2) - Do you have anything to say for yourself?-Yes, there' s one point (that/which/-) we must insist on.第一个句子中关系词在句中作状语，所以选择where关系副词。
where引导的定语从句和状语从句1. where引导定语从句定义和作用：在定语从句中，where是关系副词，它在从句中作地点状语，用来修饰表示地点的先行词。
定语从句用于对先行词进行限定、修饰，使所描述的对象更具体。
结构和例句：其基本结构是“先行词 + where + 从句（主 + 谓等）”。
例如：This is the house where I lived when I was a child.（这是我小时候住过的房子。
）在这个句子中，“the house”是先行词，where引导的从句“I lived when I was a child”用于修饰“the house”，说明是“我小时候住过的房子”，where在从句中代替“in the house”作地点状语，表示居住的地点。
与其他关系词的区别：如果先行词在从句中作主语或宾语，就不能用where，而要用关系代词（which/that）。
例如：This is the house that/which I bought last year.（这是我去年买的房子。
）这里“the house”在从句中作bought的宾语，所以用关系代词。
2. where引导状语从句定义和作用：在状语从句中，where引导地点状语从句，用来表示主句动作发生的地点或场所。
它的作用是在句子中作状语，修饰主句的谓语动词等，说明动作发生的位置情况。
结构和例句：基本结构是“where + 从句（主 + 谓等），主句（主 + 谓等）”。
例如：Where there is a will, there is a way.（有志者，事竟成。
）在这个句子中，“where there is a will”是地点状语从句，它说明“有志向的地方”，主句是“there is a way”，整个句子的意思是在有志向存在的地方，就会有出路。
与定语从句的区别：从语义上看，状语从句是用来描述动作发生的地点背景，它和主句是一种逻辑上的地点关联；而定语从句是对一个名词（先行词）进行修饰限定，使这个名词更具体明确。
考点剖析where既可以引导状语从句又可以引导定语从句，很多考生由于不能分辨，在使用时经常出错。
那么如何进行判断呢？请先看下面的两个例子：例1：Many sick children have been sent to desig-nated hospitals in time where they will receive the besttreatment.例2：Brave doctors and nurses are willing to gowhere sick children are treated intensively.以上两个句子都是用where引导的从句，哪个句子是定语从句，哪个句子是状语从句呢？我们先来分析一下这两种从句的区别，再进行判断。
where引导状语从句时：where在从句中是从属连词，其引导的状语从句用来修饰主句的谓语，且where之前没有表地点的先行词，此时的where不可用“介词+which”结构替换。
where引导的状语从句可放于主句的前面，当放于主句的前面时含有对比、条件、时间的意味；也可放于主句的后面，当放于主句的后面时表示地点或抽象的地点。
例3：Where the adult saw nothing but boringbeach，the children saw very interesting toys.解析：状语从句放于句首时，从句的内容与主句的内容具有鲜明的对比意味，而定语从句却不能放于句首。
例4：The desire for freedom is strongest wherefreedom is restricted.解析：状语从句位于主句之后，修饰主句中的谓语动词，表谓语的动作发生的地点。
本句中的“wherefreedom is restricted”是地点状语，修饰谓语“is stron⁃gest”，表“The desire for freedom”的地方在哪里。
3.
Reading:
1.Where there is a river, there is a city.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Please sit where you like.
辨析：where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：
Where引起状语从句时，其前面无先行词，where也不能换成“介词+which”
Where引起的定语从句，其前面有名词作先行词，where可以换成“介词+which”
Make marks where you have any questions. ( 状语从句)
Make marks at the places where you have any questions. (定语从句)
(2002 上海春招)
The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai. 地点状语
2.Perhaps this is not always true, but it is true that many of the world’s greatest
cities have been built on the banks of a river.
it形式主语，that引导真正主语从句
(2004 北京春招)
The Foreign Minister said it is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.
have been built为完成时的被动语态，表示已完成的被动动作。
3.It was under attack for 900 days, but the people of the city never gave up.
under attack遭受攻击under 在......状态中，在......情况下
The car is under repair.
The subject is under study.
give in=give up投降，屈服，让步，上交
give up 放弃
If you can’t win the game, you may give in.
If you can’t win the game, you may give it up.
4.Restoring the city and its cultural relics seemed impossible, but the people of this
great city would not give up,“We will not let our history and culture be destroyed, and we will do everything we can to save our city!”
will &would表示意志和决心
we will never do that kind of thing.
we will do everything we can to save our city中we can是定语从句，其前省略了关系代词that, 其后省略了动词do，不定式to save our city在句中作目的状语，因此to不能省略。
She did everything/all (that) she could to help her mother with the housework. 5.Pieces of the palaces that had been hidden before the Nazis came could now be
used to rebuild the city and its culture.
be used to =be used for 被用来做......
A knife can be used to cut bread./for cutting bread.
be used to doing 习惯于
I am used to getting up early in the morning.
used to do sth. 过去常常
I used to get up early.
6.With the help of old painting and photographs, the people of St Petersburg were
able to bring back the beauty of their culture and history.
with the help of ...... 在....的帮助下
With help of my teacher, I become interested in English.
be able to 成功的做成某事，强调结果
(NMET 1997)
The fire spread the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
7.Strong, proud, united, the people of St Petersburg are the mofern heroes of Russia. Strong, proud, united, 形容词作状语，说明主语的特征和性质。
He spent several days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.
(2004 上海春招)
After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, exhausted.。
