朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚-第七章至第八章【圣才出品】

第7章英国教育体系7.1 复习笔记I. Purpose of education1. T o teach “the three R’s”2. T o socialize childrenII. The relationship between education and social class1. Inequality in British education2. Good education Guarantees a careerIII. The influence of the Church on schooling1. In the past2. At present3. ChangesIV. Major changes to British education system1. Involvement of government2. The 1994 Education Act3. Introduction of comprehensive schools4. “The Great Education Debate”5. National Curriculum in 1989V. The present education system1. Education in the UK is compulsory.2. State sector and private sector schools3. Schooling stages and examsVI. Higher education1. Fund2. Founding Time3. Open university4. Degree titlesI. Purpose of education（教育目的）1. T o teach “the three R’s”（教授基础科目）①“The three R’s”—“reading,‘riting and ‘rithmetic” (reading, writing and arithmetic) .②That is to say, the purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they need to become active members of society.①基础科目俗称“3R”，包括阅读、写作和算术。

第2章英国简介（2）Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. Ireland is part of Great Britain. _____【答案】F【解析】爱尔兰是一个独立国家，位于爱尔兰岛北部的北爱尔兰才是英国的一部分。

2. “Ulster”, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom. _____【答案】T【解析】阿尔斯特指的是北爱尔兰，它曾经是一个古爱尔兰王国的名称。

3. The capital of Belfast is a large city with half a million people. _____【答案】F【解析】贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首府，拥有人口二十余万。

4. Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry. _____【答案】F【解析】北爱尔兰重要不仅仅是因为它的工业发达，还因为它在历史上与英国政府的不断冲突，更多是政治意义上的重要性。

5. The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. _____【答案】T【解析】大部分爱尔兰人民是凯尔特人的后代，他们远在罗马人入侵英国的两千年前就在英国居住。

6. Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics. _____ 【答案】T【解析】大部分英国人是新教徒，大部分爱尔兰人是天主教徒。

英语国家社会与文化入门第三版朱文涛答案1、Since we have _____ money left,we can't afford the expensive computer. [单选题] *A. a littleB. a fewC. little(正确答案)D. few2、( ) ________ large the library is! [单选题] *A. WhatB. What aC. How(正确答案)D. How a3、If it _______ tomorrow, I won’t go there. [单选题] *A. rains(正确答案)B. is rainingC. will rainD. would rain4、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to5、I like the food very much.It is _______. [单选题] *A. terribleB. expensiveC. delicious(正确答案)D. friendly6、In 2019 we moved to Boston,（）my grandparents are living. [单选题] *A. whoB. whenC. where(正确答案)D. for which7、Tom didn’t _______ his exam again. It was a pity. [单选题] *A. failC. pass(正确答案)D. beat8、He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. [单选题] *A. anyB. someC. few(正确答案)D. many9、I have only two tickets for TF Boys’concert. ______ you ______ he can go with me.（）[单选题] *A. Either; or(正确答案)B. Either; norC. Both; andD. Not only; but also10、In the closet（）a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. [单选题] *A. lyingB. lies(正确答案)c. lie11、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in12、The man called his professor for help because he couldn’t solve the problem by _______. [单选题] *A. herselfB. himself(正确答案)C. yourselfD. themselves13、When you have trouble, you can _______ the police. They will help you. [单选题] *A. turn offB. turn to(正确答案)C. turn onD. turn over14、76．—Could you tell me ________the bank?—Turn right and it's on your right. [单选题]* A．how get toB．how to getC．how getting toD．how to get to(正确答案)15、The organization came into being in 1 [单选题] *A. 开始策划B. 进行改组C. 解散D. 成立于(正确答案)16、72．—? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??—Yes, please. I want a sweater. [单选题] *A．How muchB．Can I help you(正确答案)C．Excuse meD．What will you take17、He held his（）when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought18、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)19、_____ rooms are both large and comfortable. [单选题] *A. Jack's and Jane's(正确答案)B. Jack and Jane'sC. Jack's and JaneD.Jack and Jane20、They all choose me ______ our class monitor.（）[单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. inC. withD. on21、67．—What can I do for you?—I'm looking at that dress.It looks nice.May I ________？[单选题] *A．hold it onB．try it on(正确答案)C．take it offD．get it off22、Tom and Mary's house bought last year is（）Lucy, s. [单选题] *A. the three size ofB. three times the size of(正确答案)C. as three times large asD. three times as larger as23、The street was named _____ George Washington who led the American war for independence. [单选题] *A. fromB. withC. asD. after(正确答案)24、Have you kept in（）with any of your friends from college? [单选题] *A. contractB. contact(正确答案)C. continentD. touching25、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.（）[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)26、63．There will be? ? ? ? ??? water on the road after the heavy rain. [单选题] * A．too much(正确答案)B．much tooC．too manyD．many too27、A little learning is a dangerous thing, _____ the saying goes. [单选题] *A. likeB. as(正确答案)C. withD. if28、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke29、Mum is ill. I have to _______ her at home. [单选题] *A. look after(正确答案)B. look forC. look outD. look forward to30、47．Yao Ming is tall. That's one of his ________. [单选题] * A．advantageB．advantages(正确答案)C．disadvantageD．disadvantages。

第9章英国媒体Ⅰ.Multiple choice.1.Which of the following is the most famous of all British newspapers?（北二外2006研）A.The TimesB.The GuardianC.Daily TelegraphD.Daily Mirror【答案】A【解析】The Times《泰晤士报》是英国第一主流大报，是该国最具影响力的报纸。

The Guardian《卫报》。

Daily Telegraph《每日电讯报》，因其时效性而得名。

Daily Mirror《每日镜报》。

2.Which of the following is a tabloid?（北二外2006研）A.New StatesmanB.The SunC.Sunday TimesD.Morning Star【答案】B【解析】The Sun《太阳报》是一家通俗小报，是全英国销量最高的报纸。

New Statesman《新政治家》是一家英国时政周刊。

Sunday Times《星期日泰晤士报》、Morning Star《晨星报》是英国共产党的机关报。

3.Which of the following newspaper is a tabloid?（北二外2008研）A.The TelegraphB.East EndersC.The News of the WorldD.None of the above【答案】C【解析】tabloid通俗小报。

The News of the World是一家英国小报。

The Telegraph《每日电讯报》，它是英国四家全国性“高级”日报中销量最大的一家。

4.Which of the following statements about the BBC is not true?（北京交大2003研）A.The BBC puts out both radio broadcasting services and TV programs.B.There is no advertising on any of the BBC programs.C.The BBC is financed by private funds.D.The BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide,using more than30languages.【答案】C【解析】BBC英国广播公司除了经营广播节目之外，还经营电视节目；所有节目中都不插播任何广告；资金来自用户的接收费；以40多种语言做全球广播。

朱永涛英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门第3版配套题库含考研真题本书是朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》（第3版）教材的配套题库，严格按照该教材的章⽬编排，共分42章（第⼀部分为英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚，共20章；第⼆部分为新西兰、美国、加拿⼤，共22章），精选与各章内容配套的考研真题和典型题进⾏详解，所选试题基本涵盖了每章的考点和难点。

⽬录：第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）第2章 英国简介（2）第3章 英国政府第4章 政治、阶级和社会第5章 英国经济第6章 英国⽂学第7章 英国教育体系第8章 英国的外交关系第9章 英国媒体第10章 英国的体育运动、节假⽇第11章 爱尔兰地理、⼈⽂和历史第12章 爱尔兰政治和经济第13章 爱尔兰的⽂化：爱尔兰⼈的⽣活现状第14章 爱尔兰的⽂化：语⾔，⽂学和艺术第15章 澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族第16章 澳⼤利亚的⽂化⽣活第17章 ⼯作和家庭⽣活第18章 澳⼤利亚是⼀个⾃由民主的社会第19章 澳⼤利亚的今天第20章 从种族主义到多元⽂化主义第⼆部分 新西兰、美国、加拿⼤第1章 国⼟、⼈民与历史第2章 政治制度、教育与经济第3章 美国的起始第4章 美国的政治制度第5章 美国经济第6章 美国的宗教第7章 美国⽂学第8章 美国的教育第9章 20世纪60年代的社会运动第10章 美国的社会问题第11章 美国⼈的⽣活⽅式：寻找⼀个可靠的概括第12章 美国的妇⼥解放运动第13章 美国的科技第14章 ⼆战后美国外交政策第15章 美国的体育运动与风景名胜第16章 美国的流⾏⽂化：电影和⾳乐第17章 国家与⼈民第18章 加拿⼤政府与政治第19章 加拿⼤——“⽂化镶嵌画”第20章 加拿⼤经济第21章 加拿⼤⽂学第22章 加拿⼤的国际关系第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?[北⼆外2008研]A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Vikings.C. The Normans.D. The Romans.【答案】A【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈是⽇⽿曼民族的分⽀，于五世纪中期由北欧⼊侵⼤不列颠，成为现今英格兰⼈的祖先。

20.1复习笔记I.Immigration in history1.The19th century2.White Australia Policy19013.Post World WarⅡperiod4.Multiculturalism from19735.Migration todayⅡ.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The1946Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurindji people in the1960s6.Freedom Rides in the1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality today10.Aboriginal culture todayⅢ.History Wars,Sorry Speech and Close the Gap programmes1.History Wars2.The Sorry Speech3.Close the Gap programmesI.Immigration in history（澳大利亚移民史）Since the1788European settlement,migration has accounted for up to50%of Australia’s population increase.自1788年第一批欧洲移民来到澳大利亚时起，澳大利亚的人口增长有一半来自移民。

1.The19th century（19世纪移民）(1)The gold rush（淘金热）The gold rush in the1850s attracted many free migrants,especially from China and Germany.19世纪50年代的澳大利亚淘金热吸引了大量自由移民者，其中以中国和德国人居多。

英国社会文化考研朱永涛《英语国家社会文化入门》复习笔记一、（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介（1）1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Name and constituents1. Full name2. ConstituentsⅡ. Effects of its imperial past1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2. Its role as a European nation3. Economic influence4. A multiracial nationⅢ. Differences in society1. Race difference2. Class difference3. Region differenceⅣ. Introduction to England1. Physical features2. History of invasionsⅤ. Introduction to Scotland1. Physical features2. History3. Retaining strong Scottish identityⅥ. Introduction to Wales1. Physical features2. A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1. Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰Ⅱ. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization with members mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国多为前大英帝国殖民地。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》...第7章英国教育体系I.Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F):1.The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socialize children.______【答案】T【解析】英国教育的一个目的是，教授“3R”，即阅读、写作和算术三种基础科目，为学生积极参与社会提供所需的基本知识和基本技能。

教育的另一个目的是教授学生一些成为好公民所应具备的道理规范和价值观，以便能走上社会，为发达的工业化国家的经济繁荣作贡献。

2.The state seldom interferes with the decision of when,where,how and what children are taught.______ 【答案】F【解析】英国的教育体制其实对儿童接受教育的时间、方式、地点和内容都有规定，家长们自己有选择权，学校中也主要是校长进行管理。

但政府并非完全不干涉儿童的教育。

3.The enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in schools.______【答案】F【解析】英国教育中一个长期以来的特点是教育的不平等性。

虽然英国社会中中产阶级和工人阶级的比例基本上是一比一，但是接受教育的机会却相差很远。

公立学校和私立学校的区别，好的大学和次要大学的区别，都体现了不平等。

英国的教育体制中设有文法学校、综合学校和职业学校等。

对于课堂上教育的内容有比较清晰的界定，在这方面英国国内已形成比较统一的观念。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册-第7章美国⽂学【圣才出品】第7章美国⽂学7.1 复习笔记I. Post-Revolutionary period1. Washington Irving2. James Fenimore CooperII. Transcendentalists1. Ralph Waldo Emerson2. Henry David ThoreauIII. Power of Imagination1. Edgar Allan Poe2. Nathaniel Hawthorne3. Herman MelvilleIV. New Visions of America1. Walt Whitman2. Leaves of GrassV. Reform and Liberation1. Harriet Beecher Stowe2. Uncle Tom’s CabinVI. Regionalism1. Mark Twain2. Emily DickinsonVII. A new wave1. The naturalists2. Other writersVIII. Sympathetic views of women writers1. Kate Chopin2. Willa CatherIX. Rebellious Spirit1. The writers2. The similarityX. The Modernists1. Ezra Pound2. T.S. EliotXI. The “Lost Generation”1. The background2. The writersXII. Harlem Renaissance1. The development2. The poetsXIII. New Drama1. Eugene O’Neil2. The major playsXIV. Depression Realism and Escapism1. John Steinbeck2. Margaret MitchellXV. Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1. African American writers2. American Jews3. In the theater4. The “Beat Generation”XVI. New American Voices1. Black women writers2. Chinese-American writersI. Post-Revolutionary period（美国⾰命战争后期）American literature is mainly about the seeking of Americans for success and happiness.美国⽂学是对美国⼈民寻求幸福与成功的过程的叙述。

第11章爱尔兰地理、人文和历史Ⅰ.Multiple choice.1.Which of the following peoples were the ancestors of the Irish?（首都师范大学2008研）A.The CeltsB.The RomansC.The DanesD.The Anglo-Saxons【答案】A【解析】爱尔兰人是凯尔特人的后代。

2.It is believed that Celtic invaders came to Ireland in the_____century BC.A.5thB.6thC.7thD.8th【答案】B【解析】凯尔特人在公元前六世纪进入爱尔兰岛。

3.Who brought a legal system—the Brehon law,to the island of Ireland?A.ChristiansB.VikingsC.CeltsD.Normans【答案】C【解析】凯尔特人为爱尔兰带来了法律系统——布里恩法律。

4.The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in_____.A.1891B.1900C.1914D.1916【答案】C【解析】“自治法案”最终于1914年通过。

5.The political party,Sinn Fein,was developed by_____.A.Isaac ButtB.Arthur GriffithC.Patrick PearseD.James Connolly【答案】B【解析】亚瑟·格里菲斯于1905至1908年间创办了新芬党。

6.Which of the following is the nickname of the Republic of Ireland?A.The Emerald Isle.B.The Diamond Isle.C.The Catholic Isle.D.The Treasure Isle.【答案】A【解析】爱尔兰地形南北高中问低，四周群山环绕，为茂密的森林覆盖，中央低陷部分绿地遍野，所以人们都习惯地称其为“绿宝石岛”（the Emerald Isle）。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》配套题库【课后习题】（美国⽂学）第7章美国⽂学Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. American literature is mainly about the seeking of the American people for success and happiness. _____【答案】T【解析】美国⽂学主要是关于美国⼈民追寻成功和幸福。

2. Rip Van Winkle was a character created by James Fenimore Cooper. _____【答案】F【解析】《瑞普·凡·温克》是⼩说家及历史家华盛顿·欧⽂（Washington Irving）的名篇。

故事主要讲述主⼈公瑞普·凡·温克喝醉之后在梦中的奇遇，然后顿悟过了⼀⽣。

3. The Leather-Stocking Tales consist of five novels depicting the American West. _____【答案】T【解析】《⽪袜⼦故事集》是美国作家詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏（James Fenimore Cooper）的系列⼩说，共包含《杀⿅者》（The Deerslayer）、《最后的莫希⼲⼈》（The Last of the Mohicans）、《探路⼈》（The Pathfinder）、《拓荒者》（The Pioneer）和《⼤草原》（The Prairie）等五部⼩说。

4. Before Mark Twain, all major American writers were born on the East Coast. _____ 【答案】T【解析】马克·吐温（Mark Twain），美国作家、演说家，⽣于美国密苏⾥州佛罗⾥达。

14.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.Irish is a kind of the old______language.（北京交大2003研）A.Anglo-SaxonB.GaelictinD.Greek【答案】B【解析】爱尔兰语在语言分类上属于印欧语系的凯尔特语族；它是爱尔兰的官方语言，也是北爱尔兰官方承认的区域语言。

2.Among the following Irish writers,who was not the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature?A.W.B.YeatsB.George Bernard ShawC.Jonathan SwiftD.Samuel Beckett【答案】C【解析】Jonathan Swift并没有获诺贝尔奖。

选项C正确。

3.Under the English colonial policy,many Irish people lost their original languageand never regained.But until the mid-19th century,Irish was still spoken widely by the______classes.A.peasantB.middleC.professionalD.upper【答案】A【解析】在英国殖民政策下，许多爱尔兰人，尤其是中产阶级和职场中的爱尔兰人，被迫放弃使用爱尔兰语，而且再也没有重新使用。

不过直到19世纪中期，爱尔兰语还被农民阶级广泛使用。

选项A正确。

4.The Secret Rose,and The Wind Among the Reeds are among the early famous works of______.A.W.B.YeatsB.Seamus HeaneyC.Richard SheridanD.Samuel Beckett【答案】A【解析】诗集《玫瑰的秘密》《苇间风》是叶芝早期的著名作品。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》配套题库【课后习题】（澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族）第15章澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. The continent of Australia is the largest island in the world. _____【答案】T【解析】澳⼤利亚是世界上最⼤的岛屿。

2. Most of Australia’s unique plants and animals are imported from other continents. _____【答案】F【解析】澳⼤利亚独特的动植物是因为其⼤陆岛的地理特征逐渐演变⽽出现的。

3. The Great Barrier Reef goes along the eastern coast of Australia, from Queensland to T asmania. _____【答案】F【解析】⼤堡礁，位于昆⼠兰省东北部海洋中，北⾯从托雷斯海峡起，向南直到弗雷泽岛附近，沿澳⼤利亚东北海岸线绵延2000余千⽶。

4. Dreaming is shared by the members of an indigenous group about how the features of their land were created. _____【答案】T【解析】“梦创信仰”的重要原则是：⽣活在这⽚⼟地上的⼈对这⽚⼟地有着特殊的责任，⼈不拥有⼟地，⽽是⼟地拥有⼈。

“梦创信仰”重视对⼟地的保护超过对⼟地的拥有权。

5. Dreaming helps the indigenous people to survive in the harsh environment of the desert of Australia. _____【答案】T【解析】梦创故事为⼈们应该如何⽣存，如何彼此交流提供⼀些指导原则，也提供了关于这⽚⼟地的详细信息，以便⼟著居民能够在恶劣的⾃然环境下⽣存下来。

15.1复习笔记I.Natural features of the land1.Location2.Size3.Constituents4.Distinctive faunandscape6.Distinctive physical featuresⅡ.The people1.The indigenous people2.The later settlersⅢ.Dreamtime and Dreaming1.What is“Dreamtime”?2.What is“the Dreaming”?IV.British colonization1.Terra nullius2.Exploitation of the land3.The impact of colonization4.The policies of segregation and exclusion5.The policy of assimilationI.Natural features of the land（自然特征）1.Location（地理位置）The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic.澳大利亚大陆位于赤道东南亚和南极洲之间。

2.Size（面积）Australia is the largest island and the smallest,flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚是世界上面积最大的岛屿，同时也是世界上面积最小最平坦和最干燥的大陆。

3.Constituents（组成）(1)The mainland is the main constituent of Australia.(2)It also includes Tasmania,an island just to the south,the Torres Straits Islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of islands in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans.(1)澳大利亚大陆是澳大利亚的主要组成部分。

2.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.New Zealand is governed by an elected parliament,which has had a single chamber since1950—_______.A.the SenateB.the House of LordsC.the House of RepresentativesD.the House of Commons【答案】C【解析】新西兰由选举产生的议院进行管理，从1950年开始只有一个议院，即众议院。

2.Which of the following is not a function of Parliament?A.passing lawsB.supervising the government’s administrationC.receiving petitions from citizensD.forming a government【答案】D【解析】议会的职能包括：通过法律、监督政府以及接收公民的申诉状，不包括组成政府。

D为正确选项。

3.Which of the following is true about the correspondence schools in NewZealand?A.They provide distance education.B.The tuition is free.C.They are often not co-educational.D.They mainly teach religion courses.【答案】A【解析】函授学校是新西兰最大的学校，为学生提供远程教育，每天上课的内容都按照新西兰的教学大纲。

A为正确选项。

Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks.1.The Head of State of New Zealand is_______,represented in New Zealand by a Governor-General.【答案】the British monarch【解析】新西兰的国家元首是英国女王，总督是她在新西兰的代表。

14.1复习笔记nguage1.Irish under political unrests2.Hiberno-EnglishⅡ.Oral culture1.Features2.Origin3.Positive effectsⅢ.Literature1.The first Irish poem2.Nobel Prize winners for literature3.Other important figuresIV.Music and dance1.Sean nos2.The Irish pipe3.Irish dancing4.Irish harpV.Sports culture1.Soccer(football)2.Rugby football3.Cricket and tennis4.Hurling5.Golf6.Horse-racingVI.Science and technology1.Distinguished figures2.Important societiesⅦ.The Irish identity in the world1.The Irish diaspora2.Attitudes towards other countries or areasnguage（语言）1.Irish under political unrests（政治动荡下的爱尔兰语）(1)Irish or Gaelic is an ancient language spoken by the Irish people.(2)Under the English colonial policy,many people,especially the middle and professional classes,lost this language and never regained.But until the mid-19th century,Irish was still spoken widely by the peasant classes.(3)The death blow to the Irish language was the Great Famine of1845—1848,since two million Irish people emigrated or died in this event.(4)In the late19th century,an attempt was made to revive the use of the Irish language among the middle and professional classes.(5)After achieving national independence,official attempt was made to make Irish again the national language.(6)Irish is now a compulsory subject in schools and the first official language in the Republic.(1)爱尔兰语，也称盖尔语，是爱尔兰人的古老语言。