法律英语 TORT

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法律英语练习题答案

法律英语练习题答案法律英语练习题答案在学习法律英语的过程中，练习题是不可或缺的一部分。

通过解答练习题，我们可以巩固对法律英语的理解，提高自己的语言能力和专业知识。

下面是一些常见的法律英语练习题及其详细答案，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

练习题一：请解释以下法律术语的含义：1. Tort2. Plaintiff3. Defendant4. Liability5. Jurisdiction答案一：1. Tort：指的是民事侵权行为，即一方在未经对方同意的情况下，通过自己的行为或不作为，侵犯了对方的合法权益，给对方造成了损害。

常见的侵权行为包括人身伤害、财产损失等。

2. Plaintiff：原告，指的是在民事诉讼中提起诉讼的一方，即受到侵权行为损害的一方。

3. Defendant：被告，指的是在民事诉讼中被控告的一方，即被指控犯有侵权行为的一方。

4. Liability：责任，指的是法律上的义务或责任。

在民事诉讼中，责任通常指的是被告对原告所造成的损害承担赔偿责任。

5. Jurisdiction：管辖权，指的是法院对案件的审理权限。

不同的法院有不同的管辖权，根据案件的性质、金额等因素来决定哪个法院有权审理该案件。

练习题二：请将以下英文法律名词翻译成中文：1. Contract2. Arbitration3. Injunction4. Intellectual property5. Negligence答案二：1. 合同2. 仲裁3. 禁令4. 知识产权5. 过失练习题三：请解释以下法律原则的含义：1. Presumption of innocence2. Due process3. Burden of proof4. Reasonable doubt5. Double jeopardy答案三：1. Presumption of innocence：无罪推定，指的是在刑事诉讼中，被告在未被证明有罪之前，应被认定为无罪。

法律英语lesson10tortlaw教材教学课件

The History and Development of Tort Law
• Medieval Roots: Tort law has its roots in medieval common law, where private individuals were allowed to bring actions against wrongdoers in the form of "actions in trespass." These actions were based on the principle of "lex talionis," or the law of retaliation, allowing victims to seek compensation for harm caused through the courts.
Tort law is separate from criminal law, as it deals with private wrongs rather than public wrongs. It allows individuals to seek compensation for harm caused by the actions of others, whether intentional or not.
The Importance of Tort Law
• Protecting Individual Rights: Tort law serves as a crucial safeguard for individual rights, providing victims of wrongdoing with a legal recourse to seek compensation for harm caused. It helps to ensure that individuals are not left vulnerable to the actions of others without any legal recourse.

法律英语词典

法律英语词典law: n. 法律，法令，章程。

statute: n. 法令，条例。

contract: n. 合同，契约。

tort: n. 侵权，侵权行为。

case: n. 案件，诉讼。

precedent: n. 先例，前例。

verdict: n. 判决，裁定。

jurisdiction: n. 权力范围，司法管辖。

liability: n. 责任，义务。

negligence: n. 疏忽，过失。

arbitration: n. 仲裁，调解。

judge: n. 法官，审判员。

plaintiff: n. 原被告，原害人。

defendant: n. 被告，被告人，被告方。

appeal: v. 上诉，抗辩。

evidence: n. 证据，证人。

testimony: n. 证言，证词。

witness: n. 证人。

adjudicate: v. 审判，判决。

jury: n. 陪审团。

court: n. 法院，庭。

lawsuit: n. 一案，官司。

prosecution: n. 控告，公诉。

docket: n. 案卷，审判案卷。

declaration: n. 声明，宣言。

lawyer: n. 律师，法律顾问。

counsel: n. 辩护律师。

bond: n. 缔约，保证。

sentence: n. 判决，宣判。

writ: n. 法院令。

litigation: n. 诉讼，诉讼行为。

appellate: v. 上诉，抗辩。

damage: n. 损害，损失。

asset: n. 财产，财务资产。

insurance: n. 保险。

法律英语表达大全

法律英语表达大全在法律领域中，使用正确的法律英语表达非常重要。

以下是一些常用的法律英语表达，可以帮助您更好地理解和处理法律文件和法律程序。

1. 法律术语•Lawsuit: 诉讼•Plntiff: 原告•Defendant: 被告•Complnt: 控诉书•Summons: 传票•Pleadings: 诉状•Subpoena: 传唤令•Evidence: 证据•Burden of proof: 举证责任•Statute: 法令•Tort: 民事侵权行为•Testimony: 证言•Criminal offense: 刑事犯罪•Misdemeanor: 轻罪•Felony: 重罪2. 法庭程序•Court hearing: 庭审•Trial: 审判•Opening statement: 开庭陈述•Cross-examination: 盘问•Closing argument: 闭庭陈述•Verdict: 裁决•Jury: 陪审团•Bench trial: 座席审判（没有陪审团的审判）•Judgment: 判决•Appeal: 上诉•Court reporter: 法庭记录员•Arrest: 逮捕•Bond: 保释金•Bl: 保释•Evidence: 证据3. 合同和协议•Contract: 合同•Agreement: 协议•Offer: 出价•Acceptance: 接受•Consideration: 对价•Breach of contract: 违反合同•Void contract: 无效合同•Negotiation: 谈判•Arbitration: 仲裁•Mediation: 调解•Termination: 终止•Amendment: 修改•Effective date: 生效日期4. 法律文件和法律文件结构•Legal document: 法律文件•Affidavit: 宣誓书•Power of attorney: 授权书•Will: 遗嘱•Trust: 信托•Deed: 契约•Contract: 合同•Agreement: 协议•Compliance: 遵守•Notice: 通知书•Affirmation: 证言•Declaration: 声明•Schedule: 时间表•Exhibit: 附表5. 法律职业•Attorney: 律师•Judge: 法官•Magistrate: 地方法官•Counsel: 律师•Paralegal: 法律助理•Legal secretary: 法律秘书•Legal consultant: 法律顾问•Court clerk: 法庭书记员•Barrister: 出庭律师（英国律师）•Solicitor: 执业律师（英国律师）以上是一些常用的法律英语表达。

法律英语的词汇特征与相对应的翻译要求

法律英语的词汇特征与相对应的翻译要求
法律英语是一种特殊的语言，具有其独特的词汇特征。

在法律文件中，经常出现一些特定的词汇和短语，这些词汇往往具有严格的法律含义和规范用法。

对法律英语词汇的翻译要求也更为严格和准确。

下面将介绍一些法律英语的词汇特征，并分析相对应的翻译要求。

法律英语的词汇特征还包括频繁使用的法律术语和短语。

在法律文件中，经常出现大量的法律术语和短语，这些术语和短语通常具有特定的规范用法，对翻译人员的专业水平和语言功底提出了较高的要求。

“tort”（侵权行为）、“attorney at law”（执业律师）、“pro bono”（无偿服务）等术语和短语都具有较强的专业性和规范性，翻译时需要准确理解其含义和用法，确保翻译的准确性和规范性。

法律英语的词汇特征还表现为具有复杂的法律逻辑和推理性。

在法律文件中，经常存在大量的复杂、抽象的法律逻辑和推理，需要翻译人员具有较强的逻辑思维能力和分析能力，准确理解和表达法律文本中的逻辑关系和推理过程。

法律判决书中的理由部分、法律条款中的解释部分等都需要翻译人员具有较强的逻辑推理能力和准确的语言表达能力，确保翻译的严谨和准确。

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)资料讲解

The plaintiff must have a reasonable apprehension of such contact.
Actual fear on the plaintiff’s part is not required.
Examples
Assault
swinging a baseball bat at someone holding a rock and threatening to throw
Subcategories
torts against the person
assault battery false imprisonment intentional infliction of emotional distress
General
property torts
trespass to land trespass to chattels (personal property) conversion
dignitary torts
defamation invasion of privacy
Torts Against the Person
Assault
Definition
an intentional act that causes an apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)
General
to deter others from committing the same act
US tort law
Tort law in the U. S. is largely common law.

法律英语专题侵权法tort law

Tort Law
General
Tort
a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm
★It does not include breach of contract or trust. (A civil wrong can be a tort, breach of contract or breach of trust.)
Purpose of tort law
to provide relief to the injured party through the award of damages for the injuries incurred during a tortious act
General
to deter others from committing the same act
Assault
There must be an accompanying act.
The defendant must have the apparent ability to carry out the contact.
Actual ability to carry out the contact is not necessary.
Subcategories
torts against the person
assault battery false imprisonment intentional infliction of emotional distress
General
property torts
trespass to land trespass to chattels (personal property) conversion

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort-law)

was riding, causing him to fall and be injured mixing something offensive in food that he knows another will eat—the other does in fact eat the offensive matter
Tort Law
General
Tort
a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm
★It does not include breach of contract or trust. (A civil wrong can be a tort, breach of contract or breach of trust.)
Many judges utilize the Restatement of Torts (2nd) as an influential guide.
The Restatement is an influential treatise issued by the American Law Institute, which summarizes the general principles of common law United States tort law.
With the tort of assault, a perceived threat by the victim is paramount.
Assault
＊A defendant who throws a rock at a sleeping victim and misses can only be guilty of the attempted battery assault, since the victim would not be aware of the possible harm.

法律英语词汇

法律英语词汇法律英语词汇在法律领域，有许多专业术语和词汇需要了解。

下面是一些常用的法律英语词汇：1. Law - 法律2. Legal - 法律的3. Legislation - 立法4. Statute - 法令5. Act - 法案6. Constitution - 宪法7. Court - 法院8. Judge - 法官9. Jury - 陪审团10. Plaintiff - 原告11. Defendant - 被告12. Attorney - 律师13. Witness - 证人14. Evidence - 证据15. Trial - 审判16. Verdict - 裁决17. Appeal - 上诉18. Jurisdiction - 司法权19. Bail - 保释20. Sentencing - 判决21. Tort - 侵权行为22. Contract - 合同23. Breach - 违约24. Liability - 责任25. Damages - 赔偿金26. Negligence - 疏忽27. Fraud - 欺诈28. Property - 财产29. Estate - 房地产30. Will - 遗嘱31. Trust - 信托32. Patent - 专利33. Copyright - 版权34. Trademark - 商标35. Infringement - 侵权36. Bankruptcy - 破产37. Contractual - 合同的38. Criminal - 刑事的39. Civil - 民事的40. Administrative - 行政的41. Constitutional - 宪法的42. International - 国际的43. Liability - 责任44. Negligence - 疏忽45. Intentional - 故意的46. Due Process - 正当程序47. Jurisprudence - 法学48. Precedent - 先例49. Stare Decisis - 依据先例50. Habeas Corpus - 人身保护权51. Confidentiality - 保密性52. Dispute - 争端53. Injunction - 禁令54. Public - 公共的55. Private - 私人的56. Liability - 责任57. Malpractice - 不当行为58. Probate - 遗产审计59. Slander - 诽谤60. Libel - 诽谤罪61. Suing - 控告62. Settlement - 和解63. Restitution - 赔偿64. Breach of contract - 违约65. Act of God - 天灾66. Affidavit - 宣誓书67. Doctrines - 教条68. Breach of trust - 违背信任69. Jurisdiction - 司法权70. Lien - 留置权71. Remedy - 补救72. Statutes of limitations - 时效法73. Contempt - 蔑视74. Acquittal - 无罪释放75. Inadmissible - 不可采用的76. Null and void - 无效77. Alibi - 不在场证明78. Arraignment - 传讯79. Litigation - 诉讼80. Conviction - 有罪定罪81. Cross-examination - 盘问82. Defamation - 诽谤83. Inquest - 审讯84. Disbar - 剥夺执业权85. Extradition - 引渡86. Fiduciary - 受托人87. Indictment - 起诉书88. Plea - 奏折89. Pro bono - 免费律师90. Testimony - 证词91. Warrant - 法令92. Appeal - 上诉93. Bailiff - 安保人员94. Dismiss - 解雇95. Embezzlement - 盗窃罪96. Forfeit - 剥夺97. Injunction - 禁制令98. Mitigating - 降低99. Notary - 公证人100. Tortfeasor - 侵权者以上是一些常见的法律英语词汇，希望对您有所帮助！。

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)

Assault
Definition
an intentional act that causes an apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact
★Apprehension is not the same as fear— here it means awareness that an injury or offensive contact is imminent.
Battery
Definition
an intentional act that causes a harmful or offensive contact
‘Harmful’ contact
contact that objectively intends to injure, disfigure, impair, or cause pain
Tort Law
General
Tort
a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm
★It does not include breach of contract or trust. (A civil wrong can be a tort, breach of contract or breach of trust.)
Criminal law recognizes degrees of crimes involving physical contact.
There is but a single tort of battery.
False Imprisonment

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殴打与威吓 Battery&Assault
Battery:日常英语中为“电池”之意，但在法律英语中意为“殴打”。事实上这个翻译并不准确，因为“Battery”的外延比中文“殴打”更大，包括任何故意对他人人身进行伤害性（harmful）和冒犯性（offensive）接触的行为。 Battery involves an unexcused harmful or offensive physical contact with another person. People may be held liable for battery if they intend to bring about such a contact, or if such a contact directly or indirectly results from their actions. If there is an attempted battery, but no actual contact, that may constitute a tort of assault. 10
法律渊源
source of law
判例为主，各州侵权法之间略有差异，判例的汇编、解释可参考《侵权法重述》（Restatement of the Law of Torts）
各州和联邦也有为解决特别侵权问题而制定的成文法，比如1946 年的《联邦侵权索赔法》（Federal Tort Claims Act）
侵权法
Tort Law
概念
concept
英文中的“侵权法”(Tort Law)一词有可译为“民事损害赔偿法”。它主要涉及侵犯他人的人身、财产、名誉、商业等方面权益的民事过错行为。虽然这种过错行为可能具有犯罪行为的性质，但是侵权诉讼与刑事诉讼的目的截然不同。前者的主要目的是赔偿受害人的损失，后者的主要目的是惩罚罪犯。
Elements of Assault 构成要素 1、D intends to cause harmful or offensive contact or to create apprehension (scare/intimidate) even if you point a gun at someone and don’t really intend to fire it, that is apprehension and intent is still satisfied 2、P is actually put into apprehension (P believes harmful contact will occur), believing such action will occur imminently P’s apprehension is a subjective standard (not a reasonable person std; if P is easily scared, that doesn’t matter, all that matters is that P was put into apprehension)
Elements of Battery (3)构成要件 A、Intent (identical to assault) Intent does not mean intent to harm, just means intent to touch in a way that could be construed as offensive or to create apprehension While contact is req’d for battery, intent does not have to be intent to touch it can be intent to put into apprehension Intent is transferable B、Harmful or offensive touching touching can be: 1. direct touching of victim’s body 2. touching something connected to victim (victim’s hat) 3. touching of object that sets in motion chain of events that eventually touches victim (poisoning food, pulling chair out from under) 4. indirect touching (ordering someone else to hit someone; Nancy Karrigan) unlike assault, an unconscious victim can be battered (apprehension of victim not req’d)
基础结构
base structure
故意侵权（Intentional Torts）
美国侵权法
过失侵权 (Negligence) 严格责任 (Strict Liability) 抗辩理由(Defenses)
故意侵权（Intentional Torts）
美国侵权法中七大类故意侵权行为：
殴打（Battery）威吓（assault）非法监禁（False Imprisonment）精神伤害（Intentional Infliction of Mental Distress）侵犯土地（Trespass to Land）侵犯动产（Trespass to Chattels）侵占动产（Conversion）
Federal Tort claims Act（ FTCA ）《联邦侵权索赔法》
A statute which removed the power of the federal government to claim immunity from a lawsuit for damages due to negligent or intentional injury by a federal employee in the scope of his/her work for the government. The FTCA permits recovery of money damages because of a negligent or wrongful act or omission by the Federal Government or an employee of the Federal Government while the employee was acting within his/her scope of employment or office.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The term "tort law" can be interpreted as a law for civil case infringement compensation.It is the breach of a duty that results in an injury for which there is a remedy at law. A tort is an omission (failure to act) or a wrongful act (other than a breach of contract) against a person or his property. Here, the word “wrongful” implies a violation of one person’s legal duty to another.Tort law is a form of civil law where private parties use the legal system to resolve disputes among themselves.
殴打与威吓 Battery&Assault Assault：日常中作“袭击”，军事领域特指“突击”，在法律英语中译为“威吓”，即“故意引发他人因合理的警觉到即将发生的 Battery行为而产生的恐惧”。威吓是殴打的前兆，是原告基于合理判断，对即将到来的“殴打”行为的恐惧和警觉（apprehension）。 Assault is the tort of acting intentionally and voluntarily causing the reasonable apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact. There must be some act short of actually striking the other person. Actual ability to carry out the apprehended contact is not necessary: an assault can take place with a toy gun, for example. 13
C、No consent consent is not a defense, it is an element and therefore P has the burden to show he did not expressly or impliedly consent for implied consent a reasonable person std is used (would a reasonable person have interpreted P’s actions to mean the contact was consented) consent can be inferred from social custom (playing tag) Attention： 1.后果不是构成要件，例如强吻原告也可以构成“殴打”。 2.一并保护人格权与人身权，因此原告身体的范围泛化到与原告人身相联系的任何物品，例如强夺他人戴头上之帽亦构成“殴打”。 3.冒犯性不是当事人的心理状态，而是由陪审团通过被告的行为对其所表现出的意图进行客观的认定。