Conversational-Implicature
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第11卷第5期 Vo1.11 No.5 读与写杂志 Read and Write Periodical 2014年5月 May 2014 An Analysis of C0nVersati0nal Implicature in Pride and Prej udice 仲亚娟许炎 (南京工业大学外语学院 江苏南京210009) Abstract:The CP and the related maxims explain how the conversational implicature is produced.The PP accounts for the reason why people often violate the conversational maxims.The politeness strategies illustrate different linguistic realizations of utterances which invite conversational implicature and do the face—threatening—act (FTA)implicitly.By combining these three pragmatic theories,this paper analyzes the conversational implicature in Pride and Prejudice. Key words:conversational implicature;cooperative principle;politeness principle;politeness strategies 中图分类号:H319 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672—1578(2014)5—0017—02 1 Introduction According to Grice,the Cooperative Principles comprise four maxims:the maxim of Quality,the maxim of Quantity,the maxim of Relation,the maxim of Manner.People are supposed to obey these maxims to converse in a maximally efficient, rational and cooperative way.They should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly,while providing sufficient information (Levinson,1983:102).But Grice discovers that speakers don't observe the maxims in five ways:flouting the maxim;violating the maxim;infringing a maxim;opting out of a maxim; suspending a maxim.What interests him most is flouting a maxim.As one important category of non—observance of the conversational maxims.a flout is distinguished by deliberately triggering the hearer's research for an implicature.When a speaker blatantly disobeys a maxim at the level of expressed meaning without the intention to mislead or deceive,he deliberately wants to generate a conversational implicature which is expected to be understood.Hearers can deduce what that implicature might be in terms of eonversational maxims. Though Grice s theory of implicature is capable of illustrating the relation between the utterance meaning and the implied meaning,it is inept at clarifying why people are often indirect in conveying what they mean.Leech s PP and maxims may rescue Grice s CP in this regal’d. Like Leech's point of view,Brown and Levinson take a broadly socially-oriented and speaker-oriented approach to study politeness and regard politeness as a pragmatic phenomenon.They interpret politeness as strategies used by speakers to reach certain goals in given situations(Thomas, 1995:158).The central concept of Brown and Levinson s politeness theory is’’face”.Brown and Levinson assert that certain illocutionary acts tend to damage and threaten another person's face.Such acts are called”face—threatening acts”. One s positive face is threatened if one is disapproved of something,loathed or insuhed.One s negative face is threatened if one is imposed on to do something.In conversational interaction speakers are sensitive about each other’s face.In OI‘(Jt 【.not to threaten face or to reduce the degree of face damage,speakers may adot)t certain strategies.fThomas,1995: 1 69).It the speaker chooses to perform the FTA,he has four choices:(1)bold-on—record without any redress;(2)positive politeness with redTess;(3)negative politeness with redress;(4)oIf— record politeness.Under each category there is a list of 17 strategies for performing diferent politeness.The speaker can also choose not to do an FTA at all if he considers it too face-threatening.He just keeps silence.The choice of different strategies attaches great impo ̄ance to the concept of face.The on-record strategies are adopted to perform the FTA directly while the off-record strategies which invite conversational implicature do the ErA indirectly.Although the impliealure generated by off—-record strategies sceuls ambigHOUS alld negotiable,it is usually on record in certain contexts.Many of the classic off—record strategies:metaphor,irony,understatement, overstatement,and rhetorical questions etc are very often actually on record when used,because there is only one interpretation of the implicature generated in certain contexts. This paper only gives detailed illustration to diferent off-record strategies. The conversations in Pride and Prejudice have attracted a great deal of attention as they are awash in wit and humor. They are particularlY characterized by the rich implicature generated by the employment of irony and satire.To really appreciate the conversations,one has to delve into the implicit force behind the explicit utterance.The following discussions will explore the conversational implicature from the perspective of the conversational maxims and the politeness theory. Conversations are grouped into different categories and carefully examined. 2 COnversati0nal Implicature Produced by Violation of the Quality Maxim There are many conversational implieatures in Pride an Prejudice generated by violating the Quality maxim of Grice s CP.They are the employments of off—record politeness strategies:Irony,metaphor and rhetorical question. The most prominent rhetm・ical device used by Jane Austen in Pride an Prejudice is irony.From the perspective of pragnmtics,irony is one kind of off-record politeness strategy lhat does the FTA indirectly by saying the opposite of wlmt speakers really mean.Irony,the favorite means ef Mr.Bennet and Miss.Elizabeth,is used to convey their real intention and feelings.Consider the following example: ”You excel so much in the dance,Miss Eliza,that it is creel to deny me the happiness of seeing you;and though this gentleman dislikes the amusement in general,he can have no objection,I am sure,to oblige us for one half hour.” ”Mr.Darcy is all politeness,”said Elizaheth,smiling.(P2 1)
龙源期刊网
An Analysis of Conversational Implicature
in Pride and Prejudice
作者:仲亚娟 许炎
来源:《读与写·教育教学版》2014年第05期
Abstract:The CP and the related maxims explain how the conversational implicature is
produced. The PP accounts for the reason why people often violate the conversational maxims. The
politeness strategies illustrate different linguistic realizations of utterances which invite conversational
implicature and do the face-threatening-act (FTA) implicitly. By combining these three pragmatic
theories, this paper analyzes the conversational implicature in Pride and Prejudice.
Key words:conversational implicature; cooperative principle; politeness principle; politeness
strategies
中图分类号:H319 文献标识码: A 文章编号:1672-1578(2014)5-0017-02
1 Introduction
According to Grice, the Cooperative Principles comprise four maxims: the maxim of Quality,the maxim of Quantity, the maxim of Relation, the maxim of Manner. People are supposed to obey
龙源期刊网
The Theory of Conversational Implicature
and its Role in Explaining Discourse
Coherence
作者:武榕
来源:《校园英语·下旬》2017年第06期
【Abstract】The method of theoretical analysis is adopted in the paper. To begin with, major
theories of discourse coherence are reviewed. The second section discusses feasibility of analyzing
discourse coherence from the perspective of conversational implicature, which is believed to be
essential for an effective interpretation of discourse coherence. The last section serves as a conclusion.
It summarizes conversational implicature’s great explanatory power to discourse coherence; points
out the limitations of the present study.
【Key words】discourse; coherence; conversation analysis; conversational implicature
【摘要】全文采用理论分析的方法。首先回顾了语篇连贯的主要理论。第二部分分析了从会话含意角度解释语篇连贯的可行性,此理论被认为是有效解释语篇连贯的基础。最后一部分总结全文。概括了会话含意对语篇连贯的解释力,同时指出了目前研究的局限性。
1 会话含义与合作原则
美国语言哲学家格赖斯为了保证谈话顺利进行,谈话双方必须共同遵守一些准则,特别是在1967年提出的“合作原则”。当谈话一方不遵守合作原则而又不是为了说谎为目的即故意违反准则,于是就产生会话含义。会话含义就是一种超出语句本身意义范围的意义,即说话者的“言外之意”。一般来说,人们可以通过违反合作原则中的质、量、关系原则和利用方式准则来表达或推导出会话含义,来表达与字面意思不同的没有说出来的含义,回避志杰说出想表达的意思,含蓄的表达自己的真实意图。会话含义一般可以分为两类:一般含义和特殊含义。一般含义是指在遵守合作原则中的默想准则是带有的含义。特殊含义是指在有意违反合作原则中的某项原则,在特定的语境中推导出来的含义。会话含义的特征可以归纳为:可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性和不确定性。
概要:
一、会话含义的由来
二、 合作原则的几项原则:
质的原则
量的原则
关系原则
礼貌原则
三、会话含义的产生方法:
违反质的原则:故意提供不足的信息,提供没有必要的信息
违反量的原则:说一些不符合事实的话;说一些荒唐的话
违反关系原则
利用礼貌原则:使用有歧义的词语:使用不必要的词语;打乱叙述顺序
四、会话含义的种类:
一般会话含义和特殊会话含义
五、会话含义的特点:
可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性和不确定性
关键词:会话含义 合作原则 违反 谈话
2 Conversational Implicature and Cooperative Principle
American linguistics H.P.Grice once gave in 1967.In the speech, Grice said, the
two sides of the conversation must obey some basic rules, especially the “cooperative