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平均站间距计算方法
Chalon
2016/5/10
1计算思路
将小区覆盖方向上划分3个角度区间：
1、3个角度区间的划分方法为小区方位角的正负30度范围为第一角度区间。
2、小区方位角负90度至负30度之间为第二角度区间。
3、小区方位角正30度至正90度之间为第三角度区间。
以方位角0度为例，划分3个角度区间如下图，角度划分后在各自角度内搜寻最近基站。
在每个角度区间中计算最近基站距离：
1、第一角度区间内基站距离权重占比为60%。
2、第二角度和第三角度区间内基站距离权重占比各为20%。
3、把每个角度区间查找到基站距离加上权重做平均得出站间距。
以下图的基站分布为例，考虑到主瓣方向的权重较大，因此最终平均站间距的计算结果为300*0.6+500*0.2+700*0.2=420米。
无线通信距离计算无线传输距离计算Pr(dBm) = Pt(dBm) - Ct(dB) + Gt(dB) - FL(dB) + Gr(dB) - Cr(dB) Pr：接受端灵敏度Pt: 发送端功率Cr: 接收端接头和电缆损耗Ct: 发送端接头和电缆损耗Gr: 接受端天线增益Gt: 发送端天线增益FL: 自由空间损耗FL(dB)=20 lg R (km) +20 lg f (GHz) + 92.44R是两点之间的距离f是频率=2.4自由空间通信距离方程自由空间通信距离方程设发射功率为PT，发射天线增益为GT，工作频率为f . 接收功率为PR，接收天线增益为GR，收、发天线间距离为R，那么电波在无环境干扰时，传播途中的电波损耗 L0 有以下表达式：L0 (dB) = 10 Lg（ PT / PR ） = 32.45 + 20 Lg f ( MHz ) + 20 Lg R ( km ) - GT (dB) - GR (dB)[举例] 设：PT = 10 W = 40dBmw ；GR = GT = 7 (dBi) ； f = 1910MHz问：R = 500 m 时， PR = ？解答： (1) L0 (dB) 的计算 L0 (dB) = 32.45 + 20 Lg 1910( MHz ) + 20 Lg 0.5 ( km ) - GR (dB) - GT (dB)= 32.45 + 65.62 - 6 - 7 - 7 = 78.07 (dB))（2） PR 的计算PR = PT / ( 10 7.807 ) = 10 ( W ) / ( 10 7.807 ) = 1 ( μW ) / ( 10 0.807 ) = 1 ( μW ) / 6.412 = 0.156 ( μW )= 156 ( mμW ) # 顺便指出，1.9GHz电波在穿透一层砖墙时，大约损失 (10~15) dB 无线传输距离估算传输距离估算无线网络系统的传输距离或覆盖围受多种因素的影响，除了信号源的发射功率、天线的增益、接收设备的灵敏度、频率、自由空间衰减、噪声干扰外，还有现场环境的影响，例如建筑物、树木和墙壁的遮挡，人体、气候等对电磁波的衰减，纯粹自由空间的传输环境在实际应用中是不存在的。
主要内容站址选择无线参数的确定机房的勘察勘查信息记录站址选择不同的覆盖区域的站距设置根据不同无线传播环境和天线平均挂高来取定本地区基站的覆盖半径，根据不同无线传播环境和天线平均挂高来取定本地区基站的覆盖半径，得到如下的站间距离：如下的站间距离：密集市区基站平均站间距：400m左右左右。
密集市区基站平均站间距：300m －400m左右。
一般市区平均站间距：400－500m 左右；县市城关基站平均站间距：一般市区平均站间距：400－500m左右；县市城关基站平均站间距：500m左右左右。
左右。
郊区基站平均站间距：1.5左右。
郊区基站平均站间距：1.5左右。
左右农村、交通干线基站站距设置在4km以上。
农村、交通干线基站站距设置在4km以上。
4km以上全向站站间距一般取定向站的0.6~0.7。
全向站站间距一般取定向站的0.6~0.7。
0.6~0.7站址选择现场调查待覆盖区域的人口、经济发展状况及其分布周边基站的分布、覆盖现状（现有网络、其它运营商的网络）无线传播环境调查（开阔程度、平坦程度、地形地貌、主要话务区、阻挡物等）建设条件调查（土质、场地、环保、电源引入、传输方式等）机房所在建筑物的调查（建筑结构、主梁分布、建筑承重等）天线安装条件调查干扰情况调查（寻呼台、雷达站、其他通信系统站）对可能对系统信号产生干扰的信号源定位，了解干扰源性质，确认隔离距离（有干扰分析报告）社会环境及环保调查（学校、居民小区等）建设单位的意见站址选择注意事项1. 应对基站的覆盖距离和效果有所估计，对可能存在的应对基站的覆盖距离和效果有所估计，覆盖问题应及时指出2. 应对候选点的物业产权以及有无可能拆迁有所了解，应对候选点的物业产权以及有无可能拆迁有所了解，尽量避开产权不明晰及可能拆迁的候选点 3. 了解候选点周围近期有无高度超过天线高度影响覆盖效果的新建筑物建成站址选择区域划分--按无线传播环境分类区域划分按无线传播环境分类无线传播环境分类表区域分类密集市区地形地貌特征描述周围建筑物平均高度>30 米(10 层以上)，周围建筑物平均楼距约10－20 米；一般在基站附近的建筑物较为密集，周围既有较多10 层以上的建筑物，也有部分二十层左右的建筑物，周边道路不算太宽。
RRC及ERAB建立成功率提升专题诺基亚濮阳电信优化项目组 2015年9月7日内容一RRC连接建立成功率指标定义及公式 (3)二E-RAB连接建立成功率指标定义及公式 (3)三前濮阳现网实验的五种提升方案 (4)方案A调整现网郊县的最小接入电平qrxlevmin (4)方案B将现网上未添加重定向小区添加3G的重定向 (4)方案C通过降低干扰提升E-RAB建立成功率 (6)方案D调整鲁棒性参数 (7)方案E通过调整初始接入MSC及HARQ次数提升RRC连接建立成功率 (8)四方案汇总及处理思路总结： (10)优化A RRC连接建立成功率优化思路 (10)优化B E-RAB建立成功率优化思路 (11)五专题成果： ................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
RRC及E-RAB建立成功率提升专题一、RRC连接建立成功率指标定义及公式：RRC连接建立成功率是指在统计周期内，UE发起及网络发起的RRC连接建立成功总次数与UE发起及网络发起的RRC连接建立请求总次数的比值，该指标反映了小区的接纳能力，RRC连接建立成功即UE与网络建立了信令连接。
其公式如下：公式中各个counter及失败对应的统计：其中M8013C6、M8013C7、M8013C8是三种RRC连接建立失败的原因统计。
二、E-RAB连接建立成功率指标定义及公式：E-RAB建立成功指eNodeB成功为UE分配了通信通道的无线资源和用户面的无线承载，所以这个指标反映了小区接纳业务的能力，可以用来考虑系统负荷情况。
其公式如下：公式中各个counter及失败对应的统计：其中M8006C2、M8006C3、M8006C4、M8006C5是四种E-RAB连接建立失败的原因统计。
三、目前濮阳现网实验的五种提升方案A、调整现网郊县的最小接入电平qrxlevminQrxlevmin是小区的最低接入电平门限,只有UE测得的电平大于该门限，UE 才有可能驻留到该小区。
VOLTE 感知领先之优化“四步法”目录VOLTE 感知领先之优化“四步法” (3)一、问题描述 (4)1概述 (4)2VoLTE&数据的差异性分析 (4)2.1覆盖质量要求的差异性 (4)2.2无线因素影响差异 (5)二、分析过程 (5)3步法一：全网洞察消除网络隐患 (5)3.1ANR 异常核查 (5)3.2PCI 冲突混淆核查 (6)3.3四超站点核查 (8)3.4TAC 不合理核查 (8)3.5干扰核查 (8)4步法二：基础优化夯实网络基础 (12)4.1覆盖优化提升 (12)4.2干扰优化 (13)三、解决措施 (14)VOLTE 特性应用提升用户感知 (20)语数分层策略实现VOLTE 感知的差异化提升 (20)TTI Bundling 提升边缘用户感知 (21)四、经验总结 (25)VOLTE 感知领先之优化“四步法”【摘要】按集团“双提升”要求，打造一张竞争力强、感知优先的电信VOLTE 网络，成为目前VOLTE 工作的核心。
而由于VOLTE 与数据业务行为的差异性，对时延、感知不同的敏感性，使得VOLTE 业务对无线环境变化更为敏感，对网络质量要求更为苛刻；所以，需要根据不同场景的无线环境，以VOLTE 优化为抓手，对VOLTE 网络进行个性化、优质化的精细化优化，以实现VOLTE 网络“四领先”之战略要求。
本文主要通过VOLTE 的系统性综合手段，紧抓“覆盖、质量、感知”三提升，采用“一洞察、二基础、三协同、四特性”之VOLTE 四步优化法，全面提升覆盖、MOS>3.5 占比、时延等与VOLTE 强相关指标，形成一套全面提升VOLTE 质量的优化经验。
本次双提升优化中，综合VOLTE 与数据的异同，从DT 至MR 质量问题；从MR 质量问题至Volte 问题；从广覆盖问题到质量提升问题，实现了VOLTE 网络质量的全面提升，为快速实现“双提升专项行动”移动网目标提供了清晰可行的优化策略。
第45卷总第492期5G网络路测分析及应用黄毅华I陈秀敏打陈相旭2,卢洪涛1(1.中国电信股份有限公司研究院，广东广州510630;2.珠海世纪鼎利科技股份有限公司，广东珠海519085)【摘要】随着5G网络的商用化部署，路测是测试及评估5G外场网络性能和功能、分析网络问题的重要方式之一。
首先，基于国内5GSA网络外场路测数据，重点分析5G网络的覆盖、业务指标、移动性等基础性能。
随后，通过5G网络与终端芯片的互操作测试异常问题，介绍路测在问题定位分析的应用。
最后，结合5G网络发展及在垂直领域的应用，提出了5G路测技术方案研发的建议。
【关键词】5G网络外场；路测；业务性能；应用测试doi:10.3969/j.issn.l006-1010.2021.02.025中图分类号：TN929.5文献标志码：A文章编号：1006-1010(2021)02-0119-05引用格式：黄毅华，陈秀敏,陈相旭，等.5G网络路测分析及应用J].移动通信,2021,45⑵：119-123.扫描二维码与作者交流Analysis and A pplication of D rive Test for5G NetworkHUANG Yihua1,CHEN Xiumin1,CHEN Xiangxu2,LU Hongtao1(1.Research Institute of C hina Telecom Co.,Ltd.,Guangzhou510630,China;2.DingLi Co.,Ltd.,Zhuhai519085,China)[Abstract]With the commercial deployment of5G network,drive test is one of the important methods to test and evaluate the performances and functions of5G field network,and to analyze network problems.Firstly,the basic perfonnances of5Gnetwork are analyzed,including coverage,service indicators and mobility based on the testing data from China Telecom5GSA network field.Then,through testing abnonnal problems by the interoperability between5G network and tenninal chip,the application of the drive test in locating problems is introduced.Finally,the suggestions for the development of5G drivetest technical solutions are given in combination with the5G network development and the applications in vertical fields. [Keywords]5G network field;drive test;service performance;application test0引言国家工业和信息化部近期颁发了5G商用牌照，我国5G网络进入规模部署阶段。
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泰森多边形法：
以基站为端点，构造delaunay三角网，选取目标基站与其地理位置上第一圈内所有基站的距离进行平均就是此基站的平均站间距。
方向角法：
根据小区方位角与搜索角宽度以及小区最大覆盖距离生成小区扇形。
得到扇形内基站；根据设置的搜索半径及步径，获取选距离最近的3个基站，计算其与目标小区的距离进行平均，就是目标小区的平均站间距(先计算小的距离，无结果则再计算更大一级。
搜索角度默认值为120度)
目前集团采用的是泰森多边形法和方向角法取小后，作为该目标小区的平均站间距。
掌握链路预算的原理推算基站覆盖距离链路预算是一种基站规划中常用的手段，用于推算基站的覆盖距离。
它通过考虑多种因素，如功率、频率、天线增益、传输损耗等参数，来分析信号的传输过程，并计算出信号的接收功率，从而确定基站的覆盖范围。
链路预算的原理包括以下几个重要的步骤：1.确定发射功率：首先需要确定基站的发射功率，即基站的工作功率。
通常，基站工程师会根据实际情况和需求来选择合适的发射功率。
2.选择频率：在选择合适的频率时，需要考虑到干扰和多径效应。
频率越高，通常覆盖距离越短，但可以提供更高的传输速率。
频率选择的不当可能会导致干扰。
3.计算传输损耗：传输损耗是指信号在传输过程中所受到的损耗，主要包括自由空间损耗、传输线损耗等。
自由空间损耗是信号在空中传输过程中因为衰减而产生的损耗，可以通过计算得到。
传输线损耗主要是信号在传输线中经过一定长度后所产生的损耗，可以通过传输线的特性和长度来确定。
4.考虑天线增益：天线增益是指天线的发射和接收信号能力相对于理想点源天线的增益。
它可以通过天线的方向图和增益值来确定。
天线增益越高，覆盖距离也越远。
5.判断信号接收功率：通过以上步骤计算出的发射功率、频率、传输损耗和天线增益等参数，可以推算出信号的接收功率。
在信号传输过程中，信号的接收功率会逐渐减弱。
当信号的接收功率低于一定阈值时，就无法正常解调和识别信号了。
通过链路预算推算基站的覆盖距离时，需要综合考虑以上各个因素，并结合具体的环境和实际情况来进行分析。
因为实际情况常常会受到地形、建筑物、干扰源等多种因素的影响，所以链路预算只是一个初步的估算结果，实际的覆盖距离还需要进一步调整和优化。
综上所述，链路预算是一种基站规划中常用的手段，通过考虑多种因素来推算基站的覆盖距离。
它是基站规划中非常重要的一步，可以有效地评估基站的覆盖范围，并帮助工程师制定合理的基站部署方案。
但需要注意的是，链路预算只是一个估算结果，实际的覆盖距离还需要结合实际情况进行调整和优化。
淮南TD网络覆盖评估分析1、淮南T D网络覆盖总体情况淮南现网共有TD基站317个，室分149个，小区1101个，载频3543块，现TD网络主要覆盖东部城区、西部城区、潘集核心城区、凤台县城及部分矿区。
TD网络覆盖图如下所示：淮南各区域TD网络资源根据覆盖范围大小差别较大，总体来说潘集、凤台城区规模小，TD覆盖范围小，TD网络资源少，东西部覆盖范围大，TD基站数多，各区域TD淮南市TD网络覆盖范围内共有GSM宏站371，室分小区336个，其中G/T 共站址308个，TD网络覆盖范围内G/T基站比例为1.2：1，G/T室分数目比例2.26：1，淮南T网覆盖范围内TD基站数目落后于GSM网络站点数，主要是一些G网GRRU拉远基站及TD五期基站未实现G/T共站址建设。
结合GSM小区数据流量分析，重点梳理TD覆盖范围内G网高数据流量小区（日均大于1000MB），高数据流量小区共有84个，占比为2.9%（G网共2857个小区）。
高流量小区主要分布场景为城区繁华商业区、高校等区域。
84个G网高流量小区中20个室分小区，64个宏站小区，其中75个小区有共站址TD小区覆盖，室分小区全部有TD室分小区覆盖，仅9个宏站小区无共站TD小区，占比为10.7%，淮南TD网络覆盖范围较广，覆盖区域内GSM小区高流量基本已实现G/T同覆盖。
TD室分深度覆盖分析：TD网络频段高，信号穿透能力比G网弱，目前TD室分较G网室分数量少很多，TD对居民小区等区域深度覆盖能力差，远不如G网。
淮南目前全网TD共有149个室分小区，TD室分重点覆盖高校、党政军机关、重要宾馆酒店、商业中心、居民小区等区域。
高校：共计39个室分小区，覆盖淮南五所高校宿舍楼、教学楼及图书馆等区域。
党政军机关：共计10个室分小区，覆盖包括山南新市政府大楼、老市政府大楼、凤台县政府、大通区政府、八公山区政府、谢家集区政府、潘集区政府、市财政局、公安局等。
重要宾馆酒店：共计26个小区，包括新锦江大酒店、古阳大酒店、金茂酒店、洞山宾馆、矿务局宾馆等。
用M A P I N F O计算基站
最近距离
1、分别制作要计算距离的基站图层，可以只包含基站名、经纬度。
例如下图中黄色圆圈为原始基站，绿色圆圈为要计算的最近距离的基站
2、导入Distance Calculator
3、运行Distance Calculator
4、根据界面进行选择（记得单位默认是miles英里，最好选择meters米），最后点Calculate Distance进行计算
5、保存计算的结果（tab格式文件）
6、MAPINFO打开保存的TAB文件
6、TABLE-EXPORT
然后选择对应的图层-export：
选择txt格式（或csv格式），保存：
7、最好打开保存的txt文件，里面包含有原始基站名、最近距离的目标基站名，以及两基站的距离。
注意！如果基站名太长（好像是23个字符，最好别超过20个），计算结果显示会出错：。
