Unit1 Cultural relics-语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________通过本节课的学习掌握限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的用法与区别。
一.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句什么是限制性定语从句？•Anyone should be punished.Anyone who breaks the rules should be punished.也就是说，如果一个句子去掉定语从句后，主句的意思不是所要表明的意思，那么这个定语从句就是限制性定语从句。
什么是非限制性定语从句？就是不用限制先行词的定语从句。
译成汉语时，主句和从句可以分别翻译，互不影响。
最大的特点就是先行词后面有逗隔开。
•She is good at spe aking French, which she lea rned at school.•This book was written by Jack, who was here a moment ago.•I have some friends, some of whom are teachers.限制性定语从句的连接词可以用who, whom或whose, which。
不用that，也不能省略。
•She had eight children, three of whom became sold iers.•Their teacher is a Japanese, whose wife is a Chinese.•My sister, who is a nurse, got married last month.•China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.非限制性定语从句还可以用when或where引导。
•She is going to Shanghai, where she was born.•We will go hom e next week, when we won’t be so busy.a•除了前面提到的那些连接词以外，在下面两种情况下还可以用as作为定语从句的连接词。
1. 当先行词在从句中做主语或者宾语的时候，同时先行词又被same、so或者such修饰的时候。
非限制性定语从句除了可以修饰词以外, 还可以修饰前面整个句子。
•They invited me to their party, which is very kind of them.•I was lat e for school again, which made my teacher very angry .•A student killed his English teacher, which frightened me very much.•Such people as you said are not good.•Let’s discuss only such questions as are interesting to all of us.•I have the same tro uble as you have.•I feel just the same as you do.•He is so good a teacher as I like very much.•Those are so difficult the questions as he asked.2. 在非限定性定语从句中，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。
as一般放在句首，which在句中。
•As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.•Smoking is harmful to one’s health, which is known to all.二．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：所谓限制性定语从句，是指定语从句部分对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose以及关系副词when, where, why等，没有逗把从句与先行词分开。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。
Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?你认识那个正在会上讲话的教授吗？Where is the book which I bought this morning?我今天上午买的书在哪儿呢？此外，还有一类非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗分开。
用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that 引导。
This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.这些信来自他的父母，他们在西藏工作。
English is an important subject, which every student should study well.英语是一门重要的科目，每个学生都应该学好。
This is our headmaster, who I think has something to tell you. 这是我们校长，我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。
(校长只有一位)限定性：对先行词起修饰限制作用非限定性：对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句有逗隔开.1. 从形式上看限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连之间不用逗隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间必须用逗隔开。
Mr. Smith，who came to see me yesterday，is one of my best friends.昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。
(非限制性定语从句)This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years.这就是那位有30年教龄的老师，你想见的那个人。
(限制性定语从句)2.从意义上讲限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，具有限制作用，两者关系紧凑，如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性往往句意不明，有时甚至于引起费解、误解；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，不起限制作用两者关系不那么紧密，可以省略，省略后主句的意思仍然完整；Her sister who teaches us English will go abroad next year.她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。
(限制性定语从句，意思是她可能还有别的姐姐。
)Her sister, who teaches us English, will go abroad next year.她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。
(非限制性定语从句，对先行词her sister起到补充说明的作用，言外之意：她只有一个姐姐。
)The old man has a son, who is in the army.那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。
（非限定性定语从句是对son进行补充、说明。
“这位老人只有一个儿子”）The old man has a son who is in the army.“那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。
”限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。
（“这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作”，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。
3. 从翻译方法来看一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词，非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。
This is the house which we bought last year. 这是我们去年买的那幢房子。
（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice．这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
(非限制性)The teachers who are kind are popular with the students.态度和蔼的老师们受学生的欢迎。
（限制性）Mr. Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.王老师深受学生的欢迎，他态度和蔼。
(非限制性)This notebook was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.这个笔记本是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。
4. 先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的关系代词which既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。
指代前面整句的含义时，定语从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。
(先行词是novel)The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting.这是我昨天晚上看过的小说，非常有意思。
(先行词为novel)The novel is very interesting, which makes me very glad.这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。
(先行词为“The novel is very interesting”)She heard the terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (which指代noise)He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。
(Which指代句子“他似乎没领会我的意思”。
) 注意：当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物或人名、地名、国名、建筑物等专有名词时时，用非限制性定语从句；The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, goes around the earth.月球绕着地球转，它离地球384,000千米远Yesterday he left America, where he had stayed for two years.昨天他离开了美国，在那儿他待了两年。
