经皮电刺激神经疗法(TENS)原理
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001 .概述00经皮神经电刺激疗法又称TENS疗法是通过皮肤将特定的低频脉冲电流输入人体以治疗疼痛的方法。
这是20 世纪70 年代兴起的一种电疗法,在止痛方面有较好的效果, 在临床得到广泛应用。
0 TENS 疗法与传统的神经刺激疗法的区别在于: 传统的电刺激主要是刺激运动纤维; 而TENS则是为刺激感觉纤维而设计的。
生理学实验结果证明: 频率2~160 Hz, 脉冲宽度9~350 μs的方波或双向脉冲是兴奋感觉纤维的较适宜的电刺激。
002. 物理特性00TENS仪器必需具备以下条件:1.频率较高:多在2~160Hz之间,属低频范围。
2.脉冲短-或更短:一般脉冲宽度多在9~350μs之间。
脉冲太宽,传递疼痛的纤维便被激活,而且电机下离子化增加。
但脂肪组织较多者,脉冲可宽一些。
3.强度适宜:采用使病人有一种舒适感,不出现肌肉收缩的阈下强度。
这样TENS便可选择性地激发感觉的传入神经纤维的反应,而不触动运动的传出神经纤维的反应。
4.电流形态不统一,目前常用有以下几种波形:(1)对称的双向方波;(2)被单向方波调制的中或高频电流;(3)有对称的双向脉冲;(4)单向方波;(5)另一种不对称的双向脉冲。
03 .治疗作用00有显著的镇痛作用。
镇痛作用机制目前尚不清楚, 多以闸门控制学说和内源性吗啡样物质释放学说解释。
此外, TENS 还有促进局部血液循环及促进骨折愈合的作用。
00产品介绍0经皮神经电刺激仪(简称TENS)是一种低频脉冲电疗仪,通过皮肤电极,将特定的低频脉冲电流作用于人体,对疼痛为主的疾病进行治疗。
这是70年代兴起的一种电疗法,在止痛方面收到较好的效果,因而在临床上得到了广泛的应用。
00产品原理0经皮神经电刺激仪是由适当强度频率的电流,连续、轻柔的刺激神经、肌肉细胞,激发身体产生吗啡,阻断疼痛的信息,舒缓疼痛。
近些年来,经皮神经刺激疗法的应用已不再单单局限于止痛的功能,微量、近似人体的电流,还可以刺激组织再生。
tens经皮神经电刺激原理
TENS(经皮神经电刺激)的原理是使用频率极低、能量极小的电刺激,选择性激活非伤害性传入神经 (Aβ纤维 ),从而产生局部的镇痛作用。
这种镇痛作用基于Melzack等人的“疼痛阀门理论”,该理论认为脊髓背角的胶质细胞 (substantia gelatinosa cell, SG cell) 对脊髓背角第二级神经元T细胞 (transmission cell) 存在一种类似闸门的神经控制机制,闸门的开闭决定疼痛信息能否继续向上传输,从而促进或抑制外周到中枢的感觉神经冲动。
低强度TENS 可以激活激活阈限较低的非伤害性传入神经 (Aβ纤维 ),而不激活伤害性传入神经 (Aδ和 C 纤维 ),由此增强 SG 细胞的抑制作用,从而抑制脊髓和脑干中的疼痛相关信息的向上传导,达到镇痛的效果。
神经肌肉经皮电刺激图文前言神经肌肉经皮电刺激(NMES)是一种应用电刺激来刺激神经、肌肉纤维和组织,以达到促进愈合、放松、减轻疼痛等功效的一种治疗方法。
本文将从理论基础、临床应用以及NMES对人体的作用等方面进行介绍。
理论基础神经肌肉系统神经肌肉系统是人体中非常重要的一个系统,是通过神经传递信息使肌肉不断收缩和放松以完成运动的过程。
它的主要构成部分包括神经纤维、神经肌接头、肌纤维等。
其中,神经纤维负责传输神经冲动到神经肌接头,使之释放出神经递质,在肌肉上引起收缩和松弛。
而肌纤维则是构成肌肉的基本单元,是通过神经肌接头和神经纤维的调控下收缩、放松的。
经皮电刺激经皮电刺激(TENS)是利用低频电磁波刺激机体神经和肌肉组织,达到疼痛缓解、肌肉放松、神经调节等治疗作用的一种物理治疗手段。
通过传导电刺激波形,可刺激到皮下组织、神经、肌肉等部位。
临床应用康复工具NMES及TENS被广泛应用于康复临床工作中,帮助机体恢复肌肉活动和神经功能。
运用NMES进行肌肉功能训练可帮助换位麻痹肌肉的复原,改善肌肉功能,提高身体的毅力和协调能力。
而TENS则可在体育医学领域中治疗运动损伤的疼痛和肌肉痉挛。
神经系统疾病NMES及TENS可以被应用于很多神经系统疾病的治疗中,帮助患者恢复神经信息的传输和肌肉活动力度。
例如,帕金森病等神经系统疾病中的肌肉僵硬、震颤等症状都可以通过经皮肌肉电刺激得到缓解。
疼痛治疗通过应用NMES及TENS的电刺激波形能够抑制机体对疼痛刺激的响应,有助于预防疼痛过敏和减轻疼痛程度。
而且这种方法没有副作用,可以避免对患者造成任何伤害和疼痛。
NMES对人体的作用NMES及TENS能够刺激神经、肌肉和皮肤等组织,市面上的经皮肌肉电刺激仪的电刺激参数和人体受到的刺激这些参数有很大的关系。
增强肌力和肌耐力NMES及TENS可以刺激肌肉纤维,让肌肉收缩,能够增强肌力和肌耐力。
对于患有肌无力症、骨折等病症的患者来说,这种方法非常有效。
tens名词解释TENS,全名为Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation,即经皮神经电刺激,是一种通过电刺激神经来缓解疼痛的疗法。
TENS 通过使用电极贴在皮肤上,将微弱的电信号传递给神经,从而干扰疼痛信号的传输,减轻或消除疼痛感。
TENS 是一种无创、非药物且相对安全的疼痛管理方法,在临床上广泛应用于各种类型的疼痛的治疗。
TENS 主要通过以下几种机制来缓解疼痛:1. 掩盖疼痛信号:TENS 发出的电信号可以刺激神经纤维,掩盖疼痛信号的传递,使人们感觉到电刺激而不是疼痛。
2. 激发内源性疼痛抑制系统:人体内存在一种内源性疼痛抑制系统,即脑内产生的荷尔蒙和神经递质,能够抑制疼痛传导。
TENS 可以通过刺激神经纤维,促进内源性疼痛抑制系统的激活,从而缓解疼痛。
3. 改变神经传导速度:TENS 发出的电信号能够改变神经传导速度,减慢疼痛信号传输的速度。
这样可以减少疼痛信号到达大脑的数量,使人们感受到较少的疼痛。
TENS 在以下领域中有着广泛的应用:1. 减轻慢性疼痛:TENS 常被用于减轻慢性疼痛,如腰痛、关节炎、肌肉疼痛等。
对于一些患有慢性疼痛的患者而言,TENS 可以提供一种非药物的疼痛缓解方法。
2. 康复和物理治疗:TENS 也常用于康复和物理治疗,协助患者减轻疼痛,促进康复。
它可以帮助患者恢复肌肉功能,降低疼痛水平,提高生活质量。
3. 分娩镇痛:TENS 在分娩镇痛中也有一定的应用。
在早产或需要减轻分娩疼痛的情况下,TENS 可以作为一种有效的非药物镇痛方法。
4. 运动损伤和创伤疼痛:对于运动员或一般人的运动损伤和创伤,TENS 可以减轻疼痛,促进组织的愈合和康复。
它可以帮助患者恢复运动能力,缩短康复时间。
尽管 TENS 在很多情况下被认为是一个安全有效的疼痛管理方法,但也有一些适应症、禁忌症和注意事项需要注意。
在使用TENS 之前,最好咨询专业医生的建议,以确保安全有效的使用。
经皮电刺激神经疗法(TENS)原理TENS 经皮电刺激神经疗法经皮电刺激神经疗法是用电来刺激有疼痛症状(de)特定(de)兴奋感觉神经和刺激闸门机制和(或)内源性(de)阿片肽(如脑啡肽)系统.TENS(de)应用方法因这些生理作用机制(de)不同而不同.TENS不能保证完全达到止痛(de)目(de),并且疼痛得到缓解(de)病人百分率也是会改变(de),但一般情况下,急性疼痛(de)缓解率在65%左右,慢性疼痛则在50%左右.但这些方法都要强于医用(de)安慰剂.这种方法是非侵入性(de),并且相比较药物治疗,他几乎没有副作用.最常见(de)问题就是皮肤(de)过敏性反应(大约有2-3%(de)病人),这些几乎经常是由于电极(de)材料,传导胶体或者是固定电极(de)绑带引起(de).目前大部分TENS(de)电极是采用自粘性,预涂胶体(de)电极做成.这种自粘性电极有以下几个优点,减少交叉感染(de)风险,易于使用,更低(de)过敏发生率和更低(de)成本.机械参数在描述TENS是如何用于完成镇痛作用之前,先对现代机器(de)可获得(de)主要(de)治疗变量做一个概述.下图是一台典型TENS(de)控制器.电流强度(A)(强度)一般在0~80mA(de)范围内,可是有些机器或许可以输出100mA(de)电流.虽然这个机器输出(de)是小电流,但已经足够了,因为他(de)主要作用对象是感觉神经,只要有足够(de)电流通过组织,使感觉神经去极化,这种治疗方式就是有效(de).这台机器可以传送脉冲电流,传送这些脉冲(de)频率(脉冲频率B)通常在1~2个脉冲每秒到200或者250个脉冲每秒间变化.要产生临床有效(de)治疗效应,建议TENS应该涵盖2~150HZ(de)频率.除刺激频率以外,每个脉冲(de)持续时间(或宽度)在10~250μs间变化,最近(de)证据表面,相比强度和频率,脉冲宽度重要性要小.另外,现代(de)机器提供了一个burst模式(D),使得脉冲可以以爆破或者长队(de)形式输出,通常在2~3个burst每秒(de)速率.最后,调制模式(E)可提供所采用(de)方法,使输出(de)脉冲不规则,因此尽量减少了因规则刺激造成(de)机体适应效应.之所以用如此短(de)脉冲来实现这些效果,是因为作用对象是感觉神经,而且往往是有较低(de)阈值(即他们是很容易兴奋(de)),并认为他们会回应快速变化(de)电状态.一般不需要用较长(de)脉冲去使神经去极化,因此,小于一毫秒(de)刺激是足够(de).大部分机器提供两通道,两副电极可以同时刺激.在某些情况下,这是一个明显(de)优势,尽管有意思(de)是大部分(de)病人和治疗师趋向于应用单通道.不同(de)厂家生死(de)TENS产生(de)脉冲波会不同,但往往是不对称(de)改良(de)双相方波脉冲.双相性脉冲意味着通常没有净直流电成分,从而避免了由于电极下(de)点解产物(de)堆积所造成(de)皮肤反应.作用机理这种类型(de)刺激旨在刺激感觉神经,这样一来,启动特异(de)自然镇痛机制.为了方便起见,如果认为有两个主要(de)镇痛机制,可以激活闸门控制机制和内源性(de)阿片系统,要考虑到刺激这两个不同(de)系统所需(de)参数是有差异(de).用闸门控制机制来镇痛(de)方法涉及激活感觉纤维,这样做,减少了从“C”纤维从脊髓向高级中枢传输(de)有害刺激.Aβ纤维似乎正在增加至一个比较高频率(de)刺激(以90~130HZ or pps).很难对每一个病人找到一个产生最好镇痛效果(de)单一频率,但90~130HZ这样(de)频率对于大部分(de)个体都适用.另一种方法是刺激Δ纤维,一种以较低频率(2~5HZ)刺激会优先作出反应(de)纤维,将启动阿片机制,并通过脊髓释放一种内源性(de)阿片(脑磷脂)来镇痛,从而减轻有害感觉通路(de)激化作用.第三种可能性是,由雇用burst模式在同一时间刺激两种神经类型.在这种情况下,较高频率(de)刺激输出(通常在100HZ左右)会中断(或爆破)(de)频率约为2~3个burst每秒.当机器开着,他会提供100HZ(de)脉冲,因此激活了β纤维和闸门控制机制,但由于burst(de)发生频率2~3HZ,会兴奋Δ纤维,从而刺激了阿片系统.对于某些病人来说,这是到目前为止最有效(de)镇痛方法,尽管这有些不可思议,众多(de)病人发现这比其他形式(de)TENS不容易接受.TENS模式传统TENS通常使用(de)刺激相对较高(de)频率(90~130HZ),并使用相对窄(de)脉冲宽度(开始约100ms),但如上所述,在目前正在进行(de)研究项目文献中很少由支持脉冲时间操纵(de).刺激以正常(de)强度传递,绝对有但不会不舒服.30分钟或许是最小限度(de)有效时间,根据需要可以尽可能长时间(de)延长治疗时间.镇痛最重要(de)是在刺激(de)过程中,并且有一个有限(de)延续效应――即机器关掉后,疼痛仍然可以得到缓解.电针型TENS使用频率较低(de)刺激(2~5HZ)和较宽(de)脉冲(200~250ms).这种使用强度通常比传统(de)TENS强度大,但仍然不是病人(de)极限,但是相当明确(de),强有力(de)感觉.如前所述,30分钟是有治疗效果(de)最少治疗时间.需要有一段时间来刺激阿片(de)分泌达到足够(de)量,因此镇痛效果(de)起效可能会比传统模式慢.一旦有足够(de)阿片释放,他将在刺激停止后依然持续发挥作用.许多病人觉得以低频率在一天中不时(de)刺激是一个有效(de)策略.他(de)延续作用可能会持续好几个小时.短暂强刺激型TENS这是一个TENS模式,可以用来实现快速镇痛,但有些病人可能会觉得刺激(de)强度太剧烈,无法坚持忍受到出现治疗效果(de)那段时间.脉冲频率应用高(90~130HZ)和脉冲持续时间也高(200ms以上).电流接近于病人容忍(de)水平,这样他们就不会再想把机器调(de)更高.这样,能量传递给病人相对其他模式时高.建议在这样(de)刺激强度下(de)治疗,15~30分钟是最普遍使用(de)治疗时间.触发模式TENS如上所述,机器发送传统(de)TENS,但burst模式打开,因此以2~3burst 每秒(de)频率发放来中断电刺激.刺激强度必须在相对高(de)情况下,虽然不如短暂强烈型TENS那样高,更像电针型lo TENS(de)强度.频率(de)选择以上各种模式指南,它可能不适合去确定特定(de)频率用来达到某一特定效果.如果用一个单一(de)频率作用于每一个人,将容易很多,但研究并不支持这个观点.病人(或者治疗师)需要去发现最有效(de)镇痛频率,操作频率盘或按钮是最好(de)发现最佳频率(de)方法,如果不进行调节把盘和按钮放置一边,这样(de)话很难达到最佳效果.刺激强度如上面发现(de),不可能用多少微安来描述治疗电流强度.最有效(de)强度指标是参照病人在治疗时(de)感觉.通常来说,Hi TENS(de)治疗强度是让患者有明确(de)但无痛(de)刺激感,Lo TENS(de)治疗强度则是强烈(de)但无痛(de)刺激感.电极放置:对于这种治疗方法,为了获得最大(de)治疗效益,把刺激电极放置在疼痛(de)相应脊髓水平.把电极放置在损伤(de)任何一侧或疼痛区域,以获得最好(de)镇痛效果,是最常见(de)做法.研究还报道了其他一些有效(de)放置方法,大多数是放置在相当(de)神经根水平:刺激适当神经根刺激外周神经刺激运动点刺激触发点或针刺点刺激适当(de)(同一脊神经支配(de))皮区,肌肉区,骨区如果疼痛(de)来源是模糊(de),散在(de)或者是特别广泛(de),可以同时使用两个通道,2通道应用也可以有效(de)处理局部+牵涉痛(de)联合疼痛,每一个通道用于一个部位.禁忌症不理解物理治疗师(de)指导(de)病人或者不协作(de)病人孕妇(de)躯干,腹部或骨盆.TENS用于产痛例外.带起搏器(de)病人对电极,凝胶体或绑带有过敏反应(de)病人皮肤条件:比如皮炎,湿疹病人目前或者最近出血或有循环障碍,比如组织局部出血,血栓及相关条件电极放在颈部或颈动脉窦注意事项如果有反常(de)皮肤反应,电极要放在更适宜(de)位置确保有效(de)刺激电极不能放在眼部患有癫痫症(de)病人需咨询相关医生,并由治疗师做出判断避免儿童(de)骨骺活跃区在分娩时使用腹部电极会干扰胎儿(de)监测设备Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)TENS is a method of electrical stimulation which primarily aims to provide a degree of pain relief (symptomatic) by specifically exciting sensory nerves and thereby stimulating either the pain gate mechanism and/or the opioid system. The different methods of applying TENS relate to these different physiological mechanisms. Success is not guaranteed with TENS, and the percentage of patients who obtain pain relief will vary, but would typically be in the region of 65%+ for acute pains and 50%+ for more chronic pains. Both of these are better than the placebo effect.The technique is non invasive and has few side effects when compared with drug therapy. The most common complaint is an allergic type skin reaction (about 2-3% of patients) and this is almost always due to the material of the electrodes, the conductive gel or thetape employed to hold the electrodes in place. Most TENS applications are now made using self adhesive, pre gelled electrodes which have several advantages including reduced cross infection risk, ease of application, lower allergy incidence rates and lower overall cost.Machine parameters:Before attempting to describe how TENS can be employed to achieve pain relief, the main treatment variables which are available on modern machines will be outlined. The location of these controls on a typical TENS machine is illustrated in the diagram.The current intensity (A)(strength) will typically be in the range of 0 - 80 mA, though some machines may provide outputs up to 100mA. Although this is a small current, it is sufficient because the primary target for the therapy is the sensory nerves, and so long as sufficient current is passed through the tissues to depolarise these nerves, the modality can be effective.The machine will deliver ‘pulses’ of electrical energy, and the rate of delivery of these pulses (the pulse rate (B) will normally be variable from about 1 or 2 pulses per second (pps) up to 200 or 250 pps. To be clinically effective, it is suggested that the TENS machine should cover a rate from about 2 – 150Hz.In addition to the stimulation rate, the duration (or width) of each pulse (C) may be varied from about 40 to 250 micro seconds (ms).(a micro second is a millionth of a second). Recent evidence would suggest that this is possibly a less important control that the intensity or the frequency.In addition, most modern machines will offer a BURST mode(D) in which the pulses will be allowed out in bursts or ‘trains’, usually at a rate of 2 - 3 bursts per second. Finally, a modulation mode (E) may be available which employs a method of making the pulse output less regular and therefore minimising the accommodation effects which are often encountered with this type of stimulation. The reason that such short duration pulses can be used to achieve these effects is that the targets are the sensory nerves which tend to have relatively low thresholds ( . they are quite easy to excite) and that they will respond to a rapid change of electrical state. There is generally no need to apply a prolonged pulse in order to force the nerve to depolarise, therefore stimulation for less than a millisecond is sufficient.Most machines offer a dual channel output - . two pairs of electrodes can be stimulated simultaneously. In some circumstances this can be a distinct advantage, though it is interesting that most patientsand therapists tend to use just a single channel application.The pulses delivered by TENS stimulators vary between manufacturers, but tend to be asymmetrical biphasic modified square wave pulses. The biphasic nature of the pulse means that there is usually no net DC component, thus minimising any skin reactions due to the build up of electrolytes under the electrodes.Mechanism of Action :The type of stimulation delivered by the TENS unit aims to excite (stimulate) the sensory nerves, and by so doing, activate specific natural pain relief mechanisms. For convenience, if one considers that there are two primary pain relief mechanisms which can be activated : the Pain Gate Mechanism and the Endogenous Opioid System, the variation in stimulation parameters used to activate these two systems will be briefly considered.Pain relief by means of the pain gate mechanism involves activation (excitation) of the A beta sensory fibres, and by doing so, reduces the transmission of the noxious stimulus from the ‘c’ fibres, through the spinal cord and hence on to the higher centres. The A beta fibres appear to appreciate being stimulated at a relatively high rate (in the order of 90 - 130 Hz or pps). It is difficult to find support for the concept that there is a single frequency thatworks best for every patient, but this range appears to cover the majority of individuals.An alternative approach is to stimulate the A delta fibres which respond preferentially to a much lower rate of stimulation (in the order of 2 - 5 Hz), which will activate the opioid mechanisms, and provide pain relief by causing the release of an endogenous opiate (encephalin) in the spinal cord which will reduce the activation of the noxious sensory pathways.A third possibility is to stimulate both nerve types at the same time by employing a burst mode stimulation. In this instance, the higher frequency stimulation output (typically at about 100Hz) is interrupted (or burst) at the rate of about 2 - 3 bursts per second. When the machine is ‘on’, it will deliver pulses at the 100Hz rate, thereby activating the A beta fibres and the pain gate mechanism, but by virtue of the rate of the burst, each burst will produce excitation in the A delta fibres, therefore stimulating the opioid mechanisms. For some patients this is by far the most effective approach to pain relief, though s a sensation, numerous patients find it less acceptable than the other forms of TENS.TENS ModesTraditional TENS (Hi TENS, Normal TENS)Usually use stimulation at a relatively high frequency (90 - 130Hz) and employ a relatively narrow pulse width (start at about 100ms) though as mentioned above, there is less support for manipulation of the pulse width in the current research literature. The stimulation is delivered at ‘normal’ intensity- definitely there but not uncomfortable. 30 minutes is probably the minimal effective time, but it can be delivered for as long as needed. The main pain relief is achieved during the stimulation, with a limited ‘carry over’ effect – . pain relief after the machine has been switched off.Acupuncture TENS (Lo TENS, AcuTENS)Use a lower frequency stimulation (2-5Hz)with wider (longer) pulses (200-250ms). The intensity employed will usually need to be greater than with the traditional TENS - still not at the patients threshold, but quite a definite, strong sensation. As previously, something like 30 minutes will need to be delivered as a minimally effective dose. It takes some time for the opioid levels to build up with this type of TENS and hence the onset of pain relief may be slower than with the traditional mode. Once sufficient opioid has been released however, it will keep on working after cessation of the stimulation. Many patients find that stimulation at this low frequency at intervals throughout the day is a n effective strategy. The ‘carryover’ effect may last for several hours.Brief Intense TENS :This a TENS mode that can be employed to achieve a rapid pain relief, but some patients may find the strength of the stimulation too intense and will not tolerate it for sufficient duration to make the treatment worthwhile. The pulse frequency applied is high (in the 90-130Hz band) and the pulse width is also high (200ms plus). The current is delivered at, or close to the tolerance level for the patient - such that they would not want the machine turned up any higher. In this way, the energy delivery to the patients is relatively high when compared with the other approaches. It is suggested that 15 - 30 minutes at this stimulation level is the most that would normally be used.Burst Mode TENS :As described above, the machine is set to deliver traditional TENS, but the Burst mode is switched in, therefore interrupting the stimulation outflow at rate of 2 - 3 bursts / second. The stimulation intensity will need to be relatively high, though not as high as the brief intense TENS – more like the lo TENS.Frequency Selection :With all of the above mode guides, it is probably inappropriate to identify very specific frequencies that need to be applied to achieve a particular effect. If there was a single frequency that worked for everybody, it would be much easier, but the research does not support this concept. Patients (or the therapist) need to identify the most effective frequency for their pain, and manipulation of the stimulation frequency dial or button is the best way to achieve this. Patients who are told to leave the dials alone are less likely to achieve optimal effects.Stimulation Intensity :As identified above, it is not possible to describe treatment current strength in terms of how many microamps. The most effective intensity management appears to be related to what the patient feels during the stimulation, and this may vary from session to session. As a general guide, it appears to be effective to go for a ‘definitely there but not painful’ level for the normal (high) TENS, and a ‘strong but not painful’ level for the acupuncture (lo) mode.Electrode placement :In order to get the maximal benefit from the modality, target the stimulus at the appropriate spinal cord level (appropriate to thepain). Placing the electrodes either side of the lesion – or pain areas, is the most common mechanism employed to achieve this. There are many alternatives that have been researched and found to be effective – most of which are based on the appropriate nerve root level :Stimulation of appropriate nerve root(s)Stimulate the peripheral nerveStimulate motor pointStimulate trigger point(s) or acupuncture point(s)Stimulate the appropriate dermatome, myotome or sclerotomeIf the pain source is vague, diffuse or particularly extensive, one can employ both channels simultaneously. A 2 channel application can also be effective for the management of a local + a referred pain combination – one channel used for each component.CONTRAINDICATIONSPatients who do not comprehend the physiotherapist’s instructions or who are unable to co-operateApplication of the electrodes over the trunk, abdomen or pelvis during pregnancy except if using TENS for labour pain (see recentchanges to this guidance - )Patients with a PacemakerPatients who have an allergic response to the electrodes, gel or tapeDermatological conditions . dermatitis, eczemaPatients with current or recent bleeding / haemorrhage or with compromised circulation . ischaemic tissue, thrombosis and associated conditionsApplication over the anterior aspect of the neck or carotid sinus PRECAUTIONSIf there is abnormal skin sensation, the electrodes should preferably be positioned in a site other than this area to ensure effective stimulationElectrodes should not be placed over the eyesPatients who have epilepsy should be treated at the discretion of the physiotherapist in consultation with the appropriate medical practitionerAvoid active epiphyseal regions in childrenThe use of abdominal electrodes during labour may interfere withfoetal monitoring equipment。
tens经皮神经电刺激原理-回复tens经皮神经电刺激是一种常用于疼痛管理的非药物治疗方法。
它可以通过电信号刺激人体神经系统,从而减轻疼痛感。
本文将从tens经皮神经电刺激的基本原理开始,逐步介绍其工作原理、应用领域、操作方法以及效果评估等方面。
首先,我们来了解一下tens经皮神经电刺激的基本原理。
TENS是Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation的简称,即经皮神经电刺激,是通过贴在皮肤上的电极,向神经传递电信号,从而干预疼痛信号的传导和处理过程。
TENS设备通常由电源、电极和控制系统组成。
电极通过电缆与控制系统连接,将电信号传递到神经系统。
接下来,我们将详细介绍tens经皮神经电刺激的工作原理。
当电极发出电信号时,它可以刺激皮肤下的神经末梢。
这些神经末梢传输疼痛信号到中枢神经系统。
TENS设备提供的电信号可以在一定程度上干扰疼痛信号的传导,从而减轻疼痛感。
此外,电信号也可以刺激神经末梢释放内源性疼痛抑制物质,如内啡肽和去甲肾上腺素,进一步减轻疼痛。
tens经皮神经电刺激广泛应用于不同领域的疼痛管理和康复治疗中。
例如,在康复医学中,tens经皮神经电刺激可用于肌肉康复和神经功能恢复。
在运动医学中,它可以用于运动损伤、肌肉疼痛和运动性痉挛的治疗。
此外,在临床医学中,tens经皮神经电刺激也被用于治疗慢性疼痛,如颈椎病、腰椎间盘突出和关节炎等。
要使用tens经皮神经电刺激,我们需要按照以下步骤操作设备。
首先,我们需要选择适当的电极位置。
通常,电极应贴附在疼痛区域上,或者贴附在与疼痛区域相连的神经路径上。
然后,我们需要清洁和准备皮肤以确保电极的良好接触。
接下来,我们将电极贴附在皮肤上,并根据个人的需求和感受,调节设备上的电流强度和频率。
操作完成后,我们可以使用设备在疼痛区域提供治疗,并根据需要调节设备的参数。
治疗时间通常为20到30分钟。
最后,我们需要评估tens经皮神经电刺激的效果。
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国际上多部纤维肌痛管理指南均明确提出,纤维肌痛的治疗以非药物治疗为基础。
相较千欧美发达国家,目前国内可供纤维肌痛患者选择的非药物疗法非常有限且单一不成体系,亦不符合纤维肌痛多学科的个性化治疗方案的要求。
千是,作为国内唯一专注千纤维肌痛院外康复的平台,纤维肌痛管家在参考国内国际多部纤维肌痛管理指南的基础上,结合我国实际情况,独创了PPMD(患者教育物理康复、心理干预、饮食疗法)纤维肌痛院外康复体系,填补了国内纤维肌痛院外康复的空白,为我国的纤维肌痛患者提供有效的、科学的院外康复方案选择。
今天的推送为大家分享PPMD体系中“物理康复“板块的部分内容,希望能为纤维肌痛患者的康复之路提供有效支持!一、经皮电刺激(TE NS)许多研究发现,TENS对纤维肌痛的疼痛和肌肉僵硬有显著缓解作用,且无明显不良反应。
目前,TENS被国内外各大纤维肌痛相关指南共识推荐作为纤维肌痛的非药物疗法之一。
TENS千1960年代后期首次推出,是经皮电神经刺激技术的简称,是一种安全、无创、非药物的物理治疗方法。
TENS装置通常包括一个电极贴在皮肤上,将微弱的电流传递到神经系统中。
其主要作用是通过低频电流刺激神经末梢,抑制疼痛信号传导,从而减轻疼痛感。
这种神经刺激还可以促进身体内部产生内啡肤等天然止痛物质的释放,从而进一步减轻疼痛感。
此外,TE NS还可以帮助改善血液循环和淋巴循环,从而减轻炎症和肌肉疲劳等症状。
对千纤维肌痛患者,T E NS可以缓解肌肉痉挛和疼痛,改善睡眠质晕和生活质量。
二、经颅磁刺激疗法(T MS)经颅磁刺激是一种非侵入性的神经调控技术,可以通过在头皮上施加强磁场来激发大脑皮层的神经元活动。
经皮电刺激神经疗法(TENS)原理TENS 经皮电刺激神经疗法经皮电刺激神经疗法就是用电来刺激有疼痛症状得特定得兴奋感觉神经与刺激闸门机制与(或)内源性得阿片肽(如脑啡肽)系统。
TENS得应用方法因这些生理作用机制得不同而不同。
TENS不能保证完全达到止痛得目得,并且疼痛得到缓解得病人百分率也就是会改变得,但一般情况下,急性疼痛得缓解率在65%左右,慢性疼痛则在50%左右。
但这些方法都要强于医用得安慰剂。
这种方法就是非侵入性得,并且相比较药物治疗,她几乎没有副作用。
最常见得问题就就是皮肤得过敏性反应(大约有2-3%得病人),这些几乎经常就是由于电极得材料,传导胶体或者就是固定电极得绑带引起得。
目前大部分TENS得电极就是采用自粘性,预涂胶体得电极做成。
这种自粘性电极有以下几个优点,减少交叉感染得风险,易于使用,更低得过敏发生率与更低得成本。
机械参数在描述TENS就是如何用于完成镇痛作用之前,先对现代机器得可获得得主要得治疗变量做一个概述。
下图就是一台典型TENS得控制器。
电流强度(A)(强度)一般在0~80mA得范围内,可就是有些机器或许可以输出100mA得电流。
虽然这个机器输出得就是小电流,但已经足够了,因为她得主要作用对象就是感觉神经,只要有足够得电流通过组织,使感觉神经去极化,这种治疗方式就就是有效得。
这台机器可以传送脉冲电流,传送这些脉冲得频率(脉冲频率B)通常在1~2个脉冲每秒到200或者250个脉冲每秒间变化。
要产生临床有效得治疗效应,建议TENS应该涵盖2~150HZ得频率。
除刺激频率以外,每个脉冲得持续时间(或宽度)在10~250μs间变化,最近得证据表面,相比强度与频率,脉冲宽度重要性要小。
另外,现代得机器提供了一个burst模式(D),使得脉冲可以以爆破或者长队得形式输出,通常在2~3个burst每秒得速率。
最后,调制模式(E)可提供所采用得方法,使输出得脉冲不规则,因此尽量减少了因规则刺激造成得机体适应效应。
之所以用如此短得脉冲来实现这些效果,就是因为作用对象就是感觉神经,而且往往就是有较低得阈值(即她们就是很容易兴奋得),并认为她们会回应快速变化得电状态。
一般不需要用较长得脉冲去使神经去极化,因此,小于一毫秒得刺激就是足够得。
大部分机器提供两通道,两副电极可以同时刺激。
在某些情况下,这就是一个明显得优势,尽管有意思得就是大部分得病人与治疗师趋向于应用单通道。
不同得厂家生死得TENS产生得脉冲波会不同,但往往就是不对称得改良得双相方波脉冲。
双相性脉冲意味着通常没有净直流电成分,从而避免了由于电极下得点解产物得堆积所造成得皮肤反应。
作用机理这种类型得刺激旨在刺激感觉神经,这样一来,启动特异得自然镇痛机制。
为了方便起见,如果认为有两个主要得镇痛机制,可以激活闸门控制机制与内源性得阿片系统,要考虑到刺激这两个不同得系统所需得参数就是有差异得。
用闸门控制机制来镇痛得方法涉及激活感觉纤维,这样做,减少了从“C”纤维从脊髓向高级中枢传输得有害刺激。
Aβ纤维似乎正在增加至一个比较高频率得刺激(以90~130HZ or pps)。
很难对每一个病人找到一个产生最好镇痛效果得单一频率,但90~130HZ这样得频率对于大部分得个体都适用。
另一种方法就是刺激Δ纤维,一种以较低频率(2~5HZ)刺激会优先作出反应得纤维,将启动阿片机制,并通过脊髓释放一种内源性得阿片(脑磷脂)来镇痛,从而减轻有害感觉通路得激化作用。
第三种可能性就是,由雇用burst模式在同一时间刺激两种神经类型。
在这种情况下,较高频率得刺激输出(通常在100HZ左右)会中断(或爆破)得频率约为2~3个burst每秒。
当机器开着,她会提供100HZ得脉冲,因此激活了β纤维与闸门控制机制,但由于burst得发生频率2~3HZ,会兴奋Δ纤维,从而刺激了阿片系统。
对于某些病人来说,这就是到目前为止最有效得镇痛方法,尽管这有些不可思议,众多得病人发现这比其她形式得TENS不容易接受。
TENS模式传统TENS通常使用得刺激相对较高得频率(90~130HZ),并使用相对窄得脉冲宽度(开始约100ms),但如上所述,在目前正在进行得研究项目文献中很少由支持脉冲时间操纵得。
刺激以正常得强度传递,绝对有但不会不舒服。
30分钟或许就是最小限度得有效时间,根据需要可以尽可能长时间得延长治疗时间。
镇痛最重要得就是在刺激得过程中,并且有一个有限得延续效应――即机器关掉后,疼痛仍然可以得到缓解。
电针型TENS使用频率较低得刺激(2~5HZ)与较宽得脉冲(200~250ms)。
这种使用强度通常比传统得TENS强度大,但仍然不就是病人得极限,但就是相当明确得,强有力得感觉。
如前所述,30分钟就是有治疗效果得最少治疗时间。
需要有一段时间来刺激阿片得分泌达到足够得量,因此镇痛效果得起效可能会比传统模式慢。
一旦有足够得阿片释放,她将在刺激停止后依然持续发挥作用。
许多病人觉得以低频率在一天中不时得刺激就是一个有效得策略。
她得延续作用可能会持续好几个小时。
短暂强刺激型TENS这就是一个TENS模式,可以用来实现快速镇痛,但有些病人可能会觉得刺激得强度太剧烈,无法坚持忍受到出现治疗效果得那段时间。
脉冲频率应用高(90~130HZ)与脉冲持续时间也高(200ms以上)。
电流接近于病人容忍得水平,这样她们就不会再想把机器调得更高。
这样,能量传递给病人相对其她模式时高。
建议在这样得刺激强度下得治疗,15~30分钟就是最普遍使用得治疗时间。
触发模式TENS如上所述,机器发送传统得TENS,但burst模式打开,因此以2~3burst每秒得频率发放来中断电刺激。
刺激强度必须在相对高得情况下,虽然不如短暂强烈型TENS那样高,更像电针型lo TENS得强度。
频率得选择以上各种模式指南,它可能不适合去确定特定得频率用来达到某一特定效果。
如果用一个单一得频率作用于每一个人,将容易很多,但研究并不支持这个观点。
病人(或者治疗师)需要去发现最有效得镇痛频率,操作频率盘或按钮就是最好得发现最佳频率得方法,如果不进行调节把盘与按钮放置一边,这样得话很难达到最佳效果。
刺激强度如上面发现得,不可能用多少微安来描述治疗电流强度。
最有效得强度指标就是参照病人在治疗时得感觉。
通常来说,Hi TENS得治疗强度就是让患者有明确得但无痛得刺激感,Lo TENS得治疗强度则就是强烈得但无痛得刺激感。
电极放置:对于这种治疗方法,为了获得最大得治疗效益,把刺激电极放置在疼痛得相应脊髓水平。
把电极放置在损伤得任何一侧或疼痛区域,以获得最好得镇痛效果,就是最常见得做法。
研究还报道了其她一些有效得放置方法,大多数就是放置在相当得神经根水平:刺激适当神经根刺激外周神经刺激运动点刺激触发点或针刺点刺激适当得(同一脊神经支配得)皮区,肌肉区,骨区如果疼痛得来源就是模糊得,散在得或者就是特别广泛得,可以同时使用两个通道,2通道应用也可以有效得处理局部+牵涉痛得联合疼痛,每一个通道用于一个部位。
禁忌症不理解物理治疗师得指导得病人或者不协作得病人孕妇得躯干,腹部或骨盆。
TENS用于产痛例外。
带起搏器得病人对电极,凝胶体或绑带有过敏反应得病人皮肤条件:比如皮炎,湿疹病人目前或者最近出血或有循环障碍,比如组织局部出血,血栓及相关条件电极放在颈部或颈动脉窦注意事项如果有反常得皮肤反应,电极要放在更适宜得位置确保有效得刺激电极不能放在眼部患有癫痫症得病人需咨询相关医生,并由治疗师做出判断避免儿童得骨骺活跃区在分娩时使用腹部电极会干扰胎儿得监测设备Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)TENS is a method of electrical stimulation which primarily aims to provide a degree of pain relief (symptomatic) by specifically exciting sensory nerves and thereby stimulating either the pain gate mechanism and/or the opioid system、The different methods of applying TENS relate to these different physiological mechanisms、Success is not guaranteed with TENS, and the percentage of patients who obtain pain relief will vary, but would typically be in the region of 65%+ for acute pains and 50%+ for more chronic pains、Both of these are better than the placebo effect、The technique is non invasive and has few side effects when pared with drug therapy、The most mon plaint is an allergic type skin reaction (about 2-3% of patients) and this is almost always due to the material of the electrodes, the conductive gel or the tape employed to hold the electrodes in place、Most TENS applications are now made using self adhesive, pre gelled electrodes which have several advantages including reduced cross infection risk, ease of application, lower allergy incidence rates and lower overall cost、Machine parameters:Before attempting to describe how TENS can be employed to achieve pain relief, the main treatment variables which are available on modern machines will be outlined、The location of these controls on a typical TENS machine is illustrated in the diagram、The current intensity (A) (strength) will typically be in the range of 0 - 80 mA, though some machines may provide outputs up to 100mA、Although this is a small current, it is sufficient because the primary target for the therapy is the sensory nerves, and so long as sufficient current is passed through the tissues to depolarise these nerves, the modality can be effective、The machine will deliver ‘pulses’ of electrical energy, and the rate of delivery of these pulses (the pulse rate (B) will normally be variable from about 1 or 2 pulses per second (pps) up to 200 or 250 pps、To be clinically effective, it is suggested that the TENS machine should cover a rate from about 2 – 150Hz、In addition to the stimulation rate, the duration (or width) of each pulse (C) may be varied from about 40 to 250 micro seconds (ms)、(a micro second is a millionth of a second)、Recent evidence would suggest that this is possibly a less important control that the intensity or the frequency、In addition, most modern machines will offer a BURST mode(D) in which the pulses will be allowed out in bursts or ‘trains’, usually at a rate of 2 - 3 bursts per second、Finally, a modulation mode (E) may be available which employs a method of making the pulse output less regular and therefore minimising the acmodation effects which are often encountered with this type of stimulation、The reason that such short duration pulses can be used to achieve these effects is that the targets are the sensory nerves which tend to have relatively low thresholds ( i、e、they are quite easy to excite) and that they will respond to a rapid change of electrical state、There is generally no need to apply a prolonged pulse in order to force the nerve to depolarise, therefore stimulation for less than a millisecond is sufficient、Most machines offer a dual channel output - i、e、two pairs of electrodes can be stimulated simultaneously、In some circumstances this can be a distinct advantage, though it is interesting that most patients and therapists tend to use just a single channel application、The pulses delivered by TENS stimulators vary between manufacturers, but tend to be asymmetrical biphasic modified square wave pulses、The biphasic nature of the pulse means that there is usually no net DC ponent, thus minimising any skin reactions due to the build up of electrolytes under the electrodes、Mechanism of Action :The type of stimulation delivered by the TENS unit aims to excite (stimulate) the sensory nerves, and by so doing, activate specific natural pain relief mechanisms、For convenience, if one considers that there are two primary pain relief mechanisms which can be activated : the Pain Gate Mechanism and the Endogenous Opioid System, the variation in stimulation parameters used to activate these two systems will be briefly considered、Pain relief by means of the pain gate mechanism involves activation (excitation) of the A beta sensory fibres, and by doing so, reduces the transmission of the noxious stimulus from the ‘c’ fibres, through the spinal cord and henc e on to the higher centres、The A beta fibres appear to appreciate being stimulated at a relatively high rate (in the order of 90 - 130 Hz or pps)、It is difficult to find support for the concept that there is a single frequency that works best for every patient, but this range appears to cover the majority of individuals、An alternative approach is to stimulate the A delta fibres which respond preferentially to a much lower rate of stimulation (in the order of 2 - 5 Hz), which will activate the opioid mechanisms, and provide pain relief by causing the release of an endogenous opiate (encephalin) in the spinal cord which will reduce the activation of the noxious sensory pathways、A third possibility is to stimulate both nerve types at the same time by employing a burst mode stimulation、In this instance, the higher frequency stimulation output (typically at about 100Hz) is interrupted (or burst) at the rate of about 2 - 3 burstsper second、When the machine is ‘on’, it will deliver pulses at the 100Hz rate, thereby activating the A beta fibres and the pain gate mechanism, but by virtue of the rate of the burst, each burst will produce excitation in the A delta fibres, therefore stimulating the opioid mechanisms、For some patients this is by far the most effective approach to pain relief, though s a sensation, numerous patients find it less acceptable than the other forms of TENS、TENS ModesTraditional TENS (Hi TENS, Normal TENS)Usually use stimulation at a relatively high frequency (90 - 130Hz) and employ a relatively narrow pulse width (start at about 100ms) though as mentioned above, there is less support for manipulation of the pulse width in the current research literature、The stimulation is delivered at ‘normal’ intensity - definitely there but not unfortable、30 minutes is probably the minimal effective time, but it can be delivered for as long as needed、The main pain relief is achieved during the stimulation, with a limited ‘carry over’ effect – i、e、pain relief after the machine has been switched off、Acupuncture TENS (Lo TENS, AcuTENS)Use a lower frequency stimulation (2-5Hz) with wider (longer) pulses (200-250ms)、The intensity employed will usually need to be greater than with the traditional TENS - still not at the patients threshold, but quite a definite, strong sensation、As previously, something like 30 minutes will need to be delivered as a minimally effective dose、It takes some time for the opioid levels to build up with this type of TENS and hence the onset of pain relief may be slower than with the traditional mode、Once sufficient opioid has been released however, it will keep on working after cessation of the stimulation、Many patients find that stimulation at this low frequency at intervals throughout the day is an effective strategy、The ‘carry over’ effect may last for several hours、Brief Intense TENS :This a TENS mode that can be employed to achieve a rapid pain relief, but some patients may find the strength of the stimulation too intense and will not tolerate it for sufficient duration to make the treatment worthwhile、The pulse frequency applied is high (in the 90-130Hz band) and the pulse width is also high (200ms plus)、The current is delivered at, or close to the tolerance level for the patient - such that they would not want the machine turned up any higher、In this way, theenergy delivery to the patients is relatively high when pared with the other approaches、It is suggested that 15 - 30 minutes at this stimulation level is the most that would normally be used、Burst Mode TENS :As described above, the machine is set to deliver traditional TENS, but the Burst mode is switched in, therefore interrupting the stimulation outflow at rate of 2 - 3 bursts / second、The stimulation intensity will need to be relatively high, though not as high as the brief intense TENS – more like the lo TENS、Return to TopFrequency Selection :With all of the above mode guides, it is probably inappropriate to identify very specific frequencies that need to be applied to achieve a particular effect、If there was a single frequency that worked for everybody, it would be much easier, but the research does not support this concept、Patients (or the therapist) need to identify the most effective frequency for their pain, and manipulation of the stimulation frequency dial or button is the best way to achieve this、Patients who are told to leave the dials alone are less likely to achieve optimal effects、Stimulation Intensity :As identified above, it is not possible to describe treatment current strength in terms of how many microamps、The most effective intensity management appears to be related to what the patient feels during the stimulation, and this may vary from session to session、As a general guide, it appears to be effective to go for a ‘definitely there but not painful’ level for the normal (high) TENS, and a ‘strong but not painful’ level for the acupuncture (lo) mode、Electrode placement :In order to get the maximal benefit from the modality, target the stimulus at the appropriate spinal cord level (appropriate to the pain)、Placing the electrodes either side of the lesion – or pain areas, is the most mon mechanism employed to achieve this、There are many alternatives that have been researched and found to be effective – most of which are based on the appropriate nerve root level :Stimulation of appropriate nerve root(s)Stimulate the peripheral nerveStimulate motor pointStimulate trigger point(s) or acupuncture point(s)Stimulate the appropriate dermatome, myotome or sclerotomeIf the pain source is vague, diffuse or particularly extensive, one can employ both channels simultaneously、A 2 channel application can also be effective for the management of a local + a referred pain bination –one channel used for eachponent、CONTRAINDICATIONSPatients who do not prehend the physiotherapist’s instructions or who are unable to co-operateApplication of the electrodes over the trunk, abdomen or pelvis during pregnancy except if using TENS for labour pain (see recent changes to this guidance - DOWNLOAD TENS Guidelines During PREGNANCY document)Patients with a PacemakerPatients who have an allergic response to the electrodes, gel or tapeDermatological conditions e、g、dermatitis, eczemaPatients with current or recent bleeding / haemorrhage or with promised circulation e、g、ischaemic tissue, thrombosis and associated conditionsApplication over the anterior aspect of the neck or carotid sinus PRECAUTIONSIf there is abnormal skin sensation, the electrodes should preferably be positioned in a site other than this area to ensure effective stimulationElectrodes should not be placed over the eyesPatients who have epilepsy should be treated at the discretion of the physiotherapist in consultation with the appropriate medical practitionerAvoid active epiphyseal regions in childrenThe use of abdominal electrodes during labour may interfere with foetal monitoring equipment。