Brodmann Area分区系统

brodmann分区染色法Brodmann分区染色法Brodmann分区染色法是一种神经学研究中常用的方法，用于确定大脑皮层的不同功能区域。

这种方法是由德国神经学家科尔特·布罗德曼（Korbinian Brodmann）于20世纪初提出的，他根据对大脑组织的观察和研究，将大脑皮层分为多个不同的区域，并为每个区域编制了编号。

布罗德曼的分区方法是基于对大脑组织的显微镜观察，他发现不同区域的细胞形态和结构特征存在差异。

通过染色技术，他能够清晰地观察到大脑皮层的细胞层次结构，并根据这些观察结果将其分为不同的区域。

根据布罗德曼的分类系统，大脑皮层被分为52个不同的区域，每个区域被赋予一个编号。

这些编号不仅仅是为了方便分类和研究，更重要的是为了揭示大脑皮层在不同区域中的功能差异。

布罗德曼提出的分区系统至今仍然被广泛应用于神经学研究中，成为了大脑皮层功能定位的重要工具。

布罗德曼的分区方法基于显微镜下对细胞形态的观察，他认为不同区域的细胞形态和结构特征反映了该区域的功能特点。

例如，一些区域主要包含神经元细胞体，而另一些区域则主要包含神经纤维。

这些不同的细胞结构可以帮助我们理解大脑在感知、运动、记忆等方面的功能。

布罗德曼分区法的主要优势在于其客观性和可重复性。

通过对大量大脑样本的观察和比较，布罗德曼能够确定不同区域的边界和特征，并将其编制为编号。

这使得不同研究者在使用布罗德曼分区法时可以得到一致的结果，从而方便了不同研究之间的比较和交流。

然而，布罗德曼分区法也存在一些局限性。

首先，该方法是基于对已知样本的观察，因此可能无法完全覆盖大脑皮层的所有功能区域。

其次，由于大脑皮层的结构和功能之间的复杂关系，仅仅通过细胞形态的观察可能无法全面揭示不同区域的功能特点。

因此，布罗德曼分区法在研究大脑功能时仅仅是一个起点，还需要结合其他方法和技术来进行深入研究。

布罗德曼分区染色法是一种常用的大脑皮层功能定位方法。

通过观察大脑组织的细胞形态和结构特征，布罗德曼将大脑皮层分为多个不同的区域，并为每个区域编制了编号。

Brodmann分区系统 (重定向自Brodmann)Brodmann分区是一个根据细胞结构将大脑皮层划分为一系列解剖区域的系统。

神经解剖学中所谓细胞结构（Cytoarchitecture），是指在染色的脑组织中观察到的神经元的组织方式。

Brodmann分区最早由德国神经科医生科比尼安·布洛德曼（Korbinian Brodmann）提出。

他的分区系统包括每个半球的52个区域。

其中一些区域今天已经被细分，例如23区被分为23a和23b 区等。

从物种间差异来讲，同一分区号码在不同的物种间并不一定代表相似的区域。

以下列出人类大脑皮层的Brodmann分区系统。

•1，2和3区：体感皮层（习惯上常称为“3，1和2区”）•4区 - 初级运动皮层•5区 - 体感联合皮层•6区 - 前运动皮层和辅助运动区•7区 - 体感联合皮层•8区 - 包括额页眼动区（Frontal eye field）•9区 - 后外侧前额叶皮层•10区 - 额极区（上额回和中额回最前侧的部分）•11区 - 额眶区（眶回，直回和上额回前侧的一部分）•12区 - 额眶区（上额回和下前回之间的区域）•13区 - 岛皮层•17区 - 初级视皮层•18区 - 视觉联合皮层•19区 - 视觉联合皮层•20区 - 下颞回•21区 - 中颞回•22区 - 上颞回，其前侧部分属于韦尼克区•23区 - 下后扣带皮层•24区 - 下前扣带皮层•25区 - 膝下皮层•26区 - 压外区（Ectosplenial area）•28区 - 后内嗅皮层•29区 - 压后扣带皮层•30区 - 扣带皮层的一部分•31区 - 上后扣带皮层•32区 - 上前扣带皮层•34区 - 前扣带皮层，位于海马旁回•35区 - 旁嗅皮层，位于海马旁回•36区 - 海马旁皮层•37区 - 梭状回•38区 - 颞极区•39区 - 角回，韦尼克区的一部分•40区 - 缘上回，韦尼克区的一部分•41，42区 - 初级听皮层和听觉联合皮层•43区 - 中央下区（Subcentral area）•44区 - 三角部，布洛卡区的一部分•45区 - 岛盖部，布洛卡区的一部分•46区 - 上外额叶皮层•47区 - 下额页皮层48区 - 下脚后区，颞叶内侧的一小部分•49区 - 岛旁区，位于颞叶和岛叶的交界处。

Brodmann’s areas(大脑的布鲁德曼区）Brodmann's area 1Sensory cortical area in the crest of the postcentral gyrus; this area is a component of the primary somatosensory cortex.Location:anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)Function:processes somatic sensory sensationsSee Also:Central sulcusParietal lobeParacentral lobulePrimary somatic sensory cortexBrodmann's area 2Brodmann's area 3Brodmann's area 2Sensory cortical area in the crest and posterior bank of the postcentral gyrus; this area is a component of the primary somatosensory cortex.Location:anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)Function:processes somatic sensory sensationsSee Also:Central sulcusParietal lobeParacentral lobulePrimary somatic sensory cortexBrodmann's area 3Brodmann's area 1Brodmann's area 3Sensory cortical area in the posterior bank of the central sulcus (postcentral gyrus); this area is a principal component of the primary somatosensory cortex. Area 3 is further subdivided into area 3a, which receives proprioceptive signals that originate in deep receptors, and area 3b, which receives discriminitive mechanosensory signals that arise from cutaneous receptors.Location:anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)Function:processes somatic sensory sensationsSee Also:Central sulcusParietal lobeParacentral lobulePrimary somatic sensory cortexBrodmann's area 2Brodmann's area 1Brodmann's area 4Motor cortical area in the anterior bank of the central sulcus (precentral gyrus); this area corresponds to the primary motor cortex, which governs the execution of volitional movement.Location:posterior frontal lobe (precentral gyrus)Function:involved in motor executionSee Also:Precentral gyrusPrimary motor cortexCentral sulcusThalamus, ventral lateral nucleusPremotor cortexBrodmann's area 5Associational cortical area in the superior parietal lobe, just posterior to the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus; this area is involved in maintaining a spatial reference system for goal oriented behavior. Location:superior parietal lobeFunction:involved in spatial orientation, among other parietal associational functionsSee Also:Parietal lobeSomatic sensory cortexPostcentral gyrusBrodmann's area 7Superior parietal lobuleBrodmann's area 6Motor cortical area in the posterior frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor cortex; this area contains the lateral and medial divisions of the premotor cortex that participate in the planning and execution of volitional movement.Location:posterior frontal lobeFunction:involved in motor planning and executionSee Also:Frontal lobePremotor cortexPrimary motor cortexBrodmann's area 7Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the superior parietal lobe; this area is involved in maintaining a spatial reference system for goal oriented behavior.Location:superior parietal lobeFunction:involved in spatial orientation, among other parietal associational functionsSee Also:Parietal lobeSomatic sensory cortexPostcentral gyrusBrodmann's area 5Superior parietal lobuleBrodmann's area 8Motor cortical area in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area contains the frontal eye fields, which participate (together with the superior colliculus) in the control of saccadic eye movements.Location:frontal lobeFunction:involved in governance of eye movements (contains "frontal eye fields")See Also:Frontal lobeSuperior colliculusBrodmann's area 9Associational cortical area in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:frontal lobeFunction:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexBrodmann's area 10Associational cortical area in the anterior-polar prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:frontal poleFunction:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexBrodmann's area 11Associational cortical area in the orbital-medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.Location:ventral frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexOrbitofrontal cortexBrodmann's area 12Associational cortical area in the orbital-medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.Location:medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexOrbitofrontal cortexBrodmann's area 13Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location:insulaFunction:associational cortexSee Also:InsulaBrodmann's area 14Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location:insulaFunction:associational cortexSee Also:InsulaBrodmann's area 15Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location:insulaFunction:associational cortexSee Also:InsulaBrodmann's area 16Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location:insulaFunction:associational cortexSee Also:InsulaBrodmann's area 17Sensory cortical area in the banks of the calcarine sulcus (lingual and cuneus gyral formations of the medial occipital lobe); this area corresponds to the primary visual cortex (also known as "striate cortex").Location:medial occipital lobeFunction:processes visual informationSee Also:Occipital lobeCalcarine sulcusPrimary visual cortexCuneusLingual gyrusBrodmann's area 18Sensory cortical area in the medial and lateral aspect of the occipital lobe; this area is part of the extrastriate visual cortex that surrounds the primary visual cortex (area 17 is also known as "striate cortex").Location:occipital lobeFunction:processes visual informationSee Also:Occipital lobePrimary visual cortexBrodmann's area 19Sensory cortical area in the medial and lateral aspect of the occipital lobe; this area is part of the extrastriate visual cortex that surrounds the primary visual cortex (area 17 is also known as "striate cortex").Location:occipital lobeFunction:processes visual informationSee Also:Occipital lobePrimary visual cortexBrodmann's area 20Associational cortical area in the inferior temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of visual form and the representation of objects.Location:ventral temporal lobe (inferior temporal gyrus)Function:processes visual informationSee Also:Temporal lobeInferior temporal gyrusBrodmann's area 21Associational cortical area in the middle temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of visual signals related to object form and motion.Location:lateral temporal lobe (middle temporal gyrus)Function:involved in processing visual information, among other temporal associational functionsSee Also:Temporal lobeMiddle temporal gyrusBrodmann's area 22Associational cortical area in the lateral aspect of the superior temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of auditory signals and the reception of language (this area is a major component of Wernicke's area). Location:lateral temporal lobe (superior temporal gyrus)Function:involved in auditory processing and language receptionSee Also:Temporal lobeSuperior temporal gyrusWernicke's areaBrodmann's area 23Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)Function:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemBrodmann's area 24Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system that is involved in emotional processing, the control of facial expressions and the affective dimensions of pain.Location:medial frontal lobe (anterior cingulate gyrus)Function:involved in emotional and cognitive processingSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemBrodmann's area 25Associational cortical area in the medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that governs personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.Location:medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexSubcallosal areaBrodmann's area 26Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)Function:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemTemporal lobeBrodmann's area 27Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe; this area corresponds to Ammon's horn division of the hippocampal formation, which is subdivided into (cornu ammonis) fields, CA1-CA4. Together with the other parts of the hippocampal formation in the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus proper is involved in short-term declarative memory processes. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere.Location:medial temporal lobe: hippocampal formationFunction:hippocampal formation: short-term declarative memorySee Also:Temporal lobeHippocampal formationHippocampusCA1CA3Brodmann's area 28Associational and sensory cortical area in the anterior-medial temporal lobe. This area is part of the olfactory cortex; it also is a component of the entorhinal division of the hippocampal formation.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:involved in olfaction and hippocampal processingSee Also:Temporal lobeEntorhinal cortexPrimary olfactory cortexBrodmann's area 29Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)Function:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemTemporal lobeParietal lobeBrodmann's area 30Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemTemporal lobeBrodmann's area 31Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the posterior banks of the cingulate sulcus; the cingulate part of this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial parietal lobeFunction:participates in limbic and parietal associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemBrodmann's area 32Associational cortical area in the medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that governs personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.Location:medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:involved in emotional and cognitive processingSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexBrodmann's area 33Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus just dorsal to the corpus callosum; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system that is involved in emotional processing and the affective dimensions of pain, among other functions.Location:medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:involved in emotional and cognitive processingSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemCorpus callosumBrodmann's area 34Associational and sensory cortical area in the anterior-medial temporal lobe; this area is a principal division of the olfactory cortex; it also is a component of the entorhinal division of the hippocampal formation.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:involved in olfaction and hippocampal processingSee Also:Temporal lobeEntorhinal cortexPrimary olfactory cortexBrodmann's area 35Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe near the position of the rhinal sulcus; this area (also known as the perirhinal cortex) is a component of the hippocampal formation.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:participates in hippocampal associational functionsSee Also:Temporal lobeRhinal sulcusHippocampal formationParahippocampal gyrusBrodmann's area 36Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe; this area lies at the interface of visual processing systems in the inferior temporal lobe and semantic memory systems in the medial temporal lobe.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:involved in visual and hippocampal associational functionsSee Also:Temporal lobeHippocampal formationBrodmann's area 37Associational cortical area in the temporal lobe that extends from the medial to lateral sides of this lobe; this area participates in the analysis of visual form, motion, and the representation of objects.Location:posterior temporal lobeFunction:involved in visual recognitionSee Also:Temporal lobeBrodmann's area 38Associational cortical area in the anterior pole of the temporal lobe; this temporal area is related to networks in the amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making. Location:temporal poleFunction:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Temporal lobeTemporal poleAmygdalaOrbitofrontal cortexBrodmann's area 39Associational cortical area in the angular gyrus at the interface between the posterior parietal and occipital lobes. Location:lateral junction of temporal, parietal and occipital lobesFunction:involved in processing language, spatial orientation and semantic representationSee Also:Angular gyrusParietal lobeOccipital lobeInferior parietal lobuleBrodmann's area 40Associational cortical area in the inferior parietal lobe, including the supramarginal gyrus.Location:inferior parietal lobeFunction:involved in spatial orientation and semantic representationSee Also:Parietal lobeSupramarginal gyrusInferior parietal lobuleBrodmann's area 41Sensory cortical area in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe (located in a series of transverse gyri, called Heschl's gyri, that form the inferior bank of the lateral fissure); this area corresponds to the primary auditory cortex. Location:superior temporal lobeFunction:processes auditory informationSee Also:Temporal lobeSuperior temporal gyrusPrimary auditory cortexLateral fissureBrodmann's area 42Sensory cortical area in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe and the dorsal-lateral margin of the superior temporal gyrus; this area is part of a "belt" of higher-order auditory areas that surround the primary auditory cortex (area 41).Location:superior temporal lobeFunction:processes auditory informationSee Also:Temporal lobeSuperior temporal gyrusPrimary auditory cortexLateral fissureBrodmann's area 43Sensorimotor cortical area in the inferior margin of the postcentral and precentral gyri where the frontal-parietal operculum merges with the insula just below the inferior termination of the central sulcus; this area may participate in the sensorimotor representation of the mouth and taste reception.Location:junction of insula, frontal and parietal lobesFunction:involved in sensorimotor representation and taste processingSee Also:Postcentral gyrusPrecentral gyrusInsulaCentral sulcusBrodmann's area 44Motor cortical area in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this division of the lateral premotor cortex is involved in the production of language, especially in the left hemisphere (also known as Broca's area). Location:inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)Function:involved in language productionSee Also:Inferior frontal gyrusBrodmann's area 45Broca's areaPremotor cortexInferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularisInferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularisBrodmann's area 45Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; the posterior part of this area may contribute (with area 44) to the production of language (Broca's area), while other circuits in this area participate in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)Function:involved in language production and participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobeInferior frontal gyrusBrodmann's area 44Broca's areaPremotor cortexInferior frontal gyrus, pars orbitalisBrodmann's area 46Associational cortical area in the middle frontal gyrus and anterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:lateral frontal lobe (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobeInferior frontal gyrusMiddle frontal gyrusPrefrontal cortexBrodmann's area 47Associational cortical area in the anterior-ventral part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobeInferior frontal gyrusPrefrontal cortexA Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined in many different species based on its cytoarchitecture. Cytoarchitecture is the organization of the cortex as observed when a tissue is stained for nerve cells.Brodmann areas were originally defined by Korbinian Brodmann and referred to by numbers from 1 to 52. Some of the original areas have been subdivided further and referred to, e.g., as "23a" and "23b". The same number in different species does not necessarily represent structurally homologous areas. CriticismWhen von Bonin and Bailey were to construct a brain map for the macaque monkey they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote:Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published[1]They instead used the cytoarchitechtonic scheme of Economo and Koskinas published in 1925 which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex". Brodmann areas for human beings:1, 2 & 3 - Somatosensory Cortex (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention)4 - Primary Motor Cortex5 - Somatosensory Association Cortex6 - Pre-Motor and Supplementary Motor Cortex7 - Somatosensory Association Cortex8 - Includes Frontal Eye Field9 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex10 - Frontopolar area (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)11 - Orbitofrontal area (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus)12 - Orbitofrontal area (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)13 - Insular cortex17 - Primary Visual Cortex18 - Visual Association Cortex19 - Visual Association Cortex20 - Inferior Temporal gyrus21 - Middle Temporal gyrus22 - Superior Temporal Gyrus, of which the rostral part participates to Wernicke's area23 - Ventral Posterior cingulate cortex24 - Ventral Anterior cingulate cortex25 - Subgenual cortex26 - Ectosplenial area28 - Posterior Entorhinal Cortex29 - Retrosplenial cingular cortex30 - Part of cingular cortex31 - Dorsal Posterior cingular cortex32 - Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex34 - Anterior Entorhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)35 - Perirhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)36 - Parahippocampal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)37 - Fusiform gyrus38 - Temporopolar area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri39 - Angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area40 - Supramarginal gyrus part of Wernicke's area41 & 42 - Primary and Auditory Association Cortex43 - Subcentral area (between insula and post/precentral gyrus)44 - pars triangularis, part of Broca's area45 - pars opercularis Broca's area46 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex47 - Inferior prefrontal gyrus48 - Retrosubicular area (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe) 52 - Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula)。

Brodmann分区系统- 人类大脑皮层的Brodmann分区1，2和3区：体感皮层（习惯上常称为“3，1和2区”）4区- 初级运动皮层5区- 体感联合皮层6区- 前运动皮层7区- 体感联合皮层8区- 包括额页眼动区（Frontal eye field）9区- 后外侧前额叶皮层10区- 额极区（上额回和中额回最前侧的部分）11区- 额眶区（眶回，直回和上额回前侧的一部分）12区- 额眶区（上额回和下前回之间的区域）13区- 岛皮层17区- 初级视皮层18区- 视觉联合皮层19区- 视觉联合皮层20区- 下颞回21区- 中颞回22区- 上颞回，其前侧部分属于韦尼克区23区- 下后扣带皮层24区- 下前扣带皮层25区- 膝下皮层26区- 压外区（Ectosplenial area）28区- 后内嗅皮层29区- 压后扣带皮层30区- 扣带皮层的一部分31区- 上后扣带皮层32区- 上前扣带皮层34区- 前扣带皮层，位于海马旁回35区- 旁嗅皮层，位于海马旁回36区- 海马旁皮层37区- 梭状回38区- 颞极区39区- 角回，韦尼克区的一部分40区- 缘上回，韦尼克区的一部分41，42区- 初级听皮层和听觉联合皮层43区- 中央下区（Subcentral area）44区- 三角部，布洛卡区的一部分45区- 岛盖部，布洛卡区的一部分46区- 上外额叶皮层47区- 下额页皮层48区- 下脚后区，颞叶内侧的一小部分49区- 岛旁区，位于颞叶和岛叶的交界处。

人类的大脑皮层两半球，在功能划分上，大体上是左半球管右半身，右半球管左半身。

每一半球的纵面，在功能上也有层次之分，原则上是上层管下肢，中层管躯干，下层管头部。

如此形成上下倒置，左右分叉的微妙构造。

在每一半球上，有各自分区为数个神经中枢，每一中枢各有其固定的区域，分区专司形成大脑分化而又统一的复杂功能。

在区域的分布上，两半球并不完全相同：其中布氏语言区与威氏语言区，只分布在左脑半球，其它各区则两半球都有。

Brodmann大脑皮层分区是德国神经解剖学家Korbinian Brodmann 于1909年提出的一种关于大脑皮层分区的理论。

这一分区方案被广泛应用于解剖学、神经科学和临床医学领域，并对了解大脑结构和功能起着重要作用。

本文将详细介绍Brodmann大脑皮层分区的背景、原理和应用，旨在帮助读者全面了解这一重要的神经科学理论。

一、背景Korbinian Brodmann是20世纪初期的神经解剖学家，他在研究大脑皮层时发现不同的脑区在细胞结构和组织类型上存在巨大的差异。

为了更好地描述和理解这些差异，Brodmann开始系统地研究大脑皮层的细胞组织结构，并最终提出了大脑皮层分区的理论。

这一理论基于对大量人类和动物大脑的显微镜观察和测量，被视为解剖学上关于大脑皮层最具权威的分类系统之一。

二、原理Brodmann大脑皮层分区的原理基于神经元的细胞结构和分布。

根据Brodmann的研究，大脑皮层中的神经元可以根据其形态、密度和分布分为不同的类型，不同类型的神经元聚集在一起形成具有特定功能的脑区。

Brodmann通过对大脑组织进行显微镜观察和测量，将大脑皮层分为了52个不同的区域，每个区域有其独特的细胞结构和功能特征。

这一分区方式为后续的大脑研究奠定了重要的基础，也为神经科学领域的发展做出了重要贡献。

三、应用Brodmann大脑皮层分区的理论在解剖学、神经科学和临床医学领域有着广泛的应用。

它为解剖学和神经科学研究提供了重要的工具和参考标准。

研究人员可以利用Brodmann的分区方式对大脑进行定量和定性的分析，揭示不同区域的功能和相互通联，从而深入了解大脑的结构和功能。

Brodmann的分区方案对于临床诊断和治疗也具有重要意义。

医生可以根据大脑分区的特定功能特征，判断患者的脑损伤位置和程度，为临床治疗提供重要参考。

现代的神经影像技术也常常结合Brodmann的分区方式，帮助医生观察和分析大脑结构，对各种疾病进行诊断和治疗。

Brodmann 分区和功能－－选自心心水滴论坛－sea(2007-09-02 22:25:24)转载标签：brodmann大脑分区功能解剖分类：医学科研来自心心水滴论坛－－sea 发表Brodmann's area 1Sensory cortical area in the crest of the postcentral gyrus; this area is a component of the primary somatosensory cortex.Location:anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)Function:processes somatic sensory sensationsSee Also:Central sulcusParietal lobeParacentral lobulePrimary somatic sensory cortexBrodmann's area 2Brodmann's area 3Brodmann's area 2Sensory cortical area in the crest and posterior bank of the postcentral gyrus; this area is a component of the primary somatosensory cortex.Location:anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)Function:processes somatic sensory sensationsSee Also:Central sulcusParietal lobeParacentral lobulePrimary somatic sensory cortexBrodmann's area 3Brodmann's area 1Brodmann's area 3Sensory cortical area in the posterior bank of the central sulcus (postcentral gyrus); this area is a principal component of the primary somatosensory cortex. Area 3 is further subdivided into area 3a, which receives proprioceptive signals that originate in deep receptors, and area 3b, which receives discriminitive mechanosensory signals that arise from cutaneous receptors. Location:anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)Function:processes somatic sensory sensationsSee Also:Central sulcusParietal lobeParacentral lobulePrimary somatic sensory cortexBrodmann's area 2Brodmann's area 1Brodmann's area 4Motor cortical area in the anterior bank of the central sulcus (precentral gyrus); this area corresponds to the primary motor cortex, which governs the execution of volitional movement. Location:posterior frontal lobe (precentral gyrus)Function:involved in motor executionSee Also:Precentral gyrusPrimary motor cortexCentral sulcusThalamus, ventral lateral nucleusPremotor cortexBrodmann's area 5Associational cortical area in the superior parietal lobe, just posterior to the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus; this area is involved in maintaining a spatial reference system for goal oriented behavior.Location:superior parietal lobeFunction:involved in spatial orientation, among other parietal associational functionsSee Also:Parietal lobeSomatic sensory cortexPostcentral gyrusBrodmann's area 7Superior parietal lobuleBrodmann's area 6Motor cortical area in the posterior frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor cortex; this area contains the lateral and medial divisions of the premotor cortex that participate in the planning and execution of volitional movement.Location:posterior frontal lobeFunction:involved in motor planning and executionSee Also:Frontal lobePremotor cortexPrimary motor cortexBrodmann's area 7Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the superior parietal lobe; this area is involved in maintaining a spatial reference system for goal oriented behavior.Location:superior parietal lobeFunction:involved in spatial orientation, among other parietal associational functionsSee Also:Parietal lobeSomatic sensory cortexPostcentral gyrusBrodmann's area 5Superior parietal lobuleBrodmann's area 8Motor cortical area in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area contains the frontal eye fields, which participate (together with the superior colliculus) in the control of saccadic eye movements.Location:frontal lobeFunction:involved in governance of eye movements (contains "frontal eye fields")See Also:Frontal lobeSuperior colliculusBrodmann's area 9Associational cortical area in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:frontal lobeFunction:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexBrodmann's area 10Associational cortical area in the anterior-polar prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:frontal poleFunction:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexBrodmann's area 11Associational cortical area in the orbital-medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.Location:ventral frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexOrbitofrontal cortexBrodmann's area 12Associational cortical area in the orbital-medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.Location:medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexOrbitofrontal cortexBrodmann's area 13Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere.Location:insulaFunction:associational cortexSee Also:Brodmann's area 14Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere.Location:insulaFunction:associational cortexSee Also:InsulaBrodmann's area 15Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere.Location:insulaFunction:associational cortexSee Also:InsulaBrodmann's area 16Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere.Location:insulaFunction:associational cortexSee Also:InsulaBrodmann's area 17Sensory cortical area in the banks of the calcarine sulcus (lingual and cuneus gyral formations of the medial occipital lobe); this area corresponds to the primary visual cortex (also known as "striate cortex").Location:medial occipital lobeFunction:processes visual informationSee Also:Occipital lobeCalcarine sulcusPrimary visual cortexLingual gyrusBrodmann's area 18Sensory cortical area in the medial and lateral aspect of the occipital lobe; this area is part of the extrastriate visual cortex that surrounds the primary visual cortex (area 17 is also known as "striate cortex").Location:occipital lobeFunction:processes visual informationSee Also:Occipital lobePrimary visual cortexBrodmann's area 19Sensory cortical area in the medial and lateral aspect of the occipital lobe; this area is part of the extrastriate visual cortex that surrounds the primary visual cortex (area 17 is also known as "striate cortex").Location:occipital lobeFunction:processes visual informationSee Also:Occipital lobePrimary visual cortexBrodmann's area 20Associational cortical area in the inferior temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of visual form and the representation of objects.Location:ventral temporal lobe (inferior temporal gyrus)Function:processes visual informationSee Also:Temporal lobeInferior temporal gyrusBrodmann's area 21Associational cortical area in the middle temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of visual signals related to object form and motion.Location:lateral temporal lobe (middle temporal gyrus)Function:involved in processing visual information, among other temporal associational functionsSee Also:Temporal lobeMiddle temporal gyrusBrodmann's area 22Associational cortical area in the lateral aspect of the superior temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of auditory signals and the reception of language (this area is a major component of Wernicke's area).Location:lateral temporal lobe (superior temporal gyrus)Function:involved in auditory processing and language receptionSee Also:Temporal lobeSuperior temporal gyrusWernicke's areaBrodmann's area 23Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)Function:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemBrodmann's area 24Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system that is involved in emotional processing, the control of facial expressions and the affective dimensions of pain.Location:medial frontal lobe (anterior cingulate gyrus)Function:involved in emotional and cognitive processingSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemBrodmann's area 25Associational cortical area in the medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that governs personal and social behavior, emotion,and decision making.Location:medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexSubcallosal areaBrodmann's area 26Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)Function:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemTemporal lobeBrodmann's area 27Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe; this area corresponds to Ammon's horn division of the hippocampal formation, which is subdivided into (cornu ammonis) fields, CA1-CA4. Together with the other parts of the hippocampal formation in the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus proper is involved in short-term declarative memory processes. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere.Location:medial temporal lobe: hippocampal formationFunction:hippocampal formation: short-term declarative memorySee Also:Temporal lobeHippocampal formationHippocampusCA1CA3Brodmann's area 28Associational and sensory cortical area in the anterior-medial temporal lobe. This area is part of the olfactory cortex; it also is a component of the entorhinal division of the hippocampal formation.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:involved in olfaction and hippocampal processingSee Also:Temporal lobeEntorhinal cortexPrimary olfactory cortexBrodmann's area 29Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)Function:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemTemporal lobeParietal lobeBrodmann's area 30Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemTemporal lobeBrodmann's area 31Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the posterior banks of the cingulate sulcus; the cingulate part of this area is a cortical component of the limbic system. Location:medial parietal lobeFunction:participates in limbic and parietal associational integrationSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemBrodmann's area 32Associational cortical area in the medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that governs personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.Location:medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:involved in emotional and cognitive processingSee Also:Frontal lobePrefrontal cortexBrodmann's area 33Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus just dorsal to the corpus callosum; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system that is involved in emotional processing and the affective dimensions of pain, among other functions.Location:medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)Function:involved in emotional and cognitive processingSee Also:Cingulate gyrusLimbic systemCorpus callosumBrodmann's area 34Associational and sensory cortical area in the anterior-medial temporal lobe; this area is a principal division of the olfactory cortex; it also is a component of the entorhinal division of the hippocampal formation.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:involved in olfaction and hippocampal processingSee Also:Temporal lobeEntorhinal cortexPrimary olfactory cortexBrodmann's area 35Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe near the position of the rhinal sulcus; this area (also known as the perirhinal cortex) is a component of the hippocampal formation. Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:participates in hippocampal associational functionsSee Also:Temporal lobeRhinal sulcusHippocampal formationParahippocampal gyrusBrodmann's area 36Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe; this area lies at the interface of visual processing systems in the inferior temporal lobe and semantic memory systems in the medial temporal lobe.Location:medial temporal lobeFunction:involved in visual and hippocampal associational functionsSee Also:Temporal lobeHippocampal formationBrodmann's area 37Associational cortical area in the temporal lobe that extends from the medial to lateral sides of this lobe; this area participates in the analysis of visual form, motion, and the representation of objects.Location:posterior temporal lobeFunction:involved in visual recognitionSee Also:Temporal lobeBrodmann's area 38Associational cortical area in the anterior pole of the temporal lobe; this temporal area is related to networks in the amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.Location:temporal poleFunction:participates in limbic associational integrationSee Also:Temporal lobeTemporal poleAmygdalaOrbitofrontal cortexBrodmann's area 39Associational cortical area in the angular gyrus at the interface between the posterior parietal and occipital lobes.Location:lateral junction of temporal, parietal and occipital lobesFunction:involved in processing language, spatial orientation and semantic representationSee Also:Angular gyrusParietal lobeOccipital lobeInferior parietal lobuleBrodmann's area 40Associational cortical area in the inferior parietal lobe, including the supramarginal gyrus. Location:inferior parietal lobeFunction:involved in spatial orientation and semantic representationSee Also:Parietal lobeSupramarginal gyrusInferior parietal lobuleBrodmann's area 41Sensory cortical area in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe (located in a series of transverse gyri, called Heschl's gyri, that form the inferior bank of the lateral fissure); this area corresponds to the primary auditory cortex.Location:superior temporal lobeFunction:processes auditory informationSee Also:Temporal lobeSuperior temporal gyrusPrimary auditory cortexLateral fissureBrodmann's area 42Sensory cortical area in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe and the dorsal-lateral margin of the superior temporal gyrus; this area is part of a "belt" of higher-order auditory areas that surround the primary auditory cortex (area 41).Location:superior temporal lobeFunction:processes auditory informationSee Also:Temporal lobeSuperior temporal gyrusPrimary auditory cortexLateral fissureBrodmann's area 43Sensorimotor cortical area in the inferior margin of the postcentral and precentral gyri where the frontal-parietal operculum merges with the insula just below the inferior termination of the central sulcus; this area may participate in the sensorimotor representation of the mouth and taste reception.Location:junction of insula, frontal and parietal lobesFunction:involved in sensorimotor representation and taste processingSee Also:Postcentral gyrusPrecentral gyrusInsulaCentral sulcusBrodmann's area 44Motor cortical area in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this division of the lateral premotor cortex is involved in the production of language, especially in the left hemisphere (also known as Broca's area).Location:inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)Function:involved in language productionSee Also:Inferior frontal gyrusBrodmann's area 45Broca's areaPremotor cortexInferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularisInferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularisBrodmann's area 45Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; the posterior part of this area may contribute (with area 44) to the production of language (Broca's area), while other circuits in this area participate in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)Function:involved in language production and participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobeInferior frontal gyrusBrodmann's area 44Broca's areaPremotor cortexInferior frontal gyrus, pars orbitalisBrodmann's area 46Associational cortical area in the middle frontal gyrus and anterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions. Location:lateral frontal lobe (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobeInferior frontal gyrusMiddle frontal gyrusPrefrontal cortexBrodmann's area 47Associational cortical area in the anterior-ventral part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.Location:inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)Function:participates in prefrontal associational integrationSee Also:Frontal lobeInferior frontal gyrusPrefrontal cortex分享0顶阅读(711)┊评论(7)┊收藏(0) ┊转载(0) ┊顶▼┊打印┊举报转载列表：转载转载是分享博文的一种常用方式...前一篇：中国科学引文数据库核心库和引文库中康复医学方面的期刊后一篇：教师节快乐！<br>.评论重要提示：警惕虚假中奖信息MSN搬家新浪总动员关注每日最热门博客[发评论]单春雷2007-09-02 22:28:39 [举报]A Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined in many different species based on its cytoarchitecture. Cytoarchitecture is the organization of the cortex as observed when a tissue is stained for nerve cells.Brodmann areas were originally defined by Korbinian Brodmann and referred to by numbers from 1 to 52. Some of the original areas have been subdivided further and referred to, e.g., as "23a" and "23b". The same number in different species does not necessarily represent structurally homologous areas. CriticismWhen von Bonin and Bailey were to construct a brain map for the macaque monkey they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote:Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published[1]They instead used the cytoarchitechtonic scheme of Economo and Koskinas published in 1925 which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex". Brodmann areas for human beings:1, 2 & 3 - Somatosensory Cortex (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention)4 - Primary Motor Cortex5 - Somatosensory Association Cortex6 - Pre-Motor and Supplementary Motor Cortex7 - Somatosensory Association Cortex8 - Includes Frontal Eye Field9 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex10 - Frontopolar area (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)11 - Orbitofrontal area (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus)12 - Orbitofrontal area (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)单春雷2007-09-02 22:29:59 [举报]13 - Insular cortex17 - Primary Visual Cortex18 - Visual Association Cortex19 - Visual Association Cortex20 - Inferior Temporal gyrus21 - Middle Temporal gyrus22 - Superior Temporal Gyrus, of which the rostral part participates to Wernicke's area23 - Ventral Posterior cingulate cortex24 - Ventral Anterior cingulate cortex25 - Subgenual cortex26 - Ectosplenial area28 - Posterior Entorhinal Cortex29 - Retrosplenial cingular cortex30 - Part of cingular cortex31 - Dorsal Posterior cingular cortex32 - Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex34 - Anterior Entorhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)35 - Perirhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)36 - Parahippocampal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)37 - Fusiform gyrus38 - Temporopolar area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri39 - Angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area40 - Supramarginal gyrus part of Wernicke's area41 & 42 - Primary and Auditory Association Cortex43 - Subcentral area (between insula and post/precentral gyrus)44 - pars triangularis, part of Broca's area45 - pars opercularis Broca's area46 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex47 - Inferior prefrontal gyrus48 - Retrosubicular area (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe) 52 - Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula)。

1909年，布鲁德曼(Brodmann)根据皮质细胞的类型及纤维的疏密把大脑皮质分为52个区，并用数字给予表示。

Brodmann 大脑分区总览－单春雷推荐(2007-08-29 08:57:01)标签：健康/保健brodmann大脑分区分类：医学科研向大家推荐这个比较全面的分区内容，让我们更加了解各脑区的位置和相互关系。

Locational Descriptions of Human Brodmann areas1 - intermediate postcentral(area postcentralis intermedia). Located in the postcentral gyrus. Bounded cytoarchitecturally by the rostral postcentral area 3 and the caudal postcentral area2 and, at its ventral tip, by the subcentral area 43.2 - caudal postcentral(area postcentralis caudalis). Located primarily in the caudal portion of the postcentral gyrus and the rostral lip of the postcentral sulcus with a caudal extension along the intraparietal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by the intermediate postcentral area 1 and caudally by the preparietal area 5, the superior parietal area 7 and thesupramarginal area 40.3 - rostral postcentral(area postcentralis oralis). Located primarily in the rostral portion ofthe postcentral gyrus including the caudal bank of the central sulcus. At either end of the sulcus it can extend beyond the depth of the sulcus into the precentral gyrus.Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 and caudally by theintermediate postcentral area 1.4 - gigantopyramidal(area gigantopyramidalis). Located in the precentral gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally the caudal boundary with the rostral postcentral area 3 does not coincide precisely with the floor of the central sulcus but lies variably in the banks of the postcentral gyrus and the precentral gyrus. The area also does not extend in all cases to the cingulate sulcus medially or to the end of the central sulcus ventro-laterally. Bounded rostrally by thefrontal agranular area 6.5 - preparietal(area praeparietalis). Occupies the superior parietal lobule and a portion of thepostcentral gyrus, particularly on the medial aspect of the hemisphere. Bounded approximately by the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere and by the superior postcentral sulcus on the lateral aspect. Cytoarchitecturally bounded by the caudal postcentral area 2, the superior parietal area 7 and on the medial bank of the hemisphere by the gigantopyramidal area 4 and the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.6 - agranular frontal(area frontalis agranularis). Located primarily in the caudal portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus and the rostral portions of the precentral gyrus not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by the frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4.7 - superior parietal(area parietalis superior). Occupies much of the superior parietal lobuleand some of the precuneus. Bounded approximately by the superior postcentral sulcus rostrally, the intraparietal sulcus laterally, the parieto-occipital sulcus caudally and, on the medial bank of the hemisphere, the subparietal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by the preparietal area 5 and the caudal postcentral area 2; caudally by the peristriate area 19;and medially by the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.8 - intermediate frontal(area frontalis intermedia). Located primarily in the superior frontalgyrus extending from the cingulate sulcus on the medial surface over the margin of the hemisphere to the middle frontal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded caudally by the agranular frontal area 6 and ventrally by the granular frontal area 9.9 - granular frontal(area frontalis granularis). Occupies portions of the superior frontal gyrusand the middle frontal gyrus. Its approximate boundary on the medial aspect of the hemisphere is the cingulate sulcus and, on the lateral aspect, the inferior frontal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded dorsocaudally by the intermediate frontal area 8, caudally by the agranular frontal area 6, and ventrally by the frontopolar area 10, the middle frontal area 46and the opercular area 44.10 - frontopolar(area frontopolaris). Occupies the most rostral portions of the superiorfrontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. On the medial aspect of the hemisphere it isbounded ventrally by the superior rostral sulcus. It does not extend as far as the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, caudally by the middle frontal area 46, and ventrally by the orbital area 47 and by the frontopolar area 12.11 - prefrontal(area praefrontalis). Constitutes most of the orbital gyri, gyrus rectus and themost rostral portion of the superior frontal gyrus. Bounded medially by the inferior rostral sulcus and laterally approximately by the frontomarginal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded on the rostral and lateral aspects of the hemisphere by the frontopolar area 10, the orbital area 47, and the triangular area 45; on the medial surface it is bounded dorsally by the area 12 andcaudally by the subgenual area 25.12 - prefrontal(area praefrontalis). Occupies the area between the superior rostral sulcus and the inferior rostral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded dorsally by the frontopolar area 10 and the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32; caudally, ventrally and rostrally it is bounded by the prefrontal area 11. (Originally described as part of prefrontal area 11 but not shown in the map, subsequently it was labeled as an independent area 12.)17 - striate(area striata). Part of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex that is defined on thebasis of cyto- and myeloarchitecture, primarily by the band/stripe of Gennari.18 - parastriate(area parastriata). Located in parts of the cuneus, the lingual gyrus and the lateral occipital gyrus of the occipital lobe. Cytoarchitecturally bounded on one side by the striate area 17, from which it is distinguished by absence of a band/stripe of Gennari, and onthe other by the peristriate area 19.19 - peristriate(area peristriata). Located in parts of the lingual gyrus, the cuneus, the lateraloccipital gyrus and the superior occipital gyrus of the occipital lobe where it is bounded approximately by the parieto-occipital sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded on one side by the parastriate area 18 which it surrounds. Rostrally it is bounded by the angular area 39 and theoccipitotemporal area 37.20 - inferior temporal(area temporalis inferior). Corresponds approximately to the inferior temporal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded medially by the ectorhinal area 36, laterally by the middle temporal area 21, rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 and caudally by theoccipitotemporal area 37.21 - middle temporal(area temporalis media). Corresponds approximately to the middletemporal gyrus. Bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38, ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37, and dorsally by the superiortemporal area 22.22 - superior temporal(area temporalis superior). Corresponds approximately to the lateral and caudal two thirds of the superior temporal gyrus. Bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38, medially by the posterior transverse temporal area 42, ventrocaudally by the middletemporal area 21 and dorsocaudally by the supramarginal area 39.23 - ventral posterior cingulate(area cingularis posterior ventralis). Occupies most of the posterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the corpus callosum. At the caudal extreme it is bounded approximately by the parieto-occipital sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded dorsally by the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and ventrorostrally in its caudal half by the retrosplenial region.24 - ventral anterior cingulate(area cingularis anterior ventralis). Occupies most of theanterior cingulate gyrus in an arc around the genu of corpus callosum. Its outer border corresponds approximately to the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded internally by the pregenual area 33, externally by the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, and caudally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.25 - subgenual(area subgenualis). A narrow band located in the caudal portion of the subcallosal area adjacent to the paraterminal gyrus from which it is separated by the posterior parolfactory sulcus. It is bounded by the prefrontal area 11rostrally and by the paraterminalgyrus caudally.26 - ectosplenial(area ectosplenialis). A narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulategyrus adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally. It is bounded externally by the granularretrolimbic area 29.28 - entorhinal(area entorhinalis). Located in the entorhinal area on the medial aspect of thetemporal lobe. It and the dorsal entorhinal area 34 together constitute approximately theentorhinal area.29 - granular retrolimbic(area retrolimbica granularis). A narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30.30 - agranular retrolimbic(area retrolimbica agranularis). Located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded internally by the granular retrolimbic area 29, dorsally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and ventrolaterally by the ectorhinal area 36.31 - dorsal posterior cingulate(area cingularis posterior dorsalis). Occupies portions of the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial aspect of the parietal lobe. Approximate boundaries are the cingulate sulcus dorsally and the parieto-occipital sulcus caudally. It partially surrounds the subparietal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, ventrally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23, dorsally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 and preparietal area 5 and caudally by the superior parietal area 7.32 - dorsal anterior cingulate(area cingularis anterior dorsalis). Forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundaryand the superior rostral sulcus its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11.33 - pregenual(area praegenualis). A narrow band located in the anterior cingulate gyrusadjacent to the supracallosal gyrus in the depth of the callosal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24 and the supracallosal gyrus.34 - dorsal entorhinal(area entorhinalis dorsalis). Located in the entorhinal area on themedial aspect of the temporal lobe. It and the entorhinal area 28 together constituteapproximately the entorhinal area.35 - perirhinal(area perirhinalis). Located along the rhinal sulcus. Cytoarchitectuallybounded medially by the entorhinal area 28 and laterally by the ectorhinal area 36.36 - ectorhinal(area ectorhinalis). Located primarily in the fusiform gyrus, with its medialboundary corresponding approximately to the rhinal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded laterally and caudally by the inferior temporal area 20, medially by the perirhinal area 35 androstrally by the temporopolar area 38.37 - occipitotemporal (area occipitotemporalis). Located primarily in the caudal portions of the fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus on the mediobasal and lateral surfaces at the caudal extreme of the temporal lobe. Cytoarch itecturally bounded caudally by the peristriate area 19, rostrally by the inferior temporal area 20 and middle tempor al area 21 and dorsally on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere by the angular area 39.38 - temporopolar (area temporopolaris). Located primarily in the most rostral portions of the superior temporal gy rus and the middle temporal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded caudally by the inferior temporal area 20, the mid dle temporal area 21, the superior temporal area 22 and the ectorhinal area 36.39 - angular (area angularis). Corresponds to the angular gyrus surrounding the caudal tip of the superior temporal sulcus. Dorsally it is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by t he supramarginal area 40, dorsally and caudally by the peristriate area 19, and ventrally by the occipitotemporal ar ea 37.40 - supramarginal (area supramarginalis). Located primarily in the supramarginal gyrus surrounding the posterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus. Bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded caudally by the angular area 39, rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior tem poral area 22.41 - anterior transverse temporal (area temporalis transversa anterior). Occupies the anterior transverse temporal g yrus in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally bounded media lly by the parainsular area 52 and laterally by the posterior transverse temporal area 42.42 - posterior transverse temporal (area temporalis transversa posterior). Located in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally bounded medially by the anterior transverse temporal area 41 and laterally by the superior temporal area 22.43 - subcentral (area subcentralis). Occupies the postcentral gyrus and the precentral gyrus between the ventrolater al extreme of the central sulcus and the depth of the lateral sulcus at the insula. Its rostral and caudal borders are ap proximated by the anterior subcentral sulcus and the posterior subcentral sulcus respectively. Cytoarchitecturally b ounded rostrally by the agranular frontal area 6 and caudally, for the most part, by the caudal postcentral area 2 and the supramarginal area 40.44 - opercular (area opercularis). Corresponds approximately to the opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus. Bo unded caudally by the inferior precentral sulcus and rostrally by the anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus. It sur rounds the diagonal sulcus. In the depth of the lateral sulcus it borders on the insula. Cytoarchitectonically bounde d caudally and dorsally by the agranular frontal area 6, dorsally by the granular frontal area 9 and rostrally by the tr iangular area 45.45 - triangular (area triangularis). Occupies the triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus and, surrounding the ant erior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus, a portion of the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus. Bounded caudally by th e anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus, it borders on the insula in the depth of the lateral sulcus . Cytoarchitecto nically bounded caudally by the opercular area 44, rostrodorsally by the middle frontal area 46 and ventrally by the orbital area 47.46 - middle frontal (area frontalis media). Occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally bounded dorsally by the granular frontal a rea 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45.47 - orbital (area orbitalis). Surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus from which it extends laterally into t he orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus. Cytoarchitectonically bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11, and rostrally by the area frontopolaris 10.48 - retrosubicular (area retrosubicularis). Located on the medial surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitectually b ounded rostrally by the perirhinal area 35 and medially by the presubiculum. (While described by Brodmann, it wa s not included in his areal maps of human cortex.)52 - parainsular (area parainsularis) Located in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal l obe. Its medial boundary corresponds approximately to the junction between the temporal lobe and the insula. Cyt oarchitecturally bounded laterally by the anterior transverse temporal area 41.Brodmann分区系统Brodmann分区系统Brodmann分区是一个根据细胞结构将大脑皮层划分为一系列解剖区域的系统。

broadmann大脑分区法
Broadmann大脑分区法是一种将大脑皮层分为不同区域的方法，它是根据不同区域的细胞结构和功能特征来划分的。

这种方法是德国神经解剖学家Brodmann在20世纪初提出的，至今仍被广泛应用于神经科学领域。

Broadmann大脑分区法将大脑皮层分为52个不同的区域，每个区域都有其独特的细胞结构和功能特征。

这些区域被编号为1到52，其中1到41区域被称为“一级区域”，而42到52区域被称为“二级区域”。

这种分区方法的优点在于它可以帮助研究人员更好地理解大脑的结构和功能。

通过对不同区域的研究，我们可以更好地了解大脑如何处理信息、控制行为和感知世界。

此外，这种方法还可以帮助医生更好地诊断和治疗神经系统疾病。

然而，Broadmann大脑分区法也存在一些缺点。

首先，这种方法是基于解剖学和组织学的特征来划分的，而不是基于功能的特征。

因此，它可能无法完全反映大脑的功能分区。

其次，这种方法是基于人类大脑的研究而得出的，而不是基于其他动物的研究。

因此，它可能无法适用于其他动物的大脑。

总的来说，Broadmann大脑分区法是一种非常有用的方法，可以帮助我们更好地了解大脑的结构和功能。

然而，我们也需要意识到
它的局限性，并寻求其他方法来更好地理解大脑。

随着神经科学的不断发展，我们相信会有更多的方法和技术出现，帮助我们更好地了解大脑的奥秘。