资料：《安全工程专业英语(部分翻译)》

UNIT 11 Accident causation models事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers’health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena, and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss.安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进作业人员的工作健康和安全。

在制定预防措施时，了解事故和其他有害事件的原因，以及它们如何发展是非常重要的。

事故理论的目的是刻画事故的现象，并解释导致事故发生的机制。

所有现代的理论都是基于事故的因果关系模型，改模型试图解释最终产生损失的事件序列。

In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents.在古代，事故被看作是上帝的行为，人们很少可以去防止它们。

Unit One安全管理safety management 事故致因accident causation 不安全行为unsafe acts不安全状态unsafe conditions企业安全文化corporate safety culture安全政策safety policyUnit Two系统安全工程system safety engineering 危险辩识hazard identification/identified危险控制hazard control 安全评价safety evaluation危险分析hazard analysis安全准则safety criteria Unit Three安全人机工程safety ergonomics 工作效率work efficiency工作压力job stressors伤害率injury rate人机过程ergonomics process职业伤残work injuryUnit Four工伤保险injury insurance 人因失误human error风险评估risk assessment人机系统ergonomics system工业事故industrial system事故类型accident types Unit Five职业安全健康occupational health and safety职业安全健康管理体系occupational health and safety management system危险源分析hazard analysis 事故分析accident analysis风险管理risk management职业伤害occupational injury Unit Six工业卫生industrial hygiene 物理危害physical hazards 化学危害chemical hazards非电离辐射non-ionizing radiation生物危害biological hazards职业病occupational diseaseUnit Seven安全文化safety culture企业文化corporate culture 高危行业high-risk industry事故率accident rate应急预案emergency plan安全评审safety review Unit Eight安全激励safety motivation 自我激励self-motivation个人需求individual demand 社会需求social needs安全氛围safety atmosphere 生理需求physiological needs。

一、专业词汇翻译mine n. 矿山，矿井。

v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤coalfield n. 煤田strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向roadway n. 巷道mining district 采区coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面ventilation n. 通风bolt v. 打锚杆；n. 锚杆immediate roof 直接顶；floor 底板；gas，methane 瓦斯outcrop 露头，露出地面的岩层fault n. 断层occurrence 赋存coalfield 煤田air shaft风井surrounding rock 围岩Mine ventilation 矿山通风internal combustion engine 内燃机dilute冲淡, 变淡, 变弱, 稀释contaminant 污染物noxious 有害的exhaust shaft 出风井colliery 煤矿trap door 通风门moisture content 湿度rank 品级bituminous 烟煤anthracite 无烟煤igneous[地]火成的natural fracture原生裂隙cleat【地质】割理porosity 多孔性sorptive吸附的Permeability渗透性free gas游离状态瓦斯adsorbed gas吸附状态瓦斯voidage孔隙度adsorption isotherm吸附等温线Methane drainage 瓦斯抽放Borehole 钻孔★Accident Causation Models：事故致因模型★System safety：系统安全★Hazard analysis：危害分析★Hazard identification：危险源辨识★Ergonomics process 人机工程过程★Hazard Identification 危险源辨识★safety culture 安全文化★corporate culture 企业文化★Accident Investigation：事故调查★mine fire 矿井火灾二、句型翻译★1、Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors.Rasmussen和Jensen提出了一种技能—规范—知识的三级模型，用来描述不同类型的人为失误的来源。

Unit 1 safety management systemAccident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译Introduction《安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译》是一本专门针对安全工程专业的英语学习教材。

该教材主要围绕安全工程领域的基础理论、先进技术和相关实践进行了详细的介绍和解析，并提供了中英文对照的翻译。

本文档将对《安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译》的主要内容进行总结和梳理，以Markdown文本格式输出，方便学习者进行查阅和学习。

目录1.第一章：安全工程概述2.第二章：安全管理3.第三章：安全工程建设4.第四章：安全评价与风险管理5.第五章：安全监测与故障诊断6.第六章：安全仪器设备与技术7.第七章：安全应急管理8.第八章：安全生产与环境保护9.第九章：安全法规与标准10.第十章：安全知识与实务第一章：安全工程概述安全工程是一门跨学科的学科领域，它综合运用工程学、管理学、社会学等多个学科的理论和方法来保障人们的生命财产安全。

本章主要介绍了安全工程的定义、发展历程以及当代安全工程面临的挑战。

同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。

第二章：安全管理安全管理是安全工程的核心内容之一，它涉及到组织、计划、控制、协调和改进等方面的工作。

本章主要介绍了安全管理的基本原理和主要方法，包括风险管理、事故调查与分析、安全规划与组织等方面的内容。

同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。

第三章：安全工程建设安全工程建设是为了预防和减少事故发生而采取的一系列措施和技术手段。

本章主要介绍了安全工程建设的原则和方法，并详细介绍了建设过程中需要注意的事项和技术要点。

同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。

第四章：安全评价与风险管理安全评价与风险管理是对安全工程进行评估和控制的重要手段。

本章主要介绍了安全评价和风险管理的方法和技术，包括定量风险评估、风险控制策略、安全标准与规范等方面的内容。

同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。

第五章：安全监测与故障诊断安全监测与故障诊断是对安全工程运行状态进行监测和故障诊断的重要手段。

The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。

）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.（译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。

）The purpose of a driller is to holes.（译为“钻孔”）A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.（译为“车”）The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。

）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.（译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。

）The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines.（译为“炼钢”，不译“制造刚”。

）An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.（译为“很大阻力”，不译“高阻力”）Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater.物质可以转换为能，能也可以转化为物质。

Unit 1Safety Management Systems安全管理体系1.Accident Causation Models1.事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。

Breath of fresh airWith no aspect of underground mine safety more fundamental than proper ventilation, various modern systems are being used to ensure airflow is safe for workersBY BREE FREEMANWhen it comes to underground mine workings, few things are more important than adequate ventilation. Every year enormous efforts are made to maintain and improve airflow to working areas. This is to dilute emissions below statutory limits, render the air harmless, carry away hazardous contaminants and provide necessary levels of oxygen for the miners. As a result, ventilation systems form a crucial pan of the design of any mine, the layout of which is determined by the orebody geology, legislation, available manpower, mining methods and the equipment used.Specific environmental issues such as virgin rock temperatures, spontaneous combustion and dust control further complicate theoretical ventilation systems. Moreover, whatever system is eventually planned will inevitably suffer from imperfect implementation and control because of the day-to-day complexities of the extraction operation.“V entilation in the modem mine is an essential prerequisite, perhaps even more so than in the past.Apart from the obvious biological aspect of preventing depletion of oxygen and the build-up of carbon dioxide in the air, the mine-ventilation system must be able to keep quantities of contaminants below harmful levels,”says Mike Beare, principal mining engineer for consultancy SRK.He explains: “A modern mine has many sources of harmful substances, including fumes from explosives, dust from broken rock and gases present in the rocks themselves. in addition to these, the modem approach to mining (including the use of diesel-engine trucks and loaders) results in large quantities of CO, nitrous fumes and diesel-particulate matter entering the mine airflow. While scrubbers are fitted, they do not remove all the contaminants and the ventilation system has to be designed to be able to dilute these to safe levels.”These issues demonstrate the need for expert design, observes SRK, which also signals the need for ventilation costs to be minimised in the same way as any other cost aspect As a result, various production scenarios need to be addressed at the outset.Central to all of these calculations is the simple fact that airflow is determined by temperature and pressure differences, air flows from high-pressure to low-pressure areas . In a mine, It is caused by pressure differences between the intake and exhaust openings. Airflow follows a square-law relationship between volume and pressure - in order to double the volume of air, four times the pressure must be exerted.CREATING THE PRESSUREThere are two main types of fan:●Axial: these are generally high-volume, low-pressure fans, either directlydriven by the motor shaft (with the motor inside the tube body) or remotely driven using belts (with the motor outside the tube body). These are generally adjustable for volume by setting the pitch of the adjustable blades on the rotor and, in some cases, motor speed can be tailored to adjust volume and pressure.●Centrifugal: these are generally high-pressure, low-volume fans that consist ofa multi-bladed, squirrel-cage wheel in which the leading edge of the fanblades curves toward the direction of rotation. These fans have low space requirements, low tip speeds and are relatively quiet.AUXILIARY VENTILATIONThe ventilation of dead-end workplaces is the most frequent and Important application of auxiliary ventilation. It is used for both development and exploration work, as well as for production headings with only one entrance. A major inconvenience with any method of auxiliary ventilation during development is the necessity of frequent extension. The auxiliary airstream must be delivered as dose to the face as possible so that it can sweep away any impurities that have been generated.The two main methods of ventilating the faces of dead-end workplaces are erecting line-brattice (air entering on one side of the brattice and returning In the other side) and the installation of a fan, coupled with ventilation tubing.The practice of redirecting the main ventilation system with smaller, local fans is used where a line brattice is not adequate. Tubing, often suspended from timbers or roof bolts (if approved), carries the air to, or away from, the working face (tubing is rigid for exhaust systems and collapsible for forcing systems). This auxiliary ventilation system allows continuous miners to operate without being obstructed by brattice constructions.In addition, booster fans can be located in long airways to boost the airflow volume. These fans can be free-standing and used without using bulkheads.CIRCULATION CONTROLSMine-ventilation systems present a unique challenge in that the workfaces are normally moving away from the source of fresh air.This requires continuous changes to the ventilation system. These controls are needed to distribute the air underground, so that each working section Is ventilated with an adequate supply of fresh air.The various devices work collectively to direct the movement of the air through the main Intakes to the working section and move out through the returns without short-circuiting, which occurs when air from the intake goes directly into the return.ELIMINATING DIESEL EMISSIONSAs Mr Bear commented above, reducing harmful diesel emissions is another vital aspect of improving underground working conditions. But, while diesel-engine manufacturers and machine OEMs should be acknowledged for their combined achievements. In reducing pollutants, there would always be a percentage of emissions that must be strictly monitored, diluted and vented to the surface. What isneeded is an alternative to diesel, and some people believe fuel cells could be the key.A 2003 study by the University of Nevada used data obtained from a survey sent to 173 US metal and non-metal underground mines. From a 61% return, the survey included 4,786 diesel units (totalling 478,200kW), collectively consuming about 68MI/y of diesel fuel.As of January 20, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) enacted a regulation limiting total DPM (diesel particulate matter) emissions from diesel engines to an Interim 450Ngm of total carbon/cm' of ambient air, and suggested it would be reduced further to 160pgm in January 2008.Extensive use of diesel-powered mobile equipment has resulted in the development of mining methods such as drift and fill stoping, which, in most circumstances, require …dead-end‟auxiliary ventilation rather than 'through-flow' ventilation. Since it can be harder and more expensive to ventilate these stopes, and meet the DPM regulations, most mines will have to modify their operating practices.Mines can exploit increased ventilation to help meet the DPM criteria, but this involves considerable costs since fan power Is proportional to cubic-air quantity, and purchasing and installing fans is very expensive.So, perhaps the use of total emission-free machines in our coal mines Is closer than we think.在矿业安全的方面没有比合适的通风更重要，为了矿工的安全各种各样的先进系统被用于保证风流的通畅。

安全工程专业英语Unit11. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it.由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。

2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field.这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。

3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ.尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。

安全工程专业英语pdfSecurity Engineering Professional English PDFEngineering is a field that is constantly evolving, and the field of security engineering is no exception. Security engineering is a specialized area of engineering that focuses on the design, development, and implementation of systems and processes that ensure the protection of people, assets, and information. As the world becomes more interconnected and technology-driven, the importance of security engineering has become increasingly critical.One of the key aspects of security engineering is the ability to effectively communicate and collaborate with various stakeholders, including engineers, project managers, and clients. To this end, proficiency in English is essential for security engineers, as it is the predominant language of international communication in the field. Security engineers must be able to read, write, and comprehend technical documents, reports, and specifications, all of which are often written in English.Moreover, the field of security engineering is highly regulated, with various standards and guidelines that must be adhered to. Thesestandards are often published in English, and security engineers must be able to interpret and apply them accurately. Failure to do so can lead to serious consequences, such as compromised security systems or legal liabilities.In addition to technical proficiency, security engineers must also be able to effectively communicate with non-technical stakeholders, such as managers and clients. This requires the ability to translate complex technical concepts into plain English, ensuring that everyone involved in a project understands the importance and implications of the security measures being implemented.To enhance their English language skills, security engineers can engage in various professional development activities, such as attending conferences, participating in industry-specific training programs, or even pursuing higher education opportunities that focus on security engineering and English language proficiency.One such resource that can be particularly valuable for security engineers is the Security Engineering Professional English PDF. This comprehensive guide provides in-depth coverage of the key concepts and terminology used in the field of security engineering, all presented in clear and concise English. The PDF includes sections on risk assessment, access control, cryptography, and incident response, among other essential topics, ensuring that securityengineers have a robust understanding of the language and concepts necessary for success in their field.By mastering the English language and leveraging resources like the Security Engineering Professional English PDF, security engineers can enhance their professional capabilities, improve their communication skills, and ultimately contribute to the development of more secure and resilient systems that protect individuals, organizations, and society as a whole.。

PART 1 SAFETY ENGINEERING THEORIES第一部份安全工程理论1. Why do we need safety engineering?为什么我们需要安全工程专业？It’s difficult to open a newspaper or turn on the television and not be reminded how dangerous our world is. Both large-scale natural and man-made disasters seem to occur on an almost daily basis. An accident at a plant in Bhopal, India, killed over 2,500 people. A nuclear power plant in the Ukraine exploded and burned out of control, sending a radioactive cloud to over 20 countries, severely affecting its i mmediate neighbors’ livestock and farming.无论翻开报纸或打开电视都很难不被提醒到：世界是多么危险。

大范围的自然和人为灾难的发生似乎已成为每日的组成部分。

在印度Bhopal一工厂发生的事故，造成超过2500人的死亡。

乌克兰一核能工厂发生爆炸，燃烧无法控制，放射云蔓延超过20个国家，严重地影响了邻国的畜牧业。

A total of 6.7 million injuries and illnesses in the United States were reported by private industry in 1993. Two commuter trains in metropolitan Washington, DC, collided in 1996, killing numerous passengers. Large oil tankers ran aground in Alaska and Mexico, spilling millions of gallons of oil and despoiling the coastline. An automobile air-bag manufacturing plant exploded, killing one worker, after it had had over 21 fire emergencies in one year. Swarms of helicopters with television cameras were drawn to the plant after every call, creating a public relations nightmare and forcing the government to shut down the plant temporarily.1993年，在美国，据报道共有670万例受伤和疾病发生在私营行业。

Unit 1Safety Management Systems安全管理体系1.Accident Causation Models1.事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。

介绍安全工程专业的英语作文As the world becomes increasingly digitalized, the demand for professionals in the field of security engineering is on the rise. 安全工程专业是一个涉及到计算机科学、网络安全和信息技术等多个领域的综合性学科，它旨在培养学生具备在互联网时代面临各种安全威胁和挑战时，能够设计、开发和维护安全系统的能力。

One of the primary focuses of security engineering is on developing strategies to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or cyber-attacks. 安全工程专业的主要焦点之一是开发保护敏感信息免受未经授权访问或网络攻击的策略。

这需要学生掌握网络安全原理、密码学、防火墙技术等多种技能，以应对日益复杂的网络威胁。

In addition to technical skills, security engineering also emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations and legal compliance. 与技术技能相辅相成的是，安全工程也强调道德考虑和合法合规的重要性。

在处理安全问题时，学生需要考虑到不同利益相关者的权益，同时遵循法律法规，这对于培养学生的责任感和社会责任意识非常关键。

Furthermore, the curriculum for security engineering often includes hands-on experience and real-world case studies to provide students with practical skills and knowledge. 此外，安全工程专业的课程通常包括实践经验和真实案例研究，以提供学生实际技能和知识。

安全工程专业英语词汇及翻译(司鹄版)Unit6Industry hygiene工业卫生physical hazard物理危害、物质危害nonionizing radiation非电离辐射adverse effects副作用loud noise嘈杂的声音chemical bum化学烧伤live electrical circuits 带电电路confined space密闭空间hearing loss听力丧失physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍annoyance烦恼power tools电动工具impulse脉冲sound level meter噪声计jet engine 喷气式发动机time-weighted average时间加权平均heat stress 热应力、热威胁shivering 颤抖hard labor辛苦工作fatigued疲劳的living tissue活组织plastic sealer塑料密封机biological hazard 生物危害potable water饮用水sewage污水physical contact身体接触allergic reaction 过敏反应severe pain剧烈疼痛manual handing手工处理airborne空中的on a daily basis每天hazard communication standard危害通识规定stipulation规定、条款trade name商标名工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术，这些压力产生或来自与工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或是工程或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服。

（P67）当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。

安全工程专业英语词组Safety Management System安全管理系统Accident-proneness Model事故倾向模型Accident Causation Model事故致因模型Organizational/Safety Culture组织/安全文化Quality and environmental management system质量和环境管理系统System Safety Engineering系统安全工程System Safety Program系统安全规划Hazard Analysis危险源分析Hazard Control危险源控制Hazard Identification危险源辨识Hazard Evaluation危险源评估The Ergonomics Process人机工程过程Chain of command行政管理系统Personal protective equipment(PPE)个人防护设备Safety Inspection安全检查Hazard reporting system危险源呈报系统Occupational health and safety management system职业健康安全管理体系Rational orgnisation theory理性组织理论Planning and review/accountability计划与评审/职责Industrial Hygiene工业卫生Physical Hazard物理危险源Biological Hazard生物危险源Ergonomic Hazard人体工程学危险源Chemical Hazard化学危险源Self-motivation自我激励Pavement Breaker混凝土路面破碎机Terrestrial Radiation地面辐射Accident Investigation事故调查Aground fault circuit interrupter接地故障断路器Artificial v entilation人工呼吸Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation心肺复苏法Safety device安全防护装置Declaration of Conformity符合性声明Confined Spaces狭小空间Manufacturing Industry制造业Rock Falls岩石冒落Phase transition相变Coal field煤田Mine Fire矿井火灾Spontaneous combustion自然发火Old working老采空区，老窑Smoke Explosion轰然说明:此内容不代表考试重点,请大家斟酌.考试时字母均为小写即可.翻译Translation1.One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented bySchein who has that organizational culture is"a pattern of basic assumptions--invented,discovered,or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with itsproblems of external adaptation and internal integration--that has worked wellenough to be considered valid and,therefore,to be taught to new members as thecorrect way to perceive,think,and feel in relation to those problems".对组织文化的一种全面的定义是由Schein提出的，他认为组织文化是“一种基本假设的模型——由特定群体在研究处理外部适应与内部聚合问题的过程中发明或发展出来的——由于运作效果好而被认可，并传授给组织新成员以作为理解、思考和感受相关问题的正确方式。

危险控制hazard control危险分析hazard analysis直接原因direct causecorporate cause安全评审safety assessmentsocial needs生理需求physiological needsguard rail安全评价safety evaluation危险辨识hazard identification间接原因indirect cause高危行业high risk industry安全激励safety motivationoccupational disease建筑安全construction safety建筑事故construction accident系统安全工程system safety engineeringaccident investigation调查程序investigation procedure安全文化safety culture事故率accident rate自我激励self motivationaccident proneness高空作业working at high作业平台working platformemergency response plan个人需求ego needs安全氛围safety environment建筑工地construction site在狭小空间工作由于不知道在狭小空间工作的危险导致了很多工人的死亡。

经常这些被杀死的工人中不仅包括在狭小空间工作的工人，还包括这些没有装备好就试图去营救他们的人。

在这种地方工作需要技术熟练和经过培训的人以确保安全。

如果不能避免在狭小空间工作那么为了这项工作增加专家经常是安全的。

空气在狭小空间不宜吸入要么是因为有毒气体和烟气或者是缺少氧气。

没有足够的自然通风设备去保持空气适合吸入。

在某些情况下气体可能是易燃的，因此它可能也有着火或爆炸的危险。

工作空间可能是受限制的，使工人靠近接触其他危险如移动的机器，电流或蒸汽排气阀和蒸汽管子。