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Proofreading exercisesThe door is bright painted. →The door is brightly painted.I cleanly forget it. →I clean forget it.This book is worth. →This book is worth the money.He has visited the whole Beijing. →He has visited the whole of Beijing.He hid the money lest it would be stolen. →He hid the money lest it should be stolen.I doubt that he told us a lie. →I doubt whether he told us a lie.We discussed if we should close the shop. →We discussed whether we should close the shop.We haven’t settled the question of if we will go on with the experiment. →We haven’t settled the question of whether we will go on with the experiment. For he is ill, he is absent today. →Since /Because he is ill, he is absent today.The reason why he has lost his job is because he has never pleased his boss. →The reason why he has lost his job is that he has never pleased his boss. Hardly had he got there than it began to rain. →Hardly had he got there when it began to rain.He told us the news which the Chinese football team was beaten again. →He told us the news that the Chinese football team was beaten again. Neither he and they have done it. →Neither he nor they have done it.His parents are all doctors. →His parents are both doctors.None of his parents is fond of pets. →Neither of his parents is fond of pets.It’s a wise man who never makes mistakes. →It’s a wise man that never makes mistakes.This is the classroom in that we study. →This is the classroom in which we study.We decided to adhere the project. →We decided to adhere to the project.He advertised his missing pet. →He advertised for his missing pet.I certainly approve your plan. →I certainly approve of your plan.The businessman mainly deals with HP computers.→The businessman mainly deals in HP computers.I am awaiting for your early reply. →I am awaiting your early reply.The murderer cannot escape from punishment. →The murderer cannot escape punishment.Pandas inhabit in the forest. →Pandas inhabit the forest.Have you joined in the club? →Have you joined the club?The enemy suffered from heavy casualties. →The enemy suffered heavy casualties.Only ten passengers survived from the accident.→Only ten passengers survived the accident.Wait for your chance patiently. →Wait your chance patiently.He will only see you on appointment. →He will only see you by appointment.Let me thank you in behalf of the President. →Let me thank you on behalf of the President. There is no student in the campus. →There is no student on the campus.Tom is in the basketball team. →Tom is on the basketball team.The bridge is in construction. →The bridge is under construction.The lion stood in way. →The lion stood in the way.He made to the door. →He made for the door.Please contact me on phone. →Please contact me by phone.You are wanted by the phone. →You are wanted on the phone.Air-conditioners are on great demand. →Air-conditioners are in great demand.They ran to the direction of the river. →They ran in the direction of the river.The gossip soon spread from all directions. →The gossip soon spread in all directions. Don’t read under the sun. →Don’t read in the sun.The official is in suspicion now. →The official is under suspicion now.We did it at our own will. →We did it of our own will.He did it in ease. →He did it with ease.I tried every means by my disposal. →I tried every means at my disposal. He is an authority in agriculture. →He is an authority on agriculture.。
英语专八改错题：1、改错虽然为主观题，但错误类型相对集中，可分为以下几种情况：定冠词：a，an，the误用，甚至多出来；解决办法：分析定冠词的主语及上下文有无指代；级：分两类错误，第一种是原级用成比较级，比较级用成最高级，反之亦然。
有一种除外，是两者比较谁最好，可以用最高级；第二种是意思相反，如most改为least；连词错误：也分两种，第一种为连词误用，应该表示转折的用成了并列，比如while改为and；第二种为近义词。
在不同语境中用However，Nonetheless，比用but更合适，更合乎语法；（与逻辑关系也有关，看上下文，联系语境）词性错误：多出现为形容词转变为副词，反之亦然；也有可能是限定，如adv.+adj.+n.，如下所说；形容词改为动词或名词等，多出现在一词多性的情况下；形容词限定错误：出现在adj.+adj.+n.要知道第1个adj.是限定第2个adj.还是限定n.；若是限定第2个adj.，大多改为副词adv.；搭配错误：多为介词搭配错误，如ins ome extent改为to，rely in改为on等；也有搭配词没有给出，需要自己添加，比如define...as；词义错误：比如：rather than改为other than；（此项比较难）近义形容词错误：例如：respective，respectable，respectful，respecting，respected；（此项比较难）缺失：例如the fact后面直接接了句子，中间缺少that，表明同位关系；多余：有的地方莫名其妙多出一个词，多为介词，是没有用的；词义相反：多出现在形容词，需要在前面添加或去掉in-，im-，ir-，un-等否定前缀；主动被动：分析主语与谓语动词的逻辑关系是主动还是被动，多出现在分句中；三单：主语与谓语是单数还是复数，主语是否为不可数名词，是的话如何判断谓语动词是单数还是复数，还是有特殊用法；时态：现在时用为过去式，或者进行时用成了现在时等；定语从句用错先行词：which用成了that；难点儿的比如：for which用成了which，要知道for which=why，in/at which=where；还有什么情况下必须用that，比如人和物搭配，序数词，the one，the only，不缺任何成分，有否定词，有all等；2013年专业八级改错答案及解析：1. production 改为producing。
专八英语改错技巧"校对与改错'是英语专业八级考试中的一种传统题型，2016年英语专业八级考试题型调整后，本题改名为"语言知识'(Language Usage)，但文章长度、错误类型、题量(10道)、分值(10分)、答题时间(15分钟)等均未有任何变化。
该题虽然在整个考试中占分比例不大，但得分率一直不高，对广大考生来说是一个难点。
改错的基本思路：先找一眼就能看出的错误，其次找：逻辑关系(从句，代词)冠词(n. adj. adv.)动词固定搭配常见的逻辑关系词：and, therefore, nevertheless, but, so, since, whereas, or, furthermore, as.常考的逻辑关系标志词(按用发分类)：连词：and, but, or, yet, whereas, so, since, as, while, although..a. 并列连词：and, but, orb. 从属连词：yet, whereas, so, since, as, while, although...副词：therefore, however, nevertheless, furthermore, also...2英语专业专八备考方法考试时间是每年的3月上旬，对象是英语及相关专业大四同学。
非英语及相关专业与非在校生无法参加考试。
考试成绩分三级：60-69分是合格;70-79分是优良;80分及以上是出色。
第一部分，听力理解Listening Comprehension，可以准备口语性较强、反映现代生活的英语资料，多听一些大众媒介英语，进行实战演习。
报刊、杂志、电影、电视的英语都是不错的。
校对与改错Proofreading and Error Correction，这个必须要积存词汇，平常多做一些联系，积存自己的词汇。
阅读理解 Reading Comprehension，阅读是获取语言知识最直接、最有效的方法，关键是多做学习，大量阅读，通过阅读来提升阅读水平。
英语专业八级改错高分功略题型介绍本题由一篇250词左右的短文组成，短文中有10行标有题号。
该10行均含有一个语误。
要求学生根据“增添”、“删去”或“改变其中的某一单词或短语”三种方法中的一种，以改正语误。
考试时间共计15分钟.共10题。
要求学生能运用语法、修辞、结构等语言知识识别短文内的语病并提出改正的方法。
作题步骤第一步：通读全文了解大意同时改正明显错误；有的错误很明显，比如短语搭配on some occassions 不是in on some occassions第二步：：逐句分析个个击破没有把握暂时不做；没有把握的不要乱做，为最后整体把握做准备第三步：整体把握平均用力十大错误助你高分。
最后整体把握看看十大错误还有哪些没有用上，尽量从没有用过的错误角度考虑。
十大错误根据笔者对专业八级改错题的分析，发现十大经典错误，如能正确运用，必将助你一臂之力。
经典错误1：一致问题经典错误2：时态语态语气问题，经典错误3：非谓语动词问题经典错误4：形容词与副词问题经典错误5：易混词与反义词问题经典错误6：赘述省略平行问题经典错误7：介词冠词问题经典错误8：定语问题，经典错误9：搭配错误，经典错误10：衔接错误真题实践Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min)2004One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congress is the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees，special committees set for a specific （1）____ purpose，or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. （2）____ Investigations are held to gather information on the need for futur e legislation，to test the effectiveness of laws already passed， to i nquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches，and in rare occasions，to lay the （3）____ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently，committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings （4）____ and to make out detailedstudies of issues. （5）____ There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its re sults. Most （6）____ committee hearings are open to public and are reported （7）____ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigations nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers （8）____ to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. （9）____ Congressional committees also have the power to compel testimony from unwilling witnesses，and to cite for contempt of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury these who give false testimony. （10）____答案详解One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congress is the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees，special committees set ∧for a specific （1）___up_ 不当的省略purpose，or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. （2）_consisting_非谓语问题Investigations are held to gather information on the need for future legislation，to test the effectiveness of laws already passed， to inquire into the qualifications and performance of m embersand official s of the other branches，and in rare occasions，to lay the （3）__on__ 介词搭配问题groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently，committees rely ∧outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings （4）__on__不当的省略and to make out detailed studies of issues. （5）_out_多余__ There are important corollaries to the investigative power.One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most （6）_their___ 一致问题committee heari。
专八改错练习PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (20 MIN.)Directions: The following passage contains 17 errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error, and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “ʌ”signand write the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash ―/‖ and putthe word in the blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a tick “✓”in the blank provided at the end of theline.Air quality in Britain has improved considerably in thelast thirty years. Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by 1_____ over 85 per cent since 1950. The domestic smoking control grogram 2_____ has been particularly important in achieving this result. London and 3_____ other major cities are no longer have the dense smoke-laden 4_____ ―smogs‖ of the 1950s but in central London winter sunshine has5_____ increased about 70 per cent since 1958. 6_____ Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British 7_____ monitoring network has been made available to the public by 8_____ the Department of the Environment‘s Air Quality Bulletins.9_____ These give the concentrations on three main pollutants--ozone, 10____ nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide--and grade air quality on 11____ a scale between ―very weak‖ and ―very good‖. The information12____ features in television and radio weather reports appears 13____ in many national and local newspapers. Therefore, the data are also 14____ available on the special free telephone number and on videotext systems. 15____A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air 16____ quality was announced in January 1992. Three independent committees 17____ of which experts have been established to advise in different 18____ aspects of the problem, ad will set guidelines and targets for air 19____ quality. The network also being extended and upgraded at a cost 20____of 10 million pounds.---THE END---PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (20 MIN.)Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “ʌ”signand write the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash ―/‖ and putthe word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Classic Intention MovementIn social situations, the classic Intention Movement is―the chair grasp‖. Host and guests have been talkingfor some time, but now the host has an appointmentto keep and can get away. His urge to go is 1_____ held in check by his desire not be rude to his guest. 2_____ If he did not care of his guest‘s feelings he would3_____ simply get up out of his chair and to announce his 4_____ departure. This is what his body wants to do, therefore 5_____ his politeness glues his body to the chair and refusesto let him raise. It is at this point that he 6_____ performs the chair-grasp Intention Movement. He continuesto talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forwardand grasp the arms of the chair as about to push 7_____ himself upwards. This is the first act he wouldmake if he were rising. If he were not hesitating, 8_____ it would only last a fraction of the second. He would 9_____ lean, push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lastsmuch longer. He holds his ―readiness-to-rise‖ post and 10____ keeps on holding it. It is as if his body had frozenat the get-ready moment.---THE END---PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (20 MIN.)Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “ʌ”signand write the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash ―/‖ and putthe word in the blank provided at the end of the line.When a human infant is born into any community in any part of theworld it has two things in common with any infant, provided neither of them 1_____ have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. Firstly, and 2_____ most obviously, new born children are completely helpless. Apart from apowerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there 3_____ is nothing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Withoutcare from some other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, orhuman group, a child is very likely to survive. This helplessness of humaninfants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new born animals toget on their feet within minutes of birth and run with herd within a few4_____ hours. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for weeks 5_____ or even months after birth, compared with the human infant they very quicklygrow the capacity to fend for them. 6_____ It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totallydependent on the others that it reveals the second feature which it shares 7_____ with all other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. Forthis rea son, biologists now suggest that language be ―species specific‖ to the8_____ human race, that is to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic 9_____ programmed in such way that it can acquire language. 10____ This suggestion implies that just as human beings are designed to seethree-dimensionally and in colour, and just as they are designed to standupright rather than to move on all fours, so they are designed to learn anduse language as part of their normal developments as well-formedhuman beings.---THE END---PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (20 MIN.)Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “ʌ”signand write the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash ―/‖ and putthe word in the blank provided at the end of the line.The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1_____ human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2_____ with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed thatone-half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate onfishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds and 3_____ more of the hunter-gatherer‘s calories come from plants. Detailed studiesof the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showedthat gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. Anhour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories, 4_____ as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5_____ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, 6_____ and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails, interestingly, if they escapefatal infections or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to oldages despite of the absence of medical care. They experience no obesity, 7_____ and no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, noheart disease, and their blood cholesterol level are low (about half of8_____ the average American adult.) If no one is suggesting that we return to 9_____ an aboriginal life, we certainly could use their eating habitsas a model for healthier diet. 10____ ---THE END---PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (20 MIN.)Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “ʌ”signand write the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash ―/‖ and putthe word in the blank provided at the end of the line.About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countriescould be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent 1_____ high risk pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the 2_____ Johns Hopking University.The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000maternal deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs 3_____ children within the safest years with adequate intervals among births 4_____ and limited their families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370,000maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for 5_____ this year by the United Nation‘s Children‘s Fund and the US Centers forDisease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births 6_____ occur in the high risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the 7_____ risk of maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific8_____types of pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those 9_____ after the mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and thoselesser than two years apart. 10____ ---THE END---答案:1 将had used 改为used; 因为此句是虚拟语气,表示与现在事实相反,故条件从句中应使用一般过去时2 将publishing改为published: report和publish时逻辑动宾关系,故应使用publish的过去分词短语来修饰report。
英文作文改错技巧Improving your English writing skills, especially in terms of correcting errors, involves several strategies. Here are some techniques you can use:1. Proofreading: After writing your essay, take some time to carefully read through it. Look for any spelling, grammar, or punctuation mistakes. Reading aloud can also help you catch errors that you might miss when reading silently.2. Grammar and Punctuation Rules: Familiarize yourself with common grammar and punctuation rules in English. Understanding these rules will help you identify errors more easily. For example, know when to use apostrophes, commas, semicolons, and colons.3. Sentence Structure: Pay attention to the structure of your sentences. Make sure each sentence has a clear subject, verb, and object (if applicable). Avoid run-onsentences and sentence fragments.4. Verb Tenses: Be consistent with verb tenses throughout your essay. If you're writing in the past tense, make sure all verbs reflect this tense. Similarly, ifyou're writing in the present or future tense, maintain consistency.5. Subject-Verb Agreement: Ensure that the subject and verb in each sentence agree in number (singular or plural). For example, "The dog barks" is correct, while "The dog bark" is incorrect.6. Word Choice: Choose your words carefully to convey your intended meaning accurately. Avoid using words you're unsure of or words that might be easily confused with others.7. Transitional Phrases: Use transitional phrases to connect ideas and improve the flow of your essay. These phrases help readers understand how different parts of your essay are related to each other.8. Seek Feedback: Ask someone else to read your essay and provide feedback. Fresh eyes can often catch errorsthat you might overlook. Additionally, consider joining a writing group or seeking help from a tutor or teacher.9. Practice Regularly: Like any skill, improving your English writing requires practice. Set aside time to write regularly, whether it's journaling, writing essays, or engaging in other writing activities.10. Use Online Tools: Take advantage of online grammar and spell-check tools to help you identify errors more efficiently. However, be cautious and use these tools as a supplement to your own proofreading skills rather than relying solely on them.By incorporating these techniques into your writing routine and being mindful of common errors, you can improve your ability to identify and correct mistakes in your English writing. Remember that becoming proficient in anyskill takes time and effort, so be patient with yourself as you work towards improvement.。
专⼋改错TEM-8改错部分PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors. Each in dicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a miss ing word,mark the positi on of the miss ing word with a" A " sig n and write the word you believe to be miss ing in the bla nk provided at the end of the line.For an unn ecessary word, cross the unn ecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen A art museum wants a new exhibit it n ever buys things in fini shed form and hangs them on the wall. When a n atural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it.1999The hun ter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1. __ huma n an cestors con sume primarily a vegetable diet suppleme nti ng 2. __with an imal foods. An an alysis of 58 societies of modem hunter- gatherers, in cludi ng the Kung ofsouther n Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gatheri ng pla nt foods, on e-third concen trate on fish ing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter- gatherer ' s calories come from plants. 3. __Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scie ntists at the Uni versity of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hun ti ng. An hour of hun ti ng yields in average about 100 4. edible calories, as an hour of gatheri ng produces 240.5. Plant foods provide for 60 perce nt to 80 perce nt of the Kung6. diet, and no one goes hungry whe n the hunt fails. In teresti ngly, if they escape fatal in fecti ons oraccide nts, these con temporaryaborigi nes live to old ages despite of the abse nee of medical care. 7. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average America n 8. __ adult), if no one is suggest ing what we retur n to an aborig in al life 9. __ style, we certa inly could use their eati ng habits as a model for10. _ (1) _an(2) n ever (3) exhibithealthier diet.2000The grammatical words which play so large a part in En glish grammaris that grammatical words have "less meaning ” , but in f(2)t _______some grammaria ns have called them “ empty ” wordsas opposed in the “ full ” words of vocabulary. But this (3) _____________is a rather misled way of express ing the disti nction. (4) _______Although a word like “ the ” is not the name of somethingas “ man" is, it is very far away from being meaningless; (5) _______there is a sharp differe nee in meaning betwee n “ man is vile ”and “ the man is vile ” , yet the is the single vehicle of (6) _______this differe nee in meaning.Moreover, grammatical words differ con siderably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have even in (7) _______the lexical sen se. Ano ther n ame for the grammatical wordshas been "little words. ” But size is by no mean a good criter(d8) ___________for disti nguish ing the grammatical words of En glish,when we consider that we have lexical words as (9) _______go, man, say, car. Apart from this, however, thereis a good deal of truth in what some people say: wecerta inly do create a great nu mber of obscurity whe n (10) ______we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetryof Robert Brow ning but i n the prose of telegrams and n ewspaper headli nes.2001During the early years of this cen tury, wheat was see n as thevery lifeblood of Wester n Can ada. People on city streets watchedthe yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeli ng as if 1. __ they were growers. The market ing of wheat became an in creas ing 2. __ favorite topic of con versati on.War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketi ngthe wester n crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grainselling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange.Wheat prices were gen erally low in the autu mn, so farmers could 3. __ not wait for markets to improve. It had happe ned too often thatthey sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest whe n farm debts 4. __ were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. 5.___ On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, 6.___ but the government had no wish to become involving, at 7.___least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal2002There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt 'naturally' and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt (1) _____ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what (2)_____our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often (3) _____ comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. (4) _____It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We begin the "natural' (5) __________________________________________ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and (6) _____ practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult (7) _____ English spelling. This is 'natural', therefore, that our speech-sounds (8) _____ should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community and (9)___________________________________________________ giving a sense of 'belonging'. We learn quite early to recognize a 'stranger', someone who speaks with an accent of a different community - perhaps only a few miles far. (10) ____2003 Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than (1) _____a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the boom” . “ baby (2) ______ These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused (3) _____a major but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns.From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high (4) ____ rate and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (5) ___Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women (6) ____ who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after apostwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United Statesmaintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe.Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned. 2004One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congress is the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees, special committees set for a spe-(1) _____ cific purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses.(2) _____Investigations are held to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test theeffectiveness of laws already passed, to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3) _____groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4) ______and to make out detailed studies of issues.(5) _____ There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsCongressional committees also have the power to compel testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contempt of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury these who give false testimony.2005The University as BusinessA number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuitionincreases for next year. Much steeper than the current, very low, rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing (1) in common stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income;(2) _____ (7) ____(8) ____ (9) ____ (10) ____(6) _____ (7) _____ (8) _____ (9) _____ (10) _____and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those ofbusiness firms. The rise in tuition may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in graduate and professional - school tuition); the poor one's job prospects, the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required courses. Sky -high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely of need, just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer.2006We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message; the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively and that which he recognizes, increases in size as he grows old as a result of education and experience.But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a concrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most common forms of transmission -by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs(speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are among most striking of human achievements.(3) _____(4) _____(5) _____(6) _____(7) _____(8) _____(9) _____(2) _________(3) _________(4) _________(5) _________(6) _________(7) _________(8) ________(9) _________(10) _________2007From what has bee n said, it must be clear that no one can make very positive stateme nts about how Ian guage origi nated. There is no material in any Ianguage today and in the earliest records of ancient Ian guages shows us Ian guage in a new and emerg ing state. It is ofte n said, of course, that the Ian guageorigi nated in cries of an ger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the n ecessary(4)_______________________________________________________________________evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providi ng evide nce of a Ian guage with a large proporti on of such cries than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evide nce does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds too the theory is not veryattractive. People of all races and Ian guages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that such no ises are similar on the lips of Fren chme n and Malaysia ns, whose Ian guages are utterly differe nt, serves to emphasize on the fun dame ntal differe nce betwee n these no ises and Ian guage proper, We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amuseme nt are largely reflex actions, in sti nctive to large exte nt, whereas Ian guage proper does not consist of sig ns but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conven ti on al.2008The desire to use Ian guage as a sig n of n ati onal ide ntity is a very n atural one, and in result Ian guage has played a prominent part in n ati onal moves. Men have ofte n felt theneed to cultivate a given Ianguage to show that they are distinctive from ano ther race whose hegem ony they rese nt. At the time the United States split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals that in depe ndence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a differe nt Ian guage from those of Britain. There was even one proposal that Ameri-cans should adopt Hebrew. Others favored the adopti on of Greek, though, as one man put it, things would certa inly be simpler for America ns if they stuck on to En glish and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as every one kno ws, the two coun tries adopted the practical and satisfactory soluti on of carry ing with the same Ian guage as before. Si nce n early two hun dred years now, they have show n the world that political independence and national identity can be complete without sacrific ing the eno rmous mutual adva ntages of a com mon Ian guage.(1) __________⑵ __________ ⑺ __________(8) __________(9) _________ (10) __________(1) _______ (2) _______(8) ---------- (9) ______ (10) ----------2009The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one schoolchild to the next, and illustrates the further difference between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. The period between learning a nursery rhymeand transmitting it may be something from twenty to seventy years. With the playground lore, therefore, a rhyme may be passed on within the very hour it is learnt; and, in the general, it passes between children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the original wording.2010So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say.There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice. Whereas this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos, it is said, can speak about snow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes mis-called 'primitive') is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinctions as important.Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the (2) _________(3) _________(4) _________(5) _________(6) _________(7) _________(8) _________(9) _________(10) _________(1) _____(2) _____(3) _____(4) _____(5) _____(6) _____(7) _____Eskimos' llife.第⼀部分：语法1. a/an /the例⼦：_____ food system must be built up without delay.搭配1: such a+形容词+名词搭配2：so+形容词+a+名词2. 双重所有格例⼦：我碰到了我姐姐的⼀个朋友-I met a friend of my sister.-I met a friend of my sister ' s.3. 物主代词A: I love Hemingway ' s novels becausare the best.B: I love your no vels because yours are the best.4. ⽐较级-⽐较级平衡性-复杂⽐较句型1: It is not so much A as B.句型2：It is less A than B句型2：No sooner had I en tered tha n the teleph one rang.句型3：more than句型4：anything but句型5：nothing but5. 时态（照应、主被动、虚拟语⽓）虚拟语⽓-If+did, I would(might/could)do.-If+had don e, I would have done.-If only I had don e!(I didnt do it)-It is n ecessary/importa nt/urge nt that some measures be take n. -It is time that some measures were take n.-I would rather stay at home./I would rather you stayed at home. -I wish that I could land on the Moon.6. 分词stop doin g/stop to do; remember doin g/remember to do; regret doin g/regret to do -⼏个to doing的表达be used to doing;be accustomed to doing;look forward to doing;stick to doing;object to doing;be committed to现在分词的句⼦构型-名词+do in g+do-句⼦，doing.-句⼦，名词+doi ng.-It is+ 形容词to do something.-It is too 形容词to do7. 定从/同位从/what引导名词化从句/where引导名词化从句8. 强调句第⼆部分：连词1. 句⼦种类-simple sentence-compound sentence （复合句）-complex sentence (复杂句)2. Compound :平⾏-转折： but, however, Neverthelessin fact, actually, rather,-对⽐：I lear n En glish, but she lear ns Fren ch.-not only, but …as well-原因：for-结果：so,(so that), as a result, con seque ntly.Tip:其他因果词汇-ow ing to; due to-tha nks to-As a result of-out of-con tribute (success/failure) to +-owe success to-选择：or/ or so=about:-and的特殊使⽤A few days ' rai n or a wicked storm or twod it will flood.2. Complex sentence:五组关系-让：although/though/even though ( in spite of/despite fact that) -对⽐：while/whereas -时间：while doing , …./when 动词-条件：if/only if/as long as-原因：because/on account of三个词:-until: I did n L leave until six o '直到c k?.….才(就)。
