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POA视阈下的大学英语跨文化交际能力培养与文化自信教育作者：刘倩赵旭来源：《校园英语·月末》2018年第09期【摘要】大学英语教师在教学过程中应重视培养大学生跨文化交际能力，着重开展文化自信教育。
教师以POA教学方法为基础，在驱动环节树立交际文化教学观念，重视促成环节对多元文化的理解，设计有效的评价问题，优化教学过程，提高学生产出任务的质量，可以有效实现大学英语跨文化交际能力培养与文化自信教育。
【关键词】POA视阈；大学英语；跨文化交际能力；文化自信【作者简介】刘倩（1989-），女，陕西西安人，硕士，陕西国际商贸学院基础课部讲师，研究方向：文化比较研究；赵旭（1983-），男，陕西汉中人，硕士，陕西国际商贸学院基础课部讲师，研究方向：大学英语教学理论与实践。
【基金项目】本文系2018年度西安社会科学规划基金课题“坚定文化自信下大学英语教学中学生跨文化交际能力培养研究”（项目编号：18Y04）和2017年陕西国际商贸学院教育教学改革研究项目“基于POA产出导向理论的大学英语写作智慧课堂教学研究与实践”（项目编号：JG201708）的阶段性研究成果。
当前大学英语教育存在“重视知识、轻视应用”这种不合理的现象，这不利于当代大学生走向世界。
我国国际地位越来越高，大学生的国际交流机会越来越多，重视大学生跨文化交际能力的培养，有助于其更自信地走向世界舞台。
虽然当前大学英语改革取得一定成效，可是依然偏重于理论知识的教学，对于大学生的语言运用能力和跨国家的交际能力的培养，整体重视程度还不够高，不利于大学生全面发展。
总体上看，大学生整体交际能力不强，语言运用能力较低，在面对西方国家时，本国文化自信程度低，即使有着很好的基础知识，也能难将其表达出来。
基于此种背景，大学英语教育工作者提出以“POA”教学方法开展大学英语的跨文化交际能力培养和文化自信的教育，全方面提升大学生语言交际能力，增强其文化自信。
一、“POA”教学方法“POA”教学方法，即Production-oriented approach，中文称之为“产出导向法”，这种教学方法最开始被应用在成人外语的学习中，主要分成了三个重要环节：“动力”、“促成”、“评价”。
《简爱》论文英文参考文献《简爱》论文英文参考文献文章类型：参考文献英文参考文献本文是一篇参考文献，在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时，在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注，再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”选“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号（带格式）”，然后选择相应的文献，插入即可。
简爱论文英文参考文献一：[1]谭炯。
An Analysis of the Feminism in Jane Eyre[J]. 读与写（教育教学刊），2014,11（07）：6.[2]王琳，卢芳，李思萌。
Strict Social Hierarchy in Victorian Age--The background of Jane Eyre[J]. 科技展望，2014,（17）：237.[3]赵艳梅。
An Interpretation of Jane Eyre's Feeling of Inferiority at Gateshead in Jane Eyre[J]. 海外英语，2015,（04）：237-239+250.[4]刘佳，JU Jing. The Reflection of Modern Females' Prominent Qualities in Jane Eyre[J]. 海外英语，2015,（06）：173-174.[5]吴娟娟。
“There is Always The Other Side”: Deconstruction of English Identity and Masculinity--Intertextuality between Wide Sargasso Sea and Jane Eyre[J]. 海外英语，2015,（09）：187-189.[6]吴学进，符章琼。
A Unity of Contradictions-An Analysis of Jane Eyre's Character[J]. 海外英语，2012,（03）：214-215+222.[7]张哲。
The Disappearing1Leash2消失的皮带by Jill Burns乔雅选译It was a very hot summer night.My husband David and I still felt terrible, even outside the door where it was cooler.那是一个非常炎热的夏夜。
即使是在外面凉爽些的地方，我和丈夫大卫依然感觉很难受。
As we sat complaining3about the hot day,David came up with a great idea.“Why don’t we watch a movie?Find a movie with snow and cold.That might cool us off a bit.”当我们坐在那里抱怨炎热的天气时，大卫想出了一个好主意。
“我们为什么不看看电影呢？找一部有雪又冷的电影看，可能会让我们觉得凉快一点。
”After going through the bookcase,we picked out a movie and headed upstairs to watch.The story took place in Canada and had snow and huskies.When the movie went on,we found that the story didn ’t cool us off,but made us miss our lovely,goofy 4huskies.We put them outside in their large kennel 5for the rest of the night since our house did not have air conditioning 6.仔细在书架翻找了一会儿后，我们挑选出了一部电影，然后上楼去观看。
北京林业大学刘倩分享-英文求职信（五篇范例）第一篇：北京林业大学刘倩分享-英文求职信October 28P.O.Box 527Beijing Forest universityPeking, China 100083Dear Sir/Madam：I have learned from the newspaper that there is a layout vacancy in your company, and I wish to apply for the position.Your position requires 211 university,Bachelor or above in economy and and proficient in office,I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements for I have received a good education and I have business knowledge and know the sales techniques..I will be graduating from Beijing Forest University this year with manage degree,I am majoring in Marketing in university.My studies have included courses in economy field.During my education, I have grasped the principals of my major and skills of practice.Not only have I passed CET-6, but more important I can communicate with others freely in English.My ability to write and speak English is out of question.And I passed the Visual Foxpro through my perfect skills in computer.I have a practice experience in some super market,I am familiar to marketing sell and can analyst the market changes to make sonereasonable idea to fit it.Although I am a fresh for social official work ,but I can learn everything of job quickly.Should you give me a trial, I will do my most to afford you every satisfaction.Your organization is more than just a business house.It is an institution in the minds of the local public.It has a reputation for fair play and honesty with both employees andcustomers alike.I would be pleased if you would grant me an interview at you convenience.SincerelyLiu Qian第二篇：北京林业大学北京林业大学北京林业大学是教育部直属、教育部与国家林业局共建的全国重点大学。
成都理工大学学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文学生姓名：张露学号：200811010418 专业名称：英语译文标题（中英文）：Relevance Theory, Humour, and the Narrative Structureof Humorous Novéis《关联理论，幽默以及幽默小说的叙事结构》译文出处：Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 13指导教师审阅签名：(2000): 95-106外文译文正文：关联理论，幽默以及幽默小说的叙事结构摘要近来把关联理论应用进幽默言语（笑话）的研究工作以努力达到最大语境效果过程的要求增加为特点。
然而，这种增加的要求尤其对解决这类幽默话语中的不一致性有所限制。
因为句子越长，幽默语句就更为复杂，并且不一致性的解决过程主要依赖于文字描绘中使用强烈含义的内部连贯性和叙述者对阅读者百科知识要求的外部一致性。
使这些研究工作特色化并使其看起来对幽默持久产生具有必要性的强烈含义使用可能解释幽默言语是直观的并且不约而同地被认为是第三类文学。
因为根据关联理论，好的文学的特点是从根本上有弱含义使用的语境效果的复杂性和多样性。
1.引言现在看来与奥斯丁和格莱斯最初的把文学作为一种语言的寄生应用的观点相反，大家接受把文学作品归类成涉及某些在交流产生和接受的精神过程的复杂交流行为。
因此，复杂交流对语用学的见解尤其是关联理论具有开放性。
例如，阿德里安·皮尔金顿今日写到：诗人（和小说家和剧作家）可能花大量时间来确保正确的词放在正确的顺序位置上。
他们之所以花这个功夫，是因为他们要传达的思想是极其丰富和微妙的。
只有通过了关联理论提供了一种集中不同程度的优势和劣势的假设复杂的思想动态，交互与其他套的假设上线，正义得到伸张的复杂性理论方法可传达的想法。
正如我一直认为在别处......文学性的概念可能更令人满意的定义精神交涉和心理过程，具体这里描述的关联理论分析][通过，比文本语言特性（1996：160）。
Marie Antoinette Subtitle1.Friendship between Austria and France...2....must be cemented by marriage.3.My youngest daughter, Antoine...4....will be queen of France.5.Mops.6.The court of Franceis not like Vienna.7.Listen closely to Ambassador Mercy's council.8.All eyes will be on you.9.Look.10.Do you like him?11.He has kind eyes.12.He's definitely very French.13.- Three. Four.- Six.14.Are we there yet?15.Yes, we have arrived at Schüttern forthe official handover.16.Then you will be presented to the kingand to your fiancé, Louis Auguste. 17.Your R oyal Highness, may Ipresentyour mistress of the household...tesse de Noailles.19.Your R oyal Highness.20.Madame.21.This structure forthe handover ceremony...22....has been built preciselyastridethe borders of the two greatlands.23.You have entered onAustrian soil...24....you will exit on Frenchas the dauphine of France.25.Now you must bid farewellto your party...26....and leave all of Austriabehind.27.Goodbye.28.Mops.29.You can have as manyFrench dogs as you like.30.It is a custom...31....that the bride retain nothingbelonging to a foreign court.32.An etiquette alwaysobservedon such an occasion.33.You're lucky.Apparently she's quite beautiful.34.I'll probably end up withsomeonewho looks like a dog.35.- Or a horse.- Or a horse.36.I've heard she's really nice.37.- Think they got rabbitshere?- Maybe.e on.39.You notice anything strangeabout me lately?40.It's so muddy here.41.I know. My stomach feelsa little bit sick.42.Are you feeling better now?Are you feeling better, Camille?43.- I wonder if our little doggie issick.- Feel a little sickly.44.Now.45.Oh, my goodness, it's souncomfortable underfoot.e on.47.There we are.48.How is her bosom?49.I have not looked at thearchduchess'sbosom, Your Majesty.50.Oh, didn't you?It's the first thing I look at.51.The Duc de Choiseul.52.The foreign ministerwho was instrumental in thisunion.53.I shall never forget that youwereresponsible for my happiness.54.And that of France.55.Please.56.Here comes the Austrian.57.I hope you like apple strudel.58.May I present Madame laDauphine,Marie Antoinette.59.My dear grandfather king.60.Welcome, madame.61.Let me present my grandson,Louis Auguste.62.Welcome, madame.63.She looks like a child.64.Hello.65.Thank you.66.- Thank you.- You're welcome, madame.67.Thanks.68.Hello.69.Amen.70.To the dauphinand dauphine of France.71.May you have many healthy children...72....and produce an heir to our throne.73.Good luck.74.And good work.75.Apparently, nothing happened,Your Majesty.76.Nothing?77.- Nothing.- Nothing.78.Oh, dear.79.Madame...80....at the morning dressing ceremony... 81....rights of entry are givento members of the high court. 82.Major rights to princesses ofthe bloodand mistresses of thehousehold...83....while minor rightsto the valets and charges.84.Anyone with rights of entrymay enter at any time...85....so you must pay attentiontoacknowledging properly eacharrival.86.And you must notreach for anything...87....for the handing of an itemto the dauphine is a guardedprivilege.88.Must go to the highest rankin the room.89.For example,the Princesse de Lamballe...90....is a princess of the bloodby marriage.91.Madame.92.Thank you.93.- It's cold.- Yes.94.Good morning.95.So now the position must goto the Duchess of Char...96....because she is alsoa princess of the blood.97.Hello.98.So now, as a memberof the royal family...99....your sister-in-law, theComtesse deProvence, must have the honor.100.This is ridiculous.101.This, madame, is Versailles.102.So I've heard you makekeysas a hobby?103.Yes.104.And you enjoy making keys?105.Obviously.106.She had to let her servantsgo.My maid knows the cook.107.You know everyone.tesse de Noailleslooks very out of sorts.109.I think her husband's beencausing a little problem lately...110....spending far too much timewith his stable boys.111.Too much.112.Marie Antoinette looksvery pretty tonight.113.Yes.114.Darling, a new life,unfortunately.115.When you think about it,this poor Marie Antoinette.116.So young, so...117.I think she shouldgo back to her country.118.Look at her, so disgusting.119.The comtesse is lookingratherdour this evening, don't youthink?120.Always dour. Always tragic.121.Can't believe they'vebroughtthose ghastly aunts out again.122.Where have they beenhiding them all these years?123.Oh, really? This isshocking.124.What is she?125.It's so awful, I can't...Oh, my goodness.126.Who is she?127.That lady is hereto give pleasure to the king.128.That's du Barry, the king'smistress.129.She wouldn't be allowed at court...130....but the king did some maneuveringto secure her a title.131.The one thing I've learned about girls from the gutter... 132....is they know their jewels. 133.No way are those fake. 134.You see that?135.Is this the waypeople are treating me? 136.To the stocks.137.Nobody treats me like a lady here.138.Now she's staring at me.It's so awful.139.- She should not be sitting at this table.- I'll have one of...140.Did you hear that? 141.- She just burped.- Out of the whorehouse, darling.142.- I don't know who you're referring to.- Everyone at this table is for sale. 143.- Curls.- What a little tart.144.Well, she's not the only oneat thistable, darling. Take a lookaround.145.Look at this beautifulMarie Antoinette. I look likeher?146.- Don't you think so?- A long time ago.147.Oh, you exaggerate.She has blue eyes like me.148.I suppose she's rathersweet.For an Austrian.149.I think she's delightful.She looks like a piece of cake.150.Be interesting to seehow long she lasts.151.Good afternoon, YourMajesty.152.How is your grandson, thedauphin?153.He's off hunting the stag.154.She doesn't seemthe least bit interested in him.155.She is Austrian. They'renot exactlythe warmest people.156.But it's true. Her brotherJosephis so cold. He's an awful man.157.They say in Austria,that she was with child...158.What a hunt today.159.I'm exhausted.160.Would you like some meat?161.Your R oyal Highness...162....handing out cold meatsto a hunting party...163....is not the most becomingconductfor a future queen of France.164.I was just trying to be a nicewifefor the dauphin's hunt.165.Surely there's no harm inthat.166.And I received a letter fromyour mother warning you not toride...167....as this is one ofthe leading causes ofmiscarriages.168.Well, as everyone knows,there's no danger of that.169.And it's not my fault.170.Do you realize theconsequences ofan unconsummated royalmarriage?171.That it could be annulled?172.Your mother has asked thatyou take this matter veryseriously.173.And do everythingin your power...174....to inspire the dauphin.175.I'll do what I can.176.Of course I want to pleasethe dauphin and my mother.177.You'll have no influence overthe kingand dauphin without apregnancy.178.Madame, you havethe alliance to consider.179.Letting everyone downwould be my greatestunhappiness.180.I am pleased madameis taking this seriously.181.Oh, is Mops on his way?182.I'm working on it...183....but Your R oyal Highnesshasmore pressing matters to attendto.184.Oh, and I received thisletterfrom your mother.185.Dearest Antoinette:186.It is clear that the heartof your problems in your new home...187....is your inability to inspire sexual passion in your husband.188.There is no reason a girl with so many charms as you...189....should be in this situation.190.Remember, you represent the future...191....and nothing is certain about your place there... 192....until the final physical act to crownthe Franco-Austrian alliance...193....is performed.194.It's cold.195.It is a bit chilly.Shall I get you a blanket?196.No. It's okay.197.Are those your feet? They're like icicles.198.Well...199....sleep well.200.Thank you. 201.- Night.- Good night.202.Your hair always looks sopretty.203.- Oh, do you think so?- Yeah, it's gorgeous.204.- It's not what I'm used to. Itis.- It's so nice to be blond.205.- Have you been to seeLéonard?- No.206.My head is in agony.207.- This morning, I think, youknow...- Did he pull it?208.Léonard must've beenin a bad mood...209....because he was pullingmy hair so hard.210.And I want to tell him, youknow, it'snot my fault if he's had a badmorning.211.Don't take it out on myscalp.212.That was unnecessary.213.Watch it.214.I would lov e to goto the opera in Paris.215.Why go to the opera whenwe canlisten to the comtesse here?216.Must she sing all night?217.Can't you do somethingabout your wife?218.Madame, shall we retireto make love all night?219.Four times last night wasn'tenough.220.Dear Antoinette:221.I am extremely concernedwith your situation.222.Fortunately, the kingdoesn't showpreference for your sister-in-law.223.But what if she becomespregnant?224.Also, I have heard...225....that you are not makinginvitations to Madame du Barry.226.Snubbing the king'sfavorite,in your position...227....is extremely unwise.228.- Du B arry is dreadful.- Dreadful.229.The way she dresses.She thinks she is the queen.230.Yes, she does.And those ridiculous petmonkeys.231.Where does she come from?232.From every bed in Paris.233.You know, we didn't thinkshe'dlast long until she married thecomte...234....and then he wasconvenientlyshipped away somewhere.235.She doesn't stay in theboudoir.236.- She's political.- Very.237.And extremelyanti-Choiseul.238.And I don't want to saythis...239....but I don't think that shehasgreeted you with respect.240.That's just my opinion.241.Ambassador Mercy saysI must pay her a visit.242.Well, if we invited you to teaat the last minute...243....you wouldn't be able to,would you?244.She died giving birthto her tenth child.245.What a pity. What a pity. 246.- There was blood all over... - Here comes our little Austrian. 247.- Good afternoon, madame. - Good afternoon.248.Good afternoon. You look lovely.249.Oh, thank you. So do you. 250.Thank you.251.Look at du Barry.What is she wearing now? 252.Another one of her exotic fantasies?253.She can't pass a mirror without seducing it.254.Do you think she's wearing enough jewelry?255.Never enough for du Barry. 256.She's coming.257.Oh, I lov e your shoes, Victoire.258.Oh, why, thank you.I got them from Christian in Paris.259.- Oh, I must call on him.- Yes, you must. He's wonderful. 260.Madame du Barry wouldliketo offer you some diamonds.261.I have enough diamonds.262.Snubbing the king's favoriteis publiclycriticizing the king's behavior.263.All you need do is saya few words to her.264.Because of rank she is notallowed to speak first.265.I certainly have nothingto say to her.266.Why should I approve of hiscav orting with a harlot?267.- Your R oyal Highness.- Well, that's what she is.268.Everyone knows she's froma brotheland that title was bought for her.269.Your mother and Iare very concerned.270.Du B arry has beencomplaining tothe king that you will not addressher.271.And you cannot affordto fall out of favor with the king.272.Especially as yourmarriage...273....not exactly on solidground.274.Fine. I'll talk to her.275.There are a lot of peopleat Versailles today.276.Yes, there are.277.Those are my last wordsto that woman.278.The first mechanical lockswere made of wood.279.Records show them in usesome 4000 years ago in Egypt.280.Any good fans? That one'spretty.281.- Evening or daytime?- I like lace.282.These are so du Barry.283.- Do you like these for hair?- It's beautiful.284.- You don't think it's toomuch?- Maybe one.285.- One feather?- Yeah.286.Or in white?287.Can we get these in white,maybe?288.I don't know if I like that one.289.I love these.290.Do you want these too?291.Yeah, but in pink.292.Oh, okay. Two in pink.293.Has madame read the briefon our current situation?294.No, I haven't read it yet.295.Can you just tell me aboutit?296.Well, the reforms in P olandby KingPoniatowski have led to civil war.297.The Russians and theAustrianshave taken over a third ofPoland...298....which is, of course,distressing...299....as P oland is a friend andallyof France.300.Which sleeve do you like?With ruffles or without?301.Have you been payingany attention?302.Your mother is relying onyouto smooth over this crisis.303.Where will I be if there's arupturebetween our two families? 304.Am I to be Austrianor the dauphine of France? 305.You must be both. 306.- Well, I heard that she bought a boy.- No.307.Yes, I heard. She found a peasantboy by the side of the street... 308....and took him in like a stray dog.309.Well, it's not as ifshe can have one of her own. 310.Maybe if she spentless time with Lamballe... 311....and more time with her husband...312....there wouldn't be a problem.313.Well, let's not forgetshe is an Austrian spy.314.And I can't imaginethat's very warm in the bedroom. e, my little truffle cake. 316.I'm going to ravage you. 317.- Will you come back right away?- Yes, my sweet. 318.Just a quick huntingexcursion,we'll be back straightaway.319.I will be humiliatedbefore the court and the public...320....if your brother's new wifebecomes pregnant before I do.321.When I return fromSaint-Cloud,you can be sure...322....that I will resume my regime.323.And hopefully everythingwill go swimmingly.324.I have absolutely nointention ofbreaking the alliance withAustria.325.I am very relieved to hearthat,Your Majesty.326.But what on earth is goingonwith that young couple?327.It's a disaster.328.Send for Dr. Lassonne tovisit them.329.Yes, of course.330.Do you find your bodyresponsive?331.What?332.Do you find your bodyresponsive?333.What do you eat forbreakfast?334.Hot chocolate.335.Hot chocolate.336.Hello?337.Hello, Yolande.338.How lovely to see you.339.Yes. This isthe Duchesse de Polignac.340.- Hello.- Your Majesty.341.- We haven't seen you for awhile.- I know.342.I've been in St. Petersburg,where I met Dimitri.343.Isn't he divine?Have you ever been with aRussian?344.- No, I...- They're so bossy.345.Look how fat the marquis'sgotten.Hope he doesn't break the chair.346.Is he still sleeping withCamille?347.Anyway, I must be off.It was lovely to meet you.348.Quiet.349.Applause is not usuallypermittedat court performances.350.Why not? It was wonderful.351.Clap, clap.352.Clap.353.Dearest Antoinette:354.I'm pleased to tell you howwonderfulyour brothers and sisters aredoing...355....in their marriages.356.Maria Carolina ispregnant...357....expecting her first child inJune.358.And Ferdinand isenchantedwith Beatrice...359....having made her his wife atonce.360.All this news, which shouldfill mewith contentment...361....is diminished by reflectionson your dangerous situation.362.Everything depends on thewife...363....if she is willing and sweet. 364.I can't repeat enough... 365....the importance for youto employ charm and patience... 366....never ill humor, to remedy this unfortunate situation. 367.Remember, nothing is certainabout your place there... 368....until an heir is produced. 369.- Excuse me.- It's all right.370.I'm sorry.371.That's all right.372.- I'm sorry.- It's all right.373.- Good night.- Good night.374.Your Majesties are requested at thedelivery of Comtesse de Provence.375.Bravo, bravo.376.- Oh, wonderful!- It's a healthy baby boy. 377.Oh, my God. How happy I am. 378.Let me see my nephew. The new Duc d'Angoulême. 379.- Congratulations.- Thank you.380.It's the first Bourbon prince of his generation.381.He's so beautiful.382.It's barren. What do you expect?383.When will you give us an heir?384.I hear she's frigid.385.I like the pink. It's like candy. 386.This is wonderful.387.I love this.388.Oh, it's a classic.389.Could we getsome more champagne?。
淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：交通工程学院专业：交通运输姓名：刘倩学号：3082115213外文出处：Mike Moore, WTO Press Release, 28 June(用外文写)2002 Springer附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：选材内容及篇幅符合要求；翻译语言较流畅，内容基本正确。
签名：2011 年 2 月22 日附件1：外文资料翻译译文服务：关于邮政送货服务的案例Michael G. Plummer在发达国家，服务任占国家经济总量相当大的份额。
例如，在欧盟和美国，一般的服务专栏约占百分之70%到80%。
同时服务也加大了贸易的重要性：在2000年，服务出口总额约占美国的百分之二十八和欧盟的百分之二十二，约为整个经济合作与开发组织的百分之十九。
同样，发展中国家的这一趋势也是相当显著的。
在开发过程中，这是典型的：（1）农业占GDP的比重下降；（2）随着经济的的日趋成熟，制造先上升然后下降；（3）在整个发展过程服务继续增长。
作为发展中国家的服务出口贸易的百分比，出口贸易服务从1980百分之九上涨（大约发达国家一半的份额）到2000约百分之十八，与发达国家看齐。
虽然在二十一世纪，服务以一种特殊的意义存在的这一过程一直没有改变。
但这是由于多种因素，包括：（一）消费者口味变得越来越复杂：在一般地区“高科技”等服务领域为计算机软件，互联网相关服务，以及电信创新，造就了良好的消费增长和份额支出；（二）在国际范围内，全球竞争大幅增加，生产过程变得更加复杂；（三）一般来说，“服务”往往是产业和企业的增长和竞争力的关键。
事实上，商人，学者和决策者们越来越多地欣赏服务业的竞争力和效率之间的密切联系，作为一个经济的整体，两者之间的联系是普遍的。
因此，这是一个在成员国在高度重视下签订的《关贸总协定》，包括在乌拉圭回合的服务，从而推动对服务贸易总协定（“服务贸易总协定”）的指定。
“服务贸易总协定”将继续已贸易形式存在，在各种商业服务的市场准入原则以及多哈贸易议程中无疑将起到关键作用。
鉴于服务贸易的复杂性，多样化和自由化全球水平可以更细腻，而在其他方面又比货物贸易更加困难。
服务可以是高科技或低科技投入也可以是最终产品的私人提供或公开提供；在其他领域，如与外国直接投资密切相关。
国际货物贸易往往要私下提供，关贸总协定/世贸组织强有力的国家干预,包括技术禁止违反国家补贴和约束形式的国有企业需要遵守市场规则(《关贸总协定》第十七条)。
许多服务领域仍然包括政府的参与以及国家的特权，同时在某些领域被确认“服务贸易总协定”。
此外，在货物贸易方面，往往是直接从外国投资的，而且贸易和外国直接投资之间存在间接联系。
然而，在服务领域，服务贸易是不可能没有外国直接投资的，贸易服务可以是在某些行业一脉相连的外国直接投资。
服务:邮政对快递服务的案例经合组织(OECD)(2002)定义了服务贸易的四个“模式”：(1)跨境供应，在这一过程中，在这家公司的出口服务，如用传真或电子邮件；(2)在国外的消费，用户的服务消耗他/她家以外的国家，譬如旅游；(3)商业存在，在这一过程中，公司提供了服务，直接(这涉及到国外客户建立一个从属国外和构成其中有的所有服务贸易)；（4）自然人存在，其中服务出口国向出国人员提供服务。
作为全球经济自由化的需要，以及发展中国家的焦点，在这一章中，我们将侧重于服务。
此外，我们将使用快递服务自由化作为一个案例研究的过程和相关的并发症。
因为：（一）它已经是一个高度国际化的产业；（二）各种新兴产业已成为一个重要的投入，并成为企业和国家竞争力的关键因素，（三）自由化对各种竞争政策的问题，特别是自从它潜在的影响私人及公共服务产生的影响；（四）得益于行业的类型。
通过全球协议创造更大的国际接入，对发达国家和发展中国家都产生很大的好处。
这一章第二部分主要讨论的是我国服务贸易在经济自由化过程相关的问题，特别是在发展中国家使这个方案进行改革。
第三部分作为现阶段情况下的服务，包括现状、一个分析解的可能。
第四部分提供了一些总结评论和建议。
2 服务自由化和经济发展的风险在降低贸易壁垒过程中，一系列关贸总协定/世贸组织主持下的多边贸易谈判已非常成功。
一旦乌拉圭一轮完全实施关税削减(通常是到2005年底)，在制造业平均关税对美国、欧盟、日本将约为百分之四，百分之四和百分之二。
虽然存在众多的“尖峰”(即是保护部门在继续保持相当高的)，和大型贸易制成品在发达国家市场是相当显着的例外，纺织品，服装和钢材。
发展中国家的关税，一般来说，比在发达国家高得多，但绝大多数发展中国家的自由贸易在世界各地大幅过去15年。
事实上，大多数的好处这会给全球自由贸易会到发展中国家，根据各种计算一般均衡模型已被用来估计等影响。
鉴于农产品贸易相关的政治敏感性，以关贸总协定/世贸组织框架下完成的下少得多。
事实上,农业贸易的继续高度扭曲,而一些积极的趋势的证据(例如，日本的“tariffying”大米进口的，偶尔由欧盟委员会提议放开欧盟农业问题似乎是新兴的其他地方(例如，在2002年通过的美国农业法案，这将增加补贴到一个已补贴费等行业在接下来的10年的170亿美元)。
农业往往是最困难的几乎破坏了乌拉圭回合的贸易谈判和部门。
尽管如此,农业毫无疑问将继续是一个艰难的部门开放,在发达国家这是不一样的几乎同样重要的制造业、服务业相形见绌服务业（农业在美国构成还不到百分之三的生产总值和欧盟生产总值的百分之五）。
作为一个不同的例子，在发展中世界，一般来说，在交易方面特别是在发展程度低的国家和许多中收入国家，农业继续发挥着重要经济作用。
为了成功，多哈回合谈判在发展中国家被允许通过的情况下，必须包括农业自由化。
不过，作为发展进程的展开生产，尤其是服务将成为越来越重要的产业。
如上所述，服务重要性的迅速增长，已构成发展中国家百分之十八的出口额。
一些发展中国家，像土耳其印度，比其他国家要上缴更多资源给美国和欧洲联盟。
由于Dee和Hanslow在全球自由贸易中全球收入增加了2600亿美元，其中一半是因为相关服务自由化。
鉴于服务业在提高效率的溢出效应（更多的影响与基础设施相关的服务，包括交通，金融服务），不论对发达国家和发展中国家来说，经济的健康及其发展是一脉相连服务业。
图1显示了按地区服务贸易的增长和全球范围内超过了1993-2000年时期。
在亚洲的增长，作为发展中世界的经济发展一直是最成功的。
令人印象深刻的，在亚洲金融危机十年异常。
在所有地区，服务贸易的增长速度比经济作为整个多数年份。
此外，由于从表1可以看出，按国家的全球服务贸易中所占的份额，在发展中国家发达国家（北美方面可能没有太大的改变和欧盟继续构成几乎三分之二的全球服务贸易），但在发展中世界各国间的分布发生了巨大变化，成功的国家增加其股份显着。
例如，非洲和拉丁美洲已经看到他们的股票普遍停滞不前（或下降）约百分之二和百分之四，分别上升约百分之十二，而亚洲到百分之十六（不包括日本发达国家，这实际上也看到了它的份额份额下降）。
中国，取得了主要经济体的最高的经济增长，从这个时间跨度看到了其在服务贸易中的份额扩张最迅速的，其实在此期间的三倍。
这不是巧合，在发展中国家，中国也获得了大多数外国直接投资。
真正的经济快速增长和业务的快速增长之间的关联贸易并不意味着后者导致服务：邮政对快递服务的案例（图1：1993年至2000年，世界贸易中选定区域的商业服务价值改变量的年度百分比） 者。
这种估计是复杂的；事实上，这里存在一个鸡和蛋的同时性问题。
然而，无论其中原因，服务业的发展显然是一个发展过程中的重要组成部分。
经合组织指出，进口 出口北 美 西 欧 拉 美非 洲世 界亚 洲在服务产出中的份额和人均GDP之间的关系非常密切，相关系数为0.80（其中1.0将意味着一个完美的关系）。
从20世纪50年代开始，持续争议到20世纪70年代，可以说，发展中国家经济自由化的效用在经济学中引起了争论。
一所学校接受了后来被称为“进口替代”模式，认为发展中国家最好自己发展，而不是与发达世界的整合，否则，他们将被边缘化，被剥削，并谴责永久的经济欠发达。
另一所学校，被称为促进出口，经济自由化认为，在国内和条款对外商业政策，不仅是可取的，但实际需要，如果国家要发展。
这本书第37章中，这些学校的思想发展更彻底。
但这里需要注意的发展经验以及纯粹的权力后面的出口，促进外向型经济的逻辑模型，基本上解决了20世纪80年代的争论，特别是亚洲国家，确实远远优于进口替代战略的国家的拥护。
事实上，在20世纪80年代，拉美，十年仍然相当封闭，实际上经历了“失去的十年”，经济增长停滞，而亚洲外向型的跨越式增长和边界。
在1997-1999年亚洲金融危机再度出现的一些怀疑，但危机的起源，可以说是没有发现过于外向型的，而是一系列其他问题。
事实上，是有可能的具有争议的地方，大多数国家受危机是不是足够自由。
例如，有一种强烈的负相关关系亚洲经济体在金融服务业的开放性之间的竞争从外资金融企业和金融危机的严重程度（新加坡，例如，这是相当普遍向外资银行开放，不会受到严重影响金融危机，尽管正在密切严重影响经济的整合东南亚）。
针对这些问题的亚洲经济体已普遍加速其经济自由化和加强外向型政策，在同一时间同时确保法律，基建及企业管治上下文是适当的。
严重影响亚洲经济经历了一个在1999-2000年的强劲反弹，而2001年看到了放缓，由于需求疲软在发达国家，在2002年的经济增长较强的预测2003继续是光明的，虽然由于战争的影响，在伊拉克和SARS爆发有些黯淡。
今天，存在着一个反自由化运动，而不是寻找其根源如进口替代的经济模式，表面上的努力只是为了批判经济整合。
这种方法，有时也被称为“没有全球性的”运动，不构成严重挑战智力出口推广模式，但批评自由化（通常情况下）的结果，并提出一些问题被某些决策者（发达国家）所接受，从而促进他们自己的政治上的野心。
经合组织这种处理方式做一个出色的工作，暴露了许多缺点。
在现实中，没服务：邮政对快递服务的案例表1：1980到2001年由选定区域的世界出口的服务（百分比）百分比世界北美加拿大美国拉美阿根廷巴西智利墨西哥西欧法国德国意大利英国欧洲联盟（15）中欧和东欧，波罗的海小号捷克共和国匈牙利波兰俄罗斯联邦非洲阿尔及利亚埃及肯尼亚摩洛哥尼日利亚南非突尼斯中东以色列沙特阿拉伯亚洲澳大利亚中国中国香港印度印尼日本韩国，众议员马来西亚新西兰菲律宾新加坡台北，中国泰国有全局的时代精神已没有真正的影响发展中国家的自由化趋势。
例如，推出一个新的回合贸易谈判于1999年12月在西雅图，是不是因为反资本主义对发展中国家的一部分，而具有讽刺意味的是，阻力示威采取的许多问题，他们似乎要倡导等领域，例如，劳动组织和环保。
