English Terms on Chinese Culture

中国传统文化英译技巧Tips for Translating Chinese Traditional Culture into English IntroductionChina is a country with a long-standing history and rich cultural heritage. Its culture dates back to thousands of years, and it has influenced Asia and the world by way of its art, music, philosophy, and literature. The Chinese traditional culture is, therefore, an essential part of the country's identity. However, for this culture to be shared beyond the borders of China, it is necessary to translate it into English. In this article, we discuss tips for translating Chinese traditional culture into English.1. Appreciate the nuances of the original languageThe Chinese language is vastly different from English, and the way ideas and meanings are conveyed is unique. The nuances of the language are crucial to conveying the complete meaning of any particular word or phrase. Therefore, to effectively translate Chinese traditional culture into English, one must appreciate the nuances of the original language.2. Understand the cultural contextChinese traditional culture has its roots in Confucianism and Taoism. Confucianism emphasizes social order, respect for authority, and the importance of education. In contrast, Taoism advocates for living in harmony with nature, balance, and self-cultivation. Understanding the cultural context of Chinesetraditional culture is essential as it helps the translator to grasp the underlying meaning and significance of the content.3. Choose the appropriate wordsWhen translating Chinese traditional culture into English, it is necessary to choose the appropriate words. Chinese characters are packed with meanings, and choosing the wrong words can lead to mistranslations. For example, the word '道' can be translated as 'the way' or 'the path.' However, 'the path' is a better translation in the Taoist context. Therefore, the translator must understand the nature of the content and use the appropriate words to convey meaning accurately.4. Avoid word-for-word translationsChinese and English have distinct linguistic structures, with different sentence patterns and syntactic constructions. A word-for-word translation may result in grammatical errors and distorted meaning. For this reason, translators must avoid word-for-word translations and instead focus on conveying the intended meaning of the text.5. Utilize cultural referencesChinese traditional culture is often closely intertwined with historical events and local geography. Utilizing cultural references can help the translator convey the cultural context and make the translation more accurate. For instance, the phrase '黄山之蜜' (honey from the Huangshan Mountains) is an allusion to thequality of honey produced in the Huangshan Mountains.6. Use footnotes and glossariesChinese traditional culture has a vast vocabulary that may not be familiar to an English-speaking audience. Using footnotes and glossaries can help clarify terms and provide context. The translator should provide explanations and translations of specific terms and concepts in the footnotes and glossaries, respectively.7. Proofread the translated materialProofreading is a vital step in translating Chinese traditional culture into English. The translator must ensure that the translated material is grammatically correct and accurately conveys the meaning of the original text. Careful proofreading helps to eliminate errors and inaccuracies that may distort or misrepresent the original meaning.ConclusionTranslating Chinese traditional culture into English is a challenging task. It requires an appreciation of the nuances of the original language, an understanding of the cultural context, and the appropriate use of vocabulary. Word-for-word translations should be avoided, and cultural references should be utilized to clarify terms and provide context. Lastly, proofreading helps to ensure the accuracy of the translated material. By following these tips, translators can accurately convey the richness of Chinese traditional culture to an English-speaking audience.8. Consider thetarget audienceIt is important to consider the target audience when translating Chinese traditional culture into English. The language and cultural references used in the translation should be appropriate for the intended audience. For example, a translation intended for a scholarly audience may use more technical vocabulary and cultural references, while a translation intended for a broader audience should use more accessible language and explanations.9. Be mindful of cultural differencesTranslating Chinese traditional culture into English requires sensitivity towards cultural differences. The translator should avoid imposing their own cultural biases and ensure that the translation accurately reflects the values and customs of the source culture. For example, certain phrases or concepts may have different connotations in China than in English-speaking countries. The translator should be mindful of these differences to avoid misunderstandings or misinterpretations.10. Collaborate with native speakersCollaborating with native speakers can be beneficial when translating Chinese traditional culture into English. Native speakers can provide insights into the cultural context and nuances of the language that may otherwise be missed. They can also help to ensure that the translation accurately captures the essence of the source text. Collaboration can also help to identify and avoid cultural biases that may influence the translation.11. Read widely and research extensivelyTo effectively translate Chinese traditional culture into English, the translator should read widely and research extensively. This can involve reading not only the source text but also related literature, historical documents, and scholarly articles. Research can help to provide context and clarity on specific topics, and can also help to identify cultural references and terms that may require explanation.12. Use translation technology wiselyTranslation technology can be a helpful tool when translating Chinese traditional culture into English, but it should be used wisely. Machine translations can provide a draft translation that can be refined by a human translator. However, machine translations can be limited in their ability to capture the nuances of language and culture. The translator should use technology as an aid and not rely solely on machine translations.13. Keep the translation faithful to the source textUltimately, the translator's aim when translating Chinese traditional culture into English should be to keep the translation as faithful to the source text as possible. This means accurately conveying the meaning, intent, and cultural context of the source text. The translator should avoid making changes to the source text or adding their own interpretation unless it is necessary to convey the meaning accurately.ConclusionTranslating Chinese traditional culture into English is a complex and challenging task. To do so effectively, the translator should appreciate the nuances of the original language, understand the cultural context, choose appropriate words and syntax, utilize cultural references, and proofread the translation carefully. The translator should also consider the target audience, be mindful of cultural differences, collaborate with native speakers, read widely and research extensively, use translation technology wisely, and keep the translation faithful to the source text. By following these tips, the translator can accurately convey the richness and beauty of Chinese traditional culture to an English-speaking audience.。

中国传统文化英语表达与用英语表达Title: Embracing Chinese Traditional Culture in English ExpressionsChinese traditional culture, rich and profound, is a precious heritage that has been handed down through generations. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, it is essential to express this unique cultural heritage in English, allowing it to resonate witha global audience. This article aims to explore the nuances and complexities of translating Chinese traditional culture into English, while preserving its essence and authenticity. Firstly, let's delve into the realm of Chinesefestivals and customs. The Spring Festival, also known as Chinese New Year, is a time of jubilation and reunion. Its English expression, "Spring Festival," aptly captures the essence of renewal and rejuvenation associated with the arrival of spring. Similarly, the Mid-Autumn Festival, marked by mooncake-eating and moon gazing, is translated as "Mid-Autumn Festival," preserving the sense of celebration and family togetherness. However, the depth of cultural significance behind these festivals often requires furtherexplanation to ensure a comprehensive understanding for English speakers.In the realm of Chinese art and literature, the challenge of translation becomes even more pronounced. Poetry, in particular, is an art form that relies heavilyon rhyme, meter, and imagery. The beauty of Chinese poetry lies not only in its words but also in the emotional and philosophical depth they convey. Translating such poetryinto English requires a skilled translator who can capture the essence of the poem while respecting its original form and spirit. For instance, the famous line from Du Fu's poem, "会当凌绝顶，一览众山小," which translates to "One day I'll climb the loftiest peak, and survey all peaks beneath me small," attempts to convey the poet's ambition and grandeur, albeit with some loss of the original's rhythmic beauty.Moreover, Chinese philosophy and wisdom are integral parts of traditional culture. Concepts like "harmony," "yin and yang," and "the way of nature" are deeply ingrained in Chinese thought and practice. Translating these terms accurately and comprehensively into English is crucial for conveying their profound meanings. Terms like "harmony" areoften translated as "harmony" or "balance," while "yin and yang" are typically rendered as "yin-yang" or "the complementary opposites." While these translations provide a basic understanding, they may not fully capture the nuances and subtleties of these complex philosophical concepts.In addition to festivals, art, and philosophy, Chinese traditional culture also includes a rich tapestry of architectural styles and designs. The Forbidden City, the Great Wall, and the Temple of Heaven are just a few examples of the magnificent structures that embody Chinese architectural genius. Describing these structures in English requires a blend of historical knowledge, architectural terminology, and cultural sensitivity.Furthermore, Chinese traditional medicine, with its emphasis on holistic healing and natural remedies, is another fascinating aspect of culture worth exploring in English. Terms like "qi" (vital energy) and "acupuncture" (needle insertion) require careful and accurate translation to convey their meaning and application.In conclusion, expressing Chinese traditional culture in English is a complex yet rewarding task. It requires a deep understanding of both cultures, along with the skill and sensitivity to convey the essence and authenticity of the original. While translations may never be perfect, they can serve as bridges, connecting Chinese culture with the global community, fostering mutual understanding and appreciation. As we continue to explore and share our rich cultural heritage, we must strive to preserve its unique characteristics while adapting it to the language and understanding of others.。

中国传统文化词汇英语Title: Embracing Chinese Traditional Cultural Vocabulary in EnglishChinese culture, rich and diverse, has long been a source of inspiration and fascination for people across the globe. Embedding its profound traditions and values into the English language is not only a testament to its global influence but also a means of preserving and promoting cultural exchange. This article explores various Chinese traditional cultural vocabulary and their English equivalents, highlighting their significance and unique contributions to the global cultural landscape.At the heart of Chinese culture lies the concept of "harmony," often translated as "harmony" or "concord" in English. This idea, encapsulated in the phrase "he xie," emphasizes the balance and unity of all things. It finds expression in various aspects of Chinese life, from the layout of traditional architecture to the principles of martial arts. Harmony, as a cultural ideal, promotes mutual respect and understanding, serving as a guiding principle in interpersonal relationships and societal interactions.Another cornerstone of Chinese culture is the concept of "respect for elders," known as "zun zhang" in Chinese. This veneration of age and wisdom is deeply ingrained in Chinese society, reflecting a respect for tradition and a belief in the value of experience. The English equivalent, "respect for elders," captures the essence of this cultural practice, which is expressed through various customs and traditions, such as bowing to elders and observingseniority in social gatherings.The Chinese concept of "face" or "mian zi" is another integral part of its cultural vocabulary. This term refers to one's dignity, reputation, and social standing, and it plays a crucial role in interpersonal relationships. In English, the closest equivalent might be "dignity" or "prestige," but these terms do not fully capture the nuances of "mian zi." It is a complex construct that involves maintaining a positive public image, avoiding embarrassment or shame, and upholding personal and familial honor.Chinese art and literature are also rich repositories of cultural vocabulary. Terms like "gong bi" (a traditionalChinese painting technique) and "shanshui" (landscape painting) reflect the aesthetic preferences andphilosophical ideals of Chinese artists. In English, these terms are often translated as "meticulous brushwork" and "landscape painting," respectively, preserving the essenceof their artistic expressions.Furthermore, Chinese festivals and celebrations are an integral part of its cultural heritage. The Spring Festival, known as "Chun Jie" in Chinese, is the most significant holiday, celebrated with family reunions, feasting, and fireworks. In English, it is commonly referred to as the "Chinese New Year," a term that captures the essence of the celebration while acknowledging its cultural significance. Other festivals like the Mid-Autumn Festival and DragonBoat Festival also have their unique English equivalents, promoting cultural understanding and appreciation.In conclusion, embedding Chinese traditional cultural vocabulary into the English language is a testament to the richness and diversity of Chinese culture. These terms,while sometimes difficult to translate exactly, areessential for promoting cultural understanding andappreciation. As the world becomes more interconnected, it is crucial to preserve and promote the unique contributions of various cultures, including the profound traditions and values of Chinese culture. By embracing these cultural vocabularies in English, we can foster a deeper understanding and respect for the rich tapestry of human cultural expression.。

中国传统文化的英文文章Certainly! Here is a brief article on Chinese traditional culture in English:China, a land steeped in history, boasts a rich tapestry of traditional culture that has endured for millennia. Rooted in Confucianism, Daoism, and other philosophical systems, Chinese culture embodies a harmonious blend of ancient customs, beliefs, arts, and practices.At the heart of Chinese tradition lies Confucian principles emphasizing respect for elders, filial piety, and social harmony. This foundational philosophy has profoundly influenced societal norms, shaping family structures, education, and interpersonal relationships.Daoism, with its focus on balance, nature, and the Dao (the way), complements Confucian ideals by advocating a natural and tranquil existence. Its influence is evident in traditional Chinese medicine, martial arts, and artistic expressions like calligraphy and poetry.The Chinese reverence for their ancestors is a cornerstone of their cultural identity. Ancestral worship and celebrations, like the Lunar New Year, reinforce familial ties and honor past generations, fostering unity and continuity across time.Chinese art and craftsmanship are celebrated worldwide for their elegance and intricacy. From delicate porcelain to exquisite silk, traditional Chinese arts reflect a deep appreciation for beauty, harmony, and symbolism.Culinary traditions vary across China's diverse regions, yet all celebrate the importance of food as a unifying force. The cuisine's emphasis on balance, color, and flavor continues to captivate palates globally.Chinese traditional festivals, such as the Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, showcase vibrant rituals and customs passed down through generations. These festivities offer a window into the country's history, beliefs, and community spirit.Despite modernization, China continues to cherish and preserve its traditional values and heritage, viewing them as an integral part of its national identity. The endurance of these customs in contemporary society serves as a testament to their enduring significance.Chinese traditional culture, with its depth, diversity, and time-honored wisdom, remains a source of fascination and inspiration, inviting the world to appreciate its enduring beauty and profound legacy.。

中华传统文化英语词汇English Vocabulary Related to Chinese Traditional CultureChinese traditional culture is vast and rich, encompassing various aspects such as philosophy, history, art, music, dance, cuisine, and much more. Here are some English vocabulary terms related to Chinese traditional culture:Confucianism: A major philosophical tradition in China that emphasizes moral values, social order, and the importance of education.Taoism: A philosophical system that emphasizes harmony with nature, the importance of inner peace, and the cycles of life and death.Mandarin: The official language of China, also known as Putonghua, which is widely spoken throughout the country.Calligraphy: The art of writing with a brush dipped in ink on paper, considered an essential part of Chinese culture.Acupuncture: A traditional Chinese medical practice that involves inserting needles into specific points on the body to alleviate pain and promote healing.Opera: A form of musical drama that combines singing, dancing, acting, and acrobatics, often with elaborate costumes and sets.Tea Ceremony: A ritualized way of preparing and enjoying tea, considered an important aspect of Japanese and Chinese culture.Festivals and Holidays: Chinese culture has a rich array of festivals and holidays throughout the year, such as the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Double Ninth Festival.Folk Art: Traditional art forms created by the common people, including paper cutting, shadow puppets, face painting, and more.These are just a few examples of the vast vocabulary related to Chinese traditional culture. Each term represents a unique aspect of this rich and diverse heritage.与中华传统文化相关的英语词汇中华传统文化博大精深，涵盖哲学、历史、艺术、音乐、舞蹈、美食等多个方面。

描述中国文化的英语用词Chinese Culture in English WordsThe Chinese culture is one of the oldest and richest in the world, with a history spanning thousands of years. It has profoundly influenced the development of many aspects of human civilization, from art and literature to philosophy and technology. As a result, the English language has incorporated a significant number of Chinese words and concepts, reflecting the deep cultural exchange between China and the rest of the world.One of the most prominent examples of Chinese influence on the English language is the concept of "yin and yang." This ancient Chinese philosophy of balance and harmony between opposing forces has become a widely recognized symbol, used to describe the complementary and interdependent nature of various aspects of life. The words "yin" and "yang" have been adopted into the English language, often used to represent the duality and interconnectedness of various phenomena.Another important Chinese concept that has found its way into the English lexicon is "feng shui." This ancient art of arranging thephysical environment to promote harmony and well-being has become a popular practice worldwide. The term "feng shui" is commonly used to refer to the strategic placement of objects, furniture, and even buildings to create a sense of balance and flow.The Chinese language has also gifted the English language with numerous words related to cuisine and culinary traditions. Terms such as "dim sum," "wok," "chop suey," and "kung pao" have become ubiquitous in Western culinary vocabulary, reflecting the global influence of Chinese cuisine. These words not only describe specific dishes and cooking methods but also convey the rich cultural heritage and flavors of China.Beyond the realm of food, Chinese culture has left an indelible mark on the English language through the introduction of various cultural artifacts and practices. The word "kowtow," which means to show deep respect or submission, is derived from the Chinese practice of kneeling and touching the forehead to the ground. Similarly, the term "tai chi" refers to the ancient Chinese martial art and meditation practice, which has gained widespread popularity worldwide.The influence of Chinese culture on the English language extends to the realm of philosophy and spirituality as well. The concept of "karma," which refers to the principle of cause and effect in one's actions, has been adopted into the English language, reflecting theprofound impact of Buddhist and Hindu teachings. Additionally, the term "mantra," which originally referred to sacred chants or phrases in Sanskrit, has become a widely used word in English to describe a repeated phrase or slogan that is used for focused meditation or affirmation.Furthermore, the Chinese language has contributed numerous words related to traditional Chinese medicine and healing practices. Terms such as "acupuncture," "chi," and "ginseng" have become integral parts of the English vocabulary, reflecting the growing interest and appreciation for Eastern medical approaches in the West.In the realm of technology and innovation, the Chinese language has also left its mark on the English language. The word "kw'an" (or "quan"), which means "circle" or "loop," is the root of the term "algorithm," a fundamental concept in computer science and mathematics.The influence of Chinese culture on the English language is not limited to individual words and concepts; it has also shaped the way we communicate and express ourselves. The Chinese philosophy of indirectness and subtlety has influenced the use of language, leading to the incorporation of phrases like "saving face" and "reading between the lines" into the English lexicon.In conclusion, the deep and lasting impact of Chinese culture on the English language is a testament to the interconnectedness of global cultures and the ongoing exchange of ideas and knowledge. As the world becomes increasingly globalized, the continued integration of Chinese words and concepts into the English language will undoubtedly continue, further enriching and expanding the linguistic landscape.。

跨文化交际I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms(名词解释)1. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.2. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.3. slangWords and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.4. collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because b asic unit is thein-group or collective.5. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.6. proverbProverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warning—are an important part of the language and culture of a society.7. intercultural communication.8. Individual CultureIndividuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.9. CultureCulture means:(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.10. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and(c) personal space11. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.12. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.14.Low-context cultureCultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.II. Answer the following questions(简答题)1.Give some basic rules of boys or girls interaction2. Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and western cultureChinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate polite ness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble.Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and third offer. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely.Their refusal is accepted as genuine.Westerners don’t to press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments.3. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner?In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left.In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.4. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components.The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicator‟s intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals‟ capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown through specific behaviors.1. The obstacles of studying Intercultural communication2. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another?To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a person‟s age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salarie s, people usually don‟t consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.3 . Analyze the cultural variations in selecting negotiators in America and Japan4. What would you do if a stranger pronounced your name incorrectly?5. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.6. Analyze the characteristics in Masculine communication culture7. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms?In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to one's parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side and whether one's brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not one's relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown peopleWhile in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some childrenaddress their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won't use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.8. State six principles for effective cross-gender communication.9. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.10.Describe the U.S. cultural patterns with the five value orientation categories.People in the United States generally believe in a supreme God or universal spirit and believe that they can control nature. They have a lot of faith in science and technology and are materialistic. They get a sense of identity from work and generally separate work from play. People, in the United States are efficient, practical, and see progress and change as a good thing. They place a high value on time and have a future time orientation, although they often divide it into short-term goals.People in the United States do not agree about whether humans are naturally good, bad, or a mixture of both. However, two beliefs related to human nature—rationality and mutability--- are still believed by many in the United States. One of the most fundamental beliefs of people is individualism. Associated with this belief are the ideas of self-motivation, competition, and responsibility for one‟s own actions. People in the United States also have an unshakable belief in equality. They do not believe that everyone is the same, but they do believe that everyone does or should have the same opportunities as everyone else. Last, people in the United States are conformist—it is important to stay in touch with the latest fashion in hair, clothing, and so forth.11. What does "gilding the lily" mean?12.What are the communication differences between high-and low-context cultures?13.What are the social functions of compliments14. List some study area in nonverbal communication.15. What would you do if someone asks you a question that you feel too personal?16. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context .17. Explain the definition of “collect ivist culture”a. Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.b. kindness to visitors: friendly, welcoming, and generous treatment offered to guests or strangersc. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, or any other group or institution.18. How do people from different cultures understand “silence”?The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.19. Analyze the characteristics in Feminine communication culture20. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?(1). Technological developmentThe development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination.(2). Widespread population Migrations(3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.(4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.21. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names?There have existed differences in naming given names to male and female throughout the Chinese history. If we get down to the classifications of the Given Names according to the different sexes, it is not difficult to see that the differences may lie in two categories, that is, in meanings and forms. Traditionally, male given names usually suggest steel and great strength, showing great concerns about the fate and future of the nation, while female given names impress people on their beauty, elegance, fragrance, loveliness, and gentleness. Shown in the following are the ten classifications of both the sexes showing different characteristics in given names:22. State two typical situations to send flowers in business and social situationsThere are two typical situations in which flowers can be useful to businesspeople. One is to help establish a good relationship with a secretary. The other is when anexecutive is invited to someone's house. It is still more customary - all over the world - to give flowers to women rather than men, who in most cultures only receive flowers when ill. Here are some flower-giving guidelines which should keep you from falling foul of local taboos.Part III Case Analysis (Y ou are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case)(3*20’)Case 1Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI‟ wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected? Why?In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people..In the philosophy of Confucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone, payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationshi p.Case 2An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too.A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? Only one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Question: Are there any differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?Y es. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldn't imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldn't eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their differenthospitality in different ways.Case 3Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.To Li Lan‟s great disappointment, this time Susan didn‟t seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promi sed, they didn‟t get along well from then on.Question: Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant?Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends.While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.Case 4In 1997, a Danish woman from Copenhagen left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New Y ork City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside. Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. In American culture, it isillegal for parents to leave their baby alone. Whereas it is commonplace for parents to leave their baby alone in Danish culture.The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New Y ork, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New Y ork.Case 5Describing the differences of verbal communication Styles between Chinese people and American people. Take examples to explain it.The Chinese shout be loud when talking about everything. Direct eye-contact is rare when speaking person to person. Counting on your fingers is different. Instead of just holding out the number of fingers on two hands as in America, the Chinese have specific finger signs for numbers one to ten.To indicate yourself, Americans tend to use their thumb or forefinger and point at or touch their chest. Chinese people usually point at their nose with their index finger to do so. Chinese people feel no compunction against staring at other people for long periods of time. Young people, both boys and girls up to the age of 21, engages in all manner of rough-housing, often hitting each other. Women often walk arm and arm down the streets. Men and men hold hands or embrace shoulders as they walk outside. Nothing is wrong with that if they are friends.Case 6Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Xie Li: I don‟t know where it went wrong!Tom: Don‟t feel so bad. Cheer up; you‟ve done your job.Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I‟ll face the music.Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children‟s games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom: I‟ve never taken the experiment as child‟s play and I‟m playing the game.Xie Li: Y ou say you‟re playing the game! It‟s a rather important experiment!Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question: What‟s the problem in this case?Idiomatic phrases are often misinterpreted.In English, face the music means: face reality and take the consequence and play the game means: abide competition rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted two idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn‟t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he would “face the music”; secondly, he misinterpreted Tom‟s “playing the game” as that he hadn‟t done the experiment seriously, which might lead to its failure.A young Chinese officer, together with his wife, was meeting an American consultant at an airport. After phatic communication, the consultant complimented him on his wife out of politeness, “Your wife is beautiful!”The officer felt embarrassed and said, “Where! Where!”（哪里！哪里！）“Where! Where!”the consultant was puzzled and had to say,“From head to foot.”Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?In this case, the words of the Chinese conveyed a message quite different from what was intended. The Chinese officer would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”even though the remarks might have been quite sincere because the consultant was almost forced to say “Y our wife is beautiful from head to foot.” Forced compliments like this can leave a bad taste in the mouth.Because as far as the responses to praise and compliments is concerned, there are great difference between Chinese people and native English speakers. Native English speakers, especially Americans tend to verbalize their compliments and accept them, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves to show modest. In contrast, native English speakers, in the same situation, will say Thank you or Thank you for saying so or Thanks a lot, etc. to acknowledge and accept the thanks as a kind of recognition of their individual efforts. Case 8A young Chinese woman in U.S was complimented by an American woman for the lovely dress she was wearing: "It's exquisite. The colors are so beautiful!" she was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. In typical Chinese fashion, she replied, "Oh, it's just an ordinary dress I bought in China."Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?Case 9A married couple are going to visit a friend. They have been driving around for some time looking for the street.B is angry because A refuses to stop and ask direction of someone.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Men are less likely than women to seek directions from others. Part of the reason for this may well lie in sensitivity of men to issues of status. From the perspective to ask for information and help from others implies that the person asking is inferior. From a woman's point of view, however, sharing information is a way of cementing bonds.Dedrick and Melita have been dating for two years and are very serious. To celebrate their anniversary Melita wants to spend a quiet evening in her apartment where they can talk about the relationship and be alone with each other. When Dedrick arrives, he's planned to dine out and go to a concert. Melita feels hurt that he doesn't want to talk and spend the evening alone with her.Question: could you explain the differences in communication between men and women?Case 11A Filipino couple was vacationing in England. While they were strolling along one of the main streets of London with a British acquaintance, they met another Filipino who had been residing there for some time. He was a good friend from the past, who has not seen for several years. They greeted each other warmly and continued their conversation in a loud and animated fashion using their native language. After a while the British became noticeably agitated, and turned his head away and sighed. TheFilipinos noticed the reaction, and then resumed their conversation but in a quieter tone.Question: Why did the British become agitated?Case 12An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then…until the visitor was quite full.Question: Why did the American get quite full?The culture for treating visitors varys from country to country.In China, the Chinese host often constantly puts foot on the visitors' plate, which is an expression of hospitality. The visitors refusals are usually ignored. Westerners, on the other hand, usually leave the guest to help himself/herself and do not keep urging him/her to eat more. in China it is acceptable to leave unwanted food on the plate, whereas according to Western custom, it is impolite to do so. As result, misunderstandings occur. In this case, the American kept finishing all the tea in his cup to show his politeness. Therefore, the American got quite full.Case 13An American tourist and a Chinese couple met for the first time. They are introducing themselves like this:American tourist: It was so nice to meet you both here. I'm Lucy Webster. Thank you very much.Chinese woman: It's a pleasure. I'm Li Hong, and this is my husband. Welcome to China, Miss Lucy.American tourist: Thank you, Mr. and Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a cup of coffee?Chinese couple: No, thanks.Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?1)The American tourist thinks that Li Hongs surname is her husband's surname, because she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surnames after marriage.2) Li thinks that "Miss" is a respectful term of address for any female English speaker, but unaware of the fact that in America it is not used before someone's first name. She also mistakes the given name "Lucy' for the surname.Case 14Lee, an overseas student from China, once had a talk with his American classmate Tom.Lee: It really puzzles me that you Americans thank people all day long: When the teacher answers your questions, when your mother buys you a book that you need, when a wife brings her husband a cup of coffee and so on.Tom: Well, when I finished my tour in China, I said "thank you" to the interpreter who accompanied me during the tour. The interpreter replied, "It's my duty to do so."I can't help thinking what he means, "I had no choice but to do it, because it is my duty. Otherwise I would not have done so."Questions: What makes Lee puzzled and why? Is the interpreter's reply appropriate in the English context?1) A Chinese student would always thank his/her teacher for the latter's help, but would seldom do so to his/her parents because Chinese people don't usually say "Thank you" to those who are very close. They would rather choose some implicit ways to show their gratitude and concern, such as saying something like "leile ba?"(累了吧) "Xingku le."( 辛苦了) "kuai xiexie ba," (快歇歇吧)etc. But one traditional Chinese concept holds that it is the duty of the young and the junior to do something for the elderly and the senior, and so the latter don't have to say thanks.2) Saying "Thank you" is very common in America, even between parents and children, husband and wife for very small and ordinary things. So they thank all day long. They use words like "Please", "Excuse me", "Thank you" in daily conversation, whether between intimates or between strangers.。

介绍中华文化的优秀英语作文English: Chinese culture is known for its rich history, diverse traditions, and emphasis on harmony and balance. From ancient philosophical texts like the Tao Te Ching to iconic works of art such as traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy, the culture of China has made significant contributions to the world. Chinese festivals like Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) and Mid-Autumn Festival showcase the importance of family and community, while traditional Chinese cuisine, with its emphasis on fresh ingredients and delicate flavors, is celebrated worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine, martial arts like Tai Chi and Kung Fu, and the intricate craftsmanship of Chinese silk and porcelain are also notable facets of Chinese culture. Overall, the essence of Chinese culture lies in its deep-rooted values of respect for elders, filial piety, and the interconnectedness of mankind and nature.Translated content: 中国文化以其丰富的历史，多样的传统以及对和谐与平衡的强调而闻名。