Clauses
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高中英语Subject Clauses and Predicative Clauses名词性从句之主
找出下列句中的主语从句。
It is true th__a__t__s_h__e___l_o__s_t__h__e__r__n__e__c_k__l_a_c__e__. It is common knowledge t_h__a__t__t_h__e___w__h__a__l_e___is___n__o__t_ a fish. It was reported t_h__a__t__t_h__e__r_e___h_a__d___b__e__e_n___a__n___e_a__r_t__h__q_u__a__k_e in India. It is still a question w__h__e__t_h__e__r__s_h__e__w___i_l_l__c_o__m___e__o__r__n__o__t_. It happened t_h_a_t_I_w__a_s_t_h_e_re_._t__I _w_a_n_t__to__d_o__n_o_w____________is
to change the situation.
Consolidation: 用主语从句或表语从句翻译。
4.我知道培养好的饮食习惯非常重要。 I know i_t_is__o_f_g_re_a_t__im__p_o_rt_a_n_c_e_t_h_a_t_I_c_a_n_d_e_v_e_lop ______a__g_o_o_d_e_a_t_in_g__h_a_b_it_.________________ 5.与此同时，能否坚持锻炼身体也是关键。 Meanwhile, _w_h_e_t_h_e_r_I_c_a_n_i_n_s_is_t_o_n__re_g_u_l_a_r___ ___________e_x_e_rc_i_se______________ is crucial. 6.但是，我坚信有志者事竟成。 But my belief isth_a_t__w_h_e_r_e_t_h_e_r_e_is__w_i_ll,_t_h_e_r_e_i_s.a way
Adverbial Clauses(状语从句)
c.在because引导的从句中，如果主句为否定句，而 主句和后面的从句之间又没有逗号分开，这时not 修饰的是后面的整个从句。 The machine did not stop because the fuel was used up. You should not despise a man because he is poor. 如果主句和从句之间用逗号分开，那么意思就 不同了。 I was not kind to him, because he was rude.
3)某些表示时间的名词短语引导的时间状语从句 某些表示时间的名词词组如: the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the year, any time, last (first) time, next time, each time, every time等也可用来引导 时间状语从句。 Every time I met him, I found him to be taller. You can call me any time you want to. The last time I went to the United States, I visited many cities. The instant the result came out, she told us. The moment he saw me, he turned pale.
b.在since引导的时间状语从句中，从句通常 用过去式，主句则要用完成时。 She has never called on me since she moved to the country. 注：当since作副词或介词用时，谓语动 词也通常用现在完成式。 His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since. I have been in the business since 1988
7 Coordinating Words, Phrases, and Clauses
• After you have completed the exercise, compare your new sentences with the original sentences at the bottom of this page. Keep in mind that many combinations are possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the original versions. 1. The dancer was not tall. The danceras extremely elegant.
7. Coordinating Words, Phrases, and Clauses
7. Coordinating Words, Phrases, and Clauses
• When we coordinate things, whether we're talking about our schedules or our clothing, we make connections--or, as the dictionary says in a more fanciful way, "bring things together in a common and harmonious action." The same idea applies when we talk about coordination in grammar.
• Let's see how these correlative conjunctions work. First, consider the following simple sentence, which contains two nouns joined by and: • Merdine and Gus have gone to Buffalo. • We can rewrite this sentence with paired conjunctions to emphasize the two nouns: • Both Merdine and Gus have gone to Buffalo. • We often use the basic coordinating conjunctions and paired conjunctions in our writing to connect related ideas.
英语状语从句用法
II. as --- 因为, 通常放在句首 1)As she was late for class,she had to say sorry. 2)As Jane was the oldest in this family, she had to look after the others. III. since 因语气较弱, 常译为既然 1)Since you are ill,you’d better go to see the doctor. 2)Since you do not understand ,I will explain again.
• 2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末， 且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如 果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以 推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
II.unless --- 如果不, 除非=if not 1)We can’t write to Mary unless she tells us her address. We can’t write to Mary if she doesn’t tell us her address. *III.as long as(只要 ) 1)I will never give up learning as long as I live. 2)You may borrow the book as long as you keep it clean.
because, as, since, now that, for,和considering that, seeing that 这七个连词都用于表示 表示原因, 但在语气上一个比 一个弱.
(三种名词性从句总结归纳)The three types of clauses
The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can
have their holiday. These are the very points that puzzle me. （真正困扰我的是这 些观点。）
Is there anything that bothers you? （有什么事烦着你吗？） This is the best film that was ever produced by the company. （ 这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）
3：时态 1．主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变。
He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
They know (that) he is working hard. 2．主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。
He answered that he was listening to me. 3．主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从 现”）。 4. 当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主 句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不 是定理。
4）当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个 that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略； 5）当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时； 6）当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时； 7）当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时； 8）当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时； 9）当宾语从句有it做其先行词时； 10）在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时。
He told me that he was a boy. （虽然性别是客观存在的，但“ 男”“女”也是人为定义的，故非第4种情况） Father told me that practice makes perfect. （所叙述的事实为 一个定理，用一般现在时）
have their holiday. These are the very points that puzzle me. （真正困扰我的是这 些观点。）
Is there anything that bothers you? （有什么事烦着你吗？） This is the best film that was ever produced by the company. （ 这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）
3：时态 1．主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变。
He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
They know (that) he is working hard. 2．主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。
He answered that he was listening to me. 3．主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从 现”）。 4. 当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主 句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不 是定理。
4）当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个 that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略； 5）当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时； 6）当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时； 7）当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时； 8）当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时； 9）当宾语从句有it做其先行词时； 10）在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时。
He told me that he was a boy. （虽然性别是客观存在的，但“ 男”“女”也是人为定义的，故非第4种情况） Father told me that practice makes perfect. （所叙述的事实为 一个定理，用一般现在时）
分句定义和主语从句
5）无动词分句 ） 还有一种附属分句本身不带任何形式的谓语动 词，这种分句叫做无动词分句（Verbless Clause）。例如： Ripe (Subject Complement ), these apples are ) sweet. . 当成熟时，这些苹果是甜的。 A hard-working man (Subject Complement),Robert was welcomed everywhere he went.由于是个实干 家，罗伯特到处受欢迎。
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Hu will visit our school next week. (√) That President Hu will visit our school next week is said. (×) (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (√) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (×) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如： It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (√) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (×) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (√) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (×)
宾语从句,表语从句
2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时）， 如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时） 从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态 （一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时） 一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时） I knew who lived here. I saw she was talking with her mother. He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow. He said that he had seen it .
3.当与 not连用，或提出两种选择时: 当与or 连用， 当与 连用 • I don’t know whether he’s free or not. • Mary asked whether I was doing my homework or not. • Tell me whether you’d like to go shopping or tidy the room. 4. 宾语从句提前时： 宾语从句提前时： • Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
主语从句
subject clause
宾语从句
object clause
名词性从句 noun clause
表语从句
predicative clause
同位语从句
appositive clause
Object Clauses
宾语从句
M3U3 Grammar
1. I
主语
know him .
谓语 宾语
宾语 位于谓语动词或者介词后
一、宾语从句的概念
从句在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句， 从句在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句， 通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
名词性从句 2
同位语从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽 象名词(idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ；problem ； news等)后面，对名词作进一步解释说明。
同位语从句常用that引导或用连接副词when / where / why / how / whether
1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact ________________________________________ _______ worries their parents and teachers a lot.
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当于 名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾 语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根 据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又 可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从 句和同位语从句。
{What he does is important. {This is what he does every day.
We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.
3. Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents hold ________ the view.
Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldn’t spend too much time online.
同位语从句常用that引导或用连接副词when / where / why / how / whether
1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact ________________________________________ _______ worries their parents and teachers a lot.
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当于 名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾 语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根 据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又 可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从 句和同位语从句。
{What he does is important. {This is what he does every day.
We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.
3. Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents hold ________ the view.
Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldn’t spend too much time online.
Sentence Structure
But
Men may exercise harder, but they often exercise less frequently than women.
The two clauses express equal but contrasting ideas.
Or
Both men and women should regulate the amount of fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart disease.
Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs are used to give a wide variety of meanings e.g.
Community colleges offer preparation for many jobs; also, they prepare students to transfer to universities. To add a similar idea
The two clauses express alternative ideas.
Yet
Women used to be known as the ‘weaker sex’, yet in some ways, they are stronger than men.
The second clause is a surprising or unexpected contrast to the first.
Whics? ecology is a science to protect the environment after working all day because pollution causes cancer
(完整版)英语语法常用词汇
English grammar terms often used英语语法常用词语1．Parts of speech noun 名词verb动词conjunction 连词词类pronoun 代词adverb 副词interjection 惋惜词numeral 数词article冠词particle 小品词adjective 形容词preposition介词2. Word building conversion 转变suffix 后缀构词法derivation派生compound words 合成词affixation词缀法prefix前缀3． Classification of nouns名词的分类common nouns一般名词individual nouns 个体名词material nouns 物质名词countable nouns 可数名词the singular form 单数形式the common case一般格the subjective case主格person 人称proper nouns 专有名词collective nouns 会集名词abstract nouns 抽象名词uncountable nouns不可以数名词the plural form 复数形式the possessive case所有格the objective case 宾格third person singular 第三人称单数4. Classification of pronouns代词的分类personal pronouns 人称代词self pronouns 反身代词interrogative pronouns 疑问代词relative pronouns 关系代词indefinite pronouns 不定代词possessive pronouns物主代词demonstrative pronouns 指示代词conjunctive pronouns 连接代词reciprocal pronouns 相互代词5．数词、形容词、冠词cardinal numerals 基数词fractional numerals 分数词the superlative degree最高等the indefinite article不定冠词ordinal numerals 序数词the comparative degree比较级The definite article 定冠词6．Classification of verbs动词的分类national verbs 实义动词auxiliary verbs 助动词transitive verbs 及物动词regular verbs 规则动词the present forms 现在式the participle 分词the past participle 过去分词the gerund 动名词link-verbs 系动词modal verbs神情动词intransitive verbs 不及物动词irregular verbs 不规则动词the past forms 过去式the present participle现在分词the infinitive 不定式bare infinitive 不带 to 的不定式7．Tense 时态the present tense一般现在时the future tense一般将来时the present continuous现在进行时the future continuous 将来进行时the present perfect 现在完成时the future perfect 将来完成时the past tense 一般过去时the past future tense一般过去将来时the past continuous 过去进行时the past future continuous过去将来进行时the past perfect过去完成时the past future perfect 过去将来完成时the present perfect continuous现在完成进行时the future perfect continuous 将来完成进行时the past future perfect continuous 过去将来完成进行时8．Voice 语态、 Mood 语气the passive voice 被动语态the indicative mood 陈述语气the subjunctive mood 虚假语气the active voice 主动语态the imperative mood 祈使语气9．Classification of adverbs副词的分类adverbs of place 地点副词adverbs of time 时间副词adverbs of degree程度副词adverbs of manner 方式副词adverbs of frequency频度副词relative adverbs 关系副词interrogative adverbs 疑问副词conjunctive adverbs连接副词10． Members of the sentence 句子成分the subject 主语the predicate 谓语the predicative 表语the object the attribute 定语the adverbial 状语the appositive 同位语independent elements独立成分the direct object 直接宾语the indirect object 间接宾语parenthesis 插入语the double possessive 双重所有格the formal subject/object 形式主语subject complement 主语补足语object complement宾语补足语宾语/宾语11． Classification of sentences句子的分类declarative sentences陈述句exclamatory sentences惋惜句general questions 一般疑问句alternative questions选择疑问句 tap questions 附加疑问句compound sentences复合句elliptical sentences 省略句infinitive phrases 不定式短语imperative sentences 祈使句interrogative sentences 疑问句special questions 特别疑问句disjunctive questions 反意疑问句simple sentences简单句complex sentences并列句phrase 短语preposition phrases 介词短语the question word 疑问词12．Clauses 从句 mainclauses 主句 object clauses宾语从句subject clauses 主语从句direct speech 直接引语indirect speech 间接引语predicate clauses谓语从句predicative clauses 表语从句attributive clauses定语从句restrictive attributive clauses 限定性定语从句the antecedent 先行词non-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定语从句appositive clauses同位语从句adverbial clauses状语从句adverbial clauses oftime/ place / cause / condition / degree/ result / concession / purpose / comparison /manner 时间 / 地点 / 原因 / 条件 / 程度 / 结果 / 退步 / 目的 / 比较 / 方式状语从句sentences of real condition 真实条件句sentences of unreal condition 虚假条件句natural word-order 自然语序inverted word-order 倒装语序full inversion 完满倒装partial inversion 部分倒装ellipsis 省略transformation of sentences句型变换analysis of sentences句子解析13. Punctuation标点符号period/full stop 句号comma逗号semicolon 分号colon 冒号dash 破折号hyphen 连字号brackets 括号question mark问号quotation marks引号apostrophe 省略号14．The pronunciation of English英语发音international phonetic 国际音标the sounds of English 英语语音vowels 元音pure vowels 单元音diphthongs 双元音semi-vowel 半元音consonants 辅音nasal 鼻音plosive 爆破音fricative 磨擦音affricate 破擦音voiced sounds浊音voiceless 清音length mark 长音符号stress 重读main stress 主重读音节secondary stress次重读音节unstressed 非重读音节rhythm 节奏rising tune 升调intonationfalling tune语调降调a level pitch平调。
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Noun clauses (4)
• 表语从句 1. That 类表从： The trouble is that we never have enough time. 2. Whether 类表从：The question is whether her parents will agree with her. 3. wh-类表从(连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等和连接副词 where, when, how, why, wherever, whenever等)： The problem is who we can get to help us.) 4. As/as though/as if类表从：It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 5. Because 类表从：It was because he didn’t know her.
Reading assignment
• Read your notes at least THREE times. • Get ready to be tested next week. • No yy reading.
Attributive clauses (3)
• 用 which不用that的情况：
1. 关系代词前有介词且指事物时 2. 非限制性定从中 3. 先行词本身是that：What’s that which is flashing in the sky? 4. 先行词后有插入语: This is the grammar book which, as I told you, will help you a lot.
Noun clauses (5)
• 同位语从句 先行词：belief, doubt, explanation, hope, idea, news, opinion, possibility, wish, truth, fact, question, problem, suggestion, advice, order, fear, warning 等。 1. That 引导的同位语从句：Give me your promise that you will read your notes. 2. Wh-类词引导的同位语从句：The question who should replace her requires careful consideration.
Adverbial clauses(4)
• 让步状从 1. Even though/even if引导：Even if he is poor, she will love him. 2. As/though引导：Much as he loves his daughter, he is strict with her. 3. Whether…or/whether(…) or not引导：Whether you believe it or not, it’s true. 4. While 引导：While I understand what you said, I disagree with you. 5. Wh-ever类词引导(=no matter wh-)：Whatever you say, I won’t believe you.
Adverbial clauses(2)
• 地点状从: anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, wherever • 原因状从： Now that, seeing that, for the reason that, in that, considering that引导: I like the city, but I prefer the country in that there’s fresher air. • 目的状从: In order that, so that引导 For fear that, lest, in case引导：She works hard for fear that she should lag behind others.
Clauses
• Noun clauses • Attributive clauses • Adverbial clau从属连词：that, whether, if
• 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever,
whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever
Noun clauses (3)
• 宾语从句 1. That引导的宾从 2. If/whether引导的宾从: I don’t know if you like me or hate me. 3. wh- 类词引导的宾从 4. 介词后的宾从：I am always thinking about how to make my lessons less boring. 5. 形容词后的宾从：I’m sorry that I am unable to help you more.
Attributive clauses (1)
• • 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句：
She never eats salted food which is not good for the body.
用非限制性定从的某些特定情况 1. 关系代词指代整个主句：The boy didn’t pass the exam,
Attributive clauses (4)
• 用who不用that的情况 1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone等指人的不定代词： The ones who flatter me don’t please me. 2. 先行词为指人的those
3. 先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割 的定从中：Prof. Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. 4. There be 开头的句子：There are many young men who support Obama.
Attributive clauses (5)
• 定从与同位语从句的区别 1. 先行词不同。同位从句的先行词常是具有具体信 息或内涵的名词，如idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal等，定从的先行词 是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。
which disappointed his parents.
2. 先行词是独一无二的东西或专有名词：The sun, which gives a great deal of heat, is an ideal source of energy. 3. 先行词是某人唯一的亲属：I have an elder brother, who graduated from Peking University. 4. some/many/few/a few/little/most/half of等结构：There’s too much info. on the Internet, some of which is unreliable.
等
• 连接副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever等。
Noun clauses (2)
• 主语从句 1. That引导的主从：That you don’t like him is
none of my business. 2. 形式主语it代替主从：It is known that you are lazy. 3. Whether 引导主从：Whether we can arrive there on time depends on the weather. 4. Wh-词引导主从：Where we can look up his address is still not decided.
Adverbial clauses(5)
• 比较状从(as…as, not as/so…as, than, the…, the…): She is as good tempered as her mother (is). • 方式状从 • 1. As if/as though 引导：I remember the whole thing ~ it happened yesterday. • 2. as, (just) as…so…引导: (Just) as water is to fish, so air is to man. • 3. The way 引导：Just do it the way I did it.
Adverbial clauses(3)
• 结果状从(so, so that, so…that…, such that, such…that…, that): It was such nice weather that we went for a walk. • 条件状从 1. On condition that 引导：Ron lent me the money on condition that I pay it back next month. 2. Supposing/provided/providing/given (that)引导： ~ you promise not to tell anyone, I’ll tell you the secret.
Attributive clauses (2)
• 用that不用which的情况： 1. 先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, nothing, none, some等。 2. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the right, the last, few等修饰。 3. 先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或先行词被序数词 或形容词最高级修饰：The first thing that we should do is to find a hotel to take a break. 4. 先行词既有人又有物: Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we learnt yesterday? 5. 主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句: Who is the guy that came to see you yesterday? Which is the dress that fits me most?