鉴于条款(whereas clauses)

英文合同必备条款的表达方式NECESSARY TERMS OF ENGLISH CONTRACT1.前言Preamble一份标准英文合同通常可以分为前言（Preamble）、正文（Operative part）、附录（Schedule）及证明部分即结束词（Attestation）四大部分组成。

前言（Preamble）由“Parties”及“Recitals”两部分组成。

“Parties”为必备条款，在很多时候称为“commencement”即合同的开场白，主要介绍合同各方的名称或姓名、注册地及地址、邮编及在合同中的简称。

当然，并不是所有的合同都要详细介绍以上诸要素，在许多简单合同中，只是提一下各方的名称。

I. 以下为“Parties”的常用表达方式：1. This Agreement is entered into by and between ____ and ____.本协议由以下双方____和___ 签署。

2. This Agreement is entered into by and between ____ (hereinafter referred to as____) and ____ (hereinafter referred to as "_____"), whereby it is agreed as follows:本协议由以下双方____（以下简称____）和_____（以下简称___）签署，达成如下协议：注：在很多合同中，这部分加入签约事由，如：This Agreement is entered into through friendly negotiations between _____ Co.(hereinafter referred to a s the “Party A”) and _____ Co. (hereinafter referred to as the “Party B”) based on equality and mutual benefit to develop business on the terms and conditions set forth below:本协议由_____（以下称为甲方）和____（以下称为乙方）为发展业务在平等互利的基础上签订，其条款如下：This Agreement is entered into between _____ (hereinafter referred to as "Company"), and ______, (hereinafter referred to as "Employee") pursuant to paragraph VIII(2) of the Employee Handbook, whereby it is agreed as follows:本“协议”由_____（以下简称“公司”）与_____（以下简称“雇员”）根据“雇员手册”第VIII(2)款签署，“协议”内容如下：II. 以下为标准的“Parties”条款：3. This Agreement is made and entered into this _____th day of _____ in the year of ____ by and between ______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at _____ (hereinafter referred to as “_____”), and ______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of _____, with its principal place of business at_____ (hereinafter referred to as “_____”), whereby it is agreed as follows:本合约由______，在_____法律之下并凭该等法律正式组织并存在的公司，其主要营业地点在______（下称_____），与_____，在_____法律之下并凭该等法律正式组织并存在的公司，其主要营业地点______（下称代理人），于_____日签订和缔结，协议如下：III. “Recitals”由数个以"Whereas"字样开头的句子所组合而成（这些句子俗称为“Whereas Clauses”），表示当事人乃是在基于对这些事实（例如订约的目的、背景来由等）的共同认识，订立此合约。

第十二章国际商事合同基本结构与一般条款概述教学目标：了解国际商事合同的结构、基本条款、文体特点，掌握国际商事合同的翻译原则与要点。

课堂讲练：一、国际商事合同概述1、定义与种类国际商事合同（International Commercial Contract）,是营业地处于不同国家当事人之间为达成商业目的而订立的,对当事各方都有法律约束力的协议。

较为常见的国际商事合同包括：国际货物买卖合同（International Sales Contract）、国际销售代理合同（International Agency Contract）、国际技术转让合同（International License Contract for Transfer of Technology）、国际商业定期贷款合同（International Contract for Commercial Term loan）、国际保险合同（International Insurance Contract）、国际工程承包合同（International Contract for Construction project）、国际租赁合同（International Leasing Contract）、补偿贸易合同（Compensation Trade Contract）等等。

尽管内容不同，但作为国际商事往来基本法律文件，其结构、一般性条款与文体特点方面，仍然存在一定的固定模式，甚至相通之处。

2、国际商事合同的基本结构与常用条款概述国际商事合同种类繁多，内容因人因事各异，但基本结构与常用条款相对统一与固定，具有格式化的特点。

一般来说，可以分为首部、正文、尾部：1）首部/约首（The Head/Non-operative Part）任何一份国际商事合同的首部都是用于说明合同的“人、事、时、地”四个要素，又包括：（1）、封面（Cover of the Contract）国际商事合同应加封面,以示正式并达到保存合同的目的,封面内容通常应包括㈠、当事人(二)、合同标题(三)、签订日期.例如:Dated May 9,2004A Co., LtdandB Co., LtdCollateral Management Agreement(2). 合同标题( Title of the Contract)在说明合同类型,合同正文前面应有标题, 该标题应与封面标题完全一致.(3). 合同编号(Contract \Agreement Number)合同编号一般置于合同标题的下方或右下方,也可以将合同编号置于标题的右上方,即合同第一页的右上角,合同编号方式可以由合同各方自行协商确定,没有统一格式.(4)、前提（Commencement）,包括两部分内容：①、合同当事人基本信息，如合同双方名称、国籍、营业地点、住所等；②、有关合同签订的基本信息，比如合同号、签订日期、地点。

涉外合同格式涉外合同按繁简不同，尽管可以采取不同书面形式，如正式合同（Contract）、协议书（Agreement）、确认书（Confirmation）、备忘录（Memorandum）、订单（Order）等等，但是一般都包含如下几个部分：一、合同名称（Title）二、前文（Preamble）1. 订约日期和地点Date and place of signing2. 合同当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所Signing parties and their nationalities, principal place of business or residence addresses3. 当事人合法依据Each party's authority，比如，该公司是"按当地法律正式组织而存在的"（a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of XXX）4. 订约缘由/说明条款Recitals or WHEREAS clause三、本文（Body）1. 定义条款（Definition clause）2. 基本条款（Basic conditions）3. 一般条款（General terms and conditions）a. 合同有效期（Duration）b. 合同的终止（Termination）c. 不可抗力（Force Majeure）d. 合同的让与（Assignment）e. 仲裁（Arbitration）f. 适用的法律（Governing law）g. 诉讼管辖（Jurisdiction）h. 通知手续（Notice）i. 合同修改（Amendment）j. 其它（Others）四、结尾条款（WITNESS clause）1. 结尾语，包括份数、使用的文字和效力等（Concluding sentence）2. 签名（Signature）3. 盖印（Seal）以上的格式和内容并非一成不变，当事人可以根据各自交易情况做出调整或增删。

商务英语专有名词翻译商务英语名词翻译Unit 1CICSC United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 是《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的简称。

trade terms 交易条款sales contract 销售合同price list 价格单reference price 参考价name of commodity 品名；商品名称quantity 数量withdrawal of offer 撤回发盘revocation of offer 撤销发盘termination of offer 终止发盘inquiry 询盘offer 发盘；报盘；实盘offeror 发盘人offeree 受盘人firm offer 实盘non-offer 虚盘indefinite offer 虚盘counter-offer 还盘accept 承诺contract 合同（契约）termination of a contract 合同的终止suspension of a contract 合同的中止Unit 2claim damages 损害索赔claim clause 索赔条款compensation 补偿the party in the breach 违约方difference 差额interest 利息bona fide party 当事人Unit 3WTO World Trade Organization, 世界贸易组织the Final Act 指乌拉圭回合多边谈判的最终议案Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合accountable 负责的，需要解释的ground-rule 基本准则decision-making body 决策机构the General Council 总理事会the Dispute Settlement Body 争端协调机构the Trade Policy Review Body 贸易政策评审机构GA TT the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 《关税与贸易总协定》，简称关贸总协定。

欧盟托管法案（EU）20171569临床试验药GMP原则和指南COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2017/1569 of 23 May 2017supplementing Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council by specifying principles of and guidelines forgood manufacturing practice for investigational medicinal products for humanuse and arrangements for inspections(Text with EEA relevance)欧盟托管法案（EU）2017/1569 2017年5月23日补充欧洲议会和欧盟委员会法规（EU）No.536/2014说明人用临床试验用药GMP原则和指南以及检查安排THEEUROPEAN COMMISSION,欧盟委员会Havingregard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,关于欧盟职能条约Havingregard to Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of 16 April 2014 on clinical trials on medicinal products for humanuse, and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC[1],and in particular Article 63(1) thereof, 关于欧盟议会和委员会2014年4月16日关于人用临床试验用药的法规（EU）536/2014，以及即将废止的指令2001/20/EC，尤其是其中第63（1）条Whereas: 鉴于(1) The good manufacturing practice forinvestigational medicinal products for human use ensures that there isconsistency between batches of the same investigational medicinal product usedin the same or different clinical trials, andthat changes during thedevelopment of an investigational medicinal product are adequately documentedand justified. The manufacturing of investigational medicinal products presentsadditional challenges comparing to the manufacturing of authorised medicinal productsbecause there are no fixed routines, there is a variety of clinical trialdesigns and consequently packaging designs. Those challenges are due to theneed, often, of randomisation and to disguise the identity of theinvestigational medicinal products for the purpose of clinical trial(blinding). The toxicity, potency and sensitising potential of investigationalmedicinal products for human use may not be fully understood at the time of thetrial, and the need to minimise all risks of cross-contamination is thereforeof even greater importance than for authorised medicinal products. Because ofthis complexity, the manufacturing operations should be subject to a highlyeffective pharmaceutical quality system.人用临床试验用药GMP确保了用于相同或不同临床试验中的同种临床试验用药批次间的一致性，确保在临床试验用药研发期间的变更具有充分的记录和论证。

1 WhereasWhereas: considering that 鉴于, 就……而论（法律用语）例1Whereas the first Party is willing to employ the second Party and the second Party agrees to act as the first Party’s Engineer in Bamako, it is hereby mutually agreed as follows:鉴于甲方愿意聘请乙方, 乙方同意应聘为甲方在巴马科（工程）的工程师, 合同双方特此达成协议如下例2Whereas Party B and Party A have entered into this Contract to install Party A’s air-conditioning equipment, the Parties hereto do hereby agree as follows:Chinese version for reference:鉴于乙方与甲方订立本合同, 安装甲方的空气调节设备, 双方同意如下：2 In Witness Whereof [❤1]Whereby：In Witness Whereof：作为所协议事项的证据，这个短语常常在合同结尾条款中使用，可译为“特此立（证）裾”，“以此立（证）据”等；In Testimony Whereof：以此为证，特立此证；Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc.凭此协议，凭此条款等。

例1In Witness Whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed on the day and year first before written[❤2] in accordance with their respective laws.本协议书由双方根据各自的法律签订，于上面所签订的日期开始执行，特立此据。