跨文化交际导论含答案

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全) Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: E某cept for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence andcollaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationshipsFive relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.1. According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinalrelationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships beThat is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was e某plained as\There should be affectionbetween man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.\2. What is the difference between collectivism andindividualismFirstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually e某pect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personalbenefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.E某tended family: adult couples are e某pected to formtheir ownhousehold with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they e某pect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not e某isting for indefinitely long durations.Stable: resistant to change of position or condition Connection vs. contract: relationship。

Unit 1 Communication Across CultureTranslation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。

值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。

通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。

Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highlythat it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard…s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.‖In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmonyamong persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard…s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmenthan between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself‖; for the English counterpart, ―Be my guest.‖ American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home,‖ even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to bedirect communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that…s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough. Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginn ing, Mary didn…trealize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a differentway of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personaland family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don…t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don…t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.Unit 2 Culture and CommunicationTranslation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。

参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone‟s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary worldThis is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance,it is not uncommon intoday‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems arecaused by minorities and immigrants.2. What‟s the difference between today‟s intercultural contact and that of any time in the pastToday‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importancethan in anytime in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life todayNew technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behavein our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communicationThe three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one‟s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in itThe family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our cultureBecause language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning toPeople can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society existA free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changedMany things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is likeAs our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people maylive thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalizationTechnology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global‟may be more local than the …local‟”The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ‗global‘ may be more local than the ‗local‘‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the worldEffective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures,a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted withCountries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of MichaelFayThis case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability tounderstand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towardsglobalizationGlobalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication1.Fill in blanksa. There are here-------- Chinese equivalents to communication in Mainland.交际（）交流（）沟通（）传播（）通信（）交通（）传理（）b. There must be ___________conditions for communication to take place.c. There are _______ kinds of communication.d. The two kinds of cross-cultural communication are _______ and ______.e. In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, ______ is the essence.f. You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone is a________ example of communication.g. You send an e-mail message to an American friend is an instance of communication but______.h. An Arabic traveler talks to you in Arabic that is Greek to you is an instance of_________.i. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of ______ definition, or ______ interpretation of the situation.j. In cross-cultural communication, private goals are difficult to detect and are likely to cause ______.k. A social situation may receive two definitions. They are____________________ and ______________.l. The verbal message of shrug is a non-verbal signal of_________________.m. The verbal message of thank is a non-verbal signal of________________.n. The goal of Dick’s going to the library is likely to _______________________________________.Ⅱ. Key Termsa. languageb. non-verbal communicationc. cross-cultural communicationd. situational schemae. signalf. cultureg. communicationh.. mutual monitoringi. valuej. competenceⅢ. Short Answer1. Give some best and not good instances of communication.2. How to understand a mutual monitoring?a. Types of communication.b. Cultural influencing factors of cross-cultural communication.c. b. collectivist culturec. hospitalityⅣ. Case studyUse the communication theory to analyze the following case:Xiao Huang meets Evelyn at the airport and says to her: "Long time no see!" 1）The source of information is: ______.2）The encoder is: ______.3）The code is: ______.4）The message is: "______!"5）The channel is: ______.6）The medium is: ______.7）The noise is: ______.8）The decoder is: ______.9）The retrieval of information is: ______.Keys To Unit OneⅠ.Fill in the blanks.a. 6b. 4c. 5d. unilateral cross-cultural communication, bilateral cross-cultural communicatione. meaning exchangef. bestg. Yes, but not very good.h. non-communicationi. official，officialj. misunderstandingk. one of the community and one of the participants.l. raising one’s shoulders up and down.m. holding one’s hands in a fist in frontn. borrow booksII. Key Termsa. language. a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols ("He taught foreign languages")b. While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. In addition to the words we use we convey a whole variety of information to others with our bodies. This is non-verbal communication.c.It refers to the communication between the people with different cultural backgrounds.d. It refers to the rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.e. It means an element of the behavior, appearance, etc., of one organism that is received by the sense organs of a second organism and affects its behavior.f. Culture means:1.The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.2.The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.g. communication: the exchange of information between people, e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behaviors. There are source of information, encoder, code, channel, decoder, retrieval of information.III. Short answers.Best examples：You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille. Not so good examples; An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. You send an email message to an American friend.when you are alone with no one else being present , you can do anything you like, because you are not in a social situation. Once another person joins you, or even comes close enough that you two can see each other, your behavior is affected by his or her presence. That is mutual monitoring.a. human communicationb. animal communicationc. human-animal communicationd. human-machine communicatione. machine-to-machine communication4. they are of history, tradition, religion, value, social organization, customs, social development and systems.5. collectivist culture places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as ‘we’ cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective.IV. Case study1）Xiao Huang2）Xiao Huang3）English;4）Long time no see!;5）face to face;6）air;7）the disturbance of the passing airplanes; 8）Evelyn;9）Evelyn。

跨文化交际专业试题及答案一、选择题1. 跨文化交际中，以下哪个行为最可能被视为不礼貌？A. 直接注视对方B. 握手C. 鞠躬D. 保持微笑答案：A2. 在美国，人们通常在什么情况下会使用“please”？A. 要求别人做事B. 表达感谢C. 表达歉意D. 表达同意答案：A3. 在日本，以下哪种行为被认为是尊重的表现？A. 直接进入别人的办公室B. 敲门并等待允许C. 未经允许就坐下D. 直接打断别人说话答案：B4. 在阿拉伯文化中，握手时通常不包括以下哪个动作？A. 用右手B. 保持眼神接触C. 持续时间较长D. 同时用左手触碰对方答案：D5. 在中国文化中，赠送礼物时以下哪个行为是不恰当的？A. 包装礼物B. 赠送钟表C. 赠送书籍D. 赠送鲜花答案：B二、简答题1. 描述跨文化交际中非言语交流的重要性。

答案：非言语交流在跨文化交际中起着至关重要的作用，因为它可以传达情感、态度和文化背景。

非言语交流包括肢体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、声音的音调和节奏等。

不同的文化对这些非言语信号有不同的解读，因此理解和正确使用非言语交流对于跨文化沟通的成功至关重要。

2. 解释文化冲击是什么，并给出一个例子。

答案：文化冲击是指一个人在进入一个新文化环境时，由于文化差异而经历的心理和情感上的困惑、焦虑和不适。

例如，一个习惯于个人主义文化的西方人，当他第一次来到一个强调集体主义的亚洲国家时，可能会对那里的团队合作和群体决策感到不适应，从而经历文化冲击。

三、论述题1. 论述在国际商务环境中，了解和尊重不同文化的重要性。

答案：在国际商务环境中，了解和尊重不同文化对于建立和维护商业关系至关重要。

首先，了解不同文化可以帮助我们更好地理解商业伙伴的行为和期望，从而避免误解和冲突。

其次，尊重文化差异可以展示我们的开放性和包容性，这有助于建立信任和尊重，是长期合作关系的基石。

此外，跨文化交际能力也是全球化时代商务人士的重要技能，能够帮助企业在多元文化市场中取得成功。

参考资料Unit1municationAcrossCulturesReadingIInterculturalmunication：AnIntroductionprehensionquestions1. Is itstilloften thecasethat “everyone‟squickto blamethealien”in thecontemporaryworld?This isstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialand politicalrhetoric. Forinstance,it isnotunmon intoday‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsare causedbyminorities andimmigrants.2.What‟sthedifferencebetween today‟sinterculturalcontactand thatof anytimein thepast?Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninany timeinhistory.3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontacta verymonphenomenoninour lifetoday?Newtechnology,in theformoftransportation and munication systems,hasaccelerated interculturalcontact;innovative munication systemshave encouraged andfacilitated cultural interaction; globalizationoftheeconomy has broughtpeopletogether; changes inimmigration patternshavealso contributedtointercultural encounter.4. Howdo you understand thesentence“cultureis everything and everywhere”?Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswers toquestions aboutwhat theworldlooks likeand howwe liveandmunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehavein ourlifefromthe instantofbirth. It isomnipresent.5.Whatarethemajorelements thatdirectlyinfluenceourperception andmunication?Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectly influenceperception and munication areculturalvalues, worldview(religion), andsocialorganizations (familyandstate).6.Whatdoes one‟sfamilyteach himor her whileheor shegrows upin it?Thefamilyteaches thechildwhat theworldlooks likeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.7.Whyis it impossibleto separateour useof languagefromour culture?Becauselanguageisnotonly aformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture. Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresent theexperiences withinaculturalmunity.8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattach meaning to?Peoplecan attachmeaning tononverbalbehaviorssuch asgestures,postures,facialexpressions, eyecontactandgaze, touch,etc.9. Howcan a free,culturallydiversesocietyexist?A free,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithout prejudiceand discrimination, both ofwhich harmallmembers ofthesociety.ReadingIITheChallenge ofGlobalizationprehension questions1.Whydoes theauthorsaythatour understanding of theworld has changed?Many things,such aspoliticalchangesand technologicaladvances,havechanged theworld very rapidly.In thepastmosthuman beingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithin alimited geographical area,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,no longerprevailsin theworld.Thus,allpeoplearefacedwith thechallengeofunderstanding this changedandstillfastchangingworldinwhichwelive.2.Whata “global village”is like?Asourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbeeinterdependent,peoplefrom remotecultures increasinglyeintocontactonadailybasis.Ina―global village‖, membersofonceisolated groupsofpeoplehavetomunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thosepeoplemaylivethousands ofmiles away orrightnextdoortoeach other.3.What is consideredasthemajor driving forceof thepost-1945 globalization?Technology,particularly telemunicationsand putersareconsidered to bethemajor driving force.4.Whatdoes theauthor mean bysaying that“the…global‟maybemorelocal than the…local‟”?The increasingglobalmobilityofpeopleand the impactofnewelectronicmediaonhuman municationsmaketheworldseem smaller.Wemaymunicatemorewithpeopleofother countriesthan with ourneighbors,and wemay bemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthan of thelocalevents.Inthis sense,―the‗global‘maybemorelocalthanthe ‗local‘‖.5.Whyis it important for businesspeopleto knowdiversecultures in theworld?Effectivemunicationmaybethemostimportantpetitiveadvantagethatfirmshavetomeetdiversecustomerne edson aglobalbasis.Succeedingin theglobalmarkettoday requiresthe ability tomunicatesensitively withpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivity thatisbased on an understandingofcross-culturaldifferences.6.Whataretheseriousproblems thatcountries throughout theworld are confronted with?Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuch asvolatile internationaleconomy,shrinking resources,mounting environmentalcontamination,andepidemics thatknownoboundaries.7.What implications can wedrawfromthe caseofMichaelFay?Thiscaseshowsthatin aworldofinternationalinterdependence,the ability tounderstand andmunicateeffectivelywithpeople fromother culturestakes onextreme urgency. Ifweare unawareof thesignificantrolecultureplaysinmunication,wemayplacetheblame for munication failureonpeopleofother cultures.8.Whatattitudes arefavored bytheauthor towards globalization?Globalization,forbetterorforworse,haschanged theworldgreatly.Whetherwelikeitornot, globalization is allbutunstoppable.Itis already heretostay. Itis both afactand an opportunity.The challenges arenotinsurmountable.Solutions exist, andarewaitingtobe identifiedand implemented. Fromaglobalisticpointofview, thereishopeand faithin humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

跨⽂化交际全部答案参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien”in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today…s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today…s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today…s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without1prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past mosthuman beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village”is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global?may be more local than the …local?”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of thelocal events. In this sense, ―the ?global…may be more local than the ?local…‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures, a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael Fay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not,2globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，⼈们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和⾏为举⽌上存在的差异，⽽长久⽆法互相理解、⽆法和睦相处。

对外经济贸易大学《跨文化交际（英）》期末考试I.True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.（每题1分，共20分）1.The term “intercultural communication” was first used by Geert Hofstede in1959.2.Hall defines culture as the "software of the mind" that guides us in our dailyinteractions.3.In most of Africa, Argentina and Peru, putting one’s index finger to his templemeans ‘You are crazy.’4.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes yourexperiences and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people.5.V alues are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture.They are the innermost “skin of the onion.”6.People from some cultures may lower their gaze to convey respect, whereas thismay be understood as evading or even insulting in other cultures.7.Unbuttoning one’s coat is a sign of openness, friendliness or willingness to reachan agreement.8.In order for intercultural negotiation to be successful, the parties must provide fora win-lose situation.9.Edward Hall’s theory states that the four levels embody the total concept ofculture like an onion – symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.10.Successful intercultural business communication involves knowing theethnocentrisms of persons in other cultures. Understanding the mindsets of both oneself and the person of another culture will result in more efficient communication.11.Ethnocentrism is the belief that somebody else’s cultural background, includingways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is better than our own.12.People in the United States place a greater emphasis on history and do not likechange as compared with people of Asian and Latin cultures.13.When dealing with German business people, you should avoid jokes and otherforms of humor during the actual business sessions.14.In the business circle, American business people use first names immediately.panies should avoid sending female employees to the Middle East, as inArab countries men may refuse to work with women.16.In Southeast Asia, you should avoid presenting your business card with your righthand.17.When accepting a business card, German business people carefully look at thecard, observe the title and organization, acknowledge with a nod that they have digested the information, and perhaps make a relevant comment or ask a polite question.18.The OK sign may be interpreted as asking for money by Japanese businesspeople.19.Nonverbal communication is important to the study of interculturalcommunication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universallanguage.20.In short, intercultural communication competence requires sufficient awarenessknowledge, motivations, and skills. Each of these components alone is sufficient to achieve intercultural communication competence.II.Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题1分，共20分）1. stereotypes2. paralanguage3. ethnocentrism4. masculinity5. high-context culture6. monochronic time7. speech act 8. conversation taboos9. vocal qualifiers 10. power distance11. 译码12. 偏见13. 文化震惊14. 不确定性回避15. 概念意义16. 语用错误17. 礼貌原则18. 归纳法19. 空间语言20. 礼仪与礼节III.Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer.（每题1分，共20分）1. Understanding another culture ________.a.enables businesspeople to know why foreign associates believe and actas they dob.is best achieved through “do’s and don’ts” listsc.is important for businesspeople because they can appear to be betterinformedd.isn’t necessary for businesspeople2. Non-linear languages ______.a.are object orientedb.see time as a continuum of present, past and futurec.are circular, tradition oriented and subjectived.lead to short-range planning in business practices3. Which statement about values is incorrect?a. V alues are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in aculture.b. V alues are learned by contacts with family members, teachers, andreligious leaders.c. V alues will be influenced by what is seen on television or read innewspapers.d. People in various cultures have basically similar values.4. People from cultures that follow the monochronic time system tend toa. do one thing at a time.b. be committed to people.c. borrow and lend things often.d. build lifetime relationships.5. Which statement regarding haptics is incorrect?a. In Thailand, it is offensive to touch the head.b. Japan is considered a "don't touch" culture.c. Greece is considered a "touch" culture.d. In Latin American countries, touching between men is unacceptable.6. The opinion that everyone has a position and clearly defined privileges is _____.a. a view of hierarchical structure of social relationshipb. a view of group orientation structure of social relationshipc. a view of individual orientation structure of social relationshipd.none of the above7. General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from anotherculture include all of the following except:a. politics is a safe topic in most cultures.b. avoid telling jokes.c. avoid personal questions.d. keep the conversation positive.8. Which statement best describes an incorrect handshake?a. In the U.S., a handshake should be firm.b. An Asian handshake is usually gentle.c. Germans repeat a brusque handshake upon arrival and departure.d. A British handshake is firm and repeated frequently.9. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect?a. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.c.When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the factsand goes to generalizations.d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation withdifferent cultures.10. Which statement is incorrect?a. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge ofanother culture's nonverbal communication patterns.b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.c.Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages inintercultural encounters.d.When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watch thebehavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.nguage is important because it _____a.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how weperceive others.b.allows us to be understood by foreigners.c.is determined by colonialism.d.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.12. Which of the following countries uses high-context language?a.Canadab.Germanyc.Japand.United States13. Slang is generally _____a.understood by everyone.b.spoken by the masses.c.easily translated.ed by subgroups.14. Nonverbal communication does not include _____a. chromatics.b. chronemics.c.haptics.d. semantics.15. Dominance, harmony, and subjugation are all value orientations that correspond to which of the following cultural problems?a.What is the nature of human beings?b.What is the relationship of humans to nature?c.What is the orientation of humans to time?d.What is the human orientation to activity?16. Proverbs are significant to the study of intercultural communicationbecause_______.a.they provide a compact description of a culture’s valuesb.they tell a great deal about what a culture praises and what it rejectsc.they unite a people with the wisdom of their ancestorsd.all of the above17. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance?a. One group's truth should not be imposed on others.b. Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends.c. Citizen protest should be repressed.d. Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people.18. The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is thatnguage is just a device for reporting a person's experience.b.two languages can represent the same social reality.c.the social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speak thelanguage.nguage functions as a way of shaping a person's experience.19. Many multinational firms find that cultural shock can be alleviated bya. sending only top executives abroad.b. sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.c. testing associates to see who is most qualified.d. selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certainpersonal and professional qualifications.20. Which of the following statement is incorrect?a.Knowing cultural variations in the use of silence is helpful whenconversing with persons in another culture.b.We need to keep things in perspective and not get offended each time wedeal with someone who has a different attitude toward touchingc.Good advice when communicating with persons in other cultures is tokeep gestures to a minimumd.Although oral communication varies from culture to culture, non-verbalcommunication is almost always interpreted the same in each culture.IV.Answer the following essay question. (共20分)Compare and contrast the following proverbs from two different cultures: “It is the duck that squawks that gets shot”and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.” How do people from these cultures perceive silence and talk? In light of their different perceptions, how might they view each other? What problems might arise in their interactions?V.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective.(共20分)The following conversation took place between two Chinese friends.A: We’re going to New Orleans this weekend.B: What fun! I wish we were going with you. How long are you going to be there?A: Three days.B: Do you need a ride to the airport? I’ll take you.A: Are you sure it’s not too much trouble?B: No, no. It’s no trouble at all.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective.参考答案及评分标准A卷VI.True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.（每题1分，共20分）1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. T7. T8. F9. F 10. T11. F 12. F 13. T 14.T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. FVII.Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题1分，共20分）1. stereotypes 定势/刻板印象2. paralanguage 辅助语言/副语言3. ethnocentrism 民族中心主义4. masculinity男性特征5. high-context culture高语境文化6. monochronic time单一时间观念7. speech act 言语行为8. conversation taboos对话禁忌9. vocal qualifiers 声音修饰10. power distance权力距离11. 译码 decoding 12. 偏见 prejudice13. 文化震惊cultural shock 14. 不确定性回避 uncertaintyavoidance15. 概念意义denotational meaning 16. 语用错误pragmatic failure17. 礼貌原则the Politeness Principle 18. 归纳法inductivepattern19. 空间语言spatial language/proximics 20. 礼仪与礼节etiquetteand protocolVIII.Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer.（每题1分，共20分）1. a2. a3. d4. a5. d6. a7. a8. d9. c 10. b11. a 12. c 13. d 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. d 20. dIX.Answer the following essay question. (共20分)测试重点：Compare and contrast the proverbs “It is the duck that squawks thatgets shot”and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”The former is an English proverbwhile the latter is a Chinese proverb. In light of their different perceptions, the twocultures might differ in terms of silence and talk etc. and problems might arise in theirinteractions.评分标准：从以上角度进行分析，其他根据具体答题情况酌情。

Unit1 Sportsmanship:It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit:Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches:It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3.The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity.American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture? What is polychronic culture?Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive. Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words..Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture? What is Low-context culture?High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures? What is the function of silence in high-context cultures?It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different cultures?Different in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?The five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, dep ending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。