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高中英语语法复习专题讲解-定语从句一、定义及相关术语1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
二、定语从句的种类以及区别定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，现将它们之间的用法及区别列表如下限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系密切（删去后，影响整个句子意义的表达）和先行词的关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删去后不影响整个句子意义的表达）不用逗号分开一般使用逗号分开可用关系代词that引导不可用关系代词that引导可以省略（that，who，which在从句中担当宾语时可以省略）不可以省略可以替代（whom作宾语时，可用who或that替代）不能替代只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定语从句前有逗号分开，只能用which或as引导。
限制性：她有两个当解放军的儿子。
She has two sons who are P.L.A.men.(Maybe she has other sons who are not P.L.A.men.)非限制性：她有两个儿子，他们都是解放军。
定语从句定语从句的核心考点1.功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
2.位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。
Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please.3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。
先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some-，any-，every-和no-与-body，-thing的合成词；或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。
数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
4.关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等关系副词：when，where，why等5.确定关系词的步骤：(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。
(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。
(1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。
This is the place which is worth visiting.(2)关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。
There are many places we can visit (them) in China.6.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which：(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
(2)先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，few等修饰时。
(3)先行词为all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代词时。
(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。
高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义定语从句定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。
2，代替先行词。
3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。
一般whom作为宾语。
4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用………的‟表示。
主要由形容词担任。
此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。
短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
（一）限定性定语从句一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。
2而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of which 调换,表达的意思一样。
高考英语一轮总复习考点突破：考点三“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句一、“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。
先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。
The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.美国是一个大国，有着许许多多不同的方言。
He is the person on whom you can depend.他是一个你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
二、“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定1．根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。
(turn to sb for help)Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。
(be interested in)2．根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记我童年时在乡下度过的那段时光。
(during the time)3．根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colorless gas, without which we can't live, is called oxygen.这种无色的气体就是氧气，没有它我们无法生存。
高三英语二轮复习重难点语法之定语从句讲解课件(共58张PPT)(共58张PPT)定语从句概念定语可以是形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语和句子，定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。
P86概念I admire Zhong Nanshan [who is devoted himself to medicine in China].先行词关系词定语从句一．关系词定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。
1.who/whom，两者都指人，who可以做定语从句的主语和宾语，而whom作宾语。
大部分情况whom可以用who代替，但是从句作介词宾语，且直接跟在介词后面，只能用whom。
P123-1关系代词：He is the man who lives next door.Some people who are successful language learnersoften fail in other fields.Yesterday I came across the man about whom youtalked last time.常用介词：of,on,at, from, with, in, for1. The man ____ visited our school yesterday is from London.A. whoB. whichC. whomD. when2.whose一般指人，但有时也指物，在定语从句中做定语。
指物时，whose+名词= 限定词+名词+of which或者of which+限定词+名词Do you know the girl whose Japanese is excellentPlease pass me the book whose cover is green.= Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.Do you work near the building ____ colour is yellowA. thatB. whichC. itsD. whose3.which一般指物，作定语从句的主语、宾语等The train which has just left is for Hangzhou.2. Tom did not take away the camera although it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. as4.that可指人，也可指物，指人可以与who/whom互换，指物可以与which互换。
语法复习四：定语从句（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as2、关系副词：when, where, why关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。
（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。
形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。
e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题1、that与which的区别。
1）用that而不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。
专题三三大从句和特殊句式其次讲定语从句Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2024·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place which/that welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life，with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.解析：考查定语从句。
句中先行词为“a place”，空处关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。
故填which/that。
2．(2024·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America， where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings.解析：考查定语从句。
句中先行词为town，空处关系词在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。
故填where。
3．(2024·全国甲卷) Fables(寓言) were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the sixth century, B．C． Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, as Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”解析：考查定语从句。
关系词引导非限制性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as。
第二讲定语及定语从句[思维导图]Ⅰ.定语1．修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。
2．定语可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。
3．定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。
The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作前置定语)那个漂亮的女孩是她的女儿。
The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)正在修复的那幢楼是我们的图书馆。
Ⅱ.定语从句一、必须掌握的定语从句的3个概念及2种分类1．定语从句在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
(定语从句作后置定语)定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
2．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：(1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)This is the place which is worth visiting.这是值得参观的地方。
He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
(2)一个短语Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。
(3)一个分句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，which took root in Europe longbefore people have realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。
这一观点是在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
(4)一个完整的句子I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital ina taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。
3．关系词引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。
关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。
4．分类(1)限制性定语从句它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。
这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。
如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。
Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇见怀特先生的时候是一个我一生中非常困难的时期。
(2)非限制性定语从句它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。
这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。
非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。
The old woman，who lives on her own, has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。
He whispered to me the news，which was really amazing.他低声告诉我这个消息，它真令人惊叹。
二、正确使用关系词1．关系代词Those who are interested in the film can contact me.对该电影感兴趣的可与我联系。
My daughter，whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling，is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。
[名师指津] 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。
Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution. 汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。
2．两组关系词的区别(1)4种只用that而不用which的情况：①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级，the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
④当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别She married again，which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
She married again，as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
[名师指津] as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；such(pron.)＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。
3．关系副词I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
The Voice of China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music，where some have stood out among them.《中国好声音》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。
The reason why he failed in the ex am was that he didn’t study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。
[名师指津] 当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。
如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
4．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句Recently，I bought an ancient vase，the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。
He has ten cousins，the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。
The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。
Lily might possibly come，in which case I’ll ask her.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。
There is a big window in my room，from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。
“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句用who。
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句用whom。
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where; 如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom，如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)答案that/which[根据句子结构可知，此处是定语从句的关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，其先行词是study，故填that/which。
