2015考研英语(一)大纲解析：词汇复习要点

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is t his apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her ratherordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobi lity’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contentsof a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being a uthorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s p hone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overa ll drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, sh e continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not beaccountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawingon your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of readin g. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America.46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a si ght of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会参考答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。

2015考研英语大纲词汇背诵五步曲备考考研英语的考生，多数会从单词的背诵开始，市面上有很多考研词汇书可供考生选择，然而多数考生在单词的背诵上，却不能很好掌握渐进的过程，下面小编就为各位考生总结一下单词背诵的五步曲：第一步：考研基础高频词汇34501、这部分单词都非常基础，适合长期不接触英语的考生作为唤醒词汇与英语感觉的工具，也是我们所说的"高频词”，在写作过程中确实经常用到这些单词来流利连贯地表达自己的思想;含义丰富，考点分散但"词小鬼大，小单词有大作为"是也!2、是考研英语真题当中大部分"派生词"(大纲词汇的前后加上前后缀后生成的新的单词)的主要来源。

比如单词incurable"无法治愈的"这个单词考生在考前的任何一本词汇书上是没有见过的。

然而，这个"陌生单词"却来自于3500左右的考研大纲词汇cure"治愈，治疗"。

3、很多时候会出现"词组、短语和固定搭配"，简单单词一旦和别的介词、形容词或名词等构造在一起，合成后的短语，就不简单，或者就形成考点了。

第二步：词根词缀构词法长难单词看起来"又长又难"，似乎挺难记住的;都是多音节单词，通常含有"词根词缀"规则的构词法，比如能够一眼看出单词具有前缀和后缀。

这部分单词在背诵的过程中，千万不能死记硬背，而应该通过了解单词的词根词缀的含义，进而理解单词的"造字意图"，推导单词的"理解路径"进而理性、深度的通过理解来记忆单词，达到长期记忆的效果;较之"3450基础高频词汇"，这部分单词的释义和内涵往往比较"单一且集中"，考点也比较"单一且集中"，因此，只要背会这部分单词的意思，在考试过程中通常不会存在考点难度。

2015考研词汇速成spectacular a.壮观的n.惊人之举第一部分身体部位及人物关系spectator n.观众，旁观者(一)眼speculate vi.推测2.投机vt.推测spec, spect, spic, spisef speculation n.思索，做投机买卖respect speculative a.思索的，推测的respectable adj.值得尊敬的aspect n. 1.方面2.方向3.面貌，外观Tommasi ni regards Gilbert as an artist who is C spectrum n .1.光谱2.范围，幅度A. in flue ntialB. modestC. respectableD. tale nted (2011. Text 1-22) vid,vis，看见respectful a.恭敬的，尊敬的video n.录相带a.视频的disrespectful a.无礼的view n. 1.看法2.景色vt.看待respective a.各自的viewpoi nt n.观点respectively ad.各自地visitor n.参观者，访问者，来客retrospect n.回顾，追溯vt.回顾，追忆vi.回evide nt a.明显的，明白的顾，追溯，回想review n./vt. 1.审查2.复习3.评论4.检….raising a child can bring happ in ess in 阅retrospect …..(2011 text 4) visibleprospect n.前途；预期vt.(for)勘探，勘察in visible 看不见的，无形的The prospect seems remote. (2010. Text 1). visulize 使可视化，使具体化，使形象化prospective a.预期的，未来的visual 视力的expect visit 参观expectati on n.期待；预期；指望visio n n.视力，洞察力；想象力，幻觉。

根据《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲解析》(2014年版)，考研英语阅读题型没有任何变化。

阅读对于考生来说，几乎直接决定考试成败，也是历年考试的难点。

下面就给大家对大纲要求做一个深度分析，并提出相关的复习建议。

一、大纲要求及对应题型根据2014年考研英语大纲：大纲要求考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明和产品介绍等。

具体内容及对应的题型如下：1) 理解主旨要义——→主旨大意题2) 理解文中的具体信息——→事实细节题3) 理解文中的概念性含义——→推理判断题4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申——→推理判断题5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义——→词汇短语题6) 理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系——→推理判断题7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度——→观点态度题8) 区分论点和论据——→主旨大意题当然，以上分类只是一个粗线划分，不排除很多题型兼而有之，如有些细节题离不开推断，主旨题也需要对细节的兼顾等。

二、命题总体原则(一)文章总体分析从文章题材方面看，内容涉及经济、政治、医学、社会学、科学方法论、社会、环境、人口、科普，以及其他社会热点问题，偏向社会和人文科学，也有自然科学类文章。

题材主要突现当年或前一年的社会热点问题，尤其主要是西方国家如美、英、加和日本等发达国家广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。

但对考生来说，一般是大家比较熟悉的、带有普及性的社会生活类、科普类以及商业经济类的文章。

从试题结构看，阅读A部分文章自2002年开始从五篇文章改为四篇，每篇由4~6个段落构成(偶尔有例外情况)。

每篇文章由400~500个单词构成(因为，考纲对四篇文章的总词汇量要求在1600个左右，而实际情况是，每篇文章词汇量低于400则篇幅较小，词汇量高于500则篇幅过大，这就决定了每篇文章词汇量分布比较均匀，实际词汇量一般在1700~1800之间)。

2015年考研英语一大纲解读目前大纲当中所涉及的内容，大纲当中关于词汇这方面的要求，告诉我们，总体上来讲，词汇数量是5500个单词，这是抽象的概念，要求你掌握的是基本的含义，你每次拿到一本词汇手册的时候会发现，我们关注单词的注解，但其对于考试本身的解题很难起到一个特别大的帮助。

我们经常说背单词，千万注意词性，我们有一个单词叫做“狭窄”的，考研当中会考它的词性，延伸为距离不断地缩小，还有一个单词是“固体”的，太多的手册里面背诵这个是名词，但01年考的是“稳固的，增长的”，08年考的是“稳固的一个中产阶级的家庭”，这意味着我们不仅需要理解词的基本含义，还要关注这个单词的词性，以及这个单词在我们考试当中所列举出来的所有的中文的含义。

第三个就是我们在考研大纲里面会出现在题目和词性之间的一个变化，05年考的一个习惯的问题，“习惯的养成”，原文当中考的是有意识地培养他，到了我们的题干当中，它用的是formation这个名词来考，对于这个动词，原文中是我们的副词修饰我们的副词，选词填空的是修饰我们的形容词，所以当时填的是guided。

其次大纲中第二点要求是要求我们掌握词跟词之间的联系，具体来说要求掌握的是常见的动词的搭配，也就是固定词组，我们在背单词的时候，仅仅背诵一个get，考试没有任何含义，都认识，第一页、二页都是这个，从来不会单独在考研英语出现，例如“会考通过”，或者“克服什么样的困难”，这是我们的词组，另外还考词跟词之间的同意关系，经常考的是一种搭配，或者是在具体信息，细节题里面经常考的是同意改写，所谓的改写就是我们的同义词或者反义词。

举一个例子有一次考的是数据的搜集，工作的准备并不系统，到了我们考试的答案当中，他其实考它的一个反义词disorganized。

这意味着我们在背单词的时候，不仅单纯背这些单词，同时要注意这个单词和另外单词的搭配，还有就是单词与单词之间的联系，这意味着我们说背单词的方向永远比速度更重要，单词一定要放在我们具体的语境当中准备，关注真题的语境。

研大考研：2015考研英语单词拆分记忆2015考研在即，单词记忆是考研英语的复习基础，希望2015考研同学们可以认真复习。

1. it来自于拉丁文itare=to go, wayambition n. 抱负，雄心，野心记：ambi(around四周)+it(走)+ion(抽象名词的后缀)→古时候四处游走来拉选票的政客→(褒)雄心，(贬)野心exit n.1.出口，通道，安全门 2.退出，退场vt.&vi.离开，退出记：ex(向外)+it(走)→走出去的通道，出口initiate vt.1.开始，创始，发起 2.使初步了解 3.接纳(新成员)，让…加入n.新加入组织的人记：in(里面)+it(走)+iate(动词)→刚刚走到里面去→vt.开始，创始，发起;新成员派：initial a.开始的，最初的initiation n.1.(常指通过特别仪式的)入会，介绍(某人)处试某项活动(或技艺)2. 开始，创始，发起initiative n.1.主动性，首创精神 2.主动的行动，倡议 3.主动权orbit n.轨道vt.&vi.(绕…)作轨道运行记：orb(around环绕)+ it(走，道路)→环绕着走→(绕…)作轨道运行2. grad, gress= to walk (行走)aggressive a.1.侵略的，挑衅的(贬) 2.有进取心的(褒)记：ag(to表示方向)+gress(走)+ive(形容词的后缀)→不断地朝你走过来/朝一个方向走下去→.1.挑衅的(贬);2.有进取心的(褒)congress n.1.代表大会 2.国会，议会 2.聚会记：con(together一起)+gress(走)→很多人走到一起是为了开会→代表大会;议会grade n.1.等级，级别，年级 2.成绩，分数vt.1.将分等 2.对进行评分记：grad(走)+e(加强)→一步一步的走，一层一层的走→1.等级，级别，年级;2.分数的层级→成绩，分数upgrade vt.提升，使升级记：up(向上)+grade(走)→向上走→提升，使升级degrade vt.1.降低的身份，有辱的人格 2.使降解，分解，使退化记：de(down向下)+grade(走)→走下坡路→(人)降低身份;(物)降解，分解graduate n.1.(尤指大学)毕业生 2.研究生vt.&vi.(使)毕业记：gradu(走) +ate→走完了学习的生涯→v.(使)毕业undergraduate n.大学本科生记：under(在…下面)+graduate (毕业生)→还没有大学毕业的人→ 大学本科生progress n.& v.前进，进步，进展记：pro(向前)+gress(走)→向前走→前进，进步，进展派：progressive a.1.进步的，先进的 2.前进的，渐进的，累进的 3.进行式的ingredient n.1.(混合物的)组成部分，成分，(烹饪的)原料 2.(构成)要素记：in(into)+gred(走)+i+ent(名词)→走到里面去，成为里面的一份子→组成部分;构成要素3.vi,voy,vey来自拉丁文via=way; to govia prep. 经由，经过，通过记：via(way;to go)→走过→经由，经过，通过deviate vi.(from)背离，偏离记：de(away)+vi(to go)+ate(动词)→走到一边去了→背离，偏离voyage n.& vi.航海，航行，旅行记：voy(to go)+age(名词，动词)→最早的交通运输是水陆运输→航海，航行convey vt. 1. 表达，传达，传递 2.运送，输送记：con(一起)+vey(to go)→ 把你的想法一起说出来→1. 表达，传达，传递→ 让东西走→2. 运送，输送vehicle n. 1.交通工具，车辆 2.传播媒介，工具，手段记：vehi(道路，走)+cle(小的)→ 在路上走动的小的物体→1. 交通工具，车辆previous a. 1.先,前,以前的 2.(to)在…之前记：pre(之前)+vi(走)+ous(形容词)→走在前面的→ a. 1. 先前的 2. (to)在…之前trivial a. 1. 琐碎的，无价值的 2. 平常的，平凡的 3. 不重要的记：tri(三个，多个)+vi(走)+al(形容词后缀)→好多个东西→ 琐碎的，不重要的;平凡的最后，研大考研祝2015考研同学们复习顺利，金榜题名!。

2015年考研英语何凯文词汇课程笔记词汇学习的三个重点：（1）正确的方向；（2）多样的方法；（3）科学地计划。

）科学地计划。

一、正确的方向（一）必考词义1. impossibly=veryIt is an impossibly unpopular behavior. → 这是一个非常不受欢迎的行为。

2.unseemly behaviorunseemly 不雅的=unethical 不道德的不道德的 →ethical 有道德的有道德的unseemly →decent 优雅的（反义词）优雅的（反义词）礼貌的：courtesy=decentEg. As a courtesy to the next passenger, may we suggest that you wipe off the wash basin.为了方便下一个乘客，我们建议你清洁洗手池。

为了方便下一个乘客，我们建议你清洁洗手池。

3.fashion v.推广fashion policy/laws 4.exceptional 优秀的优秀的 = brilliant, great, well accepted → mediocre 一般、平庸一般、平庸exceptional child 智障 pare 、contrast 、comparison（1）compare v. 比较（找出相同点）比较（找出相同点） contrast v .比较（找出相同点）比较（找出相同点）（2）词性：contrast 、comparison 为名词为名词6.intelligence 与intellectual（1）intelligence n.智力；智商；情报 →指“智力、智商”时特指天生的/先天的智力Central Intelligence Agency （美国）中央情报局，简称CIA （2）intellectual adj.有智力的有智力的 n.知识分子知识分子→指后天从知识中获得的智力 intellect n.知识分子；智力知识分子；智力intellectualism n.知识主义知识主义→ anti-intellectualism 反智主义（“智”指后天知识）天知识）☆：后缀“ism ”表示“……主义；……论”7.push n.进取；向上passion （激情）, work （刻苦）, focus （专注）, push （强迫）, ideas （点子）, improve （精通）, serve （服务）,persist （坚持）（坚持）——《Richard.St.John 谈成功是趟持续的旅程》趟持续的旅程》8.weather v.克服 eg. weather financial crisis 克服金融危机克服金融危机9. overlook 忽视 overrate 高估overestimate 评估 10.knowledge n.了解了解In the times of knowledge explosion … 在知识爆炸的时代（写作词汇）eg. The habits of consumers have been recorded by the browsers without their knowledge.browser n.浏览器浏览器without one ’s knowledge 在某人不知情的情况下 11.profilehigh-profile = much-publicized adj.高调的（人）；引人注目的（事）；引人注目的（事）low-profile adj.低调的低调的12.approach n.研究方法（=method=way ） v .接近接近approach study 方法论研究方法论研究13.discipline n.教训；学科；纪律教训；学科；纪律 v .惩罚惩罚14.game n.猎物15.spell ①拼写；②导致（A has spelt BA 导致了B )；③咒语；④一段时间 Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1970s … 尽管在1970年代早期有过一段乐观的时间段乐观的时间initial 早期早期optimism 乐观乐观 → pessimism 悲观悲观16.edge 优势优势eg. To gain competitive edge, in the times of knowledge explosion, we should have good command of … →在知识爆炸的时代，要想获得竞争优势，我们应该掌握……【写作万能句】command 掌握掌握17.school n.学派Chicago School 芝加哥学派芝加哥学派 → “需了解经济学和法学的基础知识”“需了解经济学和法学的基础知识” 18.cause n.事业great cause 伟大事业伟大事业misguided cause 误导人的事业误导人的事业→ misguided 误导人的（前缀“mis ”意为错误；guided 意为“…引导的”意为“…引导的”）） 19.content 内容 →delivery 表达方式 20.contend 主张 = believe = argue21.suspect 与 doubtsuspect = believe → doubt = don doubt = don’’t believe 22.code 规则 moral code 道德准则道德准则23.odd ①古怪①古怪= strange ； ②临时②临时 → odd staff 临时工临时工= low-level staff ； ③几率③几率→ eg. The odd has jumped eight folds. 几率翻了8番 24.blame（1）A blames B.A 指责B （2）A is to blame for B 原因A 负面导致了结果B【例句1】That is not to say that sth alone is to blame for the sorry state of affairs. 这并不是说某物是造成这一遗憾局面的唯一原因。

2015年北京大学考研英语一大纲分析及各题型强化复习要点广大的考生怀着期盼与忐忑不安的心情，终于等来了《2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲》的问世。

下面为大家全面解析2015年考研英语的各个具体题型的总体要求：完形填空完形填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解的基础上对篇章结构、语法和词汇知识的运用能力的考查，这是对完形填空的定位。

透过大纲可以看出对完形填空考核的重点：语法、固定搭配、近义词辨析和逻辑关系。

考生可从历年真题中按照这几大重点去准备和复习有关考研完形填空方面的知识点，这样可以做到事半功倍的效果。

同时考虑到完形填空在历年考研中得分较低，考生解答完形填空题时，要多从上下文的角度来考虑，并运用逻辑推理，大到对文章整体，小到对句子之间和句子内部综合把握。

此外，要多从惯用法和搭配的角度来考虑问题，平时考试就要对惯用法和搭配多多积累。

阅读理解就阅读理解(PartA)而言，由于这是一个大家非常熟悉的题型，也连着考了十几年，命题专家都有丰富的经验来应对它，因此每次考试最稳定的就是四选一的阅读理解题。

就文章题材来说，近几年越来越重视对人文科学的考查，平时要多注重阅读一些英美经济文化科技方面的报刊书籍，例如The Economist(经济学家)，Newsweek(新闻周刊)，Time(时代周刊)以及The Times(泰晤士报)上面的文章。

在寻找材料时，要有选择，比如说不要涉及政治方面及时事方面比较敏感的话题，如种族歧视、宗教信仰、战争评论等。

关于阅读理解文章来源，根据2015大纲，文章来源依旧是英语国家原版报刊或书籍，绝大多数是评论性的文章(即除文学作品以外的其他类型的短文)。

由于新闻记者惯用“引用”的方法，考研的文章经常喜欢正反交替举例，先说作者认同的，然后又是作者要批评的、揭露的，再是用实例来论证作者的观点。

这种语篇思维模式会给考生在阅读理解中造成很大的障碍。

2015年考研英语词汇复习手册考研大纲通常要求考生应掌握5500个左右的英语词汇。

这个单词量多不多呢？5000多个听起来很吓人，其实，我们只要想一想就不用担心了：我们在中学时就已经掌握了大约2000个语汇，而大学英语四级考试所要求的词汇量是4000个左右。

因此，既然大学毕业时基本上都能达到英语四级水平，那么，在现有的词汇量上，再增加1000多个左右的单词量就符合了考研对词汇的要求，而1000多个单词对于很多同学来说就没什么难的了。

一单词复习准则（1）有计划地背。

英语单词几乎是天天必背的，但一定要有计划性，有的人常常用整段的时间如整个上午来背单词，有时候又一天都不翻一下单词书，这是不可取的。

最好制定一个计划，多少天背完一遍，每天背多少个，每天什么时候背，都应该规划地清清楚楚。

关于每天什么时候背，应该因人而异，但这里可以推荐一个方案，即每整段时间的开头半个小时。

（2）大量但快速地背。

考研要做的事情实在是太多，因此，由不得我们慢悠悠地来，背单词不可能花太我时间，但背单词又必顺要用时间来磨的。

而且，我们能早一点把单词过一遍对于我们复习英语是具体题型也有好处，如阅读理解，如果你一篇文章中有几十个词都不认识，那么你很难读下去了，因此，一个行之有效的方法是每次大量地背，迅速地背。

（3）全面地背。

背单词时，尤其是第一遍时，不能投机取巧，一定要对单词的音形义进行全面地掌握。

对于重要的单词，不仅要掌握其基本词义，还要能够拼写，知道它的语法特点、习惯搭配以及语体色彩等。

（4）有重点地背二单词复习方法（1）重点学习和记忆核心词任何时候学习单词都应该有区分、有重点地学习。

而且考研大纲对于不同的考研词汇往往有不同的要求，比如有的词只要知其义，有的词则要求掌握其搭配和用法。

一般来说，考研单词分为以下四类：第一类为为熟词，指我们已经掌握的词，如age、ant、bee、car、dog、die、job、man、rest等等。

对于这类词，我们只需蒙往中文意思，快速浏览过去，看是不是完全掌握了，掌握了的单词用途线划去，不太熟悉的词做上记号。

2015考研英语高频词汇备考要点总结导语：2015考研英语高频词汇备考要点总结。

目前考生进入了考研英语基础阶段复习的高潮，在此阶段考生一定要牢记：最基础的还是词汇的复习，所以考生在基础阶段要巩固好词汇，在历年的复习中都有不少考生陷入词汇复习的误区，为了让考生能够高效快速的复习词汇，考研教育网编辑团队总结了以下备考要点。

首先，重点掌握英语大纲中必考词汇，深度理解词义我们来了解下大纲的词汇（5560），其中必考词为1575，基础词为2000+，生僻词为1700+.其实考生对于基础词汇比较好巩固，生僻词出现的也不多，考生还是要把重点放在必考词汇中词义的深度理解上，例如：1.yield产量（12次），屈服（15次）。

Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.2000年真题阅读text1，yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。

此处使用了现在完成时，证明这种状态到现在已成型。

That matters because theory suggests that maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. （2006年阅读1），解析：此处理解为：最高持续产量。

2.address：地址，写地址，演讲，讲话，处理，解决。

Depending on whom you are addressing，the problem will be different. （2002text1）解析：addressing在此是谈话的意思，根据谈话对象的不同，问题也有所不同。

Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless.（2006年完型）解析：注意comprehensive 和address的理解，波士顿环球日报记者克里斯雷迪认为只有通过全面规划解决无家可归者的各种需求，这种局面才有可能得到改善。