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CHAPTER 11. Choices must be made in the use of resourcesa.because they are in finite supply.b.because they are in finite demand.c.only if the resources are nonrenewable.d.because they are in infinite supply.2. The cost to an airline of letting its employees fly at no chargea.is zero.b.will depend on the value employees place upon travel.c.is greater during the Christmas holidays than most other times.d.depends on the alternatives open to the employees.3. Social security programs are aimed at making the distribution of resources in an economy morea.efficient.b.inefficient.c.equitable.d.inequitable.4. The opportunity cost of building an additional parking lot at your school isa.the cost of concrete, labor, etc. used to build the lot.b.the value of the property and resources used at their next best alternative use.c.the value of the property and resources used at all of their alternative uses.d.infinite, and so we cannot estimate it.5. Suppose you are considering going to the movies, and you place a $12 value on your anticipated enjoyment of the movie. “The ticket price is $6 and you would be giving up two hours of work, where you earn $5 per hour. You would go toa.work; the opportunity cost of the movies exceeds the expected benefit.b.the movies; your incentive is the $6 excess expected benefit.c.the movies; your enjoyment will exceed the lost wages by $2.d.the movies; the benefit of $18 exceeds the lost wages.6. Metro North Railway is trying to decide whether or not to run an additional train into New York City from New Haven, Connecticut at 8:15 a.m. The total cost of running trains between 8:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. is $45,000 and the expected revenues on any given day are $100,000 during this time period. The cost of running the additional train is $4,000 and it is expected that revenues will rise to $103,500. Metro North shoulda.run the train because the total revenues are greater than the total costs.b.run the train because the firm’s revenues will rise.c.not run the train because the total costs are already too high.d.not run the train because the marginal cost of $4000 is greater than themarginal revenue of $3,500.7. A proposed regulation to require infants traveling in airplanes to sit in approved safety seats was never adopted. If we think about how people respond to incentives, the most likely reason is thata.people would switch from flying to driving, so the death rate would rise.b.the airline industry is a powerful lobby in Washington.c.it would require every seat in airplanes to be made wider so the infant seatswould fit.d.the airlines threatened to bring a lawsuit against the government.8. A nation’s standard of living can be increased bya.improvements in technology and international trade.b.improvements in technology but not international trade.c.international trade but not improvements in technology.d.neither international trade nor improvements in technology.9. In a market economy, the economic well-being of society is the responsibility ofa.central planners.b.central bankers.ernment policymakers.d.no one; self-interested individuals bring about the well-being of society.10. An important element of the market process is thata.although people trade voluntarily, one party “wins” and the other party “loses”.b.the government determines the extent of market activity in order for all partiesto benefit.c.people are better off if they are self-sufficient than if they trade with others inthe market.d.people trade voluntarily and all parties expect to benefit.11. Adam Smith argues in the Wealth of Nations that an economy will produce more goods and services ifa.people act in the public interest than if they act selfishly.b.people act selfishly, than if the government directs economic activity.c.the government controls the use of the nation’s scarce resources.d.people ignore their own interests and contribute to national wealth as a whole.12. If there is a way to change a situation so that at least some people gain while no one in the economy loses, the situationa.is economically inefficient.b.is economically efficient.c.is providing an inequitable distribution of resources to the community.d.is neither equitable nor efficient.13. Assume that there are spillover benefits associated with keeping cars in good mechanical conditions. Without government intervention (i.e., with a free market), we would expect people toa.give their cars too much maintenance.b.stop driving and start walking.c.subsidize each other’s car maintenance bills.d.not maintain their cars as much as they should.14. Suppose that Rebecca throws her soda bottle out the car window and it smashes on the road. Jim drives over the broken glass and gets a flat tire. Rebecca’s soda consumption has resulted ina.the production of a public good.b.an externality.c.monopoly power for Rebecca.d.greater efficiency in consumption.15. The market power that your school’s bookstore has is now limited bya.new federal antitrust laws.b.public goods provided by the government.c.university policies against monopoly power.d.increased access to other booksellers provided by the internet.16. The Department of Justice recently brought suit against Microsoft fora.generating external costs.b.generating external benefits.c.creating excess market power for itself.d.providing public goods to the marketplace.17. The poor in the United States are disproportionately people whoa.have less than a high school education.b.have incomes that are essentially nonwage incomes.c.are families with over five children.d.live in cities.18. According to economists who emphasize the connection between productive contribution and economic reward, a more equal income distributiona.is fundamental to economic growth.b.always helps the poor in the long run.c.creates inefficiency.d.generates greater productivity.19. Inflation reducesa.the price level.b.employment.c.the money supply.d.the purchasing power of money.20. The inflation rate isa.the price level.b.the average price of goods and services in an economy.c.the growth rate of the price level.d.the purchasing power of money.21. What caused the collapse of the German economy after World War I?a.Hyperinflation due to large amounts of currency printed.b.Too many returning soldiers taking jobs away from other people.c.Low interest rates caused too much investment.d.High business profits and racketeering.22. The long-run relationship between inflation and the growth rate of the money supplya.is unique to the United States.b.is a recent phenomenon.c.is quite different for industrialized countries than for LDCs.d.exists in a wide variety of countries throughout the world.23. When we say tha t prices are “sticky” in the short run, we mean thata. prices will not change without government intervention.b.prices change slowly in response to changes in the economy.c.prices will never change unless resource costs fall.bor unions will not make concessions in the short run.24. Policymakers can make effective short-term policy actions becausea.prices will immediately respond to changes in the macroeconomy.b.central banks always accommodate changes in the economy by increasing ordecreasing the money supply.c.prices are sticky so that changes in the economy occur relatively slowly.d.the Phillip’s curve is downward-sloping.。
经济学原理知识点大一经济学原理是经济学的核心内容，是进行经济分析和决策的基础。
对于大一的学生来说，掌握经济学原理的基本知识点，对于理解经济运行规律和分析解决实际问题具有重要意义。
本文将介绍大一经济学原理的几个重要知识点，帮助大家全面了解并掌握这些概念。
1.供求关系供求关系是经济学中最基本的概念之一，也是经济学原理的核心。
供给是指卖方愿意出售的商品或服务的数量，而需求则是指买方愿意购买的商品或服务的数量。
供求关系的平衡决定了商品或服务的价格和数量。
2.边际效用边际效用是指一单位增加或减少对个人或企业的总效用的影响。
在做决策时，个人或企业会考虑某种行为的边际效用是否能够超过其边际成本，从而确定是否进行这种行为。
3.机会成本机会成本是指为了追求某种利益而放弃的最高的替代品利益。
在资源稀缺的情况下，个人或企业在做出决策时需要考虑到放弃某种选择所带来的机会成本。
4.比较优势比较优势是指一个个人或国家在某种活动上相对于其他个人或国家的成本更低。
比较优势理论说明了国际贸易的原因和益处。
在国际贸易中，各国可以通过充分发挥各自的比较优势实现更高效率的资源配置和更好的福利。
5.边际成本与边际收益边际成本是指为了多生产或多消费一单位产品而必须放弃的产品数量。
边际收益是指多生产或多消费一单位产品所能带来的额外收益。
在决策时，个人或企业会通过比较边际成本和边际收益来判断是否应该进行某项活动。
6.市场均衡市场均衡是供求关系达到平衡状态的情况。
在市场均衡下，商品或服务的需求量等于供给量。
市场均衡决定了商品或服务的价格。
当市场不处于均衡状态时，价格会受到供求关系的影响而发生调整，最终趋于均衡状态。
7.价格弹性价格弹性是指商品或服务需求对价格变化的敏感程度。
根据价格弹性的不同，可以将商品或服务的需求分为弹性需求和非弹性需求。
弹性需求指需求对价格变化的敏感程度较高，而非弹性需求则指需求对价格变化的敏感程度较低。
本文介绍了大一经济学原理的几个重要知识点，包括供求关系、边际效用、机会成本、比较优势、边际成本与边际收益、市场均衡和价格弹性。
目 录第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理第2章 像经济学家一样思考第3章 相互依存性与贸易的好处第2篇 市场如何运行第4章 供给与需求的市场力量第5章 弹性及其应用第6章 供给、需求与政府政策第3篇 市场和福利第7章 消费者、生产者与市场效率第8章 应用：赋税的代价第9章 应用：国际贸易第4篇 公共部门经济学第10章 外部性第11章 公共物品和公共资源第12章 税制的设计第5篇 企业行为与产业组织第13章 生产成本第14章 竞争市场上的企业第15章 垄 断第16章 垄断竞争第17章 寡 头第6篇 劳动市场经济学第18章 生产要素市场第19章 收入与歧视第20章 收入不平等与贫困第7篇 深入研究的论题第21章 消费者选择理论第22章 微观经济学前沿第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
CHAPTER 11. Choices must be made in the use of resourcesa.because they are in finite supply.b.because they are in finite demand.c.only if the resources are nonrenewable.d.because they are in infinite supply.2. The cost to an airline of letting its employees fly at no chargea.is zero.b.will depend on the value employees place upon travel.c.is greater during the Christmas holidays than most other times.d.depends on the alternatives open to the employees.3. Social security programs are aimed at making the distribution of resources in an economy morea.efficient.b.inefficient.c.equitable.d.inequitable.4. The opportunity cost of building an additional parking lot at your school isa.the cost of concrete, labor, etc. used to build the lot.b.the value of the property and resources used at their next best alternative use.c.the value of the property and resources used at all of their alternative uses.d.infinite, and so we cannot estimate it.5. Suppose you are considering going to the movies, and you place a $12 value on your anticipated enjoyment of the movie. “The ticket price is $6 and you would be giving up two hours of work, where you earn $5 per hour. You would go toa.work; the opportunity cost of the movies exceeds the expected benefit.b.the movies; your incentive is the $6 excess expected benefit.c.the movies; your enjoyment will exceed the lost wages by $2.d.the movies; the benefit of $18 exceeds the lost wages.6. Metro North Railway is trying to decide whether or not to run an additional train into New York City from New Haven, Connecticut at 8:15 a.m. The total cost of running trains between 8:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. is $45,000 and the expected revenues on any given day are $100,000 during this time period. The cost of running the additional train is $4,000 and it is expected that revenues will rise to $103,500. Metro North shoulda.run the train because the total revenues are greater than the total costs.b.run the train because the firm’s revenues will rise.c.not run the train because the total costs are already too high.d.not run the train because the marginal cost of $4000 is greater than themarginal revenue of $3,500.7. A proposed regulation to require infants traveling in airplanes to sit in approved safety seats was never adopted. If we think about how people respond to incentives, the most likely reason is thata.people would switch from flying to driving, so the death rate would rise.b.the airline industry is a powerful lobby in Washington.c.it would require every seat in airplanes to be made wider so the infant seatswould fit.d.the airlines threatened to bring a lawsuit against the government.8. A nation’s standard of living can be increased bya.improvements in technology and international trade.b.improvements in technology but not international trade.c.international trade but not improvements in technology.d.neither international trade nor improvements in technology.9. In a market economy, the economic well-being of society is the responsibility ofa.central planners.b.central bankers.ernment policymakers.d.no one; self-interested individuals bring about the well-being of society.10. An important element of the market process is thata.although people trade voluntarily, one party “wins” and the other party “loses”.b.the government determines the extent of market activity in order for all partiesto benefit.c.people are better off if they are self-sufficient than if they trade with others inthe market.d.people trade voluntarily and all parties expect to benefit.11. Adam Smith argues in the Wealth of Nations that an economy will produce more goods and services ifa.people act in the public interest than if they act selfishly.b.people act selfishly, than if the government directs economic activity.c.the government controls the use of the nation’s scarce resources.d.people ignore their own interests and contribute to national wealth as a whole.12. If there is a way to change a situation so that at least some people gain while no one in the economy loses, the situationa.is economically inefficient.b.is economically efficient.c.is providing an inequitable distribution of resources to the community.d.is neither equitable nor efficient.13. Assume that there are spillover benefits associated with keeping cars in good mechanical conditions. Without government intervention (i.e., with a free market), we would expect people toa.give their cars too much maintenance.b.stop driving and start walking.c.subsidize each other’s car maintenance bills.d.not maintain their cars as much as they should.14. Suppose that Rebecca throws her soda bottle out the car window and it smashes on the road. Jim drives over the broken glass and gets a flat tire. Rebecca’s soda consumption has resulted ina.the production of a public good.b.an externality.c.monopoly power for Rebecca.d.greater efficiency in consumption.15. The market power that your school’s bookstore has is now limited bya.new federal antitrust laws.b.public goods provided by the government.c.university policies against monopoly power.d.increased access to other booksellers provided by the internet.16. The Department of Justice recently brought suit against Microsoft fora.generating external costs.b.generating external benefits.c.creating excess market power for itself.d.providing public goods to the marketplace.17. The poor in the United States are disproportionately people whoa.have less than a high school education.b.have incomes that are essentially nonwage incomes.c.are families with over five children.d.live in cities.18. According to economists who emphasize the connection between productive contribution and economic reward, a more equal income distributiona.is fundamental to economic growth.b.always helps the poor in the long run.c.creates inefficiency.d.generates greater productivity.19. Inflation reducesa.the price level.b.employment.c.the money supply.d.the purchasing power of money.20. The inflation rate isa.the price level.b.the average price of goods and services in an economy.c.the growth rate of the price level.d.the purchasing power of money.21. What caused the collapse of the German economy after World War I?a.Hyperinflation due to large amounts of currency printed.b.Too many returning soldiers taking jobs away from other people.c.Low interest rates caused too much investment.d.High business profits and racketeering.22. The long-run relationship between inflation and the growth rate of the money supplya.is unique to the United States.b.is a recent phenomenon.c.is quite different for industrialized countries than for LDCs.d.exists in a wide variety of countries throughout the world.23. When we say tha t prices are “sticky” in the short run, we mean thata. prices will not change without government intervention.b.prices change slowly in response to changes in the economy.c.prices will never change unless resource costs fall.bor unions will not make concessions in the short run.24. Policymakers can make effective short-term policy actions becausea.prices will immediately respond to changes in the macroeconomy.b.central banks always accommodate changes in the economy by increasing ordecreasing the money supply.c.prices are sticky so that changes in the economy occur relatively slowly.d.the Phillip’s curve is downward-sloping.。
