电主轴相关英文文献Word版

机电一体化技术中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into "the integration of machinery" by "the machinery electrification" for the characteristic development phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery isembarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, "integration of machinery" covering "technology" and "product" two aspects .Only is, the integration of machinery technology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions, like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneous condition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stage which makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the newbranch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the huge progress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Council had been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as "863 plans" this technology .When formulated "95" the plan and in 2010 developed the summary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology development trend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .The artificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bed intellectualization is the important application .Here said "the intellectualization" is to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, theoperations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligentprocessing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are variousThese question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from matchmore, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out a condition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of\"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over\", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .翻译：机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献：DC Motor CalculationsOverviewNow that we have a good understanding of dc generators, we can begin our study of dc motors. Direct-current motors transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. They drive devices such as hoists, fans, pumps, calendars, punch-presses, and cars. These devices may have a definite torque-speed characteristic (such as a pump or fan) or a highly variable one (such as a hoist or automobile). The torque-speed characteristic of the motor must be adapted to the type of the load it has to drive, and this requirement has given rise to three basic types of motors: 1.Shunt motors 2. Series motors 3. Compound motors Direct-current motors are seldom used in ordinary industrial applications because all electric utility systems furnish alternating current. However, for special applications such as in steel mills, mines, and electric trains, it is sometimes advantageous to transform the alternating current into direct current in order to use dc motors. The reason is that the torque-speed characteristics of dc motors can be varied over a wide range while retaining high efficiency. Today, this general statement can be challenged because the availability of sophisticated electronic drives has made it possible to use alternating current motors for variable speed applications. Nevertheless, there are millions of dc motors still in service and thousands more are being produced every year.Counter-electromotive force (cemf)Direct-current motors are built the same way as generators are; consequently, a dc machine can operate either as a motor or as a generator. To illustrate, consider a dc generator in which the armature, initially at rest, is connected to a dc source E s by means of a switch (Fig. 5.1). The armature has a resistance R, and the magnetic field is created by a set of permanent magnets.As soon as the switch is closed, a large current flows in the armature because its resistance is very low. The individual armature conductors are immediately subjected to a force because they are immersed in the magnetic field created by the permanent magnets. These forces add upto produce a powerful torque, causing the armature to rotate.Figure 5.1 Starting a dc motor across the line.On the other hand, as soon as the armature begins to turn, a second phenomenon takes place: the generator effect. We know that a voltage E o is induced in the armature conductors as soon as they cut a magnetic field (Fig. 5.2). This is always true, no matter what causes the rotation. The value and polarity of the induced voltage are the same as those obtained when the machine operates as a generator. The induced voltage E o is therefore proportional to the speed of rotation n of the motor and to the flux F per pole, as previously given by Eq. 5.1:E o = Zn F/60 (5.1)As in the case of a generator, Z is a constant that depends upon the number of turns on the armature and the type of winding. For lap windings Z is equal to the number of armature conductors.In the case of a motor, the induced voltage E o is called counter-electromotive force (cemf) because its polarity always acts against the source voltage E s. It acts against the voltage in the sense that the net voltage acting in the series circuit of Fig. 5.2 is equal to (E s - Eo) volts and not (E s + E o) volts.Figure 5.2 Counter-electromotive force (cemf) in a dc motor.Acceleration of the motorThe net voltage acting in the armature circuit in Fig. 5.2 is (E s- E o) volts. The resulting armature current /is limited only by the armature resistance R, and soI = (E s- E o)IR (5.2)When the motor is at rest, the induced voltage E o= 0, and so the starting current isI = E s/RThe starting current may be 20 to 30 times greater than the nominal full-load current of the motor. In practice, this would cause the fuses to blow or the circuit-breakers to trip. However, if they are absent, the large forces acting on the armature conductors produce a powerful starting torque and a consequent rapid acceleration of the armature.As the speed increases, the counter-emf E o increases, with the result that the value of (E s—E o)diminishes. It follows from Eq. 5.1 that the armature current / drops progressively as the speed increases.Although the armature current decreases, the motor continues to accelerate until it reaches a definite, maximum speed. At no-load this speed produces a counter-emf E o slightly less than the source voltage E s. In effect, if E o were equal to E s the net voltage (E s—E o) would become zero and so, too, would the current /. The driving forces would cease to act on the armature conductors, and the mechanical drag imposed by the fan and the bearings would immediately cause the motor to slow down. As the speed decreases the net voltage (E s—E o) increases and so does the current /. The speed will cease to fall as soon as the torque developed by the armature current is equal to the load torque. Thus, when a motor runs at no-load, the counter-emf must be slightly less than E s so as to enable a small current to flow, sufficient to produce the required torque.Mechanical power and torqueThe power and torque of a dc motor are two of its most important properties. We now derive two simple equations that enable us to calculate them.1. According to Eq. 5.1 the cemf induced in a lap-wound armature is given byE o = Zn F/60Referring to Fig. 5.2, the electrical power P a supplied to the armature is equal to the supply voltage E s multiplied by the armature current I:P a = E s I (5.3)However, E s is equal to the sum of E o plus the IR drop in the armature:E s = E o + IR (5.4)It follows thatP a= E s I= (E o + IR)I=E o I + I2R (5.5)The I2R term represents heat dissipated in the armature, but the very important term E o I is the electrical power that is converted into mechanical power. The mechanical power of the motor is therefore exactly equal to the product of the cemf multiplied by the armature currentP = E o I (5.6)whereP = mechanical power developed by the motor [W]E o= induced voltage in the armature (cemf) [V]I = total current supplied to the armature [A]2. Turning our attention to torque T, we know that the mechanical power P is given by the expressionP = nT/9.55 (5.7)where n is the speed of rotation.Combining Eqs. 5.7,5.1, and 5.6, we obtainnT/9.55 = E o I= ZnFI/60and soT =Z F I/6.28The torque developed by a lap-wound motor is therefore given by the expressionT =Z F I/6.28 (5.8)whereT = torque [N×m]Z = number of conductors on the armatureF = effective flux per pole [Wb]*/ = armature current [A]6.28 = constant, to take care of units[exact value = 2p]Eq. 5.8shows that we can raise the torque of a motor either by raising the armature current or by raising the flux created by the poles.Speed of rotationWhen a dc motor drives a load between no-load and full-load, the IR drop due to armature resistance is always small compared to the supply voltage E s. This means that the counter-emf E s is very nearly equal to E s.On the other hand, we have already seen that Eo may be expressed by the equationE o = Zn F/60Replacing E o by E s we obtainE s = Zn F/60That is,wheren = speed of rotation [r/min]E s = armature voltage [V]Z = total number of armature conductorsThis important equation shows that the speed of the motor is directly proportional to the armature supply voltage and inversely proportional to the flux per pole. We will now study how this equation is applied.Armature speed controlAccording to Eq. 5.8, if the flux per pole F is kept constant (permanent magnet field or field with fixed excitation), the speed depends only upon the armature voltage E s. By raising or lowering E s the motor speed will rise and fall in proportion.In practice, we can vary E s by connecting the motor armature M to a separately excited variable-voltage dc generator G . The field excitation of the motor is kept constant, but the generator excitation I x can be varied from zero to maximum and even reversed. The generator output voltage E s can therefore be varied from zero to maximum, with either positive or negative polarity. Consequently, the motor speed can be varied from zero to maximum in either direction. Note that the generator is driven by an ac motor connected to a 3-phase line. This method of speed control, known as the Ward-Leonard system, is found in steel mills, high-rise elevators, mines, and paper mills.In modem installations the generator is often replaced by a high-power electronic converter that changes the ac power of the electrical utility to dc, by electronic means.What happens to the dc power received by generator G? When G receives electric power, it operates as a motor, driving its own ac motor as an asynchronous generator!* As a result, ac power is fed back into the line that normally feeds the ac motor. The fact that power can be recovered this way makes the Ward-Leonard system very efficient, and constitutes another of its advantages.Rheostat Speed ControlAnother way to control the speed of a dc motor is to place a rheostat in series with the armature . The current in the rheostat produces a voltage drop which subtracts from the fixed source voltage E s, yielding a smaller supply voltage across the armature. This method enables us to reduce the speed below its nominal speed. It is only recommended for small motors because a lot of power and heat is wasted in the rheostat, and the overall efficiency is low. Furthermore, thespeed regulation is poor, even for a fixed setting of the rheostat. In effect, the IR drop across the rheostat increases as the armature current increases. This produces a substantial drop in speed with increasing mechanical load.中文译文：直流电动机的计算概述现在，我们对直流发电机有一个很好的了解，我们可以开始对直流电动机的研究了。

改革开放以来,随着我国工业的迅速发展和科学技术的进步,电气控制技术在工业上的运用也越来越广泛,对于一个国家的科技水平高低来说,电气控制技术水平是一项重要的衡量因素.电气控制技术主要以电动机作为注重的对象,通过一系列的电气控制技术,买现生产或者监控的自动化.下面是搜索整理的电气控制英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

电气控制英文参考文献一： [1]Laiqing Xie,Yugong Luo,Donghao Zhang,Rui Chen,Keqiang Li. Intelligent energy-saving control strategy for electric vehicle based on preceding vehicle movement[J]. Mechanical Systems andSignal Processing,2019,130. [2]F.N. Tan,Q.Y. Wong,W.L. Gan,S.H. Li,H.X. Liu,F. Poh,W.S. Lew. Electric field control for energy efficient domain wallinjection[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2019,485. [3]N. Nursultanov,W.J.B. Heffernan,M.J.W.M.R. van Herel,J.J. Nijdam. Computational calculation of temperature and electrical resistance to control Joule heating of green Pinus radiata logs[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2019,159. [4]Min Cheng,Junhui Zhang,Bing Xu,Ruqi Ding,Geng Yang. Anti-windup scheme of the electronic load sensing pump via switchedflow/power control[J]. Mechatronics,2019,61. [5]Miles L. Morgan,Dan J. Curtis,Davide Deganello. Control of morphological and electrical properties of flexographic printed electronics through tailored ink rheology[J]. OrganicElectronics,2019,73. [6]Maciej ?awryńczuk,Pawe?Oc?oń. Model Predictive Control and energy optimisation in residential building with electric underfloor heating system[J]. Energy,2019,182. [7]Lorenzo Niccolai,Alessandro Anderlini,GiovanniMengali,Alessandro A. Quarta. Electric sail displaced orbit control with solar wind uncertainties[J]. Acta Astronautica,2019,162. [8]Patrik Beňo,Matej Kubi?. Control and stabilization of single-wheeled electric vehicle with BLDC engine[J]. Transportation Research Procedia,2019,40. [9]André Murilo,Rafael Rodrigues,Evandro Leonardo SilvaTeixeira,Max Mauro Dias Santos. Design of a Parameterized Model Predictive Control for Electric Power Assisted Steering[J]. Control Engineering Practice,2019,90. [10]Kazusa Yamamoto,Olivier Sename,Damien Koenig,Pascal Moulaire. Design and experimentation of an LPV extended state feedback control on Electric Power Steering systems[J]. Control EngineeringPractice,2019,90. [11]Pedro de A. Delou,Julia P.A. de Azevedo,Dinesh Krishnamoorthy,Maurício B. de Souza,Argimiro R. Secchi. Model Predictive Control with Adaptive Strategy Applied to an Electric Submersible Pump in a Subsea Environment[J]. IFACPapersOnLine,2019,52(1). [12]Unal Yilmaz,Omer Turksoy,Ahmet Teke. Intelligent control of high energy efficient two-stage battery charger topology forelectric vehicles[J]. Energy,2019,186. [13]Qiuyi Guo,Zhiguo Zhao,Peihong Shen,Xiaowen Zhan,Jingwei Li. Adaptive optimal control based on driving style recognition forplug-in hybrid electric vehicle[J]. Energy,2019,186. [14]Leonid Lobanov,Nikolai Pashсhin. Electrodynamic treatment by electric current pulses as effective method of control of stress-strain states and improvement of life of welded structures[J]. Procedia Structural Integrity,2019,16. [15]Evangelos Pournaras,Seoho Jung,Srivatsan Yadhunathan,Huiting Zhang,Xingliang Fang. Socio-technical smart grid optimization via decentralized charge control of electric vehicles[J]. Applied Soft Computing Journal,2019,82. [16]Guoming Huang,Xiaofang Yuan,Ke Shi,Xiru Wu. A BP-PID controller-based multi-model control system for lateral stability of distributed drive electric vehicle[J]. Journal of the Franklin Institute,2019,356(13). [17]Ioannis Kalogeropoulos,Haralambos Sarimveis. Predictive control algorithms for congestion management in electric power distribution grids[J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling,2020,77. [18]Junjun Zhu,Zhenpo Wang,Lei Zhang,David G. Dorrell.Braking/steering coordination control for in-wheel motor drive electric vehicles based on nonlinear model predictive control[J]. Mechanism and Machine Theory,2019,142. [19]Jiechen Wu,Junjie Hu,Xin Ai,Zhan Zhang,Huanyu Hu. Multi-time scale energy management of electric vehicle model-based prosumers by using virtual battery model[J]. Applied Energy,2019,251. [20]G. Coorey,D. Peiris,T. Usherwood,L. Neubeck,J. Mulley,J. Redfern. An Internet-Based Intervention Integrated with the Primary Care Electronic Health Record to Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Control: a Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Acceptability, Usage Trends and Persuasive Design Characteristics[J]. Heart, Lung and Circulation,2019,28. [21]Félice Lê-Scherban,Lance Ballester,Juan C. Castro,Suzanne Cohen,Steven Melly,Kari Moore,James W. Buehler. Identifying neighborhood characteristics associated with diabetes and hypertension control in an urban African-American population usinggeo-linked electronic health records[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports,2019,15. [22]Yuekuan Zhou,Sunliang Cao. Energy flexibility investigation of advanced grid-responsive energy control strategies with thestatic battery and electric vehicles: A case study of a high-rise office building in Hong Kong[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2019,199. [23]D. Aravindh,R. Sakthivel,B. Kaviarasan,S. MarshalAnthoni,Faris Alzahrani. Design of observer-based non-fragile load frequency control for power systems with electric vehicles[J]. ISA Transactions,2019,91. [24]Augusto Matheus dos Santos Alonso,Danilo IglesiasBrandao,Tommaso Caldognetto,Fernando Pinhabel Maraf?o,Paolo Mattavelli. A selective harmonic compensation and power control approach exploiting distributed electronic converters inmicrogrids[J]. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2020,115. [25]Hay Wong,Derek Neary,Eric Jones,Peter Fox,Chris Sutcliffe. Benchmarking spatial resolution in electronic imaging for potential in-situ Electron Beam Melting monitoring[J]. Additive Manufacturing,2019,29. [26]Yunfei Bai,Hongwen He,Jianwei Li,Shuangqi Li,Ya-xiong Wang,Qingqing Yang. Battery anti-aging control for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with a hierarchical optimization energy management strategy[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2019,237. [27]N. Samartin-Veiga,A.J. González-Villar,M.T. Carrillo-de-la-Pe?a. Neural correlates of cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients: Reduced brain electrical activity during the execution ofa cognitive control task[J]. NeuroImage: Clinical,2019,23. [28]Masato Nakaya,Shinta Watanabe,Jun Onoe. Control of electric, optical, thermal properties of C 60 films by electron-beam irradiation[J]. Carbon,2019,152. [29]R. Saadi,M.Y. Hammoudi,O. Kraa,M.Y. Ayad,M. Bahri. A robust control of a 4-leg floating interleaved boost converter for fuel cell electric vehicle application[J]. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation,2019. [30]Frederik Banis,Daniela Guericke,Henrik Madsen,Niels Kj?lstad Poulsen. Supporting power balance in Microgrids with Uncertain Production using Electric Vehicles and Indirect Control ? ? This work has been supported by ENERGINET.DK under the project microgrid positioning - uGrip and the CITIES project.[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(4). 电气控制英文参考文献二： [31]Huijuan Luo,Jinpeng Yu,Chong Lin,Zhanjie Liu,Lin Zhao,Yumei Ma. Finite-time dynamic surface control for induction motors with input saturation in electric vehicle drive systems[J]. Neurocomputing,2019. [32]Peter K. Joseph,D. Elangovan,G. Arunkumar. Linear control of wireless charging for electric bicycles[J]. Applied Energy,2019,255. [33]Yu Congyang,Zhu Dequan,Wang Chaoxian,Zhu Lin,Chu Tingting,Jen Tien-Chien,Liao Juan. Optimizing Electric Adjustment Mechanism Using the Combination of Multi-body Dynamics and Control[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2019,35. [34]Hussein Termous,Xavier Moreau,Clovis Francis,Hassan Shraim. Effect of fractional order damping control on braking performancefor electric vehicles ? ? This work was supported by the Lebanese research program and the AUF-CNRSL-UL program.[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(5). [35]Manuel Schwartz,Florian Siebenrock,S?ren Hohmann. Model Predictive Control Allocation of an Over-actuated Electric Vehicle with Single Wheel Actuators[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(8). [36]Di Wu,Nikitha Radhakrishnan,Sen Huang. A hierarchical charging control of plug-in electric vehicles with simpleflexibility model[J]. Applied Energy,2019,253. [37]Abhishek Nayak,Rubi Rana,Sukumar Mishra. Frequency Regulation by Electric Vehicle during Grid Restoration using Adaptive Optimal Control[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(4). [38]Nicolò Robuschi,Mauro Salazar,Pol Duhr,FrancescoBraghin,Christopher H. Onder. Minimum-fuel Engine On/Off Control for the Energy Management of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle via Iterative Linear Programming ? ? We thank Ferrari S.p.A. for supporting this project.[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(5). [39]Anas A. Ahmed,M.R. Hashim,Marzaini Rashid. Control of the structural, electrical and optical properties of spin coated NiO films by varying precursor molarity[J]. Thin Solid Films,2019,690. [40]Wilco van Harselaar,Niels Schreuders,Theo Hofman,Stephan Rinderknecht. Improved Implementation of Dynamic Programming on the Example of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control[J]. IFACPapersOnLine,2019,52(5). [41]Jose A. Matute,Mauricio Marcano,Sergio Diaz,Joshue Perez. Experimental Validation of a Kinematic Bicycle Model Predictive Control with Lateral Acceleration Consideration ? ? This project has received funding from the Electronic Component Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 737469 (AutoDrive Project). This Joint Undertaking receives support fromthe European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmeand Germany, Austria, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Romania,[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(8). [42]Vladislav S. Gromov,Oleg I. Borisov,Sergey S. Shavetov,AntonA. Pyrkin,FatimatB. Karashaeva. Modeling and Control of Robotic Systems Course: from Fundamentals to Applications ? ? The work was written with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project unique identifier RFMEFI57818X0271 “Adaptive Sensorless Control for Synchronous Electric Drives in Intelligent Robotics and Transport Systems”.[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(9). [43]H. Mbarak,A.K. Kodeary,S.M. Hamidi,E. Mohajarani,Y. Zaatar. Control of nonlinear refractive index of AuNPs doped with nematic liquid crystal under external electric field[J]. Optik,2019,198. [44]Yanzhao Jia,Rabee Jibrin,Yutaro Itoh,Daniel G?rges. Energy-Optimal Adaptive Cruise Control for Electric Vehicles in Both Time and Space Domain based on Model Predictive Control[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(5). [45]Lukas Engbroks,Daniel G?rke,Stefan Schmiedler,TobiasG?decke,Bastian Beyfuss,Bernhard Geringer. Combined energy and thermal management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles -analyses based on optimal control theory ? ? This work has been performed within the Daimler AG in Stuttgart, Germany in cooperation with the Institute for Powertrains and Automotive Technology at Vienna University of Technology, Austria.[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(5). [46]Jean Kuchly,Dominique Nelson-Gruel,Alain Charlet,Yann Chamaillard,Cédric Nouillant. Projected Gradient and ModelPredictive Control : Optimal Energy and Pollutants Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicle[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(5). [47]Pier Giuseppe Anselma,Yi Huo,Joel Roeleveld,Giovanni Belingardi,Ali Emadi. From Off-line to On-line Control of a Multimode Power Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2019,52(5). [48]Xiaoyong Zhu,Deyang Fan,Zixuan Xiang,Li Quan,Wei Hua,Ming Cheng. Systematic multi-level optimization design and dynamiccontrol of less-rare-earth hybrid permanent magnet motor for all-climatic electric vehicles[J]. Applied Energy,2019,253. [49]. Engineering - Industrial Engineering; Findings from Southwest Jiaotong University Provides New Data about Industrial Engineering (Optimal Energy Management and Control In Multimode Equivalent Energy Consumption of Fuel Cell/supercapacitor of Hybrid Electric Tram)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [50]. SK Planet Co. Ltd.; Patent Issued for Electronic Stamp System For Security Intensification, Control Method Thereof, And Non-Transitory Computer Readable Storage Medium Having ComputerProgram Recorded Thereon (USPTO 10,361,857)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019. [51]. Energy - Electric Power; Study Data from National Institute of Technology Calicut Update Understanding of Electric Power (Modified switching scheme-based explicit torque control of brush-less direct current motor drive)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [52]. Energy; Findings from School of Mechanical Engineering Reveals New Findings on Energy (Deep Reinforcement Learning of Energy Management With Continuous Control Strategy and Traffic Information for a Series-parallel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Bus)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [53]. Energy - Electric Power; Reports Outline Electric Power Study Results from Dalian Maritime University (Direct VoltageControl of Stand-alone Dfig Under Asymmetric Loads Based On Non-singular Terminal Sliding Mode Control and Improved Extended State Observer)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [54]. Energy - Electric Power; Studies from Xi'an Jiao Tong University Add New Findings in the Area of Electric Power (A model predictive control approach for matching uncertain wind generation with PEV charging demand in a microgrid)[J]. Energy WeeklyNews,2019. [55]. Energy - Electric Power; Researchers from Northwestern Polytechnical University Discuss Findings in Electric Power (Decoupling Start Control Method for Aircraft Wound-rotor Synchronous Starter-generator Based On Main Field Current Estimation)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [56]. Energy - Electric Power; Wuhan University Reports Findings in Electric Power (Adjustable virtual inertia control of supercapacitors in PV-based AC microgrid cluster)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [57]. Lg Electronic Inc.; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Method And Apparatus For Monitoring Control Channel In Unlicensed Band", for Approval (USPTO 20190229825)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019. [58]. Special Conditions: Pilatus Aircraft Ltd., Model PC-12/47E Airplanes; Electronic Engine Control System Installation[J]. The Federal Register / FIND,2019,84(158). [59]. Apple Inc.; Patent Issued for Offset Control For Assembling An Electronic Device Housing (USPTO 10,368,457)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019. [60]. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Synchronization Control System And Control Device",for Approval (USPTO 20190238071)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019. 电气控制英文参考文献三： [61]. Technology - Cybernetics; Findings from North ChinaElectric Power University Provides New Data about Cybernetics (Hierarchical Distributed Model Predictive Control of Standalone Wind/solar/battery Power System)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [62]. Nidec Corporation; "Motor Control System And Electric Power Steering System" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190233002)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [63]. Mobvoi Information Technology Co. LTD.; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Display Device, Electronic Device And Display Control Method For Screen", for Approval (USPTO 20190235540)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019. [64]. Engineering - Power Delivery; Studies from North China Electric Power University Have Provided New Data on Power Delivery (Fault Tripping Criteria In Stability Control Device Adapting ToHalf-wavelength Ac Transmission Line)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [65]. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.; "Electronic Device For Sensing Biometric Information And Control Method Thereof" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190231235)[J]. Medical Patent Business Week,2019. [66]Asiabar Aria Noori,Kazemi Reza. A direct yaw momentcontroller for a four in-wheel motor drive electric vehicle using adaptive sliding mode control[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(3). [67]. Energy - Electrical Energy Systems; New Electrical Energy Systems Findings Has Been Reported by Investigators at University of Sfax (Constrained design and control of trapezoidal waves-forms hybrid excitation synchronous motor increasing energy accumulator lifetime)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [68]. Energy; Findings from School of Mechanical Engineering Has Provided New Data on Energy (Considering Well-to-Wheels Analysis in Control Design: Regenerative Suspension Helps to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Battery Electric Vehicles)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [69]. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Patent Application Titled "Electric-Power Control Device, Electric Motor, Air-Conditioning Apparatus, And Method For Manufacturing Electric Motor" Published Online (USPTO 20190242594)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [70]. Energy; Reports Summarize Energy Study Results from Warsaw University of Technology (Model Predictive Control and energy optimisation in residential building with electric underfloorheating system)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [71]. Energy - Nuclear Power; Researchers from Korea Electric Power Corporation Report New Studies and Findings in the Area of Nuclear Power (Development of Anti-windup Pi Control and Bumpless Control Transfer Methodology for Feedwater Control System)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [72]. Energy - Electric Power; Data on Electric Power Discussed by Researchers at School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (Analysis of the Performance Characteristics and Arm Current Control for Modular Multilevel Converter With Asymmetric Arm Parameters)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [73]. Energy - Electric Power; Study Findings on Electric Power Are Outlined in Reports from University of Technology (Direct power control for VSC-HVDC systems: An application of the global tracking passivity-based PI approach)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [74]Allous Manel,Mrabet Kais,Zanzouri Nadia. Fast fault-tolerant control of electric power steering systems in the presence of actuator fault[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(12). [75]. Energy - Electric Power; Researchers from College of Engineering Detail New Studies and Findings in the Area of Electric Power (Power Control Strategy of Photovoltaic Plants for Frequency Regulation In a Hybrid Power System)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [76]. Energy - Electric Power; Researchers at Shiv Nadar University Report New Data on Electric Power (Methods for overcoming misalignment effects and charging control of a dynamic wireless electric vehicle charging system)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [77]Zhang Bing,Zong Changfu,Chen Guoying,Li Guiyuan. An adaptive-prediction-horizon model prediction control for path tracking in a four-wheel independent control electric vehicle[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(12). [78]Ren Yue,Zheng Ling,Yang Wei,Li Yinong. Potential field–based hierarchical adaptive cruise control for semi-autonomous electric vehicle[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of MechanicalEngineers,2019,233(10). [79]. Energy - Electric Power; Data from University of the Basque Country Advance Knowledge in Electric Power (Sliding Mode Control of an Active Power Filter With Photovoltaic Maximum Power Tracking)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [80]Izadbakhsh Alireza,Kheirkhahan Payam. Adaptive fractional-order control of electrical flexible-joint robots: Theory and experiment[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(9). [81]Yang Weiwei,Liang Jiejunyi,Yang Jue,Zhang Nong. Optimal control of a novel uninterrupted multi-speed transmission for hybrid electric mining trucks[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(12). [82]Guercioni Guido Ricardo,Vigliani Alessandro. Gearshiftcontrol strategies for hybrid electric vehicles: A comparison of powertrains equipped with automated manual transmissions and dual-clutch transmissions[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(11). [83]. Energy - Electric Power; Findings from PontificalUniversity Provides New Data on Electric Power (A Communication-free Reactive-power Control Strategy In Vsc-hvdc Multi-terminal Systems To Improve Transient Stability)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [84]. Energy - Electric Power; Findings from Yazd University in the Area of Electric Power Reported (An adaptive time-graded control method for VSC-MTDC networks)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [85]Liu Hui,Li Xunming,Wang Weida,Han Lijin,Xin Huibin,Xiang Changle. Adaptive equivalent consumption minimisation strategy and dynamic control allocation-based optimal power management strategy for four-wheel drive hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(12). [86]. Networks - Neural Networks; Findings on Neural Networks Reported by Investigators at School of Electrical Engineering and Automation (Stability Analysis of Fractional Order Hopfield Neural Networks With Optimal Discontinuous Control)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019. [87]. Energy - Electric Power; Researchers from NanjingUniversity of Aeronautics and Astronautics Describe Findings in Electric Power (Synchronous Vibration Control for a Class of Cross-coupled Antisymmetric Msr Systems)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [88]. Energy - Electric Power; Investigators at Chung Ang University Detail Findings in Electric Power (Flexible Risk Control Strategy Based On Multi-stage Corrective Action With Energy Storage System)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [89]. Energy - Electric Power; Findings in Electric Power Reported from National Institute of Technology (An adaptive PI control scheme to balance the neutral-point voltage in a solar PV fed grid connected neutral point clamped inverter)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [90]Najjari Behrouz,Mirzaei Mehdi,Tahouni Amin. Constrained stability control with optimal power management strategy for in-wheel electric vehicles[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(4). 电气控制英文参考文献四： [91]. Energy - Wind Farms; Investigators at School of Electrical Power Detail Findings in Wind Farms (Theoretical Study On Control Strategy of Grid-connected High Voltage Ride Through In Doubly-fed Wind Farm)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [92]. Kia Motors Corporation; Patent Issued for Wireless Charging Control Apparatus And Method For Optimal Charging By Adjusting The Inclination Of The Electric Vehicle Being Charged (USPTO10,399,449)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019. [93]. Energy; New Data from Institute of Electrical Engineering Illuminate Findings in Energy (Charging-Discharging Control Strategy for a Flywheel Array Energy Storage System Based on the Equal Incremental Principle)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019. [94]. Science - Applied Sciences; Findings from North China Electric Power University Broaden Understanding of Applied Sciences (Coordinated Frequency Control Strategy with the Virtual Battery Model of Inverter Air Conditionings)[J]. Science Letter,2019. [95]. Science - Materials Science; Studies from Tsinghua University in the Area of Materials Science Described (ElectricField Control of Neel Spin-orbit Torque In an Antiferromagnet)[J]. Science Letter,2019. [96]. Electronics - Power Electronics; Studies from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Have Provided New Data on Power Electronics (Wireless battery charging control for electric vehicles: a user-involved approach)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019. [97]Kivanc,Ustun. Dynamic control of electronic differential in the field weakening region[J]. International Journal ofElectronics,2019,106(10). [98]Mohit Batra,John McPhee,Nasser L. Azad. Real-time model predictive control of connected electric vehicles[J]. Vehicle System Dynamics,2019,57(11). [99]Kim Daihyun,Echelmeier Austin,Cruz Villarreal Jorvani,Gandhi Sahir,Quintana Sebastian,Egatz-Gomez Ana,Ros Alexandra. Electric Triggering for Enhanced Control of Droplet Generation.[J].Analytical chemistry,2019,91(15). [100]Kurien Caneon,Srivastava Ajay Kumar. Impact of Electric Vehicles on Indirect Carbon Emissions and Role of Engine Post-Treatment Emission Control Strategies.[J]. Integrated environmental assessment and management,2019. [101]Aravindh D,Sakthivel R,Kaviarasan B,Anthoni SMarshal,Alzahrani Faris. Design of observer-based non-fragile loadfrequency control for power systems with electric vehicles.[J]. ISA transactions,2019,91. [102]Chen Xianzhe,Zhou Xiaofeng,Cheng Ran,Song Cheng,Zhang Jia,Wu Yichuan,Ba You,Li Haobo,Sun Yiming,You Yunfeng,Zhao Yonggang,Pan Feng. Electric field control of Néel spin-orbit torque in an antiferromagnet.[J]. Nature materials,2019,18(9). [103]Lê-Scherban Félice,Ballester Lance,Castro Juan C,Cohen Suzanne,Melly Steven,Moore Kari,Buehler James W. Identifying neighborhood characteristics associated with diabetes and hypertension control in an urban African-American population using geo-linked electronic health records.[J]. Preventive medicine reports,2019,15. [104]Samartin-Veiga N,González-Villar A J,Carrillo-de-la-Pe?a M T. Neural correlates of cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients: Reduced brain electrical activity during the execution of a cognitive control task.[J]. NeuroImage. Clinical,2019,23. [105]Leibel Sydney,Weber Rachel. Utilizing a PhysicianNotification System in the EPIC Electronic Medical Record to Improve Pediatric Asthma Control: A Quality Improvement Project.[J].Clinical pediatrics,2019,58(11-12). [106]Bernacka-Wojcik Iwona,Huerta Miriam,Tybrandt Klas,Karady Michal,Mulla Mohammad Yusuf,Poxson David J,Gabrielsson Erik O,Ljung Karin,Simon Daniel T,Berggren Magnus,Stavrinidou Eleni. Implantable Organic Electronic Ion Pump Enables ABA Hormone Delivery for Control of Stomata in an Intact Tobacco Plant.[J]. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany),2019. [107]Stoynova Nevena,Laske Christoph,Plewnia Christian. Combining electrical stimulation and cognitive control training to reduce concerns about subjective cognitive decline.[J]. Brainstimulation,2019,12(4). [108]Bettano Amy,Land Thomas,Byrd Alice,Svencer Susan,Nasuti Laura. Using Electronic Referrals to Address Health Disparities and Improve Blood Pressure Control.[J]. Preventing chronicdisease,2019,16. [109]Xu Meng,Yan Jian-Min,Guo Lei,Wang Hui,Xu Zhi-Xue,Yan Ming-Yuan,Lu Yun-Long,Gao Guan-Yin,Li Xiao-Guang,Luo Hao-Su,ChaiYang,Zheng Ren-Kui. Nonvolatile Control of the Electronic Properties of In_{2- x}Cr_xO₃ Semiconductor Films by Ferroelectric Polarization Charge.[J]. ACS appliedmaterials & interfaces,2019,11(35). [110]Gao Tao,Mirzadeh Mohammad,Bai Peng,Conforti Kameron M,Bazant Martin Z. Active control of viscous fingering using electricfields.[J]. Nature communications,2019,10(1). [111]Chaux Robin,Treussier Isabelle,Audeh Bissan,Pereira Suzanne,Hengoat Thierry,Paviot Béatrice Trombert,Bousquet Cedric. Automated Control of Codes Accuracy in Case-Mix Databases by Evaluating Coherence with Available Information in the Electronic Health Record.[J]. Studies in health technology andinformatics,2019,264. [112]Bolat Mustafa Suat,Cinar Onder,Asci Ramazan,Buyukalpelli Recep. A novel method for pain control: infiltration free local anesthesia technique (INFLATE) for transrectal prostatic biopsy using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).[J]. International urology and nephrology,2019. [113]Cruz Chad D,Yuan Jennifer,Climent Clàudia,Tierce NathanT,Christensen Peter R,Chronister Eric L,Casanova David,Wolf Michael O,Bardeen Christopher J. Using sulfur bridge oxidation to control electronic coupling and photochemistry in covalent anthracene dimers.[J]. Chemical science,2019,10(32). [114]Zhou Canliang,Sun Linfeng,Zhang Fengquan,Gu Chenjie,Zeng Shuwen,Jiang Tao,Shen Xiang,Ang Diing Shenp,Zhou Jun. Electrical Tuning of the SERS Enhancement by Precise Defect DensityControl.[J]. ACS applied materials & interfaces,2019,11(37). [115]Taeho Park,Hyeongcheol Lee. Optimal Supervisory Control Strategy for a Transmission-Mounted Electric Drive Hybrid Electric Vehicle[J]. International Journal of AutomotiveTechnology,2019,20(4). [116]Zoé Magalh?es,André Murilo,Renato V. Lopes. Development and evaluation with MIL and HIL simulations of a LQR-based upper-level electronic stability control[J]. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering,2019,41(8). [117]Justin Roger Mboupda Pone,Victor Kamdoum Tamba,Guillaume Honore Kom,Mathieu Jean Pierre Pesdjock,Alain Tiedeu,Martin Kom. Numerical, electronic simulations and experimental analysis of a no-equilibrium point chaotic circuit with offset boosting and partial amplitude control[J]. SN Applied Sciences,2019,1(8). [118]Alberto Cavallo,Antonio Russo,Giacomo Canciello.Hierarchical control for generator and battery in the more electric aircraft[J]. Science China Information Sciences,2019,62(9). [119]Ying Liu,Kai Cao,Jingjun Liu,Zhengping Zhang,Jing Ji,Feng Wang,Zhilin Li. Electrodeposition of copper-doped SnS thin films and their electric transmission properties control for thermoelectric enhancement[J]. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics,2019,30(17). [120]Feng Tian,Liqi Sui,Yuanfan Zeng,Bo Li,Xingyue Zhou,Lijun Wang,Hongxu Chen. Hardware Design and Test of a Gear-ShiftingControl System of a Multi-gear Transmission for ElectricVehicles[J]. Automotive Innovation,2019,2(3).。

电气专业毕业设计英文文献电气专业毕业设计英文文献外文资料与中文翻译外文资料:Relay protection present situation anddevelopment一、Relay protection development present situationElectrical power system's swift development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, the computer technology and communication's swift development unceasingly has infused the new vigor for the relay protection technology's development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in 40 remaining years of time.After the founding of the nation, our country relay protection discipline, the relay protection design, the relay factory industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path which in about 10 year the advanced countries half century pass through. In the 50s, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology [1], completed one to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich service experience's relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The Achengrelay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay technique of manufacture, has established our country own relay manufacturing industry.Therefore our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60s. This is the mechanical and electrical -like relay protection prosperous time, was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation.From the late 50s, the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the 60s to the 80s in is the time which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely uses. And the Tianjin University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation research's 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection develops with the Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute the transistor high frequency block system is away from the protection, moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv lines [2], finished the 500kv line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time.From the 70s, started based on the integration operational amplifier's integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the complete series to the late 80s integrated circuit protection, substitutes for the transistor protection gradually. The development which, the production, the application protected to the early 90s integrated circuit were still in the dominant position, this was theintegrated circuit protection time. The integrated circuit power frequency change quantity direction which develops in this aspect Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute high frequency protected the influential role [3], the Tianjin University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation development's integrated circuit phase voltage compensation type direction high frequency protection alsomoved in many 220kv and on the 500kv line.Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the late 70s [4], the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunner's function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, the Southeast University, the North China electric power institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, the Tianjin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Chongqing University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute one after another has developed the different principle, the different pattern microcomputer protective device. in 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal, and obtained the application in the system [5], has opened in our country relay protection history the new page, protected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way. In the main equipment protection aspect, the generator which the Southeast University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magnetism protection, the generator protection and the generator? Bank of transformers protectionalso one after another in 1989, in 1994 through appraisal, investment movement. The Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute develops microcomputer line protective device alsoin 1991 through appraisal. Tianjin University and Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltage compensation type direction high frequency protection, Xi'an Jiaotong University and Xuchang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequencyprotection also one after another in 1993, in 1996 through appraisal. Hence, the different principle, the different type's microcomputer line and the main equipment protect unique, provided one group of new generation performance for the electrical power system to be fine, the function was complete, operation reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microcomputer protective device's research, in microcomputer aspects and so on protection software, algorithm has also made many theory progresses. May say that started our country relay protection technology from the 90s to enter the time which the microcomputer protected.二、future development of Relay protectionThe future trend of relay protection technology is to computerization, networking is intelligent, protect, control, measure and data communication developing by integration. The principles of protection of electric power circuits are quite independent of the relay designs which may be applied. For example, if the current to an electriccircuit or a machine is greater than that which can be tolerated, it is necessary to take remedial action. The device for recognizing the condition and initiating corrective measures would be termed as an over-current relay regardless of the mechanists by whichthe function would be accomplished. Because the functions of electromechanical devices are easily described, their performance wills ever as a basis for presenting a description of relays and relay systemsin general.Relays must have the following characteristics: Reliability---The nature of the problem is that the relay may be idle for periods extending into years and then be required tooperatewith fast responds, as intended, the first time. The penalty for failure to operate properly may run into millions of dollars.Selectivity---The relay must not respond to abnormal, but harmless, system conditions such as switching transients or sudden changes in load.Sensitivity---The relay must not fail to operate, even in borderline situations, when operation was planned.Speed---The relay should make the decision to act as close to instantaneously as possible. If intentional time delay is available, it should be predictable and precisely adjustable.Instantaneous---The term means no intentional time delay.There are several possible ways to classify relays: by function, by construction, by application. Relays are one of two basic types of construction: electromagnetic or solid-state. The electromagnetic type relies on the development of electromagnetic forces on movable members,which provide switching action by physically opening or closing sets of contacts. The solid state variety provides switching action with no physical motion by changing the state of serially connected solid state component from no conducting to conducting(or vice versa). Electromagnetic relays are older and more widely used; solid state relays are more versatile, potentially more reliable, and fast.1)ComputerizationWith swift and violent development of computer hardware, computer protect hardware develop constantly even. The power system is improving to the demand that the computer protects constantly, besides basic function protected, should with trouble information of the large capacity and data the long-term parkingspace also, fast data processing function, strong communication capacity, network in order to share the whole system data , information , ability , network of resource with other protection , control device , dispatcher, high-level language programming ,etc.. This requires computer protector to have function which is equivalent to a pc machine. In computer is it develop initial stage to protect, is it make with one minicom relay protection install to imagine. Because the small-scale organism was accumulated greatly, with high costs at that time, dependability was bad, this imagined it was unrealistic . Now, exceed the minicomputer of those years greatly with computer protector size similar worker function , speed , memory capacity of accusing of machine, so make with complete sets of worker person who accuse of opportunity of relay protection already ripe, this will be one of the developing direction that a computer is protected . Tianjin university is it spend whom transformation act as continue the electric protector with computer protector structure self-same one worker person whoaccuse of to develop into already. The advantage of this kind of device is as follows, (1)it have functions of 486pc,it can meet to at present and it is various kinds of function demand where computerprotect future. (2)The size and structure are similar to present computer protector , the craft is superior, takes precautions against earthquakes , defends overheatedly and defending the electromagnetic ability of interfering strongly, can operate it in very abominable working environment , the cost is acceptable.(3)Adopting std bus or pc bus, hardware module , can select different module for use to different protection wantonly , it is flexible , easy to expand to dispose.It is an irreversible development trend to continue the computer , computerization of the electric protector. But to how better meet power system demand, how about raise the dependability of relay protection further, how make heavy economic benefits and social benefit, need carry on concrete deep research.2) NetworkedComputer network become the technological pillar of information age as message and data communication tool, made the mankind producing , basic change has taken place in the appearance with social life. It isinfluencing each industrial field deeply, has offered the powerful communication means for each industrial field too. Up till now, except that protect differentially and unite protecting vertically, all continue electric protector can only react that protect the electric quantity of installing office. The function of relay protection is only limited to excising the trouble component too , narrow the accident coverage. This mainly lack the powerful data communication means. Having already put forward the concept protected systematically abroad, this meant the safe automatics mainly at that time. Because the function of relay protection is not only limited to excising the trouble component and restriction accident coverage (this is primary task), the peace and steadiness that will be guaranteed the whole system run . This require each protect unit can share the whole operation and data , trouble of information of system, each protect unit and coincident floodgate device coordination on the basis of analysing the information and data, guarantee systematic peace and steadiness run . Obviously , realize the primary condition that system protect the whole system every protector of capitalequipment link with the computer network, namely the one that realized the computer protector is networked. This is totally possible under present technological condition .To general protecting systematically , realize the computer networking of the protector has a very great advantage too. It continue electric trouble not the less many in information not systematic can receiving protector ,for trouble nature , judgement and the trouble,trouble of position from measuring the less accurate. Protect to self-adaptation research of principle pass long time very already , make certain achievement too, but should really realize protecting the self-adaptation to the operation way of the system and trouble state, must obtain more system operating and trouble information , the computer that only realizes protecting is networked, could accomplish this . As to the thing that some protectors realize computer networking , can improve the dependability protected . Tianjin Sanxia vltrahigh voltage many return circuit bus bar , 500kv of power station , put forward one distributed principle that bus bar protected to future 1993 such as university, succeed in developing this kind of device tentatively. Principle its bus bar is it disperse several (with protect into bus bar back to way the same ) bus bar protect Entrance to protect traditional concentration type, disperse and install it in every return circuit is protected and rejected , each protect the unit to link with the computer network, each one protects the electric current amount that the unit only inputs a return circuit , after changing it into figure amount, convey to the protection units of other return circuits through the computer network, each protect the unit according to the electric current amount of this return circuit and electric current amount of other return circuits gotfrom computer network, carry on bus bar differential calculation that protect, if result of calculation prove bus bar trouble jump format return circuit circuit breaker only, isolate the bus bar of the trouble. At the time of the trouble outside the bus bar district , each protect the unit and calculate for movements of the external trouble. This kind protect principle by distributed bus barthat network realize with computer, bus bar protect principle have higher dependability than traditional concentration type. Because if one protect unit interfere or mistake in computation and when working up by mistake, can only jump format return circuit , can is it make bus bar to be whole of malignant accident that excise to cause wrong, this is very important to systematic pivot with supervoltage bus bar of hydropower station like SanxiaCan know computer protector networked to can raise and protect the performance and dependability greatly while being above-mentioned, this is an inexorable trend that a computer protects development 3) Protect , control , measure , data communication integratesOn terms that realize computerization of relay protection and networked, the protector is a high performance , multi-functional computer in fact, it is a intelligent terminal on the computer network of whole power system. It can obtain any information and data of operating and trouble of the power system from network , can convey network control centre or any terminal function , and can also finish the measurement , control , data communication function in there is no normal running of trouble cases, namely realize protecting ,controlling , measuring , data communication integrates.At present, for measurement, need that protects and controlling, all equipment of the outdoor transformer substation, two voltage, electric current of voltage transformer, circuit,etc. must with control cable guide to the top management room for instance. Lay control cable take a large amount of investment, make the very much complicated returncircuit 2 times in a large amount. But if above-mentioned protection, control, measure, data communication integrated computer device, install in to is it by the equipment , protect into voltage , electric current amount of equipment in device this after changing into the figure amount to protect outdoor transformer substation on the spot, send to the top management room through the computer network, can avoid a large number of controlcables . If use optic fibre as the transmission medium of the network , can avoid and interfere electromagnetically. The photocurrent mutual inductor of now (ota ) and photovoltage mutual inductor (otv ) have been already during the course of studying and testing, must get application in the power system in the future. In case of adopting ota and otv, namely should be putting and is being protected near the equipment.After the optical signals of ota and otv are input in the integrated device here and changes into an electric signal, what is on one hand uses as being protected calculation is judged ; As measurement amount on the other hand, send to the top management room through the network. Can to protect operation of equipment control order send this integrated device to through network from top management room, therefore the integrated device carries out the operation of the circuit breaker. The university of Tianjin put forward protecting,controlled , measured , communication integration in 1992, develop based on tms320c25 digital signal processor (dsp ) first protecting , control , measure , the integrated device of data communication.4)IntelligentIn recent years, if artificial intelligence technology neural network, hereditary algorithm, evolve plan , fuzzy logic ,etc. get application in power system all field, the research that is used in the field of relay protection has already begun too. Neural network one non-linear method that shine upon, a lot of difficult to list equation or difficult in order to the complicated non-linear question that is solved, use the method of the neural network to be very easily solved .For example the short circuit of crossing the resistance of courseof emergence is a non-linear problem in transmit electricity in the systematic electric potential angle of both sides of line and lay cases, it is very difficult to make discrimination , trouble of position while being correct for distance to protect, is it work up or is it work up to refuse by mistake to lead to the fact; If use neural network method, through a large number of trouble training of sample, so long as sample centralized to fully consider various kinds of situations, can differentiate correctly while any trouble takes place. Other if hereditary algorithm , is it is it have is it solve complicated abilityof problem to asking unique their too to plan to evolve. Artificial intelligence the being method proper to is it can make it solve speed to be fast not to ask to combine. Can predict , the artificial intelligence technology must get application in the field of relay protection, in order to solve the problem difficult to solvewith the routine method.中文翻译:继电保护的现状与发展一、继电保护发展现状电力系统的飞速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术、计算机技术与通信技术的飞速发展又为继电保护技术的发展不断地注入了新的活力，因此，继电保护技术得天独厚，在40余年的时间里完成了发展的4个历史阶段。

电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)文献一：Electric power consumption prediction model based on grey theory optimized by genetic algorithms本文介绍了一种基于混合灰色理论与遗传算法优化的电力消耗预测模型。

该模型使用时间序列数据来建立模型，并使用灰色理论来解决数据的不确定性问题。

通过遗传算法的优化，模型能够更好地预测电力消耗，并取得了优异的预测结果。

此模型可以在大规模电力网络中使用，并具有较高的可行性和可靠性。

文献二：Intelligent control for energy-efficient operation of electric motors本文研究了一种智能控制方法，用于电动机的节能运行。

该方法提供了一种更高效的控制策略，使电动机能够在不同负载条件下以较低的功率运行。

该智能控制使用模糊逻辑方法来确定最佳的控制参数，并使用遗传算法来优化参数。

实验结果表明，该智能控制方法可以显著降低电动机的能耗，节省电能。

文献三：Fault diagnosis system for power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis本文介绍了一种基于溶解气体分析的电力变压器故障诊断系统。

通过对变压器油中的气体样品进行分析，可以检测和诊断变压器内部存在的故障类型。

该系统使用人工神经网络模型来对气体分析数据进行处理和分类。

实验结果表明，该系统可以准确地检测和诊断变压器的故障，并有助于实现有效的维护和管理。

文献四：Power quality improvement using series active filter based on iterative learning control technique本文研究了一种基于迭代研究控制技术的串联有源滤波器用于电能质量改善的方法。

Motor and Drive PartsTIMING BELT REPLACEMENT1, Power source must be connected to machine and turned on. Turn the power disconnect/lockout switch to the “O” (OFF) position and lock out. Allow machine to come to a complete stop, then press the “I” (START) button and hold for two seconds to verify that the machine will not start.2, After the green guard locking switch status light illuminates (when all rotating parts are idle) rotate the latch handle on the gear compartment door and open the gear door.3, Remove the belt guard by removing the hand knob that holds the guard (inside the gear compartment).4, Loosen the two pinch fasteners in the jack shaft spindle assembly (Figure 50).5, Loosen the motor mounting fasteners and slide the motor to release belt tension. Remove the belts (Figure51).Figure 50—Loosen pinch fasteners in jack shat spindle assembly (1) Pinch Fasteners,(2) Jack Shaft Spindle AssemblyFigure 51 – Timing Belts(1)TIMING BELT TENSION1, Use the motor tension wrench to slide the motor and apply tension to the timing belts. The pin on the wrench fits in a hole on the support housing(Figure52). The pinch fasteners in the jack shaft spindle assembly must be properly tension both belts. Tighten the motor mounting fasteners, and then tighten the pinch fasteners in the jack shaft spindle assembly.Figure 52 – Using the motor to apply belt tension. (1) Motor Tension Wrench2, Replace belt guard and tighten with the hand knob.3, Close and rotate latch handle connecting the gear compartment door and support housing.Electrical AssemblyINSPECTIONW ARNING: In the event of an electrical problem, only a qualified electrician should inspect or repair the fault. Voltages dangerous to life exist in the starter enclosure! The power disconnect/lockout switch must be in the “O”(OFF) position. Live voltages are still present in the box even though disconnect is off. Always disconnect and lock out power source before beginning electrical inspection or repair.The electrical assembly must be in good working condition before operating this machine. For a description of the amplifier and safety switch operation and method for checking this system. Electrical schematics are located in the starter enclosure. Refer to Figures53 and 54 and inspect the following:Figure 53 –Starter enclosure interior with variable frequency drive. (1) Disconnect Switch, (2) Guard Locking Switch Power Disconnect, (3) Main Fuses, (4) Earthing Terminals, (5) Transformer, (6) Transformer Fuses Block, (7) Variable Frequency Drive, (8) Contactor, (9) Standstill Monitor, (10) Control RelayFigure 54 – Starter enclosure interior, across-the-line start. (1) Disconnect Switch, (2) Guard Locking Switch Power Disconnect, (3) Main Fuses, (4) Earthing Terminals, (5) Transformer, (6) Transformer Fuse Block, (7) Overload Relay, (8) Contactor, (9) Standstill Monitor, (10) Control RelayStarter enclosure: Inspect interior of starter enclosure for corrosion. If a significant amount of water accumulates in the bottom of the starter enclosure, check the breather drain. Breather drain should be free from obstruction. Excess water could also indicate an opening or loose fitting that allows water to enter the enclosure. Check all access points to the enclosure. Check gasket around door and window. Inspect push/pull stop button, “I”(START) push button assemblies, selector switches and pilot light assembly for damage or corrosion. Replace rubber boots and pilot light lens if damaged.NOTE: Electrical components that fail due to water or chemical contamination are not covered under the warranty.Fuses: Remove transformer fuses, located in the transformer fuse blocks. Check with an ohmmeter or continuity light. If one fuse is replaced, all others of that type fuse should also be replaced.Machines equipped with variable frequency drive(VFD):The drive currently in use is the GPD315/V 7. If the digital display on the drive is not illuminated when the machine is energized, contact Urschel Laboratories.Standstill monitor: Terminals should be tight and free from corrosion. Monitor must be replaced if damaged.Power line filter (CE compliant machine with VFD): See the electrical assemblies illustrations in the “Parts” section of this manual for part locations.Guard locking switches:Replace or straighten actuator key if it is damaged or bent. Check cords for cuts or abrasions. If the green guard locking switch status light does not illuminate when power to the machine is connected, contact Urschel Laboratories. Switch must be replaced if it has been forced open while locked. Use only new screws that are supplied with the switch. Manual release must be in “lock” position when removing and replacing lid( Figure 55).Figure 55 – Guard Locking Switch. (1) Green Guard Locking Switch Status Light, (2) Guard Locking Switch Manual ReleaseGreen status light must be inside the lens when replacing the lid. To maintain watertight features, securely tighten the seven screws for the lid until there is no gap between lid and switch assembly. Do not over tighten.NOTE:The two screws located under the lid on the guard locking switch act as special dowel pins locking the switch assembly into place and must not be substituted.Interrupt switch: Terminals should be tight and free from corrosion. Recommended torque is 5.0 inch pounds (80 inch ounces) or 0.56 Newton-meters. Check sensor, actuator and cord for damage. Switch should be replaced if any defect or damage is defected. Check switch alignment. Actuator must be aligned and within 1/32 (8mm) of sensor to complete safety switch circuit (Figure 56).WARNING: Always perform the guard locking/interrupt switch system test before operating the machine.Figure 56 –Interrupt switch sensor and actuator must be aligned and within 1/32”(8mm). (1) Sensor, (2) ActuatorV ARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE PROGRAMMINGA replacement variable frequency drive must have frequencies programmed after the drive has been installed into the electrical enclosure. Refer to the “Speed Chart” on your machine or on page 30 in this manual and program the replacement unit according to the following procedure.WARNING: Starter enclosure must be energized in order to program the drive. Voltages dangerous to life exist when equipment is open and energized! Only a qualified electrician should inspect, install, or program variable frequency drive.1, Turn power disconnect/lockout switch to “O”(OFF). Open starter enclosure door. Operate the power disconnect/lockout switch mechanism in the enclosure to turn power on.2, Set the selector switches to the first drive frequency to be programmed. The frequency drive has a digital operator with a display (Figure 57). The display for the GPD 315/V7 drive will read the lowest setting allowed.Figure 57 – FPD 315 Drive, digital operator. (1) Digital Display,(2) Numeral Change Key, (increase), (3) Numeral Change Key, (decrease), (4) Read/Write Key3, Enter the speed in the display in hertz. Increase or decrease the value with the “numeral change” keys. See the chart for frequency settings.CAUTION: Do not attempt to over speed the motor! Over speeding could create a safety hazard and cause excessive wear on machine parts. Under speeding will cause the motor to overheat.4, With the value correctly displayed and flashing, press the “DATA/ENTER” or “ENTER” key. The display will stop flashing, indicating that the value has been entered.NOTE:Altering preprogrammed speeds will permanently change these values. To return to original settings, follow steps 1-4.5, Operate the power disconnect/lockout switch mechanism in the enclosure to turn power off. Close and lock starter enclosure door.Knife CareKNIFE CARE GUIDELINESKnives should be inspected and sharpened or replaced at regular intervals depending upon operating conditions, type of product and hours of operation. Follow these guidelines for bestresults:1, Do not attempt to remove all defects from the knife edge by sharpening.This practice results in shortened knife life. Small defects will not affect knife performance.2, New knives should not be installed beside worn knives. This arrangement may result in poor quality cuts. Keep all the knives from one spindle in a set and sharpen them together. Periodically check knife width or diameter to make sure all the knives in a set are the same size.3, Recommended minimum dimensions: The following minimum dimensions are intended to give satisfactory results for most applications. However, each customer must look at the quality of cut on his product to determine at what point knives are resharpened beyond usefulness. The minimum dimensions stated are intended to give satisfactory results for most applications. Some customers may be able to give satisfactory results from knives ground smaller, but some may notice a deterioration in quality of out before the minimum size is reached. Measure crosscut knives from the cutting edge to the back of the knife unless otherwise noted; measure the diameter of circular knives unless otherwise noted.SHARPENING EQUIPMENTUrschel Laboratories manufactures machines to quickly and efficiently sharpen knives. The following machine are available;Model WG honing machine is used to sharpen slicing knives and crosscut knives (straight cut only). For the Model DC, use workrest 33224 for 42281 and 42446 crosscut knives and slicing knife insert .Use workrest 33225 for 42460 crosscut knives. Use workrest 33256 for all other slicing knives.Model CKG honing machine is used to place the best possible edge on circular knives. The Model CKG can be purchased from the factory ready to sharpen 3-1/2”circular knives for the Model DC. Honers that are not set up to sharpen 3-1/2” circular knives must have certain parts installed. Use the following procedure:W ARNNING: Honers place an extremely sharp edge on knives; handle knives with care!1, Make sure the honer is unplugged from the power source.2, Install hone assembly, knife holder hub and edge roller stud for 3-1/2’’circular knives (Figure 58). The hone assembly (part number 33083) contains the hone bracket and internal parts, the shield and the honing wheel. The stud on the hone bracket is installed in the second hole from the motor shaft (4” knife position). The knife holder hub (part number 33081) is installed with the raised diameter facing out. The edge roller stud (part number 33023) is installed with the set screw in the second spot drilled hole from the outside end (Note that this part number has remained thesame but the part has been modified. The stud should have four spot drilled holes.) 3, Position the hone shield in as far as possible by loosening the screw and sliding the shield. Retighten the screw.4. Pull the knife clamp hub out of the clamping position. Hold a knife against the knife holder hub. Loosen the set screw in the motor shaft hub and slide the hub and knife on the motor shaft until the knife just touches the honing wheel. Tighten the set screw.5, Adjust the knife clamp if necessary. The knife clamp should hold the knife against the hub tight enough so that it cannot be rotated yet not so tight that it drives the motor back and distorts the base (the brake arm assembly must be properly adjusted to test for knife rotation). To adjust the knife clamp, loosen the two locking nuts and move the clamp in or out.6, Place a knife in the honer and sharpen in the normal manner (see the Model CKG instruction manual for more information). If too much of the knife edge is removed, readjust the hub. If insufficient metal is removed, loosen the screw on the hone shield and slide the hone slightly forward against the knife edge.BUFFINGWARNING: Only qualified trained personnel should buff knives. Use adequate eye and respiratory protection, and a properly guarded buffing wheel. Hold knife securely. Never attempt to catch a dropped knife! Should you drop a knife during the buffing operation, move away and let it tall.When crosscut knives are sharpened by grinding, filing or honing, a slight wire edge may be produced. Buffing will remove this wire edge.Install two to four 10" (254 mm) diameter buffing wheels side by side between flanges at least2" (51 mm) in diameter. Buffing wheels and bars of buffing compound are available from Urschel Laboratories (see “Tools", page67).Turn on the buffer (3600RPM) and hold the bar of buffing compound firmly against the outside diameter of the buffing wheels to apply alight coating of compound. Apply compound frequently to obtain sharp edges quickly.NOTE: If excess compound is applied, the wheel will harden, making it ineffective.Should this occur, Use a buffing wheel rake, available from an industrial supplier, to soften the wheel.When holding knives, be cautions and use a firm grip. Hold the knife firmly with the bevel side up, parallel with and just below the center line of the shaft of the buffer (Figure 58). Push the knife edge into the buffing wheel, penetrating the wheel 1/16"-1/8"(1.5-3mm). Move the knife endwise and buff the entire edge across the buffing wheel with a steady rapid movement in each direction. Several rapid passes are better than one or two slow ones. Do not hold the knife in one area of the buffing wheel too long as the edge may heat and burn. If a burr or wire edge remains, turn the knife over and buff with the bevel side down. Continue buffing, switching from side to side, until wire edge or burr is gone.Sharpen all sides of crinkle knife edges by tipping the knife endwise at a slight angle, first in one direction and then in the other. Next, the knife is held straight and level to buff the remainder of the cutting edge.With bevel side up, sharpen side surface of crinkle knife edge by tipping the knife endwise at a slight angle, first in one direction and then in the other. Next, the knife is held straight and level tobuff the remainder of the cutting edge.Figure 58 –Model CKG honing machine set to sharpen 3-1/2”circular knives (1) Hone Bracket, (2) Mounting Position for Hone Assembly, (3) Knife Holder Hub, (4) Set Screw,(5) Edge Roller Stud (set screw seats in second hole), (6) Hone Shield, (7) Screw, (8) Knife Clamp Hub, (9) Locking Nuts, (10) Honing WheelFailure to obtain sharp edges by buffing may be caused by the following:1, Edges may be too dull or blunt. Blunt edges must always be ground or filed to restore a bevel width and angle similar to that found on a new knife.2, Knives must be correctly held against the buffing wheel (Figure 59).3, Too little or too much buffing compound on the wheel.4, Undersize buffing wheels. Discard the buffing wheels when they are worn to8-3/4" (222 mm) diameter.Figure 59 – Correct position (top) and incorrect position (bottom) for knife during buffing .(1) Knife, (2) Buffing WheelPROBLEM CAUSE CORRECTIONMachine Does Not Start Power disconnect lockout switch isin the "O"(OFF)positionTurn power disconnect lockoutswitch to the "I"(ON) position. Manual release on either of theguard locking switches is in the"unlock" positionTurn manual release to the"lock" position on bothswitches, page 17.Guard locking switch powerdisconnect is in the"O"(OFF)positionTurn guard locking switchpower disconnect to the"I"(ON) position, page 54.Push/pull stop button is not pulledout after being pushedPull push/pull stop button out,page 28.Covers and guards not securelyclosedMake certain covers andguards are securely closed.Check for bent or twistedbrackets that will preventswitches from lining up. See"Covers and Guards",pages34-35.VFD fault or warning Not error code displayed onVFD. Turn disconnect off.电机和传动部件同步带置换1，电源必须与机器连接并打开。

数控加工中心技术开展趋势与对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju(C Machining Processand equipment,2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备开展趋势与对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术与装备是开展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术与其产业、生物技术与其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最根本的装备。

附录C620 lathe main axle structure transformationdesignRen Fu jun huang ru lin wang qunAbstract: The C620 lathe main axle front bearing, changes present's D3182120 rolling bearing structure by the original sliding bearing, its principal advantage is the rigidity is good, the rotational speed is high, and revolves, the rotation precision to be high steadily, the radial direction beats small, the thermostability to be good as well asthe assembly technology capability is good. Enhances the product advantageously the working accuracy and the productivity, lengthens equipment's service life, reduces themaintenance cost, raises the equipment utilization rate.Key word: Main axle, sliding bearing, rolling bearing, lubrication1 transformation reason lthe C620 lathe main axle front bearing is uses the sliding bearing structure, the spindle speed defined that in n max= in the 600r/min scope, this kind of bearing in high-speed cutting's situation, the bearing is extremely easy to give off heat, the temperature reaches as high as 70 oC; Sped up bearing's natural attrition obviously under this condition, thus reduced main axle's service life, causes the main axle rotation precision gradual reduction, the very great degree has affected the working accuracy and the production benefit.Because sliding bearing's material uses ZQSn6-6-3 generally, the service is complex, the axis blows grinds requests high, the technical difficulty is big, the maintenance cost is also high. Simultaneously the bearing clearance adjustment difficulty, the gap is oversized, the working accuracy reaches does not request; The gap is too small, will appear gives off heat even forms the stuffy vehicle phenomenon.is solves the above malpractice, the sliding bearing changes rolling bearing's structure before the original main axle, simultaneously enhances the spindle speed to nmax=900r/min, made the obsolete equipment to enhance the rigidity and the rotationprecision, raised equipment's use factor.2 transformation processin does not affect the main axle other shafting components structure under thepremise to open the original front bearing, and carries on the remanufacture processing to the original front bearing hole and the main axle. Like Figure 1, shown in Figure 2, and designs the axis front bearing which manufacture as shown in Figure 3. Its structure by the main axle, the end cover, the clamp, the shell, the bearing, the adjusting washer, the bolt, the stopping nut and so on is composed. This structure selected the D3182120 double row centripetal cylindrical roller bearing to transform the C620 lathe main axle front bearing structure, its principal advantage was: The rigidity is good, the rotational speed is high, and revolves steadily, the rotation precision is high, the radial direction beat is small, the thermostability is good as well as assembly technology capability good and so on characteristics. Just before the transformation, must inspect the headstock, the main axle hole size whether can transform.main axle holeFigure 1 after transformation front bearing holeFigure 2 after transformation main axleFigure 3 after transformation main axle front bearing1 main axle2 end cover 3.Clamp 4 shell 5.bearing 6,7.Gasket 8.bolt 9. stopping nutMeets the bearing outer diameter D=150mm size requirement, and inspects the main axle axle diameter whether can transform bearing inside diameter d=100mm the size, when the two meet the above requirement, then begins to arrange the transformation work.2.1 headstock main axle front bearing hole transformationIn order to guarantee lathe main axle hole and rolling bearing outer ring's grade of fit, when processing should follow the basic shaft system the principle, and arranges on the clang bed to carry on the clang hole processing to the headstock front bearing hole. This work must be very careful, achieves the craft precision for the guarantee, truncates when the processing must the bearing hole carry on take the original main axle around as the datum adjusts, around definite main axle bearing hole proper alignment common difference in the 0.015mm scope, before and, main bearing hole aperture processing to 1500-0.022mm; Roundness tolerance.First should inspect the original main axle slipper the journal section size, because the remainder are not many, must grasp the machining allowance. Before the processing, prepares two 5 morse tapers beforehand the craft center end cover (e.g. Figure 4), inlays separately again the end cover before the main axle in the rear end awl hole, and grinds on carefully the end cover the 3mm center bore, then the arrangement on the precision high lathe, with the double thimble's method, carries on the lathe work, according to the bearing in the hole basic hole system's request, processes the main axle journal part the taper is 1: 12 (taper 4o46'19 ") the size 100 requests (request to leave leeway grinding allowance). Simultaneously processes the M100X1.5 axis files adjustment thread separately again, in 1 M100X1.5 adjusting nut and 2 adjusting blocks, the addendum circle adjusting shim (request filling piece thickness leaves leeway sharpeningquantity). Finished, carried on the abrasive machining again to the main axle journal part, met the main axle proper each requirements.Figure 4 before the main axle, bearing meck part transformation3 assemblies and debuggingThe rotation stopping nut makes the end motion to the belt awl's bearing inner rim along the main axle cone-shape then to realize the adjustment. Namely with spanner tight nut 9, when the hand makes an effort moves the main axle the main axle to be able to rotate automatically for 1-2 weeks, then explained that front bearing's radial clearance has adjusted suitably, otherwise the showing gap oversized or is too small, then screws tight the bolt 8. Rear bearing's regulation means and front bearing's regulation means are the same. In order to increase main axle's rotation precision, when assembly uses “the directional assembly” the principle carries on, guaranteed that the rotation precision in design requirements' scope, achieves the re-equipping the goal. After around the bearing assembly, the adjustment finished, carried on 1h the fast idling experiment, the main shaft bearing temperature does not surpass 70oC, then explained that around the main axle the bearing adjustment was suitable.4 reasonable lubrications(1)main shaft bearing's reasonable lubrication is the main axle normal work reliable guarantee, must therefore pay attention to the fuel feed which the main axlefront bearing lubricates. When the summer temperature is high, if the fuel feed are excessively many, not only on the bearing cannot cool and lubricate, because insteadseriously stirs the phenomenon to cause the bearing elevation of temperature; If fuelfeed too few, the bearing lubrication is insufficient, the temperature will also rise,therefore the fuel feed and the blow position had decided bearing's reasonablelubrication, will guarantee bearing's thermostability.(2) headstock's lubricating oil emigration storage in exterior, thus plays the cooling lubricating oil the role, forms coolant conditions which outside an individual circulates, guarantees main axle's normal work.5 increase the headstock spindle speedThe replacement lathe driving pulley (belt pulley), increases the spindle speed by original n max=600r/min to n max=900r/min. Meets the requirements which the spindle speed enhances.Supposition rightful owner drive wheel outer diameter D1=120㎜, namely D1/D2= n1/n2≥120/D2=600/900≥D2=180㎜, increases the driving pulley outer diameter to 180㎜.6 conclusionsAfter the re-equipping C620 lathe, its front bearing structure is reasonable, theadjustment is convenient, makes the main axle system's precision to enhance greatly,also enhanced the engine bed main axle's service life, raised the production efficiency and the product working accuracy effectively, to a great extent reduced equipment's maintenance cost, made the old engine bed to enhance the use value, to raised enterprise's economic efficiency to have the important meaning.C620车床主轴结构改造设计任福君任福君 黄如林黄如林 汪群汪群摘要摘要::将C620C620型车床主轴前轴承，型车床主轴前轴承，由原来的滑动轴承改为现在的由原来的滑动轴承改为现在的D3182120D3182120D3182120滚动轴滚动轴承结构，其主要优点是刚性好、转速高且运转平稳、回转精度高、径向跳动小、热稳定性好以及装配工艺性好。

数控车床主轴部件机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译数控车床主轴部件车床是一种主要用于加工旋转表面和平整边缘的机床。

根据使用目的、结构、刀具数量和自动化程度的不同，车床可以分为普通车床、万能车床、转塔车床、立式车床、自动车床和特殊车床。

虽然车床种类繁多，但它们在结构和操作原理上具有共同特性。

普通车床是最常用的代表类型，下面将介绍普通车床的主要部分。

车床床身是车床的主骨架，由两个垂直支柱上的水平横梁组成。

为减振，它通常由灰铸铁或球墨铸铁铸造而成。

车床床身上有导轨，可以让大拖板轻松纵向滑动。

车床床身的高度应适当以方便技师工作。

主轴箱固定在车床床身的左侧，包括轴线平行于导轨的主轴。

主轴通过齿轮箱驱动，齿轮箱可以提供多种不同的速度(通常是6到18速)。

现代车床有些采用无级调速主轴箱，采用摩擦、电力或液压驱动。

主轴往往是中空的，纵向有一通孔，可以通过此孔进给棒料。

同时，此孔为锥形表面，可以安装普通车床顶尖。

主轴外表面是螺纹，可以安装卡盘、花盘或类似的装置。

尾架总成包括底座、尾架体和套筒轴。

底座是能在车床床身上沿导轨滑动的铸件，有定位装置，可以让整个尾架根据工件长度锁定在任何需要位置。

使用手轮和螺杆，与螺杆啮合的是一固接在套筒轴上的螺母。

套筒轴开口端的孔是锥形的，能安装车床顶尖或诸如麻花钻和镗杆之类的工具。

套筒轴通过定位装置能沿着它的移动路径被锁定在任何点。

大拖板的主要功能是安装刀具和产生纵向和/或横向进给。

它实际上是一由车床床身V形导轨引导的、能在车床床身主轴箱和尾架之间滑动的H形滑块。

大拖板可以手动或通过溜板箱和光杆(进给杆)或丝杆(引导螺杆)机动。

本文介绍了在传统普通车床上进行的各种机加工作业。

但是，需要注意的是现代计算机数控车床具有更多的功能，并且可以进行其他操作，例如仿型。

圆柱面车削是所有车床操作中最简单也是最常见的。

工件旋转一整圈产生一个圆心落在车床主轴上的圆；由于刀具的轴向进给运动，这种动作重复许多次。