电容器中英文对照外文翻译文献

Series high voltage shunt capacitor1.ApplicationaThe products are applied to 50Hz or 60Hz AC electrical power system for powerirmpr-oving and will be according to the national standard GB 3983.2-89 (high voltage shumt capacitor) and inter national IEC 60871-1.2.Service conditionsA.Altetude lower than 1000m,ambiedt temperature -40℃~+400℃;B.No strong mechanical vibmfom at installing place.No corrosive gas,inductive dust,andinrlammable and explosive media in the ambient environment;C.The medium between poles should resist one of below tests in 10 seconds;a.Frequency AC voltage:Un(~)=2.15Unb.DC voltage:Ut(-)=4.3UnD.The insulation of the terminals and cases should resist below voltage;E.To extend the life of capacitors,the capacitor should always run in rated voltage;F.Capacitor should resist a 2.2 Un or below first peak and last 1/2 cycle of transitional overvoltage;G.Capacitors can tolerance 1.3 In stable over current because of voltage increase or highharmonic.For those capacitors with highest to lerance ,the over current can reach 1.43In.H.The deviation of rated and actual capacitance should be -5%~+10%,The ratio of highestand lowest capacitance of any two terminals should not be higher than 1.08.I.When capacitors are at the frequency rated voltage,the loss tangent (tgδ)at 20℃is 0.0005.J.For those capacitors which contain discharge capacitor,it is possible to reduce the voltage from peak voltage to 75V within to minutes.If reducing to SOV with Smins is needed,it should be indicated in ordering.K.Three-phase capacitors are star configurations.Discharge resistors are added in each phase.3.Applicable StandardsGB/T 11024.1-2010 National Standard{Rated V oltage 1 KV or Higher AC Power System Shunt Capacitor}IEC60871-1:2005 International Standard{Shunt Capacitor}高压并联电容器一、用途：RH-高压并联电容器主要应用于50HZ或60HZ交流电力系统中用以改善功率因数，产品性能符合GB3983.2-89《高电压并联电容器》及国际标准IEC60871-1。

Capacitive Sensor OperationPart 1: The BasicsPart 1 of this two-part article reviews the concepts and theory of capacitive sensing to help to optimize capacitive sensor performance. Part 2 of this article will discuss how to put these concepts to work.Noncontact capacitive sensors measure the changes in an electrical property called capacitance. Capacitance describes how two conductive objects with a space between them respond to a voltage difference applied to them. A voltage applied to the conductors creates an electric field between them, causing positive and negative charges to collect on each objectCapacitive sensors use an alternating voltage that causes the charges to continually reverse their positions. The movement of the charges creates an alternating electric current that is detected by the sensor. The amount of current flow is determined by the capacitance, and the capacitance is determined by the surface area and proximity of the conductive objects. Larger and closer objects cause greater current than smaller and more distant objects. Capacitance is also affected by the type of nonconductive material in the gap between the objects. Technically speaking, the capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the objects and the dielectric constant of the material between them, and inversely proportional to the distance between them as shown.:In typical capacitive sensing applications, the probe or sensor is one of the conductive objects and the target object is the other. (Using capacitive sensors to sense plastics and other insulators will be discussed in the second part of this article.) The sizes of the sensor and the target are assumed to be constant, as is the material between them. Therefore, any change in capacitance is a result of a change in the distance between the probe and the target. The electronics are calibrated to generate specific voltage changes for corresponding changes in capacitance. These voltages are scaled to represent specific changes in distance. The amount of voltage change for a given amount of distance change is called the sensitivity. A common sensitivity setting is 1.0 V/100 µm. That means that for every 100 µm change in distance, the output voltage changes exactly 1.0 V. With this calibration, a 2 V change in the output means that the target has moved 200 µm relative to the probe.Focusing the Electric FieldWhen a voltage is applied to a conductor, the electric field emanates from every surface. In a capacitive sensor, the sensing voltage is applied to the sensing area of the probe. For accurate measurements, the electric field from the sensing area needs to be contained within the space between the probe and the target. If the electric field is allowed to spread to other items—or other areas on the target—then a change in the position of the other item will be measured as a change in the position of the target. A technique called "guarding" is used to prevent this from happening. To create a guard,the back and sides of the sensing area are surrounded by another conductor that is kept at the same voltage as the sensing area itself. When the voltage is applied to the sensing area, a separate circuit applies the exact same voltage to the guard. Because there is no difference in voltage between the sensing area and the guard, there is no electric field between them. Any other conductors beside or behind the probe form an electric field with the guard instead of with the sensing area. Only the unguarded front of the sensing area is allowed to form an electric field with the target.DefinitionsSensitivity indicates how much the output voltage changes as a result of a change in the gap between the target and the probe. A common sensitivity is 1 V/0.1 mm. This means that for every 0.1 mm of change in the gap, the output voltage will change 1 V. When the output voltage is plotted against the gap size, the slope of the line is the sensitivity.A system's sensitivity is set during calibration. When sensitivity deviates from the ideal value this is called sensitivity error, gain error, or scaling error. Since sensitivity is the slope of a line, sensitivity error is usually presented as a percentageof slope, a comparison of the ideal slope with the actual slope.Offset error occurs when a constant value is added to the output voltage of the system. Capacitive gauging systems are usually "zeroed" during setup, eliminating any offset deviations from the original calibration. However, should the offset error change after the system is zeroed, error will be introduced into the measurement. Temperature change is the primary factor in offset error.Sensitivity can vary slightly between any two points of data. The accumulated effect of this variation is called linearity erro. The linearity specification is the measurement of how far the output varies from a straight line.To calculate the linearity error, calibration data are compared to the straight line that would best fit the points. This straight reference line is calculated from the calibration data using least squares fitting. The amount of error at the point on the calibration line furthest away from this ideal line is the linearity error. Linearity error is usually expressed in terms of percent of full scale (%/F.S.). If the error at the worst point is 0.001 mm and the full scale range of the calibration is 1 mm, the linearity error will be 0.1%.Note that linearity error does not account for errors in sensitivity. It is only a measure of the straightness of the line rather than the slope of the line. A system with gross sensitivity errors can still be very linear.Error band accounts for the combination of linearity and sensitivity errors. It is the measurement of the worst-case absolute error in the calibrated range. The error band is calculated by comparing the output voltages at specific gaps to their expected value. The worst-case error from this comparison is listed as the system's error band. In Figure 7, the worst-case error occurs for a 0.50 mm gap and the error band (in bold)Bandwidth is defined as the frequency at which the output falls to –3 dB, a frequency that is also called the cutoff frequency. A –3 dB drop in the signal level is an approximately 30% decrease. With a 15 kHz bandwidth, a change of ±1 V at low frequency will only produce a ±0.7 V change at 15 kHz. Wide-bandwidth sensors can sense high-frequency motion and provide fast-responding outputs to maximize the phase margin when used in servo-control feedback systems; however,lower-bandwidth sensors will have reduced output noise which means higher resolution. Some sensors provide selectable bandwidth to maximize either resolution or response time.Resolution is defined as the smallest reliable measurement that a system can make. The resolution of a measurement system must be better than the final accuracy the measurement requires. If you need to know a measurement within 0.02 µm, then the resolution of the measurement system must be better than 0.02 µm.The primary determining factor of resolution is electrical noise. Electrical noise appears in the output voltage causing small instantaneous errors in the output. Even when the probe/target gap is perfectly constant, the output voltage of the driver has some small but measurable amount of noise that would seem to indicate that the gap is changing. This noise is inherent in electronic components and can be minimized, but never eliminated.If a driver has an output noise of 0.002 V with a sensitivity of 10 V/1 mm, then it has an output noise of 0.000,2 mm (0.2 µm). This means that at any instant in time, the output could have an error of 0.2 µm.The amount of noise in the output is directly related to bandwidth. Generally speaking, noise is distributed over a wide range of frequencies. If the higher frequencies are filtered before the output, the result is less noise and better resolution (Figures 8, 9). When examining resolution specifications, it is critical to know at what bandwidth the specifications apply.Capacitive Sensor Operation Part 2: System Optimization Part 2 of this two-part article focuses on how to optimize the performance of your capacitive sensor, and to understand how target material, shape, and size will affect the sensor's response.Effects of Target SizeThe target size is a primary consideration when selecting a probe for a specific application. When the sensing electric field is focused by guarding, it creates a slightly conical field that is a projection of the sensing area. The minimum targetdiameter is usually 130% of the diameter of the sensing area. The further the probe is from the target, the larger the minimum target size.Range of MeasurementThe range in which a probe is useful is a function of the size of the sensing area. The greater the area, the larger the range. Because the driver electronics are designed for a certain amount of capacitance at the probe, a smaller probe must be considerably closer to the target to achieve the desired amount of capacitance. In general, the maximum gap at which a probe is useful is approximately 40% of the sensing area diameter. Typical calibrations usually keep the gap to a value considerably less than this. Although the electronics are adjustable during calibration, there is a limit to the range of adjustment.Multiple Channel SensingFrequently, a target is measured simultaneously by multiple probes. Because the system measures a changing electric field, the excitation voltagefor each probe must be synchronized or the probes will interfere with each other. If they were not synchronized, one probe would be trying to increase the electric field while another was trying to decrease it; the result would be a false reading. Driver electronics can be configured as masters or slaves; the master sets the synchronization for the slaves in multichannel systems.Effects of Target MaterialThe sensing electric field is seeking a conductive surface. Provided that the target is a conductor, capacitive sensors are not affected by the specific target material; they will measure all conductors—brass, steel, aluminum, or salt water—as the same. Because the sensing electric field stops at the surface of the conductor, target thickness does not affect the measurement。

BSMJ series self-healing type low voltage shuntcapacitor1.General Description“RUIHUANG” brand of self-healing type low voltage shunt capacitor made of the advanced metallized film, is produced strictly in accordance with the National Standard and IEC Standard by the introduced advanced foreign techniques and equipment, the device is mainly suitable for low voltage electric network to better the voltage quality.2.Main Feature2.1 Compacted and light: Its volume and weight are only 1/4 and 1/5 of the old product, because of the using of a new dielectric metallized polypropylene film.2.2 Low loss: The real figure is lower than 0.1%, so the loss of the capacitor itself is extremely low, the heat it gives out is little and the rise of temperature is low. So its service life is very long and it can save energy at the same time.2.3 Excellent self-healing ability: Damage of part of the dielectric caused by over-voltage can be self-healed quickly and return to normal state. So the reliability is much higher.2.4 Safety:Inwardly equipped self-discharge resistor and safety equipment. The self-discharge resistor can automatically discharge the electric energy the capacitor carried. If there is anything fault with the capacitor, the safety equipment will cut off power in time, thus prevent further troubles from happening. So it’s much safer to use this kind of capacitor.2.5 No oil leakage: The capacitor uses advanced semi-soild impregnant whose drip melting point is above 70℃. There will be mo loss of oil during the course of using it. And thus protect the surroundings from being polluted. The capacitor itself doesn’t have to run the risk of invalidation caused by oil leakage.3.Main Technical Indexes3.1 Service conditions: Ambient temperature -25℃~+50℃, humidity≤85%RH and altitude lower than 2000m.3.2 Rated voltage: 250V.AC, 400V.AC, 525V.AC, 750V.AC, 1050V.AC.3.3 Rated output: 1~100Kvar.3.4 Capacitance tolerance: 0~+10%.3.5 Tangent of the loss angle: With the power frequency rated voltage, tgδ≤0.1% at 20℃.3.6 Withstand voltage: Between terminals 1.75 times rated voltage for 10 seconds, between terminals and container 3KV for 10 seconds.3.7 Max permissible over-voltage: 110% rated voltage.3.8 Max permissible over-voltage: 130% rated current.3.9 Self sustained discharge ability: Give √2Un DC voltage to capacitor, the residual voltage reduced to 50V or lower within 3 minutes after power off.3.10 Applicable standard: GB12747-91/IEC60831-1996.BSMJ自愈式低压并联电容器1.概述RH自愈式低压并联电容器是采用先进的金属化薄膜作为材料，引进国外先进技术、设备，严格按照国家标准及IEC标准组织生产的，主要用于低压电网提高功率因数，减少线路损耗，改善电压质量，是国家推荐使用的新型节电产品。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)图1 单相TSC 装置示意图1sin()C di wt L idt dt φ+=+⎰图4 串联电压测试的方框图晶闸管动作后的电压波形如图5所示，电压负半波是反向的。

从波形图中我们可以看出电压波形的正负半波周期是不对称的。

其中在正半波周期存在电压峰值，这是由于接通时电容器存在残余电压。

图5 电压测试信号波形晶闸管两端电压过零检测的过程如下：V a、V b和V c进行比较，如果有V a>V图6 无电压残余时的过电压波形电子管阀间过电压产生的原因是有些电子管的损坏，或者系统电压的过大。

在投入之间，电子管间的端电压将被检测。

如果有过电压的产生，触发信号将被停止，并且故障信号发出。

Equivalent circuit of a single-phase The mathematic equation for the circuit issin()di wt L dt φ+=+Where the initial current for the inductance isFigure 4 Block diagram of voltage detection for valves in seriesthe voltage signal across the valves after processing iswith the negative half cycle being reversed.From the waveform we can see that the positive half cycles are not symmetrical to the negative ones, and there is a peak clipping in the positive half cycle. This is due to the effect of the residual5 The waveform of the detected voltageThe zero crossing point of the voltage across the valves is detected by means of the algorithm Three sampling voltage points with regular interval, V a, V b and V cvoltage waveform ac- the valvesThe cause that makes the valve unit over-voltage is due to the breakdown of some valve, or theswitch-on, the voltage across eachthere is an over voltage, the trigger signal is disabled, and fault signal is issued. The voltage across the valve is continuously sampled with equal interval. The sampling data are not only used for the。

电力电子专业英语1、元件设备三绕组变压器：three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器：double-column transformer DblClmnTrans电容器：Capacitor并联电容器：shunt capacitor电抗器：Reactor母线：Busbar输电线：TransmissionLine发电厂：power plant断路器：Breaker刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator分接头：tap电动机：motor-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2、状态参数有功：active power无功：reactive power电流：current容量：capacity电压：voltage档位：tap position有功损耗：reactive loss无功损耗：active loss功率因数：power-factor功率：power功角：power-angle电压等级：voltage grade空载损耗：no-load loss铁损：iron loss铜损：copper loss空载电流：no-load current阻抗：impedance正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance电阻：resistor电抗：reactance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测：YC(telemetering)遥信：YX励磁电流(转子电流)：magnetizing current定子：stator功角：power-angle上限:upper limit下限：lower limit并列的：apposable高压: high voltage低压：low voltage中压：middle voltage电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current母线 bus变压器 transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer高压侧 high side输电系统 power transmission system输电线 transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability功角稳定 angle stability暂态稳定 transient stability电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC装机容量 installed capacity电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站 transformer substation补偿度 degree of compensation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障 fault调节 regulation裕度 magin三相故障 three phase fault故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value强行励磁 reinforced excitation线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)机端 generator terminal静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle有功（功率） active power无功（功率） reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current下降特性 droop characteristics斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap下降率 droop rate仿真分析 simulation analysis传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side裕度 margin同步 synchronization失去同步 loss of synchronization阻尼 damping摇摆 swing保护断路器 circuit breaker电阻：resistance电抗：reactance阻抗：impedance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance导纳：admittance电感：inductance电容: capacitance-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Absorber Circuit ——吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter ——交交变频电路AC power control ——交流电力控制AC Power Controller ——交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch ——交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller ——交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation ——异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit ——贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor ——双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-- BJT ——双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper ——升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper ——升压斩波电路Boost Converter ——升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper ——桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper ——降压斩波电路Buck Converter ——降压变换器Commutation ——换流Conduction Angle ——导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency --CVCF ——恒压恒频Continuous Conduction--CCM ——（电流）连续模式Control Circuit ——控制电路Cuk Circuit —— CUK斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper ——电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI ——电流（源）型逆变电路Cycloconvertor ——周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter ——直交直电路DC Chopping ——直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit ——直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter ——直流－直流变换器Device Commutation ——器件换流Direct Current Control ——直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode ——（电流）断续模式displacement factor ——位移因数distortion power ——畸变功率double end converter ——双端电路driving circuit ——驱动电路electrical isolation ——电气隔离fast acting fuse ——快速熔断器fast recovery diode ——快恢复二极管fast recovery epitaxial diodes ——快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor ——快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor ——场控晶闸管flyback converter ——反激电流forced commutation ——强迫换流forward converter ——正激电路frequency converter ——变频器full bridge converter ——全桥电路full bridge rectifier ——全桥整流电路full wave rectifier ——全波整流电路fundamental factor ——基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO ——可关断晶闸管general purpose diode ——普通二极管giant transistor——GTR ——电力晶体管half bridge converter ——半桥电路hard switching ——硬开关high voltage IC ——高压集成电路hysteresis comparison ——带环比较方式indirect current control ——间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter ——直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor---IGBT ——绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power。

united电解电容英文回答：United electrolytic capacitors are a type of electronic component that is widely used in various electricalcircuits. They are known for their ability to store and release electrical energy quickly and efficiently. These capacitors consist of two conductive plates separated by an electrolyte, which acts as a dielectric material. The electrolyte allows the capacitor to have a high capacitance value, meaning it can store a large amount of charge.One of the main advantages of United electrolytic capacitors is their ability to handle high voltage and high ripple current. This makes them ideal for applications such as power supplies, motor drives, and audio amplifiers. They can withstand voltage ratings ranging from a few volts to several hundred volts, depending on the specific model.In addition to their high voltage handling capabilities,United electrolytic capacitors also have a long lifespan. They are designed to operate reliably for thousands of hours, even under harsh operating conditions. This makes them suitable for use in industrial and automotive applications where durability is crucial.Another notable feature of United electrolytic capacitors is their compact size. Despite their high capacitance values, these capacitors are relatively small and lightweight. This makes them easy to integrate into circuit designs with limited space. For example, they can be used in portable electronic devices like smartphones and laptops, where space is a premium.Furthermore, United electrolytic capacitors are known for their low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and low equivalent series inductance (ESL). These characteristics ensure that the capacitors have minimal losses and can deliver energy efficiently. This is particularly important in applications where high power density and low impedance are required.To illustrate the benefits of United electrolytic capacitors, let's consider the example of a power supply circuit. In this circuit, the capacitor is responsible for smoothing out the voltage ripple and providing a stable DC output. A United electrolytic capacitor with its high voltage handling capabilities and low ESR would be an excellent choice for this application. It would effectively filter out the AC component of the input voltage, ensuring a clean and stable power supply for the connected devices.中文回答：United电解电容是一种广泛应用于各种电路中的电子元件。

0.22wima电容English: A µF capacitor, also known as a WIMA capacitor, is a type of electronic component that is used for various applications in electrical circuits. The capacitance value of µF indicates the ability of the capacitor to store a certain amount of electrical charge. This value is relatively high, making the capacitor suitable for applications where larger amounts of charge need to be stored or when higher capacitance values are required. The WIMA capacitor is well-known for its high quality and reliability, making it a popular choice among electronic enthusiasts and professionals.The µF WIMA capacitor is commonly used in audio systems, power supply circuits, and other electronic devices. In audio applications, the capacitor can be used in coupling and decoupling circuits to block or allow certain frequencies, providing better sound quality and noise reduction. In power supply circuits, the capacitor is often used for energy storage and smoothing purposes. It helps to stabilize the output voltage by reducing ripple and providing a constant source of energy. Additionally, this type of capacitor can beused in timing circuits, filter circuits, and other applications where capacitance is an essential parameter.WIMA is a well-known brand in the capacitor industry, and their capacitors are known for their high performance and reliability. The company has a long history of producing high-quality capacitors, and their products are trusted by professionals in various fields. The µF WIMA capacitor i s no exception, and it offers excellent electrical properties, low impedance, and low dissipation factor, ensuring optimal performance in different electronic circuits.In summary, the µF WIMA capacitor is a versatile electronic component used in a wide range of applications. Its relatively high capacitance value makes it suitable for storing larger amounts of electrical charge, making it desirable for applications that require higher capacitance values. With its high quality and reliability, the WIMA capacitor brand is trusted by professionals and enthusiasts alike, ensuring optimal performance and durability in electronic circuits.中文翻译: 一个µF的WIMA电容器，也被称为WIMA电容器，是一种用于电路中各种应用的电子元件。

智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一：外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译：智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活，给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便，我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子，单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用，在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。

中英文翻译The design of the lithium batterychargerIntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeable battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to thehigh performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the battery Bad.The A VR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel A VR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The A VR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine 26 such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc. NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current.Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the electric voltage method to want to limit to flow for the ever ; The battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs refresh the method.Settle the electric current method for the ever , and have severals to stop the judgment method for refresh differently.Biggest refresh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example,The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).If the electric current to flow refresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction conservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function of the heating to the battery.When electricity.After pond be filled with, if continue to refresh, then all electric powers conversion is the thermal energy of the battery.At fast charge this will make the battery.Heat quickly, if the hour of can not compare with stop refresh and then will result in battery damage.Therefore, while design the battery charger, to the temperature.It is count for much that carry on the supervision combine to stop refresh in time.The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refresh.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stop.The method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describespeaks as follows.The method of the havings of say.Time of t –this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in ually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V – be the electric voltage to outrun the upper ually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent froming refresh the electric current leads to causes battery lead greatly hot, the restrict of the electric current at this time very key.This method Is a lithium battery basic to refresh and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger usually still continues into after attain biggest electric voltage Go the second stage refresh, to attain 100% battery capacity. For battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs are originally method can Be the spare judgment stops refreshing the project.The method exploitation that this judgment of the dV/ dt – electric voltage variety rate stops refresh negative electric voltage variety rate.For the battery of some types, be the battery to be filled with the subsequence Refreshing continuously will cause electric voltage descend. At this time this project was very fit.This method usually useds for the ever to settle the electric current to refresh, Be applicable to to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMH. The electric current of I – is to refresh the electric current small in a certain the number that set in advance stop refresh. Usually used for the ever to settle the electric voltage to refresh the method.Be applicable to the SLA Battery and lithium battery.The T –temperature absolute zero can be the basis that battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs stop refresh, but even suited for to be the backup project.Any battery for temperature to outrun initial value have to stop refresh.The basis that the dT/ dt – temperature rising velocity fast charge variety rate of the temperature of hour can be to stop refresh.Please consult the norm that the battery produces the company( battery of NiCdOf typical model be worth for the 1 oC/ min) the – be applicable to the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs.Need to stop refresh when the DT – outrun the temperature value of the environment temperature to be the bad battery temperature and the environment temperature to exceedthe certain threshold.This method can be the battery of NiCd and The project that battery of SLA stops refresh.While refreshing in the cold environment this method compares the absolute zero to judge the method better.Because most systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperature to be the environment temperature.DV/ dt=0 –s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric voltage will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type quicklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity.Need only Want to will refresh the calculate way to pass lately the ISP downloads the processor of FLASH saving machine can get the new model number.However, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on market consumedly, and need a kind of hardware of stock only.This design provide The in keeping with SLA, NiCd, NiMH of the integrity and the database function of the battery of Li- Ion.锂电池充电器的设计介绍:根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。

united电解电容英文回答：United electrolytic capacitors, also known as aluminum electrolytic capacitors, are a type of capacitor widely used in electronic circuits. They are known for their high capacitance values and ability to handle high voltages. These capacitors consist of two conductive plates separated by an electrolyte, which acts as the dielectric. The electrolyte is typically a liquid or gel-like substancethat allows the flow of ions between the plates.One of the key advantages of united electrolytic capacitors is their ability to store and release large amounts of energy. This makes them suitable forapplications that require high energy storage, such as power supplies and audio amplifiers. For example, in a power supply circuit, united electrolytic capacitors can smooth out voltage fluctuations and provide a stable source of power to the connected devices.Another advantage of united electrolytic capacitors is their relatively low cost compared to other types of capacitors. This makes them a popular choice for manufacturers looking to keep production costs down. However, it's important to note that united electrolytic capacitors have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced after a certain period of time, especially if they are subjected to high temperatures or voltage stress.In addition to their high capacitance and low cost, united electrolytic capacitors also have a wide temperature range in which they can operate. This makes them suitable for use in various environments, including industrial and automotive applications. For instance, in a car audio system, united electrolytic capacitors can help filter out noise and provide a smooth and stable power supply to the audio components.Furthermore, united electrolytic capacitors come in various sizes and voltage ratings, allowing designers to choose the right capacitor for their specific application.This flexibility in selection makes them versatile and adaptable to different circuit requirements. For example, in a computer motherboard, united electrolytic capacitors of different sizes and voltage ratings can be used to provide power filtering and decoupling for different components.中文回答：联合电解电容，也被称为铝电解电容，是一种在电子电路中广泛使用的电容器。