西南大学《英语文体学引论》复习思考题及答案

西南高校《中学英语教学法》复习思索题及答案（0161）《中学英语教学法》复习思索题一、推断正误题（8分）The following statements are about the facts presented in the textbook, please indicate in the brackets before the statements whether they are true( T ) or ( F ). ( ) 1. Role play and improvisation are social interaction activities.( ) 2. Discovering missing information and discovering differences and following directions are all functional communicative activities.( ) 3. Stress in pronunciation is sometimes as important as grammar.( ) 4. Students need to be able to write phonetic transcripts of words.( ) 5. Adult learners need to focus on pronunciation, but young learners don?t. ( ) 6. Students need to know phonetics in order to learn English.( ) 7. Students need to be given detailed grammar rules if they are to learn a foreign language successfully. ( ) 8. If the students get enough chance to practise using a foreign language, they do not need to learn grammar.( ) 9. Teaching and learning grammar should focus on practice rather than the study of grammar itself.( ) 10. Grammar should be taught an practised in context.( ) 11. The best way to explain vocabulary is to translate.( ) 12. Words must be learned in language contexts.( ) 13. Knowing a word means that you know the pronunciation and meaning of it. ( ) 14. Students? errors are a very useful way of showing what they have and have not lear nt. So instead of seeing errors negatively, as a sign of failure, we see them positively as an indication of what we still need toteach.( ) 15. Testing implies evaluation based on a collection of information about what students know and can do.( ) 16. Classroom climate is strongly affected by the teachers? attitude and behaviour.( ) 17. In the Communicative Approach, a teacher is described as an “instructor”and students as “listeners” in class.( ) 18. The students? native language has no particular role in the Communicative Approach. The target language should be used not only during communicative activities, but also in explaining the activities to thestudents or in assigning homework.( ) 19. Words which we want students to understand, but which they will not need to use themselves. We call this passive vocabulary.( ) 20. Students? errors are a sign of failure, so we must correct every mistake they make.( ) 21. Culture is received greater attention in the Communicative Approach. ( ) 22. Spoken language is generally produced in informal, simple or common vocabulary.() 23. All new words in a lesson are equally important.( ) 24.Classroom climate is strongly affected by both the teachers? attitude and the students? behavior.( ) 25. V ocabulary can be divided into productive and receptive.( ) 26. Communicative competence refers to knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the language.( ) 27. Post-reading work usually contributes to the development of all the language skills and may involve using other skills than just reading.( ) 28. Written language is generally produced in fairly simple sentence structures.( ) 29. In the Communicative Approach, both teachers and students have multiple roles.( ) 30. Spoken language is sometimes produced in incomplete sentences.( )31. The skill practised in the pre-reading stage is anticipation.( ) 32. Communicative activities can be divided into functional communicative activities and social interaction activities.( ) 33. One way to teach reading is following the framework: presentation, practice and production. Each stage has a different goal and deals with different reading strategies.( ) 34. Students are given the structure in context and are asked to work out the rule for themselves. They are given guidance from the teacher in using evidence from the context to work out the usage of the structure. This is called the inductive method.( ) 35. Reading is an active process, during which the reader tries to understand the meaning of a given text. ( )36. If the aim of activity is to check that students can use the verbs correctly, you have to correct any major errors, especially those involving the verbs you have taught, or the activity will lose its point. ( ) 37. The skill practised in the pre-reading stage is inference.( ) 38. Words which we want students to understand, but which they will not need to use themselves. We call this active vocabulary.( ) 39. The typical example of functional communication activities is role play. ( ) 40. The target language should be used not only during communicative activities, but also in explaining the activities to the students or in assigning homework. ( ) 41. Y ou glance quickly through a text in order to find a specific piece of information, this skill is called scanning.( ) 42. Types of mistakes are slips, errors and attempts.( ) 43. The language you are learning is called target language.( ) 44. There is an important difference between assessment and testing.( ) 45. In many cases the term “materials” is used in place of “textbooks”, which refers to anything that is used by teachers or students to facilitate the learning of a language.( ) 46. It?s unnecessary for teachers to know how to evaluate, select and adapt textbooks.( ) 47. It is clearly whether someone can become a good language teacher solely depends on his/her command of the language.( ) 48. Foreign Language Teaching Methodology is a science which studies the processes and patterns of foreign language teaching, aiming at revealing the nature and laws of foreign language teaching.( ) 49. According to the Grammar Translation Methods, the spoken form of language is the most important aspect of language.( ) 50. Interactional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.( ) 51. Functional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.( ) 52. Students are given the opportunities to use the newly presented language items in a controlled framework.This may be done by drills, or by repeating parts of the dialogue presented in the first stage. This stage isintended to develop accuracy skills. This describes the presentation stage. ( ) 53. When reading a text, I start by predicting the probable meaning, then I get to read and understand the words and phrases in the text to check whether that is really what the writer means. Sometimes I go theother way round. That?s to say, I combine the above 2 ways in my reading. This is the interactive model. ( ) 54. Learners have the opportunity to integrate the new language items with the old through activities that give free and extensive expression aimed at developing fluency skills. This refers to the production stage. ( ) 55. I usually start reading a text by recognising words, word connections, and phrase patterns as well as sentence patterns, then I can rapidly and automatically get meaning from the text. This is the top-downmodel.( ) 56. When reading a text, I first identify the topic, purpose and structure of the text, then I make guesses, predictions during reading. In this way, I create meaning from the text as a whole. This is the bottom-upmodel.( ) 57. Structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.( ) 58. 语言技能包括听、说、读、写四个方面的技能以及四种技能的综合运用力量。

单项选择题1、?Do you want to understand another culture? Then you ought to find out about its food.1.你想理解另一种文化吗？那么你应该找到他们的食物。

2.你想了解另一种文化吗？那么你应该去认识他们的食物。

??2、?For if it was the other way, I know how I would feel. The love we shared made everything so beautiful in life.1. A. 因为如果是另外一条道路，我知道我会有怎样的感受。

我们分享的爱让生命中的每件事都是那么的美好。

2.3.4.因为如果这样的事发生在我身上，我知道我会有怎样的感受, 我们的爱让生命中的每件事都是那么的美好。

??3、?The smallest courtesies along the rough roads of life are like the little birds that sing to us all winter long, and make that season of ice and snow more endurable.1. F. 在坎坷的人生道路上，最细小的礼貌犹如在漫长的冬季为我门歌唱的小鸟，使得冰天雪地的严冬变得较易忍受。

??2.在坎坷的人生道路上，最细小的礼貌像小鸟在冬天唱歌，使得冰雪季节变得较易忍受。

4、?Even after he became famous, however, Andersen still felt like an outsider. His personal relationships caused him much pain.1.即使是他成名之后，安徒生仍然觉得自己是个局外人。

他的人际关系带给他许多痛苦。

??2.在他成名之后，然而，安徒生仍觉得自己像个局外人。

(0099) 《英语文体学引论》复习思考题答案I. Explain in brief the following terms (10 points; in test it contains 10 terms):1. stylistics: the study or the investigation of style.2. style: the linguistic habit of a particular person(s) or characteristic of typical situations.3. dialect: a subtype of language which may be determined by geographical locality orparticular social groupings.4. morpheme: the smallest unit in a language that carries meaning.5. phoneme: the smallest sound unit in a specific language capable of semantic distinction.6. language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. register: language determined by situation.8. acoustic phonetics: a branch of phonetics dealing with the physical properties of thespeech sounds of a language.9. auditory phonetics: the study of how the sound of speech is received by the hearer.10. syllable: a vowel sound either with or without a consonant or consonants in clusters.11. general stylistics:the investigation of the linguistic features of all kinds of language use.12. literary stylistics: the study of the linguistic features of literature in particular, such asthose of poetry, novels and dramas.13. form: the particular way of expressing the message.14. content: the message or information or the communicative value that is encoded orloaded in a linguistic expression.15. phonological analysis: it is chiefly concerned about the sound patterns of a piece ofliterature, especially those of poetry.16. lexical analysis: it is chiefly concerned about the internal structure and the stylisticcoloring and the semantic relationship of the words in the text.17. syntactical analysis: it is chiefly concerned about how the words in a text are puttogether to produce meaning and other kinds of message.18. discoursal analysis: it is concerned about how sentences are joined together to produce acohesive and coherent text.19. paralinguistic features: the vocal effects caused by different shaping of the vocal cordsand openings20. social dialect: it is determined by the social groupings that a person belongs to.21. taboo: words forbidden to be used in public because of their being dirty or offensive22. whispery voice: utterance without any vocal cord vibration at all. Emphasizing contrast.23. breathy voice: utterance where there is too much breath for the needs of the articulation.24. creaky voice: a slow crackle of vocal cord vibrations at a low pitch, like a stick being runalong a fence.25. falsetto: a switch of the voice from one vocal register to a higher one; usually found onlyin males.26. common core words: refer to those words used in everyday life.27. technical words: refer to those words used in special professions.28. standard words: words that are used in the standard dialect.29. non-standard words: words labeled as slangs, vulgarisms and colloquialisms in thedictionary. the cultural and social implications of a word simile: a comparison between two things with emphasis on the similarity or likeness between them30. spoken words: words that most often used in face-to- face, casual and everydayconversations.31. literary words: words used in formal writings or literature.32. extension: a specific word comes to mean a general idea.33. specialization: the change of the word meaning may move in the opposite direction, aword with general reference is narrowed to a specific reference.34. elevation: words of derogatory association become words of favorable association.35. degradation: neutral words or words of favorable association degenerated intoderogatory words.36. metaphor: a covert comparison37. litotes: understatement38. irony: a figure of speech that takes the form of saying or implying the opposite of whatone feels to be the case39. compound sentence: a sentence made up of two or more simple sentences, joinedtogether by conjunctions or punctuations40. periodic sentence: one that is not grammatically complete until the end is reached41. loose sentence: one that may be brought to a grammatical close before the end is reached42. elliptical sentence: one in which either the subject or the predicate or part of thepredicate is missing43. inverted sentence: one in which the subject position is filled by other sentence elements44. antithesis: a figure of speech in the formula of X conj. Y with a contrast between them45. parallelism: a rhetorical device in which two or more than two similar syntacticstructures with different words are placed side by side46. repetition: a rhetorical device in which identical words are used but not necessarily inidentical position47. deviation: violation of standard use of the language48. cataphora: If the referred item comes after the referring item in a text, then it is a case ofcataphora.49. progressive conjunction: one sentence that joined by the use of conjunctive words ofaddition or progression50. field of discourse: the topic under discussion or the nature of the activity in whichlanguage is involvedII. Answer the following questions (50 points; in test it contains 5 questions):1. What is the relationship between form and content?One way of talking about style is to make a distinction between form and content.Content is the message or information or the communicative value that is encoded orloaded in a linguistic expression. Form is the particular way of expressing the message.The form is the style which may be different from case to case although the meaningmay remain the same. For example, the Chinese term 开始may be expressed indifferent English words, such as start, begin and commence, but each suggests a differentstyle.2. What are the differences between language and speech?Another way of talking about style is to make a distinction between language and speech, which may be translated in Chinese as 语言and 言语. This distinction was firstproposed by Saussure, the founder of the modern linguistics. According to Saussure,there are four major differences between language and speech.A. Language is abstract whereas speech is concrete. Language is abstract in the sensethat it has only psychological instead of physical existence. Language is notsomething that you can bring to the classroom and examine under the microscope,not something you can hear, see, smell , touch or taste. Speech is concrete in thesense that it has physical properties. Either can be heard in the spoken form or seenin the written form.B. Language is potential whereas speech is actual. Language is potential in the sensethat it is a kind of can-mean system, while speech is something that has an actualmeaning.C. Language is code whereas speech is message(语言是一个代码系统，言语才是信息). Language is a set of symbols that can be used to transmit information. Speechis the actual use of the language in an act of communication in a particular situationfor a particular purpose. It carries a real message.D. Language is stable and systematic whereas speech is subject to personal andsituational constraint. For example, the word book in the English language alwaysrefers to some printed matter. But in speech it may be used to refer to anything thatthe speaker wants to refer to by the use of it as long as it is understandable. Thecommon example is the sentence: He is a walking dictionary(a kind of book)meaning that he is very knowledgeable.3. What is the methodology of stylistic analysis? What are the levels of stylistic analysis?The major methodology for stylistic analysis is linguistic analysis. It tries to be objective or scientific in its analysis. According to the advocates of this methodology, anyone using this methodology to analyze a given text of literature will reach roughly the same conclusion.Levels of analysisSince stylistic analysis is a kind of linguistic analysis, naturally, how many levels of structure we have in a language correspondingly how many levels of structure at which we may do stylistic analysis.1) PhonologicalPhonological analysis is chiefly concerned about the sound patterns of a piece of literature, especially those of poetry.2) LexicalLexical analysis is chiefly concerned about the internal structure and the stylistic coloring and the semantic relationship of the words in the text.3) SyntacticalSyntactical analysis is chiefly concerned about how the words in a text are put together to produce meaning and other kinds of message.4) DiscoursalDiscoursal analysis is concerned about how sentences are joined together to producea cohesive and coherent text.4. Define paralinguistic features. What are they?Definition: the vocal effects caused by different shaping of the vocal cords and openings.Kinds and the corresponding stylistic effects.1) Whispery voice: utterance without any vocal cord vibration at all. Emphasizingcontrast.2) Breathy voice: utterance where there is too much breath for the needs of thearticulati on, the effect being one of mild ‘puffing and blowing’. Expressing surprise and astonishment.3) Creaky voice: a slow crackle of vocal cord vibrations at a low pitch, like a stickbeing run along a fence.4) Falsetto: a switch of the voice from one vocal register to a higher one; usually foundonly in males.5. What are the three ways of studying the sound of language?A. articulatory phoneticsThe study of the sounds of a language with special attention to the speaker: the movement of the lungs, vocal cords, tongue, the lips and other organs which produce and control the noisy outward breathing.B. acoustic phoneticsThe study of the physical properties of the sound waves in the air when being transmitted from the speaker to the hearer.C. auditory phoneticsThe study of how the sound of speech is received by the hearer6. What are the four typical meters in English poetry?In English poetry, stress is usually used in the realization of meter. The followings are the four most typical meters.1) Iamb: Iamb is a metric foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by astressed syllable.2) Trochee: Trochee is a metric foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by anunstressed syllable.3) Anapest: Anapest is a metric foot composed of two unstressed syllables followed byone stressed one.4) Dactyl: Dactyl is a metric foot composed of one stressed syllable followed by twounstressed ones7. What is the relationship between sound and meaning?According to Saussure, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary in the sense that why a certain meaning takes a particular sound has no reason and it is completely accident. But in literature, the writers always try to arrange the words in sucha way as to make the patterns of sound to directly suggest the meaning.8. What is the relationship between style and the choice of words, according to thestylisticians?The stylisticians’ attitude: they lay emphasis on the adaptability to the situation.Standard, non-standard, black, dialectal, slang, archaisms are equally good in their expressiveness. There is no distinction of one being superior and other being inferior.9. How many kinds of word meanings may be classified? And what are they?According to the linguists, a word has various kinds of meaning. The first kind of meaning is denotative meaning.1) Denotative (概念意义)The kind of meaning we can get from the dictionary. It can also be termed asdictionary meaning, conceptual meaning, logical meaning and referential meaning.This is the most basic meaning that we understand a word has.2) Stylistic = social (社会意义)The kind of meaning associated with a particular social situation in which a particular word is often used. e.g begin, start, commence3) Affective meaning(情感意义)It is the emotional, attitudinal and evaluative coloring of a word. e.g. cunning and clever. Both mean the skillful handling of a delicate or difficult situation. But they reveal different attitudes and evaluation of the speaker.4) Collocative (搭配意义)Some words may have the same dictionary meaning, but they collocate with different words, as shown by the pair or synonyms of pretty and handsome.5) Connotative (内涵意义)the cultural and social implications of a word.10. What are the three basic components of the English vocabulary?The three basic components of the English vocabularyA Anglo-Saxona. Members of the familyb. Parts of the bodyc. Natured. Timee. One-syllabled verbsB Frencha. Government and Lawb. Army and military activitiesc. Religiond. CostumesC Latina. Medicineb. Lawc. Theologyd. Sciencee. Literature11. Functionally speaking, what are the four types of English sentences?1) Declarative 2) Interrogative3) Exclamatory 4) Imperative12. What are the conjunctions used in combining English sentences?1) Progressive conjunction (推进性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of additionor progression, such as and, furthermore, moreover, etc.2) Contrastive conjunction (对照性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of contrastor transition, such as but, whereas, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, etc.3) Temporal conjunction (时间性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of temporalsequence, such as then, later, afterwards, at last, or finally, etc13. What are the gestures may be used in a casual conversation?Facial expressions, eye-contact, body positions, distance, physical touch, sound modification, clothing, and environment14. What are the three types of substitution? Can you give some examples?A. Nominal substitution (名词性替代)1) The meaning of o ne/ones e.g. You bought a red pencil, I’d like a blue one.2) The use of the “same”Example:A: I want a cup of teaB: The same.3) The use of “kind, sort”. e.g. American food is not the same as the English kind.B. Verbal substitution (动词性替代)Do you like Chinese food?Yes, I do.He likes Chinese food. So do I.C. Clausal substitution (分句性替代)1) The use of “so” “not”Example: A: Do you think he will come tomorrow?B: Yes, I think so./ No, I think not.2) LimitationClausal substitution applies only to sentences, where the predicate verb of amain clause is one of the following verbs:believe, be afraid, expect, fear, hope, imagine, say, tell, think, suppose.15. What is the relationship between dialect and register?Another way of talking about style, is to make a distinction between dialects and registers.A: Speaker orientedDialects are speaker oriented. What kind of speaker speaks what kind of dialect.Dialects may be regional or social. Regional dialect (地域方言)is determined by the geographical locality the speaker lives in. The social dialect is determined by the social groupings that a person belongs to.B: Situation orientedRegister is situational oriented. Register is the language determined by situation, and because of this we have such registers as formal English, informal English, classroom English, legal English, etc.16. Name at least five kinds of figures of speech in English.Simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, overstatement, etc.17. Can you give some examples of rhetorical questions?Idea: a rhetorical question is one which does not really need an answer, or the answer is obviousExamples:Is that a reason for despair?Can any one doubt the wisdom of this action?Is no one going to defend me?What difference does it make then?18. What are the stylistic features of the Bible?1. 1. Biblical simplicity2. Full of balanced sentences3. The use of concrete words4. Short paragraphs5. Heavy use of and to begin a new paragraph6. Syntactical features1) simple and complete sentences2) the use of old forms of personal pronouns3) the second personal pronoun take the verb of –est as in shouldest,gavest,etc.,and the third person doth and hath which are absent in other styles of writing4) negation takes the form of“verb+not” without the use of auxiliaries19. What are the five kinds of reference in the English language?According to relative positions of the referring item and the referred item, reference may be classified into the following kinds.1) Anaphora(后照应)In a case of reference, if the referred item (a word or a phrase) come before the referring item in a text, then it is a case of anaphora.Example: Mr. Wang is an engineer, he graduated from Beijing University.2) Cataphora(前照应)On the other hand, if the referred item comes after the referring item in a text, then it is a case of cataphora. As in the example:I was introduced to them; it was John Leathwall and his wife.3) Exophora(外照应)If the interpretation of an item in a text depends on something in the immediate environment, then it is a case of exophora.Example: Did the gardener water those plants?4) Paraphora(平行照应)An item which refers to something in another text.Example: He is the Shylock Holmes in our class.5) Homophora(自照应)When the class is composed of only one member, then any mention of it is a case of homophora.Example: The moon moves around the earth.20. What are the three factors of register?1) Field of discourse —the topic under discussion or the nature of the activity inwhich language is involved.2) Tenor of discourse —the kind of social relationships between the participants in aconversation.3) Mode of discourse —the medium along which the message is being transmitted.21. Give examples to illustrate power relationship and solidarity relationship.Power relationship is a kind of vertical relationship in the sense that the two participants in the conversation hold unequal authority. For example, the relations between boss and employee, or between parents and children, or between teacher and students.Solidarity relationship is a horizontal relationship in that participants in a conversation hold equal authority. For example, the relations between playmates, classmates, friends, etc.22. What are the non-linguistic features of casual conversation?1) Unpreparedness or low degree of preparedness2) Frequent change of roles3) Monitoring4) Simultaneity in space and time5) Topic drifting6) Channel limitation7) Gestures23. What are the linguistic features of the language of news reporting?In news reporting one can find some characteristics in syntax, lexis, and textual structure.A. SyntaxThere is a heavy use of complex sentences and a heavy use of non-finite verb phrases. The subjects of sentences are usually very complicated. Compared with the verb phrases in the previous discussed varieties, the composition of the verb phrases in newspaper reporting is even simpler, mainly simple present or past tense. The structure of the noun phrases in news reporting is very complicated. There is a remarkable increase in the number of modifiers for an average sentence in the variety of newspaper reporting. And the modifiers themselves tend to be more complicatedly structured.B. LexisThere is rare use of pronouns, but by contrast, there is a remarkable increase of the use of proper nouns. The degree of complication in the aspect of word structure is about the same as that in public speech. Both in terms of the number of letters in an average word and the number of morphemes in an average word. Although the word structure in the style of newspaper reporting tends to be complicated, it is ever ready to use short instead of big word wherever possible, especially in headlines.Compound words are used frequently. Moreover, non phrases which actually express actions or state and heavily used, and they are derived from verb phrases in order to make the sentences more compact and save space without lowering the amount of information conveyed.C. Textual structureIn textual structure, one of the most outstanding characteristic is straightforwardness.24. What are the linguistic features of the language of advertisement?A. Syntax:In terms of syntax, the language of advertisement is simple in structure for easy understanding, and colloquial in style for familiarity, intimacy and solidarity. There is a higher frequency of imperative and interrogatives. As to structure, according to statistics, we have the lowest rate of occurrence of passive in comedies, the second lowest is in ads. There is also a heavy use of pre-modifiers, possessive’s,comparative and superlative adjectivesB. Lexis:There is a heavy use of compounds. Simple, short, inner structure and a highpercentage of active, affirmative, commendatory and large quantities of propernames could be found in the vocabulary of advertisement.C. Rhetorical devices:One can easily find a lot of parallelism, reiteration and alliteration.25. What is the relationship between literary language and ordinary language?1) The kind of language people use in daily conversation is the ultimate source of thelanguage of literature.2) Ordinary language follows the norm of convention, and the purpose is to beunderstood fully.3) Literary language is not the mechanical copy of ordinary language, but refined andprocessed.4) Literary language has some linguistic deviation.III. Stylistic analysis (20 points):1. Explain the connotative meaning of the italicized words or expressions in the followingsentences (12 points; in test it may or may not appear; it contains 3 words or expressions):1) Don’t trust her; she is a snake in the grass.Snake is a kind of animal, because of prejudice and cultural conventions now oftenused to refer to a person who is cunning and untrustworthy2) The enemy will attack us tomorrow morning, but we are still not well prepared. TheDamocles’ sword is hanging over us.Damocles’ sword is an allusion to Greek mythology. Damocles was invited to abanquet in the court. In the midst of the entertainment, Damocles looked up and sawsuspended above his head by a single thread a naked sword. By extension, it comesto mean an immediate danger.3) We have to consult him, you know, he is the real Titan in our class.Titan is a name used to refer to a class of gods huge in physical size. By extension,it comes to mean a person of great strength or influence.4) News from Pentagon today says …Pentagon is a huge building in Washington in which the U.S. Department ofDefense exercises its functions, now often used to refer to the ministry itself5) She knows nothing about the cruelty of the world. She is a lily.Lily is a flower and by cultural conventions a symbol of purity and innocence in thewest.6) Hamlet, according to some psycho-analysis theory, is a character who has theOedipus complex.According to psycho-analysis theory, Oedipus complex refers to the sexual love of an infant for the parent of the opposite sex, with jealousy of the other parent, often in an unconscious way. In this play, Hamlet is believed to have this kind of hidden desire. Actually, he seems to attempt to kill his father and marry his mother in his unconscious mind.7) He is a wolf in sheep’s clothing. Don’t believe what he says.A wolf is a wild animal that looks like a large dog and that kills and eats otheranimals. Here wolf is used to refer to persons who are cruel and untrustworthy.8) The doctor told him it is not cancer, however, it is only a white lie.A lie is something that someone says which they know is untrue. A white lie is a liethat is not very serious, deliberately made, usually is used to comfort others.9) He is always ready to help people when they are in need. He’s a real Robin Hood.Robin Hood is a legendary outlaw of medieval England. He is said to take money form the rich and give it to the poor. By extension, it comes to mean any person ready to defend the interest of the poor and innocent.10) Their policy is all sticks and no carrots.One uses carrot to refer to something that is offered to people in order to persuade them to do something. The word “stick” is used to refer to harsher persuasion.11) China never stands on the side of Chauvinism.Chauvin was a soldier under the command of Napoleon who had blind worship for Napoleon. By extension, it comes to mean a kind of narrow minded patriotism.12) Children are flowers of our countryFlowers here are the symbol of young, lovely things. Here the sentence means that children are the future of our country.2. What possible social relationships exist between the participants in the followingsentences? (12 points; in test we may have the same pattern)1) Excuse me, could you tell me the right time, please?2) What time is it, please?3) What’ the time?Sentence 1) shows a high degree of politeness and formality which may most probably appear in a conversation between strangers with great social distance in between.Sentence 2) still shows some degree of politeness and formality which may be in a conversation between acquaintances. Sentence 3) is a direct question without taking care of politeness. This is characteristic of conversations between friends or classmates orfamily members.3. Indicate what kind of figures of speech is used in the following examples? (8 points, intest we may have 2 sentences)The young hunter was as strong as a lion. (simile)Life is but a brief candle. (metaphor)from the cradle to the grave (metonymy)Many hands make light work. (synecdoche)She’s as old as a mountain. (hyperbole)A victorious defeat (oxymoron)He is a fool. He never knows where his personal interest lies. His whole heart is concerned about the interest of other people. (irony)Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. (overstatement / hyperbole)The drunkard loves his bottle better than his wife. (metonymy)My love is a red, red rose. (metaphor)4. Try to analyze the following sentence and point out its stylistic value (12 points)1) Sentences can be classified into different kinds, e.g., according to their structures,various functions they apply, or according to the rhetorical effects they achieve. For example, Rhetorically speaking, we may have periodic, loose, elliptical, and inverted sentence. A periodic sentence is one that is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. Being the opening sentence of a novel, the reader may expect a serious one. And when the reader reads the beginning of the long sentence, they find an emphatic construction. And the first words are rather big and formal words, like “universally”, and “acknowledged”. Also, there is a word “truth”. From thes e words the reader’s suspense is risen and they would feel an immediate and strong interest in finding out what the universal truth is. While they are reading the long sentence, they feel more and more tense and serious till the very end of this sentence. But, out of their expectancy, they find the truth is the common one —money and wife. Because of the prolonged suspense, the reader would feel a sudden relaxation and ridiculous recreation. This sentence-building skill serves effectively and sets down the basic tone of the novel —being funny enough.2) This is indeed a very significant line in terms of its clause structure.Firstly, we may notice that the three clauses are short in length and simple in structure and arranged in chronological order. This generates a feeling that the acts of coming, seeing and conquering were simple, and were completed one after another in quick succession.Secondly, we can see that the three clauses have the same structure, i.e., they。

西南大学《英语阅读二》复习思考题及答案（（0065）《英语阅读二》复习思考题I Sentence comprehension1. My discovery of Tillie Olsen was a gift from a friend; years ago she gave me her copy of Tell Me a Riddle because she liked the stories and wanted to share the experience. What do we know about Tillie Olsen? A. She is a friend. B. She likes stories. C. She gives gifts. D. She is an author.2. What is most obvious in this book are all those details of daily living that make Mrs. Richards anything but common.According to this statement, what kind of person is Mrs. Richards? A. She is very obvious. B. She is an unusual person.C. She is anything she wants to be.D. She is quite ordinary.3. The Green Tiger Press believes that the relatively unknown works of great children‘s illustrators are sources of vast beauty and power, and is attempting to make these treasures more easily available.What is the goal of this printing company? A. to publish morechildren‘s books B. to develop powerful storiesC. to make children‘s illustrations more easily availableD. toencour age artists to become children‘s illustrators4. Any thought that this new custom will remain unchanged--or in Europe will remain uniquely English--is ridiculous.What does the author believe about the new custom? A. It will remain limited. B. The custom will change.C. Acceptance of the custom is ridiculous.D. The custom will remain in Europe.5. The student revolt is not only a thorn in the side of the president‘s newly established government, but it has international implications as well. Whom or what does this revolt affect? A. the studentsB. the side of the president‘s bodyC. only the national governmentD. national and international affairs6.The medical journal reported that heart attack victims who recover are approximately five times as likely to die within the next five years as those people without a history of heart disease. What did this article say about people who have had a heart attack? A. They are more likely to die in thenear future than others. B. They will die in five years.C. They are less likely to die than people without a history of heart disease.D. They are likely to recover.7.Young people need to develop the values, attitude, and problem-solving skills essential to their participation in a political system that was designed, and is still based, on the assumption that all citizens would be so prepared.What is a basic assumption of this political system? A. All people will be capable of participation. B. All people participate in the system.C. All people should have the same values and attitudes.D. Most people cannot develop the skills to participate in the system.8. While we may be interested in the possibilities of social harmony and individual fulfillment to be achieved through nontraditional education, one cannot help being cautious about accepting any sort of one-sided educational program as a cure for the world‘s ills. How does the author feel about nontraditional education? A. He believes that it has no possibility of success.B. He doubts that it can cure the world‘s ills.C. He feels that it is a cure for the world‘s ills.D. He believes it will bring social harmony.9. The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.What is necessary to correct the problems of society? A. basic changes inits structure B. fewer political speeches C. honest politiciansD. basic changes in political methods10. Since industry and commerce are the largest users of electrical energy, using less electricity would mean a reduced industrial capacity and fewer jobs in the affected industries and therefore an unfavorable change in our economic structure. According to this sentence, decreasing the use of electricityA. Must begin immediately.B. Isn‘t important.C. Will cause difficulties.D. Won‘t affect industry.11.The student revolt is not only a thorn in the side of the president‘s newly established government, but it has international implications as well. Whom or what does this revolt affect? A. the studentsB. the side of the president‘s bodyC. only the national governmentD. national and international affairs12.Just before his birthday John received a horse from his father; thiswas the first of a series of expensive gifts intended to create the impression of a loving parent. Why did John receive the horse? A. because he was tenB. because his father loved himC. because his father wanted to seem lovingD. because his father wouldn‘t be able to give him expensive gifts in the future13.Heavy smokers and drinkers run a fifteen-times greater risk of developing cancer of the mouth and throat than nonsmokers and nondrinkers.Which of the following sentences best reflects the meaning of the above one?A. Cancer of the mouth and throat is more likely to occur in heavy smokers and drinkers than in nonsmokers and nondrinkers.B. People who never drink and smoke will not get mouth or throat cancer.C. Heavy drinkers who run have a greater risk of developing cancer than nondrinkers.D. People would probably be healthier if they did not drink and smoke too much.14.This is not just a sad-but-true story; t he boy‘s experience ishorrible and damaging, yet a sense of love shines through every word.How does the author of this sentence feel about the story? A. It transmits a sense of love. B. It is not true. C. It is just sad.D. It is horrible and damaging.15.The financial situation isn‘t bad yet, but we believe that we have some vital information and, if it is correct, unemployment will soon become a serious problem. What do we know about the financial situation? A. It won‘t change. B. It is not bad now.C. It will become a serious problem.D. It will improve.16. The general then added, �DThe only reasonable solution to the sort of problems caused by the current unstable political situation is one of diplomacy and economic measures and not the use of military force.‖What type of solution does the general support?感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

英语文体学教程课后题答案○91○92○93○94单选1 [单选题] *A、herB、his(正确答案)C、myD、your单选2 [单选题] *A、OfB、InC、OnD、At(正确答案)单选3 [单选题] *A、WhenB、WhereC、WhyD、How(正确答案)单选4 [单选题] *A、can't(正确答案)B、shouldn'tC、mustn'tD、needn't单选5 [单选题] *A、because(正确答案)B、soC、butD、or单选6 [单选题] *A、beautifulB、more beautiful(正确答案)C、most beautifulD、the most beautiful单选7 [单选题] *A、learnB、am learningC、learned(正确答案)D、will learn单选8 [单选题] *A、buys(正确答案)B、will buyC、is buyingD、has bought单选9 [单选题] *A、is teachingB、will teachC、teachesD、has taught(正确答案)单选10 [单选题] *A、sleepsB、is sleeping(正确答案)C、sleptD、has slept单选11 [单选题] *A、choosesB、choseC、is chosenD、was chosen(正确答案)单选12 [单选题] *A、where is the supermarketB、where was the supermarketC、where the supermarket is(正确答案)D、where the supermarket was完形13 [单选题] *A、suitableB、believableC、comfortableD、impossible(正确答案)完形14 [单选题] *A、 offeredB、canceled(正确答案)C、recordedD、improved完形15 [单选题] *A、argumentB、statementC、agreementD、encourage(正确答案)完形16 [单选题] *A、upsetB、curiousC、glad(正确答案)D、confused完形17 [单选题] *A、studyingB、exercising(正确答案)C、touchingD、driving完形18 [单选题] *A、closer(正确答案)B、betterC、colderD、stronger完形19 [单选题] *A、acceptB、enjoyC、stop(正确答案)D、keep完形20 [单选题] *A、chance(正确答案)B、courseC、dreamD、goalA篇21 [单选题] *Ａ、BambooB、PaperC、ClothD、Wood(正确答案)A篇22 [单选题] *A、In 2000B、In 2001C、In 2006(正确答案)D、In 2016A篇23 [单选题] *A、To tell a storyB、To make a soundC、To watch a play and a gameD、To symbolize hope and luck(正确答案) B篇24 [单选题] *A、travel aroundB、experience lifeC、find the treasure(正确答案)D、help other peopleB篇25 [单选题] *A、excitedB、sorry(正确答案)C、satisfiedD、disappointedB篇26 [单选题] *A、live life to the fullest(正确答案)B、find many interestsC、develop skills to live in the wildD、never give up searching for treasureC篇27 [单选题] *A. It shows your good judgement.B. It harms your brain and your body.C. It helps you correct your faults and mistakes.D. It tells you that you are not excellent enough.(正确答案)C篇28 [单选题] *A. To prove that positive self-talk brings improvements.(正确答案)B. To show that negative self-talk has some bad influence.C. To stress the necessity of asking questions before exams.D. To introduce some good ways to help students and friends.C篇29 [单选题] *A. Negative Self-talk Can Hurt You(正确答案)B. Negative Self-talk Makes You FailC. Positive Self-talk Betters Your GradesD. Positive Self-talk Can Change Your GoalD篇30 [单选题] *A. helpful suggestions and ideasB. excellent products and services(正确答案)C. responsible children and parentsD. confident performances and voiceD篇31 [单选题] *A. Supportive.B. Various.C. Confusing.D. Harmful.(正确答案)D篇32 [单选题] *A. The economy can grow rapidly in competition.B. Kids should not just learn the skills of competition.(正确答案)C. UN was set up to call on people to create competition.D. Sportsmen should not be cooperative to win the game.D篇33 [单选题] *A. people should value competition more than cooperationB. people can perform better in competition than cooperationC. people can benefit more from cooperation than competition(正确答案)D. people should depend more on competition than cooperation。

[0099]《英语文体学引论》第一次[单选题]The smallest unit in a language that carries meaning is _____ .A：phemeB：morphemeC：phone参考答案：B[判断题]Ephemism is a kind of mild expression for an offensive or hush one参考答案：正确[单选题]What figure of speech has een used in "the young hunter was as strong as a lion"?A：metaphorB：metonymyC：synecdocheD：simile参考答案：D[多选题]Which of the following are the types of change of meaning of English words?A：extensionB：specializationC：elevationD：degradation参考答案：ABCD[判断题]Content is the style which may be different from case to case although the meaning may remain the same.参考答案：错误[判断题]Exophora is an item which refers to something in another text.参考答案：错误[多选题]What are the basic components of the English vocabulary?A：Anglo-SaxonB：GreekC：LatinD：French[单选题]stylistics is the study or the investigation of style.A：yesB：no参考答案：A[单选题]What figure of speech has een used in "Many hands make light work"? A：ironyB：overstatementC：synecdocheD：oxymoron参考答案：C[多选题]Which of the followings originate from Anglo-Saxon?A：Members of the familyB：TimeC：LawD：Science参考答案：AB第二批[多选题]What are the functions of inverted sentence ?A：For effectB：For emphasisC：For balanceD：For cohesion and conjunction参考答案：BCD[多选题]What are the levels of stylistic analysis?A：Phonological levelB：Lexical levelC：Syntactical levelD：Discoursal level[判断题]Simpley speaking, registers refer to languages which are determined by situation.参考答案：正确[多选题]What are the grammatical functions of stress?A：Emphasize a certain word or meaning.B：Distinguish words, phrases, same spelling, different meaning.C：Change of stress in words causes change of phonemes.D：Means of expressing strong emotions.参考答案：ABCD[单选题]What is the methodology of stylistic analysis?A：linguistic analysisB：discourse analysie参考答案：A[判断题]In this example: "Is this a non-smoker? I don't know", there is a Verbal ellipsis.参考答案：错误[判断题]Rhetorical question is a question which does not demand an answer or the answer is obvious.参考答案：正确[多选题]What are the stylistic functions of syntactic deviations in literature?A：As a marker of one’s social backgroundB：As a means of characterizationC：Social positionD：irony, satire, emphasis, comical effects参考答案：ABCD[判断题]A not-text is a group of sentences that are typically or logically linked together. This kind of linkage is called cohesion. So cohesion is the quality that makes a text a text.参考答案：错误[多选题]Structurally speaking, sentences may be classified into：A：Simple sentenceB：Exclamatory sentenceC：Compound sentenceD：Complex sentence参考答案：ACD第三批[判断题]Contrastive conjunction is achieved by the use of conjunctive words of addition or progression, such as and, furthermore, moreover, etc.参考答案：错误[判断题]Contrastive conjunction is achieved by the use of conjunctive words of addition or progression, such as and, furthermore, moreover, etc.参考答案：错误[判断题]In this example: "Is this a non-smoker? I don't know", there is a Verbal ellipsis.参考答案：错误[判断题]Simpley speaking, registers refer to languages which are determined by situation.参考答案：正确[判断题]Tenor of discourse is the social relationships between participants in communication.参考答案：正确[多选题]What are the stylistic functions of syntactic deviations in literature?A：As a marker of one’s social backgroundB：As a mean of characterizationC：Social positionD：Iron, satire, emphasis, comical, effect参考答案：ABCD[多选题]What are the functions of inverted sentence ?A：For effectB：For emphasisC：For balanceD：For cohesion and conjunction参考答案：BCD[多选题]Structurally speaking, sentences may be classified into：A：Simple sentenceB：ExclamatoryC：Compound sentenceD：Complex sentence参考答案：ACD[多选题]What are the grammatical functions of stress?A：Emphasize a certain word or meaningB：Distinguish words, phrases, samespllingC：Change of stress in words causes changeD：Means of expressing strong emotions .参考答案：ABCD[多选题]What are the levels of stylistic analysis?A：Phonological levelB：Lexical levelC：Syntactical levelD：Discoursal level参考答案：ABCD第四批[多选题]What are the differences between language and speech?A：Language is abstract whereas speech is concrete.B：Language is potential whereas speech is actual.C：Language is code whereas speech is message.D：Language is stable and systematic whereas speech is subject to personal and situational constraint.参考答案：ABCD[填空题]Loose sentence is the one that may be brought to a grammatical close before the end is reached or one in which the major information is presented _____ and the details of information are presented _____.参考答案：first; later[填空题]Style can be defined as the ___ habit of different people or characteristic of typical social situations.参考答案：linguistic[填空题]Stylistics may be defined as the study of or investigation of __.参考答案：style[论述题]Explain the connotative meaning of the underlined words in the sentence:She knows nothing about the cruelty of the world. She is a lilyLily is a flower and by cultural conventions a symbol of purity and innocence in the west.[论述题]Explain the connotative meaning of the italicized words or expressions in the following sentence：He is a wolf in sheep's clothing. Don't Believe what he says.参考答案：A wolf is a wild animal that looks like a large dog and that kills and eats other animals. Here wolf is used to refer to persons who are cruel and untrustworthy.[单选题]What figures of speech have been used in the following sentence?Life is but a brief candle.A：simileB：metaphorC：metonymyD：synecdoche参考答案：B[单选题]What figures of speech have been used in the following sentence?The young hunter was as strong as a lion.A：simileB：metaphorC：metonymyD：synecdoche参考答案：A[填空题]The four major types of semantic change are______,______,_______ and_____.参考答案：extension; specialization;elevation;degration.[填空题]_____ phonetics is a branch of phonetics dealing with the physical properties of the speech sounds of a language.参考答案：AcousticIndicate what figures of speech have been used in the following sentence.from the cradle to the grave.参考答案：metonymy[填空题]Hyperbole can also be called______.参考答案：overstatement[论述题]Explain the term simile.参考答案：A simile is a comparison between two things with emphasis on the similarity or likeliness between them.[论述题] What is the formula of a simile?参考答案：It often takes the formula of X is like Y in the aspect of Z.[单选题]____ is the figure of speech which makes covert comparison.A：metaphorB：metonymyC：hyperboleD：oxymoron参考答案：A[论述题]What is register?参考答案：Register is language determined by situation.[论述题]Analyze the following case of simile in terms of tenor, vehicle and ground.He is as brave as a tiger.参考答案："He” is the tenor, "tiger” is the vehicle, and "brave” is the ground.[填空题]The three situational factors that are most relevant to the deciding of a register are ___, ___ and ___.参考答案：field of discourse;tenor of discourse;mode of discourse[多选题]What are the stylistic functions of syntactic deviations in literature?A：As a marker of one’s social backgroundB：As a means of characterizationC：Social positionD：Other functions: irony, satire, emphasis, comical effects[单选题]_____ refers to the putting together of two contradictory words in one phrase.A：euphemismB：oxymoronC：synecdocheD：simile参考答案：B第六批[填空题]Oxymoron is the putting together of two ____ words in one phrase.参考答案：contradictory[填空题]Register refers to language determined by ____.参考答案：situation[填空题]periodic sentence is one that is not grammatically complete until the ___ is reached or one in which the ___ information is delayed until towards the end of the sentence参考答案：end;major[填空题]Indicate what figures of speech have been used in the following sentence________.The young hunter was as strong as a lion.参考答案：simile[单选题]The word" villain" shows the change of word meaning. Which type of semantic change is it?A：extentionB：specializationC：degration[论述题]Indicate what figures of speech have been used in the following sentence.The young hunter was as strong as a lion.参考答案：simile[单选题]The word"craftsman" shows the change of word meaning. Which type of semantic change is it? A：extentionB：elevationC：specialization参考答案：B[单选题]The word"hospital" shows the change of word meaning. Which type of semantic change is it? A：extentionB：elevationC：specialization参考答案：C[单选题]The word"economy" shows the change of word meaning. Which type of semantic change is it? A：extentionB：specializationC：elevation参考答案：A[论述题]Indicate what figures of speech have been used in the following sentenc e.Many hands make light work.参考答案：synecdoche。

课程名称[编号]：英语文体学引论[0099]1.Fill in the fllowing blanks with proper words.（20 points）1）___is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2）Pause can be divided into structural pause and pause.3）Style can be defined as the___habit of different people or characteristic of typical social situations.4）____is a kind of mild expression for an offensive or hush one.l.Indicate what kind of figures of speech is used in the fllowing examples.（20 points）1）The boy was as cunning as a fox.2）China won the game against Japan by 3：2.3）If we don't hang together，we shall hang separately.4）He was a tiger in the battle field.___I..Explain in brief the fllowing terms.（20points）1）Morpheme2）Dialect3）Mode of discourse4）lronyIV.Please decide whether the fllowing statements are True（T）or False（F.（20 points）1）Syllable refers to a vowel sound either with or without a consonant or consonants in clusters.（）2）Content is the style which may be different from case to case although the meaning may remain the same.（）3）Rhetorical question is a question which does not demand an answer or the answer is obvious.（）4）Exophora is an item which refers to something in another text.（）V.Analyze the following conversation.Attention：please give the definition of this kind of figure of speech，and its stylistic effects.（20 points）Susan：Jim，can you give me Lincoln's Gettysburg Address？Jim：No，but he used to live at the White House in Washington DC.。

西南大学《英语写作二》复习思考题及答案（0232）《英语写作二》复习思考题I. Define the following writing terms (20)Narration DescriptionExposition ArgumentationStyle InductionSummary DeductionBook ReportII. Give brief answers to the following questions. (20)1.What is paragraph development by comparison? How does it differ from the contrastmethod?2.What is unity? And what is coherence?3.Can you name three ways of beginning a composition? And what are they?4.What are the two major logical reasoning methods? Explain them.5.Can you explain simile and metaphor, please?6.Can you name three ways of essay development?III. Choose one of the following topics and develop a composition of about 300 words.（30）7. A Little Learning Is Dangerous8.Character Is Fate9.Is Money Everything?10.Does the End Always Justify the Means?11.God Must Be Lonely12.Mercy Killing13.Honesty Is the Best Policy（0232）《英语写作二》复习思考题答案II.Define the following writing terms (20)Narration DescriptionExposition ArgumentationStyle InductionSummary DeductionBook ReportNarration:one of the four major types of writing, the other three being description, exposition, and argumentation. Narrative writing gives an account of events or experiences in chronological order; that is, in the order in which they occurred.A writer can also use the flashback method of story-telling, starting with an important point in the sequence of events to be narrated and then going back in time. A story can be narrated from the first person point of view or from the third person point of view. Two kinds of narration are discriminated: the straight or simple narrative and the plot narrative. The former records a series of events without introducing complications and solutions. The latter makes use of suspense and climax, stresses cause and effect, and is usually fictional. In its broad sense, narrative writing includes stories, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems. Narration does not work alone. It goes hand in hand with description.Description: one of the four major forms or types of discourse. It means painting in words a picture of a person, place, object, scene or setting. It enables the reader to see, hear, taste or feel in imagination. Description is seldom used for its sake. It goes hand in hand with narration, exposition or even argumentation. While narration follows time order, description makes use of space order. Scientific description is objective, literary description is impressionistic, and journalistic descriptionis a combination of the two. In literary description, figurative language abounds. Metaphor, simile, and personification are the most commonly used figures of speech.Exposition:one of the four major types of writing. Its function is to explain, explore or expound. Ways of development used in expository compositions include: definition, illustration, comparison, contrast, classification, analysis, cause and effect, and generalization. In drama and fiction, exposition refers to the essential information necessary for the audience and readers to appreciate what has happened and what is to happen.Argumentation:one of the four main types of writing, the other three being narration, description, and exposition. An argumentative essay aims to convince or persuade the reader that something is true or false.Style: how a writer says something. Style is the man.Induction: one of the methods used in the process of logical reasoning. It is the opposite of deduction.Summary: a type of writing that retells the main story in a book or that summarizes the main content in a longer piece of writing.Deduction: one of the methods used in the process of logical reasoning. It is the opposite of induction.Book Report:a type of writing that not only retells the main story in a book or that summarizes the main content in a longer piece of writing, but also contains the writer’s interpretation and analysis.III.G ive brief answers to the following questions. (20)1.What is paragraph development by comparison? How does it differ from the contrastmethod? (The former emphasizes the similarities and thelatter differences)2.What is unity? And what is coherence? (The former means “one paragraph, one mainidea” and the latter means “the unbroken and smooth forward movement of ideas.”3.Can you name three ways of beginning a composition? And what are they? (By asking aquestion, by using a quotation, by making an analogy and so on.)4.What are the two major logical reasoning methods? Explain them. (Induction anddeduction)5.Can you explain simile and metaphor, please? (The former is an explicit comparisonbetween two essentially different things. It is indicated by “like” or “as”. The latter is animplicit comparison between two distinct things. It is without “like” or “as”.)6.Can you name three ways of essay development? (By cause and effect, by comparisonand contrast, by classification, by time and space, and the like.)IV.Choose one of the following topics and develop a composition of about 300 words. （30）1. A Little Learning Is Dangerous2.Character Is Fate3.Is Money Everything?4.Does the End Always Justify the Means?5.God Must Be Lonely6.Mercy Killing7.Honesty Is the Best Policy。

(0099) 《英语文体学引论》复习思考题I. Explain in brief the following terms. (10 points; in test it contains 10 terms)1. stylistics2. style3. dialect4. morpheme5. phoneme6. language7. register 8. acoustic phonetics 9. auditory phonetics10. syllable 11. general stylistics 12. literary stylistics13. form 14. content 15. phonological analysis16. lexical analysis 17. syntactical analysis 18. discoursal analysis19. paralinguistic features 20. social dialect 21. taboo22. whispery voice 23. breathy voice 24. creaky voice25. falsetto 26. common core words 27. technical words28. standard words 29. non- standard words 30. spoken words31. literary words 32. extension 33. specialization34. elevation 35. degradation 36. metaphor37. litotes 38. irony 39. compound sentence40. periodic sentence 41. loose sentence 42. elliptical sentence43. inverted sentence 44. antithesis 45. parallelism46. repetition 47. deviation 48. cataphora49. progressive conjunction 50. field of discourseII. Answer the following questions. (50 points; in test it contains 5 questions)1. What is the relationship between form and content?2. What are the differences between language and speech?3. What is the methodology of stylistic analysis? What are the levels of stylistic analysis?4. Define paralinguistic features. What are they?5. What are the three ways of studying the sound of language?6. What are the four typical meters in English poetry?7. What is the relationship between sound and meaning?8. What is the relationship between style and the choice of words, according to the stylisticians?9. How many kinds of word meanings may be classified? And what are they?10. What are the three basic components of the English vocabulary?11. Functionally speaking, what are the four types of English sentences?12. What are the conjunctions used in combining English sentences?13. What are the gestures may be used in a casual conversation?14. What are the three types of substitution? Can you give some examples?15. What is the relationship between dialect and register?16. Name at least five kinds of figures of speech in English.17. Can you give some examples of rhetorical questions?18. What are the stylistic features of the Bible?19. What are the five kinds of reference in the English language?20. What are the three factors of register?21. Give examples to illustrate power relationship and solidarity relationship.22. What are the non-linguistic features of casual conversation?23. What are the linguistic features of the language of news reporting?24 .What are the linguistic features of the language of advertisement?25. What is the relationship between literary language and ordinary language?III. Stylistic analysis (20 points):1. Explain the connotative meaning of the italicized words or expressions in the followingsentences (12 points; in test it may or may not appear; it contains 3 words or expressions):.1) Don' t trust her; she is as nake in the grass.2) The enemy will attack us tomorrow morning, but we are still not well prepared. TheDamocles ' swo irsd hanging over us.3) We have to consult him, you know, he is the real Titan in our class.4) News from Pentagon today says ⋯5) She knows nothing about the cruelty of the world. She is a lily.6) Hamlet, according to some psycho-analysis theory, is a character who has the Oedipuscomplex.7) He is a wolf in sheep ' s clothing. Don ' t believe what he says.8) The doctor told him it is not cancer, however, it is only a white lie .9) He is always ready to help people when they are in need. He real Robin Hood'. s a10) Their policy is all sticks and no carrots .11) 0China never stands on the side of Chauvinism .12) Children are flowers of our country.2. What possible social relationships exist between the participants in the following sentences?(12 points; in test it may or may not appear )1) Excuse me, could you tell me the right time, please?2) What time is it, please?3) What' the time?3. Indicate what kind of figures of speech is used in the following examples? ( 8 points; intest it may or may not appear; it contains 2 items )The young hunter was as strong as a lion.Life is but a brief candle.from the cradle to the graveMany hands make light work.She' s as old as a mountain.A victorious defeatHe is a fool. He never knows where his personal interest lies. His whole heart is concernedabout the interest of other people.Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.The drunkard loves his bottle better than his wife.My love is a red, red rose.4. Try to analyze the following sentence and point out its stylistic value ( 12 points; it mayor may not appear in test; if it appears, it contains one sentence )1) It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must bein want of a wife. (J. Austin. Pride and Prejudice)2) I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)3) O, my luve is like a red, red roseThat ' s newly sprung in June;O, my luve is like the melodieThat ' s sweetly play ' d in tune.(Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose)4) A grief ago (Dylan Thomas)5) “ Don' t be such a harsh parent, father! ”“ Don' t father me! ”(0099) 《英语文体学引论》复习思考题答案I. Explain in brief the following terms (10 points; in test it contains 10 terms):1. stylistics: the study or the investigation of style.2. style: the linguistic habit of a particular person(s) or characteristic of typical situations.3. dialect: a subtype of language which may be determined by geographical locality or particularsocial groupings.4. morpheme: the smallest unit in a language that carries meaning.5. phoneme: the smallest sound unit in a specific language capable of semantic distinction.6. language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. register: language determined by situation.8. acoustic phonetics: a branch of phonetics dealing with the physical properties of the speechsounds of a language.9. auditory phonetics: the study of how the sound of speech is received by the hearer.10. syllable: a vowel sound either with or without a consonant or consonants in clusters.11. general stylistics: the investigation of the linguistic features of all kinds of language use.12. literary stylistics: the study of the linguistic features of literature in particular, such as those ofpoetry, novels and dramas.13. form: the particular way of expressing the message.14. content: the message or information or the communicative value that is encoded or loaded in alinguistic expression.15. phonological analysis: it is chiefly concerned about the sound patterns of a piece of literature,especially those of poetry.16. lexical analysis: it is chiefly concerned about the internal structure and the stylistic coloring andthe semantic relationship of the words in the text.17. syntactical analysis: it is chiefly concerned about how the words in a text are put together toproduce meaning and other kinds of message.18. discoursal analysis: it is concerned about how sentences are joined together to produce acohesive and coherent text.19. paralinguistic features: the vocal effects caused by different shaping of the vocal cords andopenings20. social dialect: it is determined by the social groupings that a person belongs to .21. taboo: words forbidden to be used in public because of their being dirty or offensive22. whispery voice: utterance without any vocal cord vibration at all. Emphasizing contrast .23. breathy voice: utterance where there is too much breath for the needs of the articulation.24. creaky voice: a slow crackle of vocal cord vibrations at a low pitch, like a stick being run alonga fence.25. falsetto: a switch of the voice from one vocal register to a higher one; usually found only inmales.26. common core words: refer to those words used in everyday life.27. technical words: refer to those words used in special professions .28. standard words: words that are used in the standard dialect.29. non-standard words: words labeled as slangs, vulgarisms and colloquialisms in the dictionary.the cultural and social implications of a word simile: a comparison between two things with emphasis on the similarity or likeness between them30. spoken words: words that most often used in face-to- face, casual and everydayconversations.31. literary words: words used in formal writings or literature.32. extension: a specific word comes to mean a general idea.33. specialization: the change of the word meaning may move in the opposite direction, a wordwith general reference is narrowed to a specific reference.34. elevation: words of derogatory association become words of favorable association.35. degradation: neutral words or words of favorable association degenerated into derogatory words.36. metaphor: a covert comparison37. litotes: understatement38. irony: a figure of speech that takes the form of saying or implying the opposite of what onefeels to be the case39. compound sentence: a sentence made up of two or more simple sentences, joined together byconjunctions or punctuations40. periodic sentence: one that is not grammatically complete until the end is reached41. loose sentence: one that may be brought to a grammatical close before the end is reached42. elliptical sentence: one in which either the subject or the predicate or part of the predicate ismissing43. inverted sentence: one in which the subject position is filled by other sentence elements44. antithesis: a figure of speech in the formula of X conj. Y with a contrast between them45. parallelism: a rhetorical device in which two or more than two similar syntactic structures withdifferent words are placed side by side46. repetition: a rhetorical device in which identical words are used but not necessarily in identicalposition47. deviation: violation of standard use of the language48. cataphora: If the referred item comes after the referring item in a text, then it is a case ofcataphora.49. progressive conjunction: one sentence that joined by the use of conjunctive words of additionor progression50. field of discourse: the topic under discussion or the nature of the activity in which language isinvolvedII. Answer the following questions (50 points; in test it contains 5 questions):1. What is the relationship between form and content?One way of talking about style is to make a distinction between form and content. Content is the message or information or the communicative value that is encoded or loaded in alinguistic expression. Form is the particular way of expressing the message. The form is thestyle which may be different from case to case although the meaning may remain the same.For example, the Chinese term 开始may be expressed in different English words, such asstart, begin and commence, but each suggests a different style.2. What are the differences between language and speech?Another way of talking about style is to make a distinction between language and speech,which may be translated in Chinese as 语言and 言语. This distinction was first proposed by Saussure, the founder of the modern linguistics. According to Saussure, there are four major differences between language and speech.A. Language is abstract whereas speech is concrete. Language is abstract in the sense thatit has only psychological instead of physical existence. Language is not something thatyou can bring to the classroom and examine under the microscope, not something youcan hear, see, smell , touch or taste. Speech is concrete in the sense that it has physicalproperties. Either can be heard in the spoken form or seen in the written form.B. Language is potential whereas speech is actual. Language is potential in the sense that itis a kind of can-mean system, while speech is something that has an actual meaning.C. Language is code whereas speech is message( 语言是一个代码系统，言语才是信息). Language is a set of symbols that can be used to transmit information. Speech is the actual use of the language in an act of communication in a particular situation for aparticular purpose. It carries a real message.D. Language is stable and systematic whereas speech is subject to personal and situationalconstraint. For example, the word book in the English language always refers to someprinted matter. But in speech it may be used to refer to anything that the speaker wants torefer to by the use of it as long as it is understandable. The common example is thesentence: He is a walking dictionary (a kind of book) meaning that he is veryknowledgeable.3. What is the methodology of stylistic analysis? What are the levels of stylistic analysis? Themajor methodology for stylistic analysis is linguistic analysis. It tries to be objective or scientific in its analysis. According to the advocates of this methodology, anyone using this methodology to analyze a given text of literature will reach roughly the same conclusion.Levels of analysisSince stylistic analysis is a kind of linguistic analysis, naturally, how many levels of structure we have in a language correspondingly how many levels of structure at which we may do stylistic analysis.1) PhonologicalPhonological analysis is chiefly concerned about the sound patterns of a piece of literature,especially those of poetry.2) Lexical Lexical analysis is chiefly concerned about the internal structure and the stylisticcoloring and the semantic relationship of the words in the text.3) Syntactical Syntactical analysis is chiefly concerned about how the words in a text are puttogether to produce meaning and other kinds of message.4) Discoursal Discoursal analysis is concerned about how sentences are joined together toproduce a cohesive and coherent text.4. Define paralinguistic features. What are they?Definition: the vocal effects caused by different shaping of the vocal cords and openings. Kindsand the corresponding stylistic effects.1) Whispery voice: utterance without any vocal cord vibration at all. Emphasizing contrast.2) Breathy voice: utterance where there is too much breath for the needs of the articulation,. Expressing surp the effect being one of mild ‘ puffing and blowing seand astonishment.3) Creaky voice: a slow crackle of vocal cord vibrations at a low pitch, like a stick being runalong a fence.4) Falsetto: a switch of the voice from one vocal register to a higher one; usually found only inmales.5. What are the three ways of studying the sound of language?A. articulatory phonetics The study of the sounds of a language with special attention to thespeaker: themovement of the lungs, vocal cords, tongue, the lips and other organs which produce andcontrol the noisy outward breathing.B. acoustic phonetics The study of the physical properties of the sound waves in the air whenbeing transmitted from the speaker to the hearer.C. auditory phoneticsThe study of how the sound of speech is received by the hearer6. What are the four typical meters in English poetry?In English poetry, stress is usually used in the realization of meter. The followings are the fourmost typical meters.1) Iamb: Iamb is a metric foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressedsyllable.2) Trochee: Trochee is a metric foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressedsyllable.3) Anapest: Anapest is a metric foot composed of two unstressed syllables followed by onestressed one.4) Dactyl: Dactyl is a metric foot composed of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressedones7. What is the relationship between sound and meaning?According to Saussure, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary in the sense that why a certain meaning takes a particular sound has no reason and it is completelyaccident. But in literature, the writers always try to arrange the words in such a way as to make the patterns of sound to directly suggest the meaning.8. What is the relationship between style and the choice of words, according to the stylisticians?The stylisticians ' attitude: they lay emphasis on the adaptability to the situation.Standard, non-standard, black, dialectal, slang, archaisms are equally good in theirexpressiveness. There is no distinction of one being superior and other being inferior.9. How many kinds of word meanings may be classified? And what are they?According to the linguists, a word has various kinds of meaning. The first kind of meaning is denotative meaning.1) Denotative (概念意义)The kind of meaning we can get from the dictionary. It can also be termed as dictionarymeaning , conceptual meaning , logical meaning and referential meaning . This is the most basic meaning that we understand a word has.2) Stylistic = social ( 社会意义)The kind of meaning associated with a particular social situation in which a particular wordis often used. e.g begin, start, commence3) Affective meaning ( 情感意义)It is the emotional, attitudinal and evaluative coloring of a word. e.g. cunning andclever. Both mean the skillful handling of a delicate or difficult situation. But they revealdifferent attitudes and evaluation of the speaker.4) Collocative ( 搭配意义)Some words may have the same dictionary meaning, but they collocate with differentwords, as shown by the pair or synonyms of pretty and handsome.5) Connotative ( 内涵意义)the cultural and social implications of a word.10. What are the three basic components of the English vocabulary?The three basic components of the English vocabularyA Anglo-Saxona. Members of the familyb. Parts of the bodyc. Natured. Timee. One-syllabled verbsB Frencha. Government and Lawb. Army and military activitiesc. Religiond. CostumesC Latina. Medicineb. Lawc. Theologyd. Sciencee. Literature11. Functionally speaking, what are the four types of English sentences?1) Declarative 2) Interrogative3) Exclamatory 4) Imperative12. What are the conjunctions used in combining English sentences?1) Progressive conjunction ( 推进性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of addition orprogression, such as and, furthermore, moreover, etc.2) Contrastive conjunction ( 对照性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of contrast ortransition, such as but, whereas, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, etc.3) Temporal conjunction ( 时间性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of temporalsequence, such ast hen, later, afterwards, at last, or finally , etc13. What are the gestures may be used in a casual conversation?Facial expressions, eye-contact, body positions, distance, physical touch, sound modification, clothing, and environment14. What are the three types of substitution? Can you give some examples?A. Nominal substitution （名词性替代）1）The meaning of one/ones e.g. You bought a red pencil, I ' d like a blue one.2）The use of the “ same”Example:A: I want a cup of teaB: The same.3）The use of “ kind, sort ” . e.g. American food is not the same as the English kind.B. Verbal substitution （动词性替代）Do you like Chinese food?Yes, I do.He likes Chinese food. So do I.C. Clausal substitution （分句性替代）1）The use of “so” “ not ”Example: A: Do you think he will come tomorrow?B: Yes, I think so./ No, I think not.2）LimitationClausal substitution applies only to sentences, where the predicate verb of a main clauseis one of the following verbs:believe, be afraid, expect, fear, hope, imagine, say, tell, think, suppose.15. What is the relationship between dialect and register?Another way of talking about style, is to make a distinction between dialects and registers.A: Speaker orientedDialects are speaker oriented. What kind of speaker speaks what kind of dialect.Dialects may be regional or social. Regional dialect （地域方言）is determined by thegeographical locality the speaker lives in. The social dialect is determined by the socialgroupings that a person belongs to.B: Situation orientedRegister is situational oriented. Register is the language determined by situation, and becauseof this we have such registers as formal English, informal English, classroom English, legalEnglish, etc.16. Name at least five kinds of figures of speech in English.Simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, overstatement, etc.17. Can you give some examples of rhetorical questions?Idea: a rhetorical question is one which does not really need an answer, or the answer is obvious Examples:Is that a reason for despair?Can any one doubt the wisdom of this action?Is no one going to defend me?What difference does it make then?18. What are the stylistic features of the Bible?1. 1. Biblical simplicity2. Full of balanced sentences3. The use of concrete words4. Short paragraphs5. Heavy use of and to begin a new paragraph6. Syntactical features1) simple and complete sentences2) the use of old forms of personal pronouns3) the second personal pronoun take the verb of –est as in shouldest,gavest,etc., and thethird person doth and hath which are absent in other styles of writing4) negation takes the form of “ verb+not ” without the use of auxiliaries19. What are the five kinds of reference in the English language?According to relative positions of the referring item and the referred item, reference may beclassified into the following kinds.1) Anaphora( 后照应)In a case of reference, if the referred item (a word or a phrase) come before the referring item in a text, then it is a case of anaphora.Example: Mr. Wang is an engineer, he graduated from Beijing University.2) Cataphora(前照应)On the other hand, if the referred item comes after the referring item in a text, then it is a case of cataphora. As in the example:I was introduced to them; it was John Leathwall and his wife.3) Exophora( 外照应)If the interpretation of an item in a text depends on something in the immediate environment,then it is a case of exophora.Example: Did the gardener water those plants?4) Paraphora( 平行照应)An item which refers to something in another text.Example: He is the Shylock Holmes in our class.5) Homophora(自照应)When the class is composed of only one member, then any mention of it is a case ofhomophora.Example: The moon moves around the earth.20. What are the three factors of register?1) Field of discourse —the topic under discussion or the nature of the activity in which languageis involved.2) Tenor of discourse —the kind of social relationships between the participants in aconversation.3) Mode of discourse —the medium along which the message is being transmitted.21. Give examples to illustrate power relationship and solidarity relationship.Power relationship is a kind of vertical relationship in the sense that the two participants in the conversation hold unequal authority. For example, the relations between boss and employee, or between parents and children, or between teacher and students. Solidarity relationship is ahorizontal relationship in that participants in a conversation hold equal authority. For example, the relations between playmates, classmates, friends, etc.22. What are the non-linguistic features of casual conversation?1) Unpreparedness or low degree of preparedness2) Frequent change of roles3) Monitoring4) Simultaneity in space and time5) Topic drifting6) Channel limitation7) Gestures23. What are the linguistic features of the language of news reporting?In news reporting one can find some characteristics in syntax, lexis, and textual structure.A. SyntaxThere is a heavy use of complex sentences and a heavy use of non-finite verb phrases. Thesubjects of sentences are usually very complicated. Compared with the verb phrases in theprevious discussed varieties, the composition of the verb phrases in newspaper reporting iseven simpler, mainly simple present or past tense. The structure of the noun phrases in newsreporting is very complicated. There is a remarkable increase in the number of modifiers for an average sentence in the variety of newspaper reporting. And the modifiers themselves tend to be more complicatedly structured.B. LexisThere is rare use of pronouns, but by contrast, there is a remarkable increase of the use ofproper nouns. The degree of complication in the aspect of word structure is about the same as that in public speech. Both in terms of the number of letters in an average word and the number of morphemes in an average word. Although the word structure in the style of newspaperreporting tends to be complicated, it is ever ready to use short instead of big word whereverpossible, especially in headlines. Compound words are used frequently. Moreover, nonphrases which actually express actions or state and heavily used, and they are derived fromverb phrases in order to make the sentences more compact and save space without loweringthe amount of information conveyed.C. Textual structureIn textual structure, one of the most outstanding characteristic is straightforwardness.24. What are the linguistic features of the language of advertisement?A. Syntax:In terms of syntax, the language of advertisement is simple in structure for easy understanding, and colloquial in style for familiarity, intimacy and solidarity. There is a higher frequency ofimperative and interrogatives. As to structure, according to statistics, we have the lowest rate of occurrence of passive in comedies, the second lowest is in ads. There is also a heavy use ofpre-modifiers, possessive's, comparative and superlative adjectivesB. Lexis:There is a heavy use of compounds. Simple, short, inner structure and a high percentage ofactive, affirmative, commendatory and large quantities of proper names could be found in thevocabulary of advertisement.C. Rhetorical devices:One can easily find a lot of parallelism, reiteration and alliteration.25. What is the relationship between literary language and ordinary language?1) The kind of language people use in daily conversation is the ultimate source of the language ofliterature.2) Ordinary language follows the norm of convention, and the purpose is to be understoodfully.3) Literary language is not the mechanical copy of ordinary language, but refined andprocessed.4) Literary language has some linguistic deviation.III. Stylistic analysis (20 points):1. Explain the connotative meaning of the italicized words or expressions in the followingsentences (12 points; in test it may or may not appear; it contains 3 words or expressions):1) Don't trust her; she is as nake in the grass.Snake is a kind of animal, because of prejudice and cultural conventions now often used to refer to a person who is cunning and untrustworthy2) The enemy will attack us tomorrow morning, but we are still not well prepared. TheDamocles ' swo irsd hanging over us.Damocles 'sw ord is an allusion to Greek mythology. Damocles was invited to a banquet in the court. In the midst of the entertainment, Damocles looked up and saw suspended above his head by a single thread a naked sword. By extension, it comes to mean an immediate danger.3) We have to consult him, you know, he is the real Titan in our class.Titan is a name used to refer to a class of gods huge in physical size. By extension, it comes to mean a person of great strength or influence.4) News from Pentagon today says ⋯Pentagon is a huge building in Washington in which the U.S. Department of Defense exercises its functions, now often used to refer to the ministry itself5) She knows nothing about the cruelty of the world. She is a lily.Lily is a flower and by cultural conventions a symbol of purity and innocence in the west.6) Hamlet, according to some psycho-analysis theory, is a character who has the Oedipuscomplex.According to psycho-analysis theory, Oedipus complex refers to the sexual love of an infant for the parent of the opposite sex, with jealousy of the other parent, often in an unconscious way. In this play, Hamlet is believed to have this kind of hidden desire.Actually, he seems to attempt to kill his father and marry his mother in his unconscious mind.7) He is a wolf in sheep 's clothing. Don 't believe wh. at he saysA wolf is a wild animal that looks like a large dog and that kills and eats other animals.Here wolf is used to refer to persons who are cruel and untrustworthy.。

（0199）《综合英语四》复习思考题I. Vocabulary, Structure and GrammarDirections:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B. C. and D. You must choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.1. Not until my mother told me the sad news last night _______ that our neighbor Dr Li waskilled in a car accident the week before.A. I had knownB. I knewC. had I knownD. did I know2. He had a great collection of books, _____ are written in English.A. many in whichB. may amongC. many of thatD. many of which3. _______ to spend the vacation in the country.A. All but him and me are goingB. All but he and me am goingC. All but I and he is goingD. All but he and I are going4. __________ with air, a life jacket will keep a person afloat.A. It is filledB. FillingC. When filledD. When filling it5. He didn‟t go to the party, but he does wish he _________ there.A. had beenB. beC. wereD. would be6. Never _________ till tomorrow what you can do today.A. put upB. put outC. put offD. put over7. The rate at which scientific knowledge is increasing is ________ all the time.A. going offB. going withC. going outD. going up8. On New Year‟s Eve, there will be a firework _________ at People‟s Square.A. displayB. performanceC. showD. exhibition9. My brother likes eating very much but he isn‟t very _________ about the food he eats.A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. unusual10. They lay almost flat and _______ through the tube-like underground passage.A. crouchedB. crawledC. creptD. glided11. __________ since we moved to our new apartment.A. There have been five monthsB. It‟s five monthsC. There are five monthsD. I was five months12. The more Bill worked on the math problems, __________.A. he was much more confusedB. and the much confused he wasC. the more he was much confusedD. the more confused he was13. The two police officers rushed to the scene of the crime _______ they received the report from the old couple.A. the momentB. the timeC. the pointD. the split second14. _________ breaks the law will be fined or put in jail.A. No matter whoB. WhoeverC. Those whoD. Whenever one15. The old man jumped aside just in time to avoid _________.A. knocking downB. to be knocked downC. to knock downD. being knocked down16. It suddenly occurred to Anne that money couldn‟t ______ all that Bob had suffered in thepast five years.A. live up toB. make up forC. make outD. live through17. Every day thousands of businessmen fly the Atlantic and Pacific to have _____ with American firms.A. conversationsB. bargainingC. negotiationsD. dialogues18. The crippled John proudly walked with a ________ to the platform to join the children.A. jumpB. limpC. hopD. jog19. Undergraduate students have no _________ to the rare books in the school library.A. accessB. entranceC. wayD. admission20. Although many young people are keen ________ going abroad, he prefers to live and work inhis own country.A. forB. toC. onD. of21. She was _______ of his honesty.A. convincedB. persuadedC. temptedD. inclined22. If you wear that red hat, I‟ll be able to ________ you in the crowd.A. pickB. spotC. discoverD. realize23. The doctor recommends me _________ on a strict diet.A. to goB. goingC. I should goD. go24. Since that time he has _________ grown weaker and has been able to do less and less.A. rarelyB. steadilyC. activelyD. probably25. The ________ affairs of a country should not be interfered in.A. innerB. interiorC. internalD. inward26. She _______ the exam again since she had already passed it.A. needn‟t takeB. mustn‟t takeC. didn‟t need ta keD. didn‟t have to take27. The output of our factory this year has increased thirty percent as ______ with that of lastyear.A. compareB. comparingC. comparedD. to be compared.28. The book contains many beautiful ________.A. casesB. illustrationsC. examplesD. instances29. The decimal system _______ the system of counting by ten.A. proposesB. intendsC. meansD. supposes30. The football game comes to you __________ from Beijing.A. livingB. aliveC. liveD. lively31. Have you invited _________?A. the BrownsB. the Brown‟sC. Brown‟sD. the Browns‟32. In America, a lot of people believe that television _____ children.A. has a harmful effect onB. has an advantage overC. has a connection withD. has something to do with33. This problem will be further discussed _______ in our next class.A. in detailB. in partC. in generalD. in short34. He didn‟t go to the party, but he does wish he _________ there.A. had beenB. beC. wereD. would be35. Please remind me of it again tomorrow _______ I forget.A. in caseB. in most casesC. in the caseD. in the case of36. To tell a problem to a stranger is sometimes easier than ______ it to a friend.A. explainingB. explainC. to explainD. explains37. We often hear about airliners ______ because of technical faults.A. delayingB. delayC. having delayedD. being delayed88. It depends on _______ they will support us.A. itB. thatC. whetherD. so39. Paul‟s mother forbade ______ in her house.A. to smokeB. smokeC. smokingD. to have a smoke40. It is said that the piano ______ at the moment.A. was repairedB. being repairedC. is to be repairedD. is being repaired41. Riding his bicycle home from school, ______ as he went around the corner.A. a car hit himB. a car hitting himC. he was hit by a carD. he had been hit by a car42. I am considering __________ a university in New York.A. attendingB. to attendC. attendD. attended43. The noise was so _________ that only those with excellent hearing were aware of it.A. dimB. faintC. gentleD. quiet44. Never _________ till tomorrow what you can do today.A. put upB. put outC. put offD. put over45. We must ___________ our expenses, otherwise we won‟t be able to make both ends meet.A. cut down onB. cut short ofC. cut down withD. shorten with46. My steamboat voyage to Albany and back has ___________ rather more favorable than I hadexpected.A. turned inB. turned upC. turned toD. turned out47. Before the 16the century, guns were large, _________ weapons requiring two hands.A. handmadeB. cumbersomeC. portableD. inaccurate48. During their first teaching training year, the students often visited local schools for the________ of lessons.A. observationB. investigationC. inspectionD. examination49. My three daughters would like to have dancing lessons, but the _________ are very expensive.A. pricesB. costsC. feesD. wages50. That‟s a nice coat, and the color _________ you well.A. fitsB. suitsC. matchesD. showsII. CorrectionDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled A, B, C, and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect.1. You wouldn‟t feel tired this morning if you went to bed earlier last night.A B C D2. The only way to influence others is to talk about that they want and show them how to get it.A B C D3. No sooner had he begun to speak when an ominous muttering arose from the audience.A B C D4. When Rose returned by abroad, she told me all about her trip.A B C D5. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs relax and rest in order to workA B Cefficiently.6. Like the committee has written in its current report, the rules need to be enforced more strictly.A B C D7. I know a young man who is uncertain if to be a boat builder or an accountant.A B C D8.Any world traveler has eating many exotic foods in the different countries he has visited.A B C D9. It is not easy to write good history even if all the facts could be known and documents.A B C D10. Financial institutions are able to create exchange, provision, and utilize funds.A B C D11. Ben droped his packages, smothered the blood flow with his hand as best he could.A B C D12. Two women, horrified, did a gesture of helplessness, and drove off.A B C D13. The children were so absorbed at their game that they did not notice the passage of time.A B C D14.It is difficult to do generalization about the characteristics of modern music becauseA B Cof the variety of existing styles.D15.In modern industrious areas, socio-cultural change is occurring at an accelerated rateA B C D16. Each of the major glacial stages produces distinctive land farms that remain long after theA B Cglacier had disappeared.D17. Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also how youA B C Dparticipate in class.18. Gatherings of more than three persons were prohibited, supposedly in the name of theA B Claw and order.D19. Alexander graham Bell received a patent in 1880 for the ideas of using light to relay soundA B C Dvia a telephone.20. I had to work last Sunday because I have been asked to write an article for a magazine.A B C D21. Although George has attended college until recently, he left without getting his degree.A B C D22. These reference books are not allowed to take out of the library.A B C D23. The consumer‟s desire for a commodity tends diminishing as he buys more units of thatA B C Dcommodity.24. Don‟t you agree that one‟s devotion to do tasks well is to be admired?A B C D25. By reading the instructions carefully, mistakes on the examination can be avoided.A B C D26. Cliff‟s and Al‟s car broke down again, but luckily they knew how to fix it.A B C D27. Electric power had become a so important part of American life that a complete shut-downA Bfor even a few seconds would have created chaos.C D28. Either Xiao Zhang or his father are going to the theatre, but one of them has to stay home.A B C D29. Statistics are his most difficult subject and Bob is worried that he won‟t pass the test.A B C D30. After he finishes his duties at the farm, Peter often occupies his self by fishing.A B C D31. When cutting flowers for arranging, leave two healthy leaves and the remaining stems to helpA B Cthe plant maintain it‟s vigor.D32. Jim is studying the engineering and hopes to work for the city designing bridgesA B Cwhen he graduates.D33. If I was 21 and wanted to study medicine, I don‟t think I would pack off to school.A B C D34. Parents are slow at realizing how unimportant the learning side of school is.A B C D35. When I was a little girl, my mother told me to wait for the light to turn green after I crossedA B C Dthe street.36. Parents are slow at realizing how unimportant the learning side of school is.A B C D37. We do not know how many creation is killed in the classroom with its emphasis on learning.A B C D38. In desperate Ben staggered into a storefront office.A B C D39. Many of those Miss may taught are teachers now them.A B C D40. It is not advisable to subordinate your work for pleasure.A B C D41. Laugher is one of the ways which we relax and recreate the Self.A B C D42. Logic trains the mind to draw the right conclusion, and avoid the wrong, to make the trueA B C Dinference and not the false.43. The distinction between truth and validity must be carefully observe.A B C D44. Many primitive peoples have a “secret mane” which they will not reveal anyone.A B C D45. Many comedis today are capable of biting satire.A B C D46. Don‟t leave the books on the desks. Put them back immediately where they belong to.A B C D47. The new model costs twice more than last year‟s model.A B C D48. When the clerk at a supermarket makes a mistake in my favor I sometimes receive it quietly.A B C D49. Sometimes laughter is a mean of releasing tension when we realize the futility of trying harder.A B C D50. The logical of his argument persuaded us that he was right.A B C DIII. ClozeDirections: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A. B. C. and D. You should choose the one answer that fits best into the passage.Passage 1Advertising can be thought of “as the means of making 1 in order to buy or sell goods or services”. Advertising 2 increase people‟s awareness and arouse interest. It tries to inform and 3people to purchase. The media are all used to spread the message. The press offers a fairly cheapmethod. Magazines are used to reach special sections of the market. The cinema and commercial radio are useful 4 local markets. Television, 5 more expensive, can be very effective. Posters are fairly cheap and more permanent in their power of attraction. Other ways of increasing consumer interest are through exhibitions and trade fairs as 6 as direct mail advertising.It is difficult to measure exactly the influence of advertising 7 sales. 8 the market is growing, advertising helps to increase demand. When the market is shrinking, advertising may prevent a bigger fall in sales 9 would occur without its support. What is clear is that businesses would not pay large sums for advertising if they were not 10 of its value to them.1. A. to be known B. knowing C. known D. to know2. A. aims to B. deals with C. aims at D. gets to3. A. persuade B. to persuade C. dissuade D. to dissuade4. A. for B. to C. in D. at5. A. however B. but C. although D. if6. A. well B. much C. good D. soon7. A. for B. on C. in D. at8. A. If B. Although C. Unless D. When9. A. and B. that C. as D. than10. A. convinced B. believed D. thought D. arguedPassage 2Those who criticize economic growth argue 1 we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits 2 growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, the possible negative effects of industry on the 3 environment, and the continuing increases in the world‟s populating. As society reaches these limits, economic 4 can no longer continue, and the quality of life will decrease.People who want more economic growth, on the 5 hand, argue that even at the present growth rate there are still many poor people in the world. They believe that only more growth can create the capital 6 to improve the quality of life in the world. Furthermore, they argue that only continued growth can provide the financial resources required to protest our natural surroundings 7 industrialization.This debate over desirability of continued economic growth is of vital importance 8 business and industry. If those who argue against economic growth 9 correct, the problems they mention cannot be ignored. To find a solution, economists and the business community must 10 attention to these problems and continue discussing them with one another.1. A. which B. where C. that D. how2. A. on B. against C. by D. to3. A. nature B. natural C. naturally D. national4. A. grows B. growing C. grow D. growth5. A. others B. other C. another D. other‟s6. A. needed B. need C. needing D. needs7. A. in B. on C. from D. over8. A. both B. on C. in D. to9. A. is B. are C. were D. to be10. A. pay B. give C. have D. showPassage 3In every cultivated language there are two classes of words which, taken together, comprises the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words 1 which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our familiar associates, and which we should know and use 2 we could not read or write. They 3 the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who use the language. Such words may be called “popular”, 4 they belong to the people at large and are not the exclusive share of a limited class.On the other hand, our language comprises a multitude of words which are comparatively 5 used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little 6 to use them at home or in the market-place. Our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother‟s lips or from the talk of our school-mates, 7 from books that we read, lectures that we attend, or the more 8 conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in a style appropriately elevated above the habitual 9 of everyday life. Such words are called “learned”, a nd the 10 between them and the “popular” words is of great importance to a right understanding of linguistic process.1. A. in B. by C. with D. through2. A. for B. even C. despite D. even if3. A. concern B. care C. mind D. relate4. A. since B. before C. after D. when5. A. much B. frequently C. never D. seldom6. A. reason B. prospect C. necessity D. preface7. A. or B. but C. and D. besides8. A. casual B. sincere C. formative D. formal9. A. direction B. border C. obstacle D. extent10. A. distinction B. variety C. diversion D. similarityPassage 4Passengers have been flying around the world on Boeing aircraft for over 70 years, but stewardesses only began serving on airplanes in 1930s. one day ___1_____ the CEO of the Boeing Aircraft Company was ____2_____ the lack of services on airline flights, a pretty former nurse ____3_____ Ellen Tetchy came and ____4_____ to do the job. She strongly recommended that women ____5____ for providing services on airline flights. The chairman of the board of Boeing approved and eight young women, including Ellen Tetchy, were hired for an eight-month ____6____ period which they began actually ____7_____ services on planes. With warmth and smiles they _____8_____ food and drinks to the passengers and did all theycould to make passengers comfortable, winning the _____9_____ praise of the passengers and the _____10_____ of newspapers all over the world with their outstanding service. After that, Boeing formally hired them as “air hostesses”, soon the airlines of all other countries followed suit.1. A. that B. during C. while D. when2. A. bothering B. annoying C. worrying about D. troubling3. A. named B. called by C. named after D. calling4. A. said B. volunteered C. applied D. presented5. A. will be hired B. shall be employedC. be hiredD. would be employed6. A official B. trial C. trival D. trying7. A. giving B. exhibiting C. offering D. proposing8. A. served B. issued C. distributed D. made9. A. national B. anniversary C. universal D. daily10. A. praise B. attention C. award D. attributePassage 5The book is the best research machine invented. ___1__ mass printing began a few hundred years ago, it has given hundreds of millions of people information they could not have found anywhere ___2___.But many readers don‟t know how a book is organized to help them. They see the different __3__ of a book. However, the reason for such organization escapes them.The first thing to ___4___ at is the title and author. Every now and then, a title doesn‟t tell you very much about ___5____ is inside, but usually it does. Sometimes a subtitle gives you more information than the main title. ___6_____ a book has a dust jacket, read the inside flaps. They usually give you a fairly good breakdown ____7______ what the book is about. Behind the title page in most books is the copyright notice. It is ____8____ to look at this, especially the last date of copyright. Suppose you are studying space travel, a book with a 1916 copyright will not cover moon landings.Check the author‟s background, if possible. Now and then, you can ____9____ it in a beginning part called a preface. Read carefully about the author. Do you think he or she is ___10____ to write on the book‟s subject? Does his or her background make the author an expert in this field?1. A. As B. Although C. Because D. Since2. A. else B. earlier C. yet D. later3. A. elements B. chapters C. parts D. portions4. A. study B. look C. attempt D. try5. A. what B. that C. which D. it6. A. That B. Where C. If D. For7. A. on B. for C. of D. in8. A. convenient B. easy C. important D. world9. A. make B. write C. find D. check10. A. possible B. qualified C. capable D. knownIV. Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a. B. C. and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneIt is an inescapable fact that to most people there comes time when failing powers of mind or body make it impossible for them to manage their daily lives without some sort of help, and despite the weakened sense of family solidarity, this help is still forthcoming in many cases from children, other relatives, or occasionally friends. When an old person or old couple gives up an independent home and becomes part of another household it does not mean that all the problems of old age are automatically solved; the problems are different, not so pressing perhaps, and their solution lies more with the younger relatives than with the older people themselves.Caring for the aged, wherever they may be living, requires skill as well as goodwill. Much advice is now available for those caring for young children and babies, and there are numerous books to help mothers in bringing up their families, but as far as I know little has been written about the day-to-day care of old people. Fortunately the first essentials, sympathy and affection, are very often to be found, and will carry relatives, friends and old people a long way, but not the whole way; without these two virtues the work of caring for the old can be burdensome and unrewarding.1.The author states that it is ______ that most people in course of time, become too old to takecare of themselves.A. generally acceptedB. undeniableC. very regrettableD. just inevitable2. People, when too old to manage their daily lives, usually can get help from children and otherrelatives ________.A. because of the strong sense of family solidarity.B. though the sense of family solidarity has been weakened.C. even if they insist on living independentlyD. so they prefer to live in another household3. Whether the problems of old age can be properly solved depends mainly on ______.A. the younger family membersB. the older people themselvesC. how much advice is availableD. how cooperative the older people are4. The author suggests that _______.A. the work for the old can be highly rewarding though very burdensomeB. much more is to be written about the day-to-day care of the oldC. Not all young people are aware that it calls for thoughtfulness and skill to take good careof old peopleD. not all young people have enough sympathy and affection for old people5. What do you suppose the author will go on to discuss in the following paragraphs?A. The importance of solving the problems of old age.B. The need for the young to foster deep sympathy and love for the aged.C. Some advice on how to treat the old thoughtfully and tactfully.D. A request for setting up more homes-for-the-aged.Passage TwoMan is a gregarious creature. Companionship plays an important role in human development at all stages in life. The hours that a child plays in company with his peers expand his life space, help him to develop his physical skills, and provide him with experience in getting along with others. Contact with peers becomes the primary means for the adolescent to achieve independence from parents and the attainment of status as an individual in his own right.Finding a congenial social group is one of the major development tasks of adulthood. In the later years of life, the loss of the loved ones through death, the preoccupation of sons and daughters with their own adult problems, the decline of physical powers, and the loss of occupation all serve to make the search for companionship of lifelong importance in the satisfaction of fundamental psychological needs. As long a one lives, adjustment will be conditioned by the capacity for, and skill in the conduct of, companionship.The capacity for establishing effective relationships with others results from social contacts, not primarily from what one learns out of books. You need to form and preserve friendships. In college this means the participation in at least one club or organization and in at least some extracurricular campus activities. This participation will aid you in improving your social skills and will provide you with desirable companionship.In seeking satisfaction from companionship, you also need to cultivate a deep friendship with several special persons with whom you can share your triumphs and disappointments. It is a psychological fact that telling your troubles to another person affords release from psychological tensions, provides feedback so as to give you a truer and more valid perspective of your problems. True, special friends will overlook your shortcomings and at the same time assist you in evaluating and overcoming your difficulties. The benefits of such special companionship cannot be all one-sided or there would be no friendship. Your special friends have the right to expect and receive these same satisfactions from you.6. This selection is concerned mainly with ________.A. the important role which companionship plays the development of human lifeB. the capacity for companionshipC. the skills in conduct of companionshipD. cultivation of a deep friendship with special persons7. Which of the following is NOT true?A. companionship helps the young people shape their character.B. companionship helps adults succeed in their career.C. the best way to develop one‟s capacity for companionship is to find a good book on thattopic.D. the best way to find a good friend is to be one.8. According to the author, good friends will _____ your shortcomings.A. criticizeB. help you analyze and overcomeC. forgiveD. pay no attention to9. According to the author, com0anionship can enrich personal satisfactions by _______.A. affording emotional releaseB. providing an opportunity to care about othersC. creating a feeling of true significanceD. all of the above10. a suitable title for the passage might be ________.A. “Man −− A Social Creature”B. “Companionship − A Basic Psychological Need”C. “Friendship − A Mutual Relationship”D. “How to Seek Personal Satisfaction from Companionship"Passage ThreeBy far the most common snake in Britain is the adder. In Scotland, in fact, there are no other kinds of poisonous snakes. It can be found almost anywhere, but it prefers sunny hillsides and rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all.Most people regard snake bites as deadly, but not all bites are serious, and very few are deadly. Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with someone heroically, but mistakenly, trying to do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presents any danger. British snakes are shy animals and are far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of them. The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can happen if you take it by surprise and step on it accidentally, or if you try to catch it or pick it up, which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming, it will normally get out the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly and may attack before moving if you are very close.The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight of the person bitten. The bigger the person, the less harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer far more seriously from snake bites than adults. A healthy person will also have better resistance against the poison.Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just as many cases of bites having little or no effect, as there are of serious illness.11. Adders are to be found___________.A. in many parts of Britain and IrelandB. Everywhere in Britain except ScotlandC. on wild land throughout BritainD. in shady field in Scotland12. If you are with someone who is bitten by an adder, you should __________.A. try to catch the adderB. make no attempt to treat the bite by yourselfC. not worry about the victimD. operate on him as soon as possible13. We are told that adders are _________.A. normally friendly towards people。