1997年西综考研真题

注意：答案请一律写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效考试科目：西方经济学一、简答题1、消费者均衡与生产者均衡2、菲利普斯曲线与充分就业的失业率3、资本的边际效率与投资的效率4、政府购买乘数与税收乘数5、边际技术替代率与边际转换率二、简要分析下列各题1、生产要素需求量的特点是什么？从这一点钟你又得到了哪些启示？2、何为外部影响？为什么外部影响的场合下有市场失灵？3、社会福利与阿罗的不可能性定理。

4、完全竞争市场结构的效率和非效率5、写出非古典增长模型的基本公式，并说明含义。

三、对比凯恩斯的货币需求函数和弗里德曼的现代数量方程。

四、评析供给学派和理性预期学派各自对凯恩斯主义的批评。

注意：答案请一律写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效考试科目：西方经济学一解释下列概念1、边际替代率与边际技术替代率2、国民生产总值与国内生产总值3、经济学中的均衡4、丹尼森的要素生产率概念5、帕累托最优状态二、扼要分析下列各题1、为什么说“完全竞争的短期供给曲线是其可变成本曲线的最低点以上的边际成本曲线部分”？说明理由。

2、试分析说明农业生产的不稳定性。

3、投资的乘数乘数效应及作用产生的条件三、概述凯恩斯的宏观政策的内容，手段运用及其局限性。

注意：答案请一律写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效考试科目：西方经济学一、解释下列概念1、货币乘数2、实际GNP3、基尼系数4、自然失业率二、分析下列各题1、需求价格弹性及影响其大小的主要因素。

2、消费者均衡与生产者均衡。

3、分别从投入和产出的角度说明厂商利润最大化的条件。

4、帕累托最优标准与帕累托最优状态。

5、丹尼森和库兹涅茨经济增长因素分析理论的基本要点。

三、论述1、分析说明发达市场经济国家用来调控宏观经济的三大货币政策手段及其具体的运用以及作用条件？注意：答案请一律写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效考试科目：西方经济学一、解释下列概念1、流动性陷阱2、边际产品价值3、科斯定理4、需求价格弹性5、GDP二、说明下列各题1、不完全信息与市场失灵2、索洛的经济增长率分解式及其含义3、农业生产的不稳定性机制4、完全竞争厂商使用生产要素的最佳原则5、挤出效应的大小和决定因素三、论述1、评述西方学者关于通货膨胀的生成原因的理论解释。

西综考研试题及答案试题：一、单项选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. 下列哪项不是细胞膜的主要功能？A. 物质转运B. 细胞识别C. 细胞间信息传递D. 细胞外基质的合成2. 在DNA复制过程中，哪个分子提供了新链合成的模板？A. 组蛋白B. DNA聚合酶C. RNA引物D. 原始DNA双链3. 下列哪种维生素不需要从食物中获取，而可以由人体自行合成？A. 维生素AB. 维生素B群C. 维生素CD. 维生素D4. 在脊椎动物的心脏中，心房与心室之间的瓣膜称为：A. 二尖瓣B. 三尖瓣C. 动脉瓣D. 静脉瓣5. 下列哪种激素是由肾上腺皮质分泌的？A. 胰岛素B. 甲状腺素C. 肾上腺素D. 皮质醇6. 人体最大的淋巴器官是：A. 脾脏B. 扁桃体C. 胸腺D. 肝脏7. 下列哪项不是酶的共性？A. 高效性B. 专一性C. 需要高温环境D. 可重复使用8. 细胞周期中，DNA复制发生在哪个阶段？A. G0期B. G1期C. S期D. G2期9. 下列哪种疾病是由于胰岛素分泌不足引起的？A. 甲状腺功能亢进B. 糖尿病C. 肾上腺功能减退D. 甲状旁腺功能减退10. 在生物氧化过程中，氧化磷酸化的场所是：A. 细胞质基质B. 线粒体基质C. 线粒体内膜D. 核糖体二、多项选择题（每题2分，共10分）11. 下列哪些因素可以影响酶的活性？A. 温度B. pH值C. 底物浓度D. 酶浓度12. 下列哪些属于细胞信号传导的第二信使？A. Ca2+B. cAMPC. ATPD. 胰岛素13. 下列哪些是细胞凋亡的生理性功能？A. 去除多余细胞B. 清除老化细胞C. 维持组织稳态D. 细胞的病理性死亡14. 下列哪些是细胞周期的调控蛋白？A. CyclinB. CDKC. p53D. RNA聚合酶15. 下列哪些是细胞分化的分子机制？A. 基因选择性表达B. 蛋白质合成差异C. 染色质重塑D. 细胞分裂答案：一、单项选择题1. D2. D3. D4. B5. D6. A7. C8. C9. B10. C二、多项选择题11. A, B12. A, B13. A, B, C14. A, B, C15. A, B, C。

6.7. 10. 11.12. ②维生素E ： ④维生素A 。

1. 中国科学院一九九七年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题〈生物化学〉(B 卷)、是非题：12题，共12分。

每题答对得一分，蓉错一题倒扣半分, 不答者不倒扣。

答“是”写“+”，答“非”写“一”，写在題 后的()中。

因为丝氨酸，苏氨酸和酪氨酸都是蛋白质磷酸化的位点， 因此所有蛋白质激酶均能使蛋白质中这三种氨基酸残基磷酸化。

蛋白质的变性作用的实质就是蛋白质分子中所有的键均被 破坏引起夭然构象的解体。

蛋白质分子中的结构域(domain).亚基(subunit)和纹基(motif)都是相同的概念。

水是不能通透脂双层膜的。

蛋白激酶属于磷酸转移酶类，催化磷酸根共价转移到蛋白 质分子上的反应。

具有正协同效应的酶，其Hill 系数总是大于1的。

mRNA 的编码区不含有修饰核昔酸。

核糖上被甲基化的胞喘唳核甘被表示为BC携带同一种氨基酸的不同"NA 称IRNA 的等受体，它们之间 的差异在于反密码子不同。

植物能利用氨或硝酸作为氮源合成氨基酸，但不能利用空 气中的氮。

逆转录酶仅具有RNA 指导的DNA 聚合酶的活力。

氨基酸的碳骨架进行氧化分解时，先要形成能够进入三按 酸循环的化合物。

二.选择题题，每题I 分，共20分。

选择答案的号码必须填 入()中，答错不倒扣。

1.在凝血过程中发挥作用的许多凝血因子的生物合成依赖于 下述的哪一种维生素：①维生素K ；③维生素G③丝氨酸; 苏氨酸。

6 .7・1 9 9 6 年P. C. DohertyM. Zinkefoigel 因在下列哪一领域研究的重要贡献而获诺贝尔医学和生理学奖：(①发育生物学；②免疫学；③分子病毒学；④结构生物学。

形成稳定的肽链空间结构，非常重要的一点是肽键中的四个原子以及和相邻的两个a ■碳原子处于：(①不断绕动状态；②可以相对自由族转；③同一平面；④随不同外界环境而变化的状态。

三按酸循坏中，下列哪一个酶不是调控酶：①柠檬酸合成酶；②异柠檬酸脱氢酶：③苹果酸脱氢酶；④a-ffi戊二酸脱氢酶以下酶中哪一个是属于黄素核昔酸与酶蛋白以共价键相连的：①NADH脱氢酶；②(X-甘油磷酸脱氢酶；③胆碱脱氢酶；④琥珀酸脱氢酶。

1997年英语考研真题As an AI language model, I am unable to perform tasks like physically writing articles or restricting word limits. However, I can provide you with a sample article that addresses the 1997 English postgraduate entrance exam questions. You can use this as a reference to format your own article. Please note that the generated text may not be a perfect representation of the actual 1997 English postgraduate entrance exam questions. Here is a possible outline for the article:Title: A Closer Look at the 1997 English Postgraduate Entrance ExamIntroduction:In 1997, the English postgraduate entrance exam presented candidates with challenging questions, testing their language skills, comprehension, and critical thinking ability. This article aims to analyze and discuss some of the key questions from the exam.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionIn this section, candidates were tested on their ability to understand and interpret written passages. The exam included multiple-choice questions, where candidates had to select the most appropriate answer based on the given text. Additionally, they were required to answer short questions that required a more in-depth understanding of the passage's content.Section 2: Vocabulary and GrammarThis section evaluated candidates' command of their English language skills. It included exercises involving word choice, sentence structure, andgrammatical usage. Candidates had to demonstrate their proficiency in areas such as vocabulary expansion, verb tenses, and proper usage of prepositions.Section 3: WritingThe writing section assessed candidates' ability to express themselves in written English. Candidates were given a prompt and had to write an essay or a short passage based on the given topic. The exam assessed their organization, coherence, clarity, and grammatical accuracy in conveying their thoughts effectively.Section 4: TranslationThis section challenged candidates' translation skills. It required them to translate English sentences into Chinese accurately and vice versa. The goal was to evaluate their understanding of both languages and their ability to convey meaning while maintaining linguistic accuracy.Conclusion:The 1997 English postgraduate entrance exam was a comprehensive assessment of candidates' language skills and intellectual ability. It covered a range of areas, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, writing, and translation. By analyzing and understanding the exam's components, candidates could better prepare themselves for similar language assessments in the future.Note: The above outline provides a general structure for your article. You can expand each section and include specific examples or explanations to meet your desired word count.。

1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题答案与解析PartⅠCloze Test1.A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.C8.B9.A10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage111.D12.B13.A14.CPassage215.D16.A17.C18.BPassage319.D20.A21.A22.BPassage423.C24.D25.B26.APassage527.C28.B29.A30.DPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。

32.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。

33.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

34.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

35.这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。

这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。

SectionⅣWriting(15points)36.见分析试题精解PartⅠCloze Test一、文章总体分析本文介绍了美国临时劳动大军日益庞大这一现象及其影响。

文章一、二段介绍了美国临时就业机构雇员数量庞大和美国劳务公司的蓬勃发展。

第三段分析了临时劳动大军迅速发展造成的影响：一是使公司更具竞争性，减轻了负担。

二是使工人失去了各种福利及归属感。

二、试题具体解析1.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动词词义辨析。

文章首句指出：拥有56万雇员的劳务公司（Manpower Inc）是全球最大的临时就业机构。

紧接着，第二句又提到了每天早晨这些临时工人到美国各公司和工厂上班的情况。

我们可以想象一下：56万工人每天早晨上班的情形一定是非常浩大的。

1997年考研英语试题（卷）与答案解析1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. 42industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and tem porary workers. This “45” work force is the most important 46in American business today, and it is 47changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50that came from being a loyal employee.41. [A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42. [A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43. [A] from[B] in[C] on[D] by44. [A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45. [A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46. [A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47. [A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48. [A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49. [A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50. [A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot pa rliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He s ent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of c ourse this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some havebreathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched p eople die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of t he law’spassage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequentlythat it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social andcultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural me anings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonlygrouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system,whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mi nd-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.59. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that ________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment ofdiseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under p ressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under firefor releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the companywould launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be ________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Noth ing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close toits lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless ra te (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67. From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that ________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed atSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights existonly within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do yo u reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy andimagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1997年考研英语真题答案Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 事实并非如此, 因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的, 而这种共同认识并不存在。

西安交通大学1997硕士研究生入学考试外科试题一．名词解释1.Calot三角2.Budd-Chiari综合症3.功能性细胞外液4.腹外疝5.骨筋膜室综合症6.Drugs征阳性7.Arnold-Chiari畸形8.胸壁反常呼吸运动9.镜下血尿10.少尿和无尿二.填空1.献出移植物的个体叫____,采纳移植物的个体叫____.2.同种异体移植术后排斥反应分__类,______,_____,____.3.法乐四联症是指___________,____________,___________,___________.4.瞳孔对光反射反射弧的感触器是____,传入部分是____,反射中枢位于____,传出部分是__,效应器是____.第 1 页/共 3 页5.门静脉正常压力是_____.6.在低血压的情况下,中央静脉压低于____Kpa时表示血容量不足7.按照病变性质不同,可将急腹症归纳为以下六类____,____,____,____,____,____,8.右侧解肠癌以___,___,___,为临床主要表现.而左侧结肠癌以_____,____,___显著.9.颈椎病的四种基本分型是___,___,___,___.10.骨与关节结核好发于______,约占所有病例的一半,第二是_________三.简答题1.何为脊髓震荡(脊髓休克)?2.要学好外科,必须重视的三基是什么?简述之.3.对不能切除的肝癌的外科治疗,可挑选哪些主意?4.颅内压增高的代偿途径?5.简述风湿性二尖瓣狭窄的病理及病理分型?6.肾脏肿瘤最常见的临床表现有哪些?它常被称为什么症?最常见的尿示成份有哪几种?四.论述题1.诊断肺癌的主要主意有哪些?2.试述肾脏结核的临床表现有哪些?3.听神经鞘瘤的临床表现有哪些?4.试述腰4-5椎间盘突出症的诊断?5.患者,男,28岁,于两天前被马踢伤腹部,感脐下疼痛,6小时后疼痛加重并波及到全腹,伴恶心,呕吐,吐出大量胃内容物,查体:T:39.7C,面色苍白,出冷汗,神志淡漠.脉搏细速;全腹压痛,反跳痛,腹肌紧张,肠鸣音极弱,移动性浊音(+-),腹穿抽出混浊液体.试述目前诊断,订出治疗计划治疗原则),若手术治疗其处理原则是什么?第 3 页/共 3 页。

1997年北京师范大学经济与资源管理研究院西方经济学考研真题
一、名词解释（每词2分，共10分）
1．加速数
2．科斯定理
3．MRP
4．马歇尔冲突
5．外贸乘数
二、图形分析（10分）
借助图形说明IS曲线斜率的决定及其政策含义。

三、填空（每空1分，共10分）
1．消费者均衡条件可表示为（）。

2．比例所得税下的乘数计算公式是（）。

3．凯恩斯的货币需求函数可表示为（）。

4．自然失业率是由（）决定的。

5．汽油的价格上涨，汽车的销售量（）。

6．农产品的价格上涨，农场主的总收益（）。

7．收入政策以（）为理论出发点。

8．垄断竞争市场的主要特点是（）。

9．利润最大化的条件是（）。

10．拉弗曲线的政策含义在于（）。

四、简答题（每题10分，共30分）
1．什么是凯恩斯效应和庇古效应？
2．简述西方结构性通货膨胀理论。

3．简述需求弹性和厂商销售收入之间的关系。

五、论述题（20分）
论述西方经济学中财政政策和货币政策混合的政策效应。

这些理论对制订我国宏观经济调控政策有什么借鉴意义？
六、计算并画图（20分）
已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d＝50－5P，供给函数为Q S＝﹣10＋5P。

（1）求均衡价格和均衡数量，并做出几何图形。

（2）假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q S＝﹣5＋5P，求出相应的均衡价格和均衡数量，并在（1）图中做出图形。

（3）运用供求曲线说明供给和需求变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。

1997年西医综合真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. A1/A2型题 2. B1型题 3. C型题 4. X型题1．下列有关同一细胞兴奋传导的叙述，哪一项是错误的?A．动作电位可沿细胞膜传导到整个细胞B．传导方式是通过产生局部电流刺激未兴奋部位，使之出现动作电位C．有髓纤维的跳跃传导速度与直径成正比D．有髓纤维传导动作电位的速度比无髓纤维快E．动作电位的幅度随直径增加而降低正确答案：E解析：动作电位在同一细胞上的传导，实际上是已兴奋的膜处，通过局部电流刺激未兴奋的细胞膜，使之出现可沿细胞膜传导到整个细胞的动作电位。

由于动作电位的传导其实是沿细胞膜不断产生新的动作电位，因此它的形状和幅度在长距离传导中保持不变，其幅度不会随神经纤维直径增加而降低(E错)。

有髓纤维是沿郎飞结的跳跃式传导，其传导速度比无髓纤维快得多(D)。

有髓纤维的跳跃式传导速度与其直径成正比。

2．下列关于神经纤维膜上Na+通道的叙述，哪一项是错误的?A．是电压门控的B．在去极化达阈电位时，可引起正反馈C．有开放和关闭两种状态D．有髓纤维，主要分布在郎飞结处E．与动作电位的去极相有关正确答案：C解析：Na+通道是电压门控的，静息状态下，处于关闭状态；当去极化达阈电位水平时，Na+通道开放(E对)，通过正反馈机制使更多的Ns+通道开放，产生动作电位，形成动作电位的上升支。

之后，Na+通道失活、关闭，形成动作电位的下降支。

因此Na+通道有备用、激活和失活三种状态(C错)。

注意：Na+通道对离子的导通只有开放和关闭两种状态。

在有髓纤维，两段髓鞘之间有1～2μm的轴突膜裸露区，称郎飞结，该处膜上的Na+通道密集，容易产生动作电位，使得有髓纤维的动作电位沿郎飞结跳跃式传导，因此其传导速度要比无髓纤维快得多。

3．心室肌细胞动作电位平台期，主要是由哪些离子跨膜运动形成的?A．Na+内流，Cl-外流B．Na+内流，K+外流C．Na+内流，Cl-内流D．Ca2+内流，K+外流E．K+内流，Ca2+外流正确答案：D解析：参阅[2004N095、96]。

1997英语试题1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and Vocabulary Part A Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) 1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds,________ could go penniless by next year.[A] the larger one [B] the larger of which [C] the largest one [D] the largest of which2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ withother elements, most commonly with oxygen.[A] combined [B] having combined [C] combine [D] being combined3. Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, ________ to thefamily’s disappoin tment.[A] much [B] more [C] too much [D] much more4. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I________ fully occupied the whole of last week.[A] were [B] had been [C] have been [D] was5. Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be ________ near what’s needed.[A] everywhere [B] somewhere [C] nowhere [D] anywhere6. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates________ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and [B] as [C] but [D] or7. He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant onthe subject. ________ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.[A] What little [B] So much [C] How much [D] So little8. Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to becomereconciled ________ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.[A] for [B] on [C] to [D] in9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.[A] adding [B] to have added [C] to add [D] added10. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and AmericanEnglish are so trivial and few as hardly ________.[A] noticed [B] to be noticed[C] being noticed [D] to notice Part B Directions:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products. Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11. Although Profess or Green’s lectures usually ran over [A] the fifty minute [B]period, but none [C] of his students even [D] objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting. 12. When [A] Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off [B] all power [C] in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of [D] this great man. 13. They pointed out [A] the damage which [B] they supposed that [C] had beendone by last night’s [D] storm. 14. Because of [A] the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming [B] in the river unless [C] someone agrees to watch [D] over us. 15. A great many [A] teachers firmly [B] believe that English is one of the poorest taught [C] subjects in high schools at present. [D] 16. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound produced [A] ability, organizing [B] two sounds delivered [C] at a high rate as one call. [D] 17. I thought the technician was to blame [A] for the blowing [B] of the fuse, but I see now how [C] I was [D] mistaken. 18. For him to be re elected, [A] what is essential is not that his policy works, [B] but that [C] the public believe that it is. [D] 19. As far as [A] I am concerned, his politics are [B] rather conservative compared [C] with other politicians.[D] 20. I’d say whenever you are going [A] after something that is belonging [B] to you, anyone who is depriving [C] you of the right to have it is criminal. [D] Part C Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choicesmarked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway. [A] vanished [B] scattered [C] abandoned [D] rejected The sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them________.[A] off [B] aside [C] out [D] down22. The wealth of a country should be measured ________ the health and happinessof its people as well as the material goods it can produce.[A] in line with [B] in terms of [C] in regard with [D] by means of23. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ________ on what hepromises.[A] faith [B] belief [C] credit[D] reliance24. My students found the book ________: it provided them with an abundance ofinformation on the subject.[A] enlightening [B] confusing [C] distracting [D] amusing25. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financialsystem will ________ down the economy.[A] put [B] settle [C] drag [D] knock26. In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointly controlledby a central computer system.[A] independently [B] individually [C] irrespectively [D] irregularly27. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce thechange, or causes energy to be ________ in some form.[A] given off [B] put out [C] set off [D] used up28. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to workhard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually ________.[A] shrink [B] delay [C] disperse [D] sink29. American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to________ enterprises.[A] moveable [B] changing [C] flexible [D] varying30. If you know what the trouble is, why don’t you help them to ________ thesituation?[A] simplify [B] modify [C] verify [D] rectify31. I can’t ________ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshlypicked this morning.[A] figure out [B] draw out [C] look out [D] work out32. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat________.[A] disapproval [B] rejection [C] refusal [D] decline33. From this material we can ________ hundreds of what you may call directproducts.[A] derive [B] discern [C] diminish [D] displace34. She had clearly no ________ of doing any work, although she was very wellpaid.[A] tendency [B] ambition [C] intention [D] willingness35. What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ________ athird time.[A] clean and measurable [B] notable and systematic [C] pure and wholesome [D] clear and organic36. The public opinion was that the time was not ________ for the election of such aradical candidate as Mr. Jones.[A] reasonable [B] ripe [C] ready [D] practical37. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ________ of hunger.[A] sensation [B] cause [C] purpose [D] motive38. For the new country to survive, ________ for its people to enjoy prosperity, neweconomic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B] let alone [C] not to speak [D] let’s say39. Foreign disinvestment and the ________ of South Africa from world capitalmarkets after 1985 further weakened its economy.[A] displacement [B] elimination [C] exclusion [D] exception40. When a number of people ________ together in a conversational knot, eachindividual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.[A] pad [B] pack [C] squeeze[D] cluster Section II: Cloze Test Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people __41__ into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. __42__ industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive __43__ reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.__44__ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This __45__ work force is the most important __46__ in American business today, and it is __47__ changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive __48__ avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens __49__ by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of __50__ that came from being a loyal employee. 41. [A] swarm[B] stride [C] separate [D] slip 42. [A] For[B] Because [C] As [D] Since 43. [A] from[B] in [C] on [D] by44. [A] Even though[B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that45. [A] durable[B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable 46. [A] approach[B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend 47. [A] instantly[B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently 48. [A] but[B] while [C] and [D] whereas 49. [A] imposed[B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined 50. [A] excitement[B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importanceSection III: Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points) Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and theAustralian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law [D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means ________.[A] observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the futureof euthanasia [B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries [C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes [D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop。