2006年山东青岛科技大学高分子化学考研真题A卷

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. 青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷（A 卷）
考试科目：高等代数（答案全部写在答题纸上）
一．（30分）设向量组12:,,,r A ααα线性无关，且可由向量组12:,,,s B βββ线性表示，试证① r s ≤，② 适当地排列向量组B 中向量的次序，使得以向量组A 替换B 中前r 个向量后得到的向量组:C 12,,
,r ααα1,,,r s ββ+与向量组B 等价。

二．（30分）设秩为r 的矩阵r n A ⨯的各行向量是某一齐次线性方程组的一个基础解系，B 是r r ⨯非奇异矩阵，试证：BA 的各行向量也是该齐次线性方程组的基础解系。

三．（30分）设a b A c d ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭是一复矩阵，1A =且0a ≠，①试将矩阵A 表示成若干个初等矩阵的
乘积。

②将A 表示成形如101x ⎛⎫
⎪⎝⎭与101x ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭
的初等矩阵的乘积。

四．（30分）设A 是n 阶复矩阵，若有正整数m ，使得m n A E =（n E 是单位阵）。

证明：①A 与对角阵相似。

②求A 的最小多项式与A 的全部特征值。

五．（15分）设()A λ是5阶
λ-矩阵，()4r a n k A =，()A λ的初等因子组为()322,,,1,1,1λλλλλλ-++，试求①()A λ的不变因子。

②写出()A λ的标准形。

六．（15分）设12,,,m e e e 是n 维欧氏空间n V 的标准正交向量组，证明对任意的向量u ∈n V 都有()2
21,m i
i u e u =≤∑。

（其中（,i u e ）表示u 和i e 的数积）。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试（A ）考试科目：电子技术（答案全部写在答题纸上）一、填空题（20分，每空1分） 1. 判断下列说法是否正确在答题纸上写明题号，用“√”和“×”表示判断结果。

（1） 在P 型半导体中如果掺入足够量的五价元素，可将其改型为N 型半导体。

（ ） （2） 电路中各电量的交流成份是交流信号源提供的；（ ）（3） 现测得两个共射放大电路空载时的电压放大倍数均为－100，将它们连成两级放大电路，其电压放大倍数应为10000。

( )（4） 运放的输入失调电压U IO 是两输入端电位之差。

( ) （5） 运放的输入失调电流I IO 是两输入端电流之差。

( )（6） 若放大电路的放大倍数为负，则引入的反馈一定是负反馈。

（ ）（7）负反馈放大电路的放大倍数与组成它的基本放大电路的放大倍数量纲相同。

（ ） （8）若放大电路引入电压负反馈，则负载电阻变化时，输出电压基本不变。

（ ）（9）在运算电路中，集成运放的反相输入端均为虚地。

（ ） （10）凡是运算电路都可利用“虚短”和“虚断”的概念求解运算关系。

（ ）（11）只要电路引入了正反馈，就一定会产生正弦波振荡。

（ ）（12）若U 2为电源变压器副边电压的有效值，则半波整流电容滤波电路和全波整流电容滤波电路在空载时的输出电压均为22U 。

（ ）2. 在图1所示电路中， 已知 V C C ＝12V ，晶体管的β＝100，'b R ＝100k Ω。

填空：要求先填文字表达式后填得数。

（1）当iU &＝0V 时，测得U B E Q ＝0.7V ，若要基极电流I B Q ＝20μA ，则'b R 和R W 之和R b ＝（ ）≈（ ）k Ω； 而若测得U C E Q ＝6V ，则R c ＝（ ）≈（ ）k Ω。

（2）若测得输入电压有效值i U =5mV 时，输出电压有效值'o U ＝0.6V ， 则电压放大图 1倍数uA &＝（ ）≈（ ） 。

Cryhsc青岛科技大学2006年无机化学生活需要游戏，但不能游戏人生；生活需要歌舞，但不需醉生梦死；生活需要艺术，但不能投机取巧；生活需要勇气，但不能鲁莽蛮干；生活需要重复，但不能重蹈覆辙。

-----无名青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷（A卷）考试科目：无机化学（答案全部写在答题纸上）一选择题(每小题1. 5 分，共30分)1．当基态原子的第四电子层只有1个电子时，则原子的n=3、l=2的原子轨道上的电子数为A. 肯定为10个B. 肯定为8个C. 肯定为8～10个D. 肯定为5～10个2．中心离子（或原子）杂化方式不同的一组是A. SO42-与CCI2F2B.H2O与NF3C. [Co(NH3)6]3-与[CoF6]3-D. BF3与BI33. 下列说法正确的是A. 物体的温度高，含的热量不一定多B. △rS 为正值的反应均是自发反应C. 反应分子数增加的反应△rS为正值D. 若△rH与△rS 均为正值，当温度升高时对正反应有利4．已知在298.15K、101.325kPa时，A+B→C+D △rHθm = 70 kJ·mol–1, 3C+3D→2N △r Hθm = –20 kJ·mol –1, 则A+B→2/3N 的△r Hθm是kJ·mol–1A . –63.3 B. –126.7 C. 63.3 D. 126.75. 在298.2K时MgO(s)＋CO2＝MgCO3(s)，若Kθ＝26，此时CO2的平衡分压为kPa (Pθ=101kPa)A. 26B. 1/ 26C. 3.88D. 1/3.886. 下列说法正确的是A. 质量作用定律适用于任何反应B. 体系的焓变等于恒压反应热C. 反应的活化能越大，反应速率也越大D. 热是状态函数7. PH＝14时，水做氧化剂的半反应为A. O2 ＋4H＋＋4e ＝2H2OB. 2H＋＋2e ＝H2C. O2 ＋2H2O＋4e＝4OH－D. H2O＋e ＝1/2 H2＋OH－8. 下列物质中存在Π34键的是A. CO32–B. SO2C. SO32–D.ClO4–9. 下列物质的颜色不是绿色的是A. K2MnO4B. Cr3+C. KI3D. Hg2I210. 下列分子或离子中，空间构型不是直线形的是A. XeF2B. I3–C. OF2D. CO211.下列分子或离子中空间构型是平面三角形的是A. NH3B. CO32–C. NF3D. SiO44–12. Na2S2O3 不与下列物质起反应的是A. KIB. AgBrC. I2D. HClE. NaI313. 反应A+B→C，使用正催化剂下列热力学参数不变化的是A . v正 B. k正C. K⊕ D. v逆14. 下列物质的颜色不是黄色的是A.PbI2B. Hg I2C.K2CrO4D. K2Cr2O715. 下列说法不正确的是A. 共价键的键长等于成键原子的共价半径之和B. 极性分子中一定含有极性键C. 杂化中分子的几何形状由杂化轨道的杂化方式决定D.乙炔分子的C≡C中只有一个σ键16．下列微粒中某电子的运动状态（用n，l，m，m s ）表述合理的是A.（3，-1，1，-?）B.（3 ，2，0，-?）C.（3，0，1，-?）D.（3，1，-2，-?）17.在下列物质的饱和溶液中，溶解度(用mol·L-1表示)最大的是A.AgCI(k⊕sp＝1.8×10–1 0 )B. BaSO4（k⊕sp＝1.1×10–1 0 ）C. Ag2CrO4 (k⊕sp＝9.0×10–15 )D. AI (OH)3(k⊕sp＝1.2×10–18 )18 . 欲从含少量Cu2+的ZnSO4溶液中除去Cu2+，最好加入下列哪种试剂？A. NaOH B . 氨水 C. H2S D. Zn19. 升高反应温度，使反应速度加快的原因是A. 分子数目增加B. 反应系统混乱度增加C. 活化分子百分数增加D. 分子的碰撞速度加快20. 下列溶液中的反应，没有颜色变化的是A. Hg2I2和I–B. Mn2+ 和NaBiO3C. [Co(NH3)6]2+置于空气中D. 硫酸铜溶液中加入过量氨水二．填空题（每空1分，共35分）1. 某原子最后填充的是5个n＝3，l＝2的电子，该原子是，核外电子排布式是＿＿，处于周期表中的位置（周期和族）。

青岛科技大学2005年研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：化工原理A （答案全部写在答题纸上）一、 （20分)如图所示，用泵将水从贮槽送至敞口高位槽，两槽液面均恒定不变，输送管路尺寸为φ83×3.5mm ，泵的进出口管道分别安装有真空表和压力表，真空表安装位置离贮槽的水面高度H 1为4.8m ，压力表安装位置离贮槽的水面高度为H 2为5m 。

当输水量为36m 3/h 时，进水管道全部阻力损失为1.96J/kg ，出水管道全部阻力损失为 4.9J/kg （均包括局部阻力），压力表读数为 2.452×105Pa ，泵的效率为70%，水的密度ρ为1000kg/m 3，试求：（1） 两槽液面的高度H 为多少？（2） 泵所需要的实际功率为多少kW ？（3） 真空表的读数为多少kgf/cm 2？二、（10分）一种测定粘度的仪器由一钢球及玻璃筒组成。

测试时筒内充被测液体，记录钢球下落一定距离的时间，球的直径为6mm ，下落距离为200mm ，测试一种糖浆时记下的时间间隔为7.32秒，此糖浆的密度为1300 kg/m 3，钢球的密度为7900 kg/m 3，求此糖浆的粘度是多少厘泊。

三、（20分）在套管换热器中用120℃的饱和蒸汽于环隙间冷凝以加热管内湍流的苯。

苯的流量为4000kg/h ，比热容为1.9kJ/(kg ·℃)，温度从30℃升至60℃。

蒸汽冷凝传热系数为1×104W/(m 2·℃),换热管内侧污垢热阻为4×10-4m 2·℃/W ，忽略管壁热阻、换热管外侧污垢热阻及热损失。

换热管为φ54×2mm 的钢管，有效长度为12m 。

试求：（1）饱和蒸汽流量（其冷凝潜热为2204kJ/kg ）；（2）管内苯的对流传热系数αi ；（3）当苯的流量增加50%、但其他条件维持不变时，苯的出口温度为若干？四、(20分)用连续精馏塔分离某双组分物系，原料液组成为0.20（摩尔分率，下同），流量为150kmol/h 。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷（A）（答案全部写在答题纸上）考试科目：高分子化学与物理高分子化学部分：一、回答下列问题（35分，每题5分）1请写出萘-钠/THF引发体系引发苯乙烯聚合的各步反应方程式。

此体系是否为活性聚合体系？所得到的聚苯乙烯分子量如何计算，写出表达式。

2请写出BPO引发MMA自由基聚合各基元反应（链引发、链增长、偶合终止、歧化终止）方程式。

已知MMA以歧化终止为主，请你根据所写的基元反应方程式给出一个可能的解释。

3自由基聚合出现自动加速现象时，聚合速率是增加还是减少？聚合物分子量是增加还是减少？自由基寿命是增加还是减少？4阳离子聚合的特点是什么？请写出BF/HO引发体系引发异丁烯聚合时，链增长末端与反离子碎23片结合终止的反应方程式。

5请写出3-甲基-1-丁烯在低温下阳离子聚合的可能结构。

6请用平面锯齿结构及费歇尔投影式表达全同聚丙烯的结构。

7 两单体M、M共聚合时，r=0.4; r=0.6, 比较两单体的相对活性。

2112二、写出下列聚合物的合成反应式（选做三题）（15分，每题五分）1 尼龙-6,62 丁腈橡胶3 聚乙烯醇4 聚环氧乙烷5 苯乙烯/马来酸酐交替共聚物三、已知两单体进行自由基共聚的竞聚率为r=0.52, r=0.46, 试画出共聚物组成曲线，说明应采取21何种措施方可使产物的组成控制在要求的F=0.50，并得到组成均一的产物。

（10分）1四、用1摩尔的己二酸与1摩尔的己二胺反应制备尼龙-6,6。

若欲制得聚合度为100的缩聚物，试求体系中所允许的水的残留分数是多少？以及相应的反应程度是多少？已知平衡常数K=280。

（15分）高分子物理部分：五、简答题(每小题6分，共30分)1.简述高聚物共混物的聚集态结构的主要特点。

2.玻璃态高聚物在外力下发生强迫高弹形变的原因和条件。

两者为何不相容?=9.73）（卡／ｃｍCH，CI：δ（卡／ｃｍ）10.98 3.PVC：δ=2 24.聚合３３1/21/2物熔体大多数属于哪种非牛顿流体?其主要特点是什么?5.简述分子量对Tg和T 的影响。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷(A)考试科目：分析化学 （答案全部写在答题纸上）一、选择题（共30 分，每题1分）1. 测定某试样时，因所使用试剂中含有微量被测组分引起的误差，应采用何种方法减免?A) 用标准试样对照 B) 用人工合成样对照 C) 空白试验 D) 加入回收试验2. 已知H 3PO 4 的p K b1、p K a2、 p K b3分别为1.64、7.20、11.88，则p K a1+ p K b2为A) 11.88 B) 6.80 C) 14.00 D) 8.923. 某二元弱酸H 2A 的p K a1、p K a2分别为2.28、5.13，则在该酸的分布曲线中δH2A 与δA 相等点的pH 值为A) 7.41 B) 3.70 C) 11.10 D) 5.554. 现要用EDTA 滴定法测定含有Mg 2+与Ca 2+的某水样中Ca 2+ 的含量，应控制被测液的pH 值A) 10左右 B) 5 ~ 6 C) 大于12 D) 小于35. 用双指示剂法测定某含有NaOH 或NaHCO 3或Na 2CO 3或混合物的样品，若先以酚酞指示剂耗去盐酸V 1 mL ，继续以甲基橙指示剂时耗去盐酸V 2 mL ，已知V 1=2V 2，则溶液中碱的组成为A) Na 2CO 3 B) NaHCO 3+Na 2CO 3 C) NaOH+Na 2CO 3 D)NaHCO 36. 氨盐中氮的测定，常用浓H 2SO 4分解试样，再加浓NaOH 将NH 3蒸馏出来，用一定量过量的HCl 来吸收，剩余的HCl 再用NaOH 标液滴定，则化学计量点的pH 在下列哪种范围?A) 强酸性 B) 弱酸性 C) 强碱性 D) 弱碱性7. 以FeSO 4溶液滴定0.02000 mol/L Ce(SO 4)2溶液至化学计量点时，Ce(SO 4)2与FeSO 4的体积比为0.5000，FeSO 4溶液的浓度为(mol/L)A) 0.01000 B) 0.02000 C) 0.03000 D) 0.040008. 浓度为0.1 mol ⋅L -1的下列各物质，不能用NaOH 标准溶液直接滴定的是A) HCOOH ( K a = 1.8⨯10-4 ) B) NH 4Cl ( NH 3⋅H 2O 的 K b = 1.8⨯10-5 )C) 邻苯二甲酸氢钾 ( K a2 = 2.9⨯10-6 ) D) 盐酸苯胺 ( K b = 4.6⨯10-10 )9. 以0.20 mol ⋅L -1 HCl 滴定0.20 mol ⋅L -1 弱碱A - ( p K b = 2 )，化学计量点时的pH 值为A) 4.5 B) 6.5 C) 7.5 D) 9.510. 用HCl 标准溶液滴定0.1 mol ⋅L -1的A 2-，已知H 2A 的p K a 1= 3.0，p K a 2 = 13，最合适的指示剂的p K HIn 为A) 1.7 B) 3.4 C) 5.0 D) 8.311. 有一组测量值，其总体标准偏差σ未知，要判断此分析方法是否可靠，应该用哪一种方法？A) 格鲁布斯法 B) t 检验法 C) F 检验法 D) 4d 法12. 某酸度下的EDTA 溶液中，H 2Y 2-的酸效应系数α = 28，则该离子在溶液中所占的百分比为A) 36.0% B) 28.0% C) 2.80% D) 3.57%13. 在pH 为10的氨性溶液中，已知)NH (Zn 3α= 104.7，)OH (Zn α=102.4，αY (H)= 100.5，lg K ZnY = 16.5。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷A青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷A考试科目：基础英语(答案全部写在答题纸上)I.Structure and Vocabulary (18 points)Directions: Complete each of the sentences with the most likely answer.1.Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained ________ into account before starting a new project.A. be takenB. were takenC. should takeD. had been taken2.We can assign the task to __________ is capable and trustworthy.A. whomeverB. whoC. whomD. whoever3.The Smithsonian Institution preserves more than sixty-five million items of scientific, historical, or artistic interest, __________ winning the popular title, ―attic of the nation‖.A. howeverB. andC. thusD. moreover4.We came early and had to wait two hours before the ceremony began. We _______.A. should not hurryB. must ho have hurriedC. need not hurryD. need not have hurried5._________, the white mountain goat is an extremely sure-footed animal that escapes from its predators by living in the most rugged, rockylandscapes.A. Rarely seenB. Having been rarely seenC. Being rarely seenD. Rarely to be seen6. Nick would certainly have got there on time _________.A. if the flat tire hadn‘t happ enedB. if he didn‘t get a flat tireC. had he not had a flat tireD. had the tire hadn‘t flattened its elf7. Most electronic devices of this kind, _______ manufactured for suchpurposes, are tightly packed.A. that areB. as areC. which isD. it is8. ffice:smarttags" />Britain‘s press is unusual ________ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper: the quality press and the popular press.A. in howB. in whatC. in whichD. in that9. _________ he needed money for his mother‘s operation, the driver resisted the temptation to keep the fat wallet a customer had left behind in the car.A. Much asB. So muchC. As muchD. Much so10. I wouldn‘t say I was a non-believer, but I don‘t have any burning religious______.A. certaintyB. convictionsC. superiorityD. rebellion11. He believed that age alone would not ________ him from standing as a candidate.A. contriveB. interveneC. suppressD. preclude12. Most people believe that parenthood is an experience nothing else can _______.A. compileB. duplicateC. imitateD. compete13. Breathing polluted air may _______ affect an individual‘s respiratory capac ity.A. detrimentallyB. consequentlyC. occasionallyD. inadvertentl y14. Einstein‘s work provided the _______ for a major shift i n the fieldof physics.A. cradleB. efficiencyC. impetusD. proficiency15. Research suggests that children who leave primary school without a firm grounding in ______ and numeracy never catch up.A. etiquetteB. characterC. personalityD. literacy16. The most _______ of all Olympic events is the decathlon.A. exhilaratingB. gruesomeC. gruelingD. creative17. Shakespear‘s plays are ________ to variou s interpretations.A. compatibleB. incredulousC. susceptibleD. imperative18. Official business requirements obviously take ________ over personalrequests.A. priorityB. orientationC. prestigeD. collaborationII. Paraphrase the following sentences (20 points)1.Conversation is not for making a point.2.The phrase, ―the King‘s English‖, has always been used a littlepejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.3.This peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4.…before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.5.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead ofits terrors.6.…while Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change‘s sake.7.The universalizing imperative of technology is irresistible.8.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit.9.The propaganda for abolition speaks in hushed tones of the sanctity of human life.10.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailingAmerican trends.III. Identify the rhetorical devices in the following sentences (10 points)1. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.2.We can batten down and ride it out.3. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, liftedthe entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.4.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away.5.Wind and rain now whipped the house.6.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.7.Blowndown power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.8.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.9.You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars andthe constellations of outer space.10.And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.IV. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese (16 points) Some battles have been won or lost because the commander of a large force, arriving late, decided almost at the last moment to change sides. I feel that a powerful section of English workers, together with their union bosses, is in the same situation as that commander just before he could m ake up his mind. These men believe t hat if there is a ―Good Life‘ going, then it‘s high time they had their share of it. But some remaining English ness in them whispers that there may be a catch in it. Where‘s this ?Good life‘ in sweating your guts out, just becau se themanagers are on the p ro ductivity-per-man-hour caper? It‘s all a racket anyhow. If we don‘t work li ke the old man used to do, we‘re not turning out the honest stuff the old man was expected to turn out. It‘s the profit now, not the product.V. Reading Comprehension (46 points)Directions : There are five passages in this part. Each passage is followed b y some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four ch oices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then write your choice on the answer sheet.Passage 1I cry easily. I once burst into tears when the curtain came down on the Kirov Ballet's Swan Lake. I still choke up every time I see a film of Roger Bannister breaking the "impossible" four minute mark for the mile. I figure I am moved by witnessing men and women at their best. But they need not be great men and women, doing great things.Take the night, some years ago, when my wife and I were going to din ner at a friend's house in New York city. It was sleeting. As we hurried towa rd the house, with its welcoming light, I noticed a car pulling out from the cu rb. Just ahead, another car was waiting to back into the parking space -- a rar e commodity in crowded Manhattan. But before he could do so another car ca me up from behind, and sneaked into the spot. That's dirty pool, I thought.While my wife went ahead into our friend's house, I stepped into the str eet to give the guilty driver a piece of my mind. A man in work clothes rolle d down the window."Hey," I said, "this parking space belongs to that guy," I gestured toward the man ahead, who was looking back angrily. Ithought I was being a good Samaritan, I guess -- and I remember that the moment I was feeling pretty manly in my new trench coat."Mind your own business!" the driver told me."No," I said. "You don't understand. That fellow was waiting to back intothis space."Things quickly heated up, until finally he leaped out of the car. My God, he was colossal. He grabbed me and bent me back over the hood of his car a s if I was a rag doll. The sleet stung my face. I glanced at the other driver, l ooking for help, but he gunned his engine and hightailed it out of there.The huge man shook his rock of a fist to me, brushing my lip and cutting the inside of my mouth against my teeth. I tasted blood. I was terrified. He snarled and threatened, and then told me to beat it.Almost in a panic, I scrambled to my friend's front door. As a former Mar ine, as a man, I felt utterly humiliated. Seeing that I was shaken, my wife an d friends asked me what had happened. All I could bring myself to say was t hat I had an argument about a parking space. They had the sensitivity to let it go at that.I sat stunned. Perhaps half an hour later, the doorbell rang. My blood ran cold. For some reason I was sure that the bruiser had returned for me. My ho stess got up to answer it, but I stopped her. I felt morally bound to answer it myself.I walked down the hallway with dread. Yet I knew I had to face up to m y fear. I opened the door. There he stood, towering. Behind him, the sleet ca me down harder than ever."I came back to apologize," he said in a low voice. "When I got home, I said to myself, 'what right I have to do that?' I'mashamed of myself. All I ca n tell you is that the Brooklyn Navy Yard is closing. I've worked there for ye ars. And today I got laid off. I'm not myself. I hope you'll accept my apology. "I often remember that big man. I think of the effort and courage it took f or him to come back to apologize. He was man at last.And I remember that after I closed the door, my eyes blurred, as I stood i n the hallway for a few moments alone.1. On what occasion is the author likely to be moved?A. A young person cheated of the best things in life.B. A genius athlete breaks a world record.C. A little girl suffers from an incurable disease.D. When the curtain comes down on a touching play.2. What does "dirty pool" at the end of the second paragraph mean?A. Improper deedsB. BriberyC. ChicaneryD. Dirty transaction3. Why didn't the writer's wife and friends insist on asking him what had reall y happened?A. They sensed that something terrible happened.B. They were afraid that the writer might lose face if they insisted.C. It was not their business.D. They tried to calm the writer in this way.4. What touched the writer in the end?A. The big man's courage to admit his mistake.B. The big man's sincerity and confession.C. The big man's wretched experience.D. The man at his best.Passage 2In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between m otivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range of perception.Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading fro m the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops f rom belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awar eness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the exi stence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cogniti on of these objects has been previously demonstrated.In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivat ed. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; it s removal will result in the cessation of that action. Studies have shown no ev idence of the infant's frustration; rather, it appears that the infant ceases to des ire the object when he cannot see it. Further indications are that the infant's at tention to the attractive object increase as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy and another is presented, he is likely to drop the fi rst in order to clutch the second. Often, once he has the one desired in his ha nds, he loses attention and turns to something else.In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational,although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, compo sition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, t he mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events.The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and so cial group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will o ften be the overriding influence.The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cogni tive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Au diting develop first, reading and writing much later on. Not only is this eviden t in the development of the individual being from infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewin g before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of lang uage. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors to intelligiblevocal c ommunication.From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warni ngs of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognit ive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society.5. How does the child develop his perception?A. His strong motivations give rise to perception.B. He holds the conviction that things around him are parts of an extended body andlater on gives it up.C. Parents and teachers play a key role in his development of cognition.D. He believes that objects around him are dependent on his perception.6. What stimulates adults' motivational cognition?A. Predictable presence of opportunities.B. Visible signs of opportunities.C. Instigators.D. Approachable information.7. What is the influence of socialization process?A. It may produce tension.B. It may produce extreme emotion.C. It may reduce one's cognitively guided behaviors.D. all of the above.8. What links cognitive development to the needs of society?A. Practical purpose.B. Natural human cognitive development.C. Language.D. Sending or receiving messages.Passage 3Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global ―c onveyor belt‖ redistributes ocean organisms. It‘s a planetwide biological disrupti on that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton –an oceanographer at Williams College in Williams town, M ass. –explains that, at any given moment, ―there are several thou sand [marine] species [traveling] … in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move fro m coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where so me of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infa mous invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.Such voracious invaders at least make their presence known. What concer ns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly –or every ben eficially –join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuri es. They have cl ung to hulls and come along with cargo. What‘ new is the sc ale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water –taken in to provide ship stability –continuously moving around the world….Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of o ne port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilomet ers away. A single load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. Thecreatures that come alo ng tend to be in their larva freefloating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps i n coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for t he North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it world wide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would nee d a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the black Sea. It has destroyed that sea‘s anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to we stern and northern European waters.The marit ime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should su pport a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it.9. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms areA. being moved to new environments.B. destroying the planet.C. succumbing to the zebra mussel.D. developing alien characteristics.10. Oceanographers are concerned becauseA. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limited.B. they believe the oceans are dying.C. they fear an invasion from outer-space.D. they have identified thousands of alien webs.11. According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine speciesA. may upset the ecosystems of coastal waters.B. are all compatible with one another.C. can only survive in their home waters.D. sometimes disrupt shipping lanes.12. The identified cause of the problem isA. the rapidity with which larvae mature.B. a common practice of the shipping industry.C. a centuries old species.D. the world wide movement of ocean currents.13. The article suggests that a solution to the problemA. is unlikely to be identified.B. must precede further research.C. is hypothetically easy.D. will limit global shipping.Passage 4And so I am to write a story—but of what, and where? Shall it be radia nt with the sky of Italy or eloquent with the beau ideal of Greece? Shall it br eathe odor and languor from the orient, or chivalry from the occident? or gaye ty from France? or vigor from England? No, no; these are all too old—my o wn New England; the land of bright fires and strong hearts; the land of deeds, and not of words; the land of fruits, and not of flowers; the land often spoke n against, yet always respected: ― the latchet of whose shoes the nations of th e earth are not worthy to unloose.‖Now from this very heroic apostrophe, you may suppose that I have some thing very heroic to tell. By no means. It is merely a little introductory breeze of patriotism, such as occasionally brushes over every mind, bearing on its wi ngs the remembranceof all we ever loved and cherished in the land of our ea rly years; and if it should seem to be rodomontade to any people in other p art s of the earth, let them only imagine it to be said about ―Old Kentucky‖, ―Ol d England‖, or any other corner of the world in which they happened to be b orn and they will find it quite rational.But, as touching our story, it is time to begin. Did you ever see the little village of Newbury, in New England? I dare say you never did; for it was j ust one of those out-of-the-way places where nobody ever came unless they ca me on purpose: a green little hollow, wedged like a bird‘s next between half a doze n high hills, that kept off the wind and kept out foreigners; so that the little place was s straitly sui generis as if there were not another in the world. The inhabitants were all of that respectable old steadfast family who make it a point to be born, bred, married, to die, and be buried all in the selfsame sp ot. There were just so many houses, and just so many people lived in them; a nd nobody ever seemed to be sick, or to die either, at least while I was there. The natives grew old till they could not grow any older, and then they stood still, and lasted from generation to generation. There was, too, an unchangeabi lity about all the externals of Newbury. Here was a red house, and there was a brown house, and across the way was a yellow house; and there was a straggling rail fence or a tribe of mullein stalks between. The minister lived here, and Squire Moses lived there, and Deacon Hart lived under the hill, and Mes srs. Nadab and Abihu Peters lived by the crossroad, and the old ―wider‖ Smit h lived b y the meeting-house, and Ebenezer Camp kept a shoemaker‘s shop on one side, and Patience Mosely kept a m illiner‘s shop in front;and there was old Comfort Scran, who kept a store for the whole town, and sold axeheads, brass thimbles, licorice balls, fancy handkerchiefs, and everything else you can think of. Here, too, was the general post-office, where you might see letters marvelously folded, directed wrong side upward, stamped with a thimble, and s uperscribed to some of the Dollys, or Pollys, or Peters, or Moseses aforename d or not named.For the rest, as to manners, morals, arts, and sciences, the people in New bury always went to their parties at three o‘clock in the afternoon, and came home before dark; always stopped all work the minute the sun was down on Saturday night; always went to meeting on Sunday; had a schoolhouse with all the ordinary inconveniences; were in neighborly charity with each other; read their Bibles, feared their God, and were content with such things as they had —the best philosophy, after all.14.In the first paragraph the author contrasts the East and the West asA.indolent and gallant.B. charming and rude.C. foreign and familiar.D. passive and aggressive.15. In the second paragraph we can see that the author assumes her readersA. prefer rigorous arguments.B. share similar feelings.C. need a lot of persuading.D. dislike figurative language.16. The author chooses New England as her subject matter because sheknows it well and because its inhabitants areA. talkative rather than diligent.B. productive rather than self-indulgent.C. romantic rather than serious.D. charming rather than admired.17. The facts in the passage indicate that village of Newbury isA. accustomed to seeing vagabonds.B. a densely populated area.C. socially and politically progressive.D. located in a remote part of the country.18. The author‘s view of Newbury isA. retrospective.B. detached.C. impartial.D. skeptical.Passage 5Just over 10 years ago, Ingmar Bergman announced that the widely acclai med Fanny and Alexander would mark his last hurrah as s filmmaker. Althoug h some critics had written him off as earnest but ponderous, others were sadde ned by the departure of an artist who had explored cinematic moods –from h igh tragedy to low comedy –during his four-decade career.What nobody foresaw was that Bergman would find a variety of ways to circumvent his own retirement –directing television movies, staging theater pro ductions, and writing screenplays for other filmmakers to direct. His latest ente rprise as a screenwriter, Sunday’s Children, completes a trilogy of family-orient ed movies that began with Fanny and Alexander and continued with The Best Intentions written by Bergman and directed by Danish filmmaker Bille August.Besides dea ling with members of Bergman‘s family in byg one times –it begins a few years after The Best Intentions leaves off –the new picture was directed by Daniel Bergman, his youngest son. Although it lacks the urgency a nd originality of the elder Bergman‘s grea test achievements, such as The Silen ce and Persona, it has enough visual and emotional interest to make a worthy addition to his body of work.Set in rural Sweden during the late 1920s, the story centers on a young b oy named Pu, clearly modeled on Ingmar Bergman himself. Pu‘s father is a co untry clergyman whose duties include traveling to the capital and ministering t o the royal family. While this is an enviable position, it doesn‘t assuage probl ems in the pastor‘s marriage. Pu is young enough to be fa irly oblivious to suc h difficulties, but his awareness grows with the passage of time. So do the su btle tensions that mark Pu‘s own relationship with his father, whose desire to show affection and compassion is hampered by a certain stiffness in his demea nor and chilliness in his emotions.The film‘s m ost resonant passages take place when Pu learns to see his f ather with new clarity while accompanying him on a cross-country trip to another parish. In a remarkable change of tone, this portion of the story is punctua ted with flash-forwards to a time 40 years in the future, showing the relations hip between parent and child to be dramatically reversed. The father is now ca red for by the son, and desires a forgiveness for past shortcomings that the yo unger man resolutely refuses to grant.Brief and abrupt though they are, these scenes make a pungent contrast w ith the sunny landscapes and comic interludes in the early part of the movie.Sunday’s Children is a film of many levels, and all are skillfully handled by Daniel Bergman in his directional debut. Gentle scenes of domestic content ment are sensitively interwoven with intimations of underlying malaise. While t he more nostalgic sequences are photographed with an eye-dazzling beauty that occasionally threatens to become cloying, any such result is foreclosed by the jagged interruptions of the flash-forward sequences –an intrusive device that few filmmakers are agile enough to handle successfully, but that is put to imp ressive use by the Bergman team.Henrik Linnros gives a smartly turned performance as young Pu, and Tho mmy Berggren –who starred in the popular Elvira Madigan years ago –is st eadily convincing as his father. Top honors go to the screenplay, though, whic h carries the crowded canvas of Fanny and Alexander and the emotional ambi guity of The Best Intentions into fresh and sometimes fascinating territory.19. Over the years critical views of Bergmans‘ work haveA. without exception been positive.B. deplored his seriousness.C. often been antithetical.D. usually focused on his personality.20. The subject matter of Sunday’s ChildrenA. is presented chronologically.B. takes place in the 19th century.C. occurs all in one locale.D. is derived from reminiscences.21. From the passage we can infer that Pu‘s father is portrayed as aA. demonstrative and caring parent.B. reserved and reticent man.。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：西方经济学（答案全部写在答题纸上）一、解释下列经济学概念，并说明二者的差异（每题5分，共30分）1.内生变量和外生变量2.基数效用与序数效用3.显性成本和隐含成本4.平均收益和边际收益5.基尼系数和恩格尔系数6.投资乘数和加速数二、从下列各题目中选择1个最佳答案，并将答案的序号填在括号内（每题2分，共20分）1.如果某产品零部件价格上升,将导致该产品（）A.需求曲线左移,均衡价格下降;B.需求曲线右移,均衡价格上升;C.供给曲线左移,均衡价格上升;D.供给曲线右移,均衡价格下降2.能够使厂商通过降价让利扩大销售收入,实现"薄利多销"的产品一般是（）A.农产品及生活必需品B.奢侈品C. 所有商品D.低档商品3.同一条无异曲线的不同点表示（）A.购买能力相同B.不同商品组合对同一消费者效用相同C. 对不同消费者具相同效用水平D.支出水平相同4.在从原点出发的直线（射线）与TC曲线的切点上，AC的数值（）A.最小B.处于下降状态C.等于AVCD.最大5.商品X的市场供给曲线是经过原点的一条直线，供给的价格弹性应（）A、不随X的价格变化而变化B、随着X的价格上升而下降C、随着X的价格上升而上升D、由X的供给量确定6.当价格下降时，对于劣等商品的替代效应与收入效应，下列说法正确的是（）A.替代效应为负，收入效应为正B.替代效应为负，收入效应为负C.替代效应为正，收入效应为正D.替代效应为正，收入效应为负7.如果产权界定是清楚的，外部效应就不可能发生（）A.在自由交易的情况下是这样B.产权界定仅是解决问题的一种方式C.在政府干预条件下是这样的D.产权与外部性没有关系8.国民收入的恒等式为Y＝C＋I＋G＋NX，当政府雇佣失业工人并使他们得到与失业救济金等量的工资，（）A.这时该国的GDP不会发生任何变化，因为C、I、G、NX各项均未改变。

B.这时该国的GDP会增加与被雇用人员所得工资等量的数额，并反映在C的增加上。

青岛科技大学考研历年真题之考研历年真题之材料科学基础2006--2012年考研真题青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：材料科学基础（答案全部写在答题纸上）1. 选择题（只有一个正确答案）：（30分）1) A 和A-B 合金焊合后发生柯肯达尔效应，测得界面向A 试样方向移动，则__________。

A. A 组元的扩散速率大于B 组元B. B 组元的扩散速率大于A 组元C. 和扩散速率大小无关2) 立方晶体中（110）和（211）面同属于__________晶带。

A. [110] B. [100] C. [211] D [111]3) __________, 位错滑移的派－纳力越小。

A.位错宽度越大B.滑移方向上的原子间距越大C. 相邻位错的距离越大4) 对面心立方晶体暴露在晶体外表面最可能的晶面是__________。

A ．(110)B ．(111)C ．(100)5) 在置换型固溶体中，原子扩散的方式一般为·。

A.原子互换机制 B 间隙机制 C 空位机制6) 形成临界晶核时体积自由能的减少只能补偿表面能的。

A 1/3B 2/3C 3/4D 1/27) 铸铁与碳钢的区别在于有无。

A 莱氏体B 珠光体C 铁素体8) 面心立方（fcc ）结构的铝晶体中，每个铝原子在本层（111）面上的原子配位数为。

A 12B 6C 4D 39) 简单立方晶体的致密度为。

A 100%B 65%C 52%D 58%10) 不能发生攀移运动的位错是。

A 肖克莱不全位错B 弗兰克不全位错C 刃型全位错2. 简要回答下列问题：(20分)1)金属凝固的驱动力和阻力是什么？ 2)金属凝固时形核功的来源是什么？ 3)金属原子扩散的驱动力是什么？影响扩散最主要的因素是什么？4)晶界偏析的驱动力是什么？ 5)对于单晶体来说主要变形方式是什么？ 6)回复和再结晶转变的驱动力是什么？ 7)金属的空位形成能和迁移能与金属的熔点有和关系？ 8) 金属晶体中出现空位时，将会引起体积和密度怎样变化？3. 在立方晶系中画出（111）和)111(两晶面，标出二者的交线，并指出交线晶向指标。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试题（A）
考试科目：环境化学（答案全部写在答题纸上）
一、填空（每空2分，共40分）
1.循环经济中3R原则的三个英文单词是，，。

2.环境因素变化导致生态系统变异而产生的后果称为。

3.产生氧化性光化学烟雾的两种主要物质是，。

4.全球变暖问题除CO2外，还应考虑具有温室效应的和的作用。

5.水环境中胶体颗粒的吸附作用大体可分为表面吸附、和。

6.水环境中促成颗粒物相互碰撞产生凝聚作用的三种机理分别是，
，。

7.如果土壤胶体上吸附的阳离子有一部分为致酸离子，则这种土壤为土壤。

8.污染物由土壤向植物体内迁移的方式主要包括和两种。

9.物质在生物作用下经受的化学变化，称为。

10.受氢体如果为细胞内的分子氧，则生物氧化中有机物的氧化类型为，若为非分子氧的化合物就是。

11.毒理学把毒物剂量(浓度)与引起个体生物学的变化，如脑电、心电、血象、免疫功能、酶活性等的变化称为；
二、回答下列问题（每题6分，共30分）
1.影响大气中污染物质迁移的主要因素是什么？
2.什么是电子活度pE？它和pH的区别是什么？
3.影响重金属在土壤-植物体系中转移的主要因素是什么？举例说明。

4.请详细说明污染物质在肌体内有哪些转运过程。

5.1953年发生在日本熊本县的水俣病的致病的烷基汞物质有哪些？从化合物结构看，有什么特征？
三、下列是光化学烟雾形成的一个简化机制，按序号分别写出哪几个属于引发反应、自由基传递反应和终止反应，在该机制中，控制光化学烟雾形成速率的是哪一类？(15分)。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷A考试科目：基础英语(答案全部写在答题纸上)I.Structure and Vocabulary (18 points)Directions: Complete each of the sentences with the most likely answer.1.Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained ________ into account before starting a new project.A. be takenB. were takenC. should takeD. had been taken2.We can assign the task to __________ is capable and trustworthy.A. whomeverB. whoC. whomD. whoever3.The Smithsonian Institution preserves more than sixty-five million items of scientific, historical, or artistic interest, __________ winning the popular title, ―attic of the nation‖.A. howeverB. andC. thusD. moreover4.We came early and had to wait two hours before the ceremony began. We _______.A. should not hurryB. must ho have hurriedC. need not hurryD. need not have hurried5._________, the white mountain goat is an extremely sure-footed animal that escapes from its predators by living in the most rugged, rockylandscapes.A. Rarely seenB. Having been rarely seenC. Being rarely seenD. Rarely to be seen6. Nick would certainly have got there on time _________.A. if the flat tire hadn‘t happ enedB. if he didn‘t get a flat tireC. had he not had a flat tireD. had the tire hadn‘t flattened its elf7. Most electronic devices of this kind, _______ manufactured for suchpurposes, are tightly packed.A. that areB. as areC. which isD. it is8. ffice:smarttags" />Britain‘s press is unusual ________ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper: the quality press and the popular press.A. in howB. in whatC. in whichD. in that9. _________ he needed money for his mother‘s operation, the driver resisted the temptation to keep the fat wallet a customer had left behind in the car.A. Much asB. So muchC. As muchD. Much so10. I wouldn‘t say I was a non-believer, but I don‘t have any burning religious______.A. certaintyB. convictionsC. superiorityD. rebellion11. He believed that age alone would not ________ him from standing as a candidate.A. contriveB. interveneC. suppressD. preclude12. Most people believe that parenthood is an experience nothing else can _______.A. compileB. duplicateC. imitateD. compete13. Breathing polluted air may _______ affect an individual‘s respiratory capac ity.A. detrimentallyB. consequentlyC. occasionallyD. inadvertentl y14. Einstein‘s work provided the _______ for a major shift in the fieldof physics.A. cradleB. efficiencyC. impetusD. proficiency15. Research suggests that children who leave primary school without a firm grounding in ______ and numeracy never catch up.A. etiquetteB. characterC. personalityD. literacy16. The most _______ of all Olympic events is the decathlon.A. exhilaratingB. gruesomeC. gruelingD. creative17. Shakespear‘s plays are ________ to variou s interpretations.A. compatibleB. incredulousC. susceptibleD. imperative18. Official business requirements obviously take ________ over personalrequests.A. priorityB. orientationC. prestigeD. collaborationII. Paraphrase the following sentences (20 points)1.Conversation is not for making a point.2.The phrase, ―the King‘s English‖, has always been used a littlepejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.3.This peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4.…before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.5.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead ofits terrors.6.…while Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change‘s sake.7.The universalizing imperative of technology is irresistible.8.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit.9.The propaganda for abolition speaks in hushed tones of the sanctity of human life.10.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailingAmerican trends.III. Identify the rhetorical devices in the following sentences (10 points)1. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.2.We can batten down and ride it out.3. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.4.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away.5.Wind and rain now whipped the house.6.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.7.Blowndown power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.8.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.9.You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars andthe constellations of outer space.10.And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.IV. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese (16 points)Some battles have been won or lost because the commander of a large force, arriving late, decided almost at the last moment to change sides. I feel that a powerful section of English workers, together with their union bosses, is in the same situation as that commander just before he could m ake up his mind. These men believe t hat if there is a ―Good Life‘ going, then it‘s high time they had their share of it. But some remaining English ness in them whispers that there may be a catch in it. Where‘s this ‗Good life‘ in sweating your guts out, just because the managers are on the p ro ductivity-per-man-hour caper? It‘s all a racket anyhow. If we don‘t work li ke the old man used to do, we‘re not turning out the honest stuff the old man was expected to turn out. It‘s the profit now, not the product.V. Reading Comprehension (46 points)Directions : There are five passages in this part. Each passage is followed b y some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four ch oices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then write your choice on the answer sheet.Passage 1I cry easily. I once burst into tears when the curtain came down on the Kirov Ballet's Swan Lake. I still choke up every time I see a film of Roger Bannister breaking the "impossible" four minute mark for the mile. I figure I am moved by witnessing men and women at their best. But they need not be great men and women, doing great things.Take the night, some years ago, when my wife and I were going to din ner at a friend's house in New York city. It was sleeting. As we hurried towa rd the house, with its welcoming light, I noticed a car pulling out from the cu rb. Just ahead, another car was waiting to back into the parking space -- a rar e commodity in crowded Manhattan. But before he could do so another car ca me up from behind, and sneaked into the spot. That's dirty pool, I thought.While my wife went ahead into our friend's house, I stepped into the str eet to give the guilty driver a piece of my mind. A man in work clothes rolle d down the window."Hey," I said, "this parking space belongs to that guy," I gestured toward the man ahead, who was looking back angrily. I thought I was being a good Samaritan, I guess -- and I remember that the moment I was feeling pretty manly in my new trench coat."Mind your own business!" the driver told me."No," I said. "You don't understand. That fellow was waiting to back intothis space."Things quickly heated up, until finally he leaped out of the car. My God, he was colossal. He grabbed me and bent me back over the hood of his car a s if I was a rag doll. The sleet stung my face. I glanced at the other driver, l ooking for help, but he gunned his engine and hightailed it out of there.The huge man shook his rock of a fist to me, brushing my lip and cutting the inside of my mouth against my teeth. I tasted blood. I was terrified. He snarled and threatened, and then told me to beat it.Almost in a panic, I scrambled to my friend's front door. As a former Mar ine, as a man, I felt utterly humiliated. Seeing that I was shaken, my wife an d friends asked me what had happened. All I could bring myself to say was t hat I had an argument about a parking space. They had the sensitivity to let it go at that.I sat stunned. Perhaps half an hour later, the doorbell rang. My blood ran cold. For some reason I was sure that the bruiser had returned for me. My ho stess got up to answer it, but I stopped her. I felt morally bound to answer it myself.I walked down the hallway with dread. Yet I knew I had to face up to m y fear. I opened the door. There he stood, towering. Behind him, the sleet ca me down harder than ever."I came back to apologize," he said in a low voice. "When I got home, I said to myself, 'what right I have to do that?' I'm ashamed of myself. All I ca n tell you is that the Brooklyn Navy Yard is closing. I've worked there for ye ars. And today I got laid off. I'm not myself. I hope you'll accept my apology. "I often remember that big man. I think of the effort and courage it took f or him to come back to apologize. He was man at last.And I remember that after I closed the door, my eyes blurred, as I stood i n the hallway for a few moments alone.1. On what occasion is the author likely to be moved?A. A young person cheated of the best things in life.B. A genius athlete breaks a world record.C. A little girl suffers from an incurable disease.D. When the curtain comes down on a touching play.2. What does "dirty pool" at the end of the second paragraph mean?A. Improper deedsB. BriberyC. ChicaneryD. Dirty transaction3. Why didn't the writer's wife and friends insist on asking him what had reall y happened?A. They sensed that something terrible happened.B. They were afraid that the writer might lose face if they insisted.C. It was not their business.D. They tried to calm the writer in this way.4. What touched the writer in the end?A. The big man's courage to admit his mistake.B. The big man's sincerity and confession.C. The big man's wretched experience.D. The man at his best.Passage 2In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between m otivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range of perception.Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading fro m the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops f rom belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awar eness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the exi stence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cogniti on of these objects has been previously demonstrated.In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivat ed. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; it s removal will result in the cessation of that action. Studies have shown no ev idence of the infant's frustration; rather, it appears that the infant ceases to des ire the object when he cannot see it. Further indications are that the infant's at tention to the attractive object increase as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy and another is presented, he is likely to drop the fi rst in order to clutch the second. Often, once he has the one desired in his ha nds, he loses attention and turns to something else.In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, compo sition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, t he mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events.The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and so cial group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will o ften be the overriding influence.The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cogni tive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Au diting develop first, reading and writing much later on. Not only is this eviden t in the development of the individual being from infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewin g before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of lang uage. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors to intelligible vocal c ommunication.From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warni ngs of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognit ive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society.5. How does the child develop his perception?A. His strong motivations give rise to perception.B. He holds the conviction that things around him are parts of an extended body andlater on gives it up.C. Parents and teachers play a key role in his development of cognition.D. He believes that objects around him are dependent on his perception.6. What stimulates adults' motivational cognition?A. Predictable presence of opportunities.B. Visible signs of opportunities.C. Instigators.D. Approachable information.7. What is the influence of socialization process?A. It may produce tension.B. It may produce extreme emotion.C. It may reduce one's cognitively guided behaviors.D. all of the above.8. What links cognitive development to the needs of society?A. Practical purpose.B. Natural human cognitive development.C. Language.D. Sending or receiving messages.Passage 3Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global ―c onveyor belt‖ redistributes ocean organisms. It‘s a planetwide biological disrupti on that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton –an oceanographer at Williams College in Williams town, M ass. –explains that, at any given moment, ―there are several thou sand [marine] species [traveling] … in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move fro m coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where so me of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infa mous invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.Such voracious invaders at least make their presence known. What concer ns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly –or every ben eficially –join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuri es. They have cl ung to hulls and come along with cargo. What‘ new is the sc ale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water –taken in to provide ship stability –continuously moving around the world….Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of o ne port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilomet ers away. A single load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come alo ng tend to be in their larva freefloating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps i n coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for t he North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it world wide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would nee d a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the black Sea. It has destroyed that sea‘s anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to we stern and northern European waters.The marit ime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should su pport a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it.9. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms areA. being moved to new environments.B. destroying the planet.C. succumbing to the zebra mussel.D. developing alien characteristics.10. Oceanographers are concerned becauseA. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limited.B. they believe the oceans are dying.C. they fear an invasion from outer-space.D. they have identified thousands of alien webs.11. According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine speciesA. may upset the ecosystems of coastal waters.B. are all compatible with one another.C. can only survive in their home waters.D. sometimes disrupt shipping lanes.12. The identified cause of the problem isA. the rapidity with which larvae mature.B. a common practice of the shipping industry.C. a centuries old species.D. the world wide movement of ocean currents.13. The article suggests that a solution to the problemA. is unlikely to be identified.B. must precede further research.C. is hypothetically easy.D. will limit global shipping.Passage 4And so I am to write a story—but of what, and where? Shall it be radia nt with the sky of Italy or eloquent with the beau ideal of Greece? Shall it br eathe odor and languor from the orient, or chivalry from the occident? or gaye ty from France? or vigor from England? No, no; these are all too old—my o wn New England; the land of bright fires and strong hearts; the land of deeds, and not of words; the land of fruits, and not of flowers; the land often spoke n against, yet always respected: ― the latchet of whose shoes the nations of th e earth are not worthy to unloose.‖Now from this very heroic apostrophe, you may suppose that I have some thing very heroic to tell. By no means. It is merely a little introductory breeze of patriotism, such as occasionally brushes over every mind, bearing on its wi ngs the remembrance of all we ever loved and cherished in the land of our ea rly years; and if it should seem to be rodomontade to any people in other part s of the earth, let them only imagine it to be said about ―Old Kentucky‖, ―Ol d England‖, or any other corner of the world in which they happened to be b orn and they will find it quite rational.But, as touching our story, it is time to begin. Did you ever see the little village of Newbury, in New England? I dare say you never did; for it was j ust one of those out-of-the-way places where nobody ever came unless they ca me on purpose: a green little hollow, wedged like a bird‘s next between half a dozen high hills, that kept off the wind and kept out foreigners; so that the little place was s straitly sui generis as if there were not another in the world. The inhabitants were all of that respectable old steadfast family who make it a point to be born, bred, married, to die, and be buried all in the selfsame sp ot. There were just so many houses, and just so many people lived in them; a nd nobody ever seemed to be sick, or to die either, at least while I was there. The natives grew old till they could not grow any older, and then they stood still, and lasted from generation to generation. There was, too, an unchangeabi lity about all the externals of Newbury. Here was a red house, and there was a brown house, and across the way was a yellow house; and there was a straggling rail fence or a tribe of mullein stalks between. The minister lived here, and Squire Moses lived there, and Deacon Hart lived under the hill, and Mes srs. Nadab and Abihu Peters lived by the crossroad, and the old ―wider‖ Smit h lived by the meeting-house, and Ebenezer Camp kept a shoemaker‘s shop on one side, and Patience Mosely kept a m illiner‘s shop in front; and there was old Comfort Scran, who kept a store for the whole town, and sold axeheads, brass thimbles, licorice balls, fancy handkerchiefs, and everything else you can think of. Here, too, was the general post-office, where you might see letters marvelously folded, directed wrong side upward, stamped with a thimble, and s uperscribed to some of the Dollys, or Pollys, or Peters, or Moseses aforename d or not named.For the rest, as to manners, morals, arts, and sciences, the people in New bury always went to their parties at three o‘clock in the afternoon, and came home before dark; always stopped all work the minute the sun was down on Saturday night; always went to meeting on Sunday; had a schoolhouse with all the ordinary inconveniences; were in neighborly charity with each other; read their Bibles, feared their God, and were content with such things as they had —the best philosophy, after all.14.In the first paragraph the author contrasts the East and the West asA.indolent and gallant.B. charming and rude.C. foreign and familiar.D. passive and aggressive.15. In the second paragraph we can see that the author assumes her readersA. prefer rigorous arguments.B. share similar feelings.C. need a lot of persuading.D. dislike figurative language.16. The author chooses New England as her subject matter because sheknows it well and because its inhabitants areA. talkative rather than diligent.B. productive rather than self-indulgent.C. romantic rather than serious.D. charming rather than admired.17. The facts in the passage indicate that village of Newbury isA. accustomed to seeing vagabonds.B. a densely populated area.C. socially and politically progressive.D. located in a remote part of the country.18. The author‘s view of Newbury isA. retrospective.B. detached.C. impartial.D. skeptical.Passage 5Just over 10 years ago, Ingmar Bergman announced that the widely acclai med Fanny and Alexander would mark his last hurrah as s filmmaker. Althoug h some critics had written him off as earnest but ponderous, others were sadde ned by the departure of an artist who had explored cinematic moods –from h igh tragedy to low comedy –during his four-decade career.What nobody foresaw was that Bergman would find a variety of ways to circumvent his own retirement –directing television movies, staging theater pro ductions, and writing screenplays for other filmmakers to direct. His latest ente rprise as a screenwriter, Sunday’s Children, completes a trilogy of family-orient ed movies that began with Fanny and Alexander and continued with The Best Intentions written by Bergman and directed by Danish filmmaker Bille August.Besides dealing with members of Bergman‘s family in byg one times –it begins a few years after The Best Intentions leaves off –the new picture was directed by Daniel Bergman, his youngest son. Although it lacks the urgency a nd originality of the elder Bergman‘s greatest achievements, such as The Silen ce and Persona, it has enough visual and emotional interest to make a worthy addition to his body of work.Set in rural Sweden during the late 1920s, the story centers on a young b oy named Pu, clearly modeled on Ingmar Bergman himself. Pu‘s father is a co untry clergyman whose duties include traveling to the capital and ministering t o the royal family. While this is an enviable position, it doesn‘t assuage probl ems in the pastor‘s marriage. Pu is young enough to be fairly oblivious to suc h difficulties, but his awareness grows with the passage of time. So do the su btle tensions that mark Pu‘s own relationship with his father, whose desire to show affection and compassion is hampered by a certain stiffness in his demea nor and chilliness in his emotions.The film‘s m ost resonant passages take place when Pu learns to see his f ather with new clarity while accompanying him on a cross-country trip to another parish. In a remarkable change of tone, this portion of the story is punctua ted with flash-forwards to a time 40 years in the future, showing the relations hip between parent and child to be dramatically reversed. The father is now ca red for by the son, and desires a forgiveness for past shortcomings that the yo unger man resolutely refuses to grant.Brief and abrupt though they are, these scenes make a pungent contrast w ith the sunny landscapes and comic interludes in the early part of the movie.Sunday’s Children is a film of many levels, and all are skillfully handled by Daniel Bergman in his directional debut. Gentle scenes of domestic content ment are sensitively interwoven with intimations of underlying malaise. While t he more nostalgic sequences are photographed with an eye-dazzling beauty that occasionally threatens to become cloying, any such result is foreclosed by the jagged interruptions of the flash-forward sequences –an intrusive device that few filmmakers are agile enough to handle successfully, but that is put to imp ressive use by the Bergman team.Henrik Linnros gives a smartly turned performance as young Pu, and Tho mmy Berggren –who starred in the popular Elvira Madigan years ago –is st eadily convincing as his father. Top honors go to the screenplay, though, whic h carries the crowded canvas of Fanny and Alexander and the emotional ambi guity of The Best Intentions into fresh and sometimes fascinating territory.19. Over the years critical views of Bergmans‘ work haveA. without exception been positive.B. deplored his seriousness.C. often been antithetical.D. usually focused on his personality.20. The subject matter of Sunday’s ChildrenA. is presented chronologically.B. takes place in the 19th century.C. occurs all in one locale.D. is derived from reminiscences.21. From the passage we can infer that Pu‘s father is portrayed as aA. demonstrative and caring parent.B. reserved and reticent man.C. compassionate and sentimental spouse.D. spontaneous and dynamic minister.22. The reviewer thinks that the ―flash forward‖ technique isA. seldom handled skillfully.。