跨文化交际案例case study 6

跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】Case Study 1 Age and Status两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。

一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴…..Case description:A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm.When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks.The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache.Questions:1．What do you think caused the conflict?2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager?矛盾冲突这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。

UnitTwoCultureShockⅠ.Fillinblanksa.Inaformalwesternmeal,youreofferedasecondhelpingbutyouhavealready hadenough.Youshouldsay“______”.ThatwasdeliciousbutIvealreadyhadple nty,thanks.b.Taboosarewords,expressions,etc.thatareconsideredasbeing______or__ ____.unpleasant,disgustingc.______isaculturethatscoreshighonindividual ism.Individualcultured.Socialdistancereferstothedegreeof______or______betweentwoculture s.similarity,dissimilaritye.Becauseoftheir______,individualistsgivelittleth oughttothe______ofothers.Butcollectivistscareverymuchwhatothersinth eirgroupsthinkanddonotliketobethetargetsof______and_______.indepen dence,evaluations,scrutiny,criticism Ⅱ.KeyTermsa.cultureshockb.collectivistculturec.hospitalityd.politenesse.privacy在一个正式的西餐，你再提供一次帮助但你已经有足够的。

你应该说“______”。

那是美味的但我已经有很多，谢谢。

B.禁忌词，表达，等，被视为______或______。

Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication1.Fill in blanksa. There are here-------- Chinese equivalents to communication in Mainland.交际（）交流（）沟通（）传播（）通信（）交通（）传理（）b. There must be ___________conditions for communication to take place.c. There are _______ kinds of communication.d. The two kinds of cross-cultural communication are _______ and ______.e. In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, ______ is the essence.f. You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone is a________ example of communication.g. You send an e-mail message to an American friend is an instance of communication but______.h. An Arabic traveler talks to you in Arabic that is Greek to you is an instance of_________.i. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of ______ definition, or ______ interpretation of the situation.j. In cross-cultural communication, private goals are difficult to detect and are likely to cause ______.k. A social situation may receive two definitions. They are____________________ and ______________.l. The verbal message of shrug is a non-verbal signal of_________________.m. The verbal message of thank is a non-verbal signal of________________.n. The goal of Dick’s going to the library is likely to _______________________________________.Ⅱ. Key Termsa. languageb. non-verbal communicationc. cross-cultural communicationd. situational schemae. signalf. cultureg. communicationh.. mutual monitoringi. valuej. competenceⅢ. Short Answer1. Give some best and not good instances of communication.2. How to understand a mutual monitoring?a. Types of communication.b. Cultural influencing factors of cross-cultural communication.c. b. collectivist culturec. hospitalityⅣ. Case studyUse the communication theory to analyze the following case:Xiao Huang meets Evelyn at the airport and says to her: "Long time no see!" 1）The source of information is: ______.2）The encoder is: ______.3）The code is: ______.4）The message is: "______!"5）The channel is: ______.6）The medium is: ______.7）The noise is: ______.8）The decoder is: ______.9）The retrieval of information is: ______.Keys To Unit OneⅠ.Fill in the blanks.a. 6b. 4c. 5d. unilateral cross-cultural communication, bilateral cross-cultural communicatione. meaning exchangef. bestg. Yes, but not very good.h. non-communicationi. official，officialj. misunderstandingk. one of the community and one of the participants.l. raising one’s shoulders up and down.m. holding one’s hands in a fist in frontn. borrow booksII. Key Termsa. language. a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols ("He taught foreign languages")b. While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. In addition to the words we use we convey a whole variety of information to others with our bodies. This is non-verbal communication.c.It refers to the communication between the people with different cultural backgrounds.d. It refers to the rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.e. It means an element of the behavior, appearance, etc., of one organism that is received by the sense organs of a second organism and affects its behavior.f. Culture means:1.The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.2.The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.g. communication: the exchange of information between people, e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behaviors. There are source of information, encoder, code, channel, decoder, retrieval of information.III. Short answers.Best examples：You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille. Not so good examples; An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. You send an email message to an American friend.when you are alone with no one else being present , you can do anything you like, because you are not in a social situation. Once another person joins you, or even comes close enough that you two can see each other, your behavior is affected by his or her presence. That is mutual monitoring.a. human communicationb. animal communicationc. human-animal communicationd. human-machine communicatione. machine-to-machine communication4. they are of history, tradition, religion, value, social organization, customs, social development and systems.5. collectivist culture places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as ‘we’ cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective.IV. Case study1）Xiao Huang2）Xiao Huang3）English;4）Long time no see!;5）face to face;6）air;7）the disturbance of the passing airplanes; 8）Evelyn;9）Evelyn。

《跨文化交际》案例Case 1 Litz is a professor of cross —cultural communication in a university in Finland. She invited her Chinese students home for an evening party. The schema from Litz‟s point of view includes the following:1. Giving invitation: by phone / by mail 2. Prepare everything before the arrival of guests 3. Receiving Receiving guests: guests: guests: open open open the the the door door door / / / express express express welcome welcome welcome / / / take take take their their their overcoats overcoats overcoats / / introduce guests / offer them drinks / make them comfortable 4. Serving food: set the table / soup first / main course / desert 5. Post dinner activities: chat / play music / offer more drinks 6. Seeing guests off: thank them for coming / good night Litz‟s evening evening party party party was was was not not not very very very successful, successful, successful, because because because she she she was was was upset upset upset by by by one one one of of of her her guests. Here was the initial conversation between Litz and Lin: Litz: (opens the door ) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come! ) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come! Lin: It‟s not difficult to find your house.Litz: Come on in. Lin: (comes in ) Litz: Can I take your coat? Lin: No, thanks. Litz: Ok, this way please. Lin: (take off her coat and hangs it ) Analysis : Litz was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz‟s offering to hang hang Lin‟s Lin‟s coat coat is is is one one one of of of Litz‟s Litz‟s ways ways (it‟s (it‟s on on Litz‟s Litz‟s schema). schema). On On On Lin‟s Lin‟s side, side, she she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was inappropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat. Here we have an instance of one action attached with different cultural values. Case 2 Finding an Interested Buyer Georage Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and and prided prided prided himself himself himself on on on his his his ability ability ability “to “to “to get get get things things things moving.” moving.” moving.” His His His first first first day day day was was was going going well .He looked looked around around around at at at the the the displays displays displays of of of sporting sporting sporting equipment equipment equipment to to to get get get some some some idea idea idea of of whom whom he he he might might might approach. approach. approach. He He He was was was sure sure sure that that that his his his products, products, products, tennis tennis tennis rackets rackets rackets with with with an an unusual new design, would arouse some interests. On the second day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li‟s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products. Mr. Li responded in fairly good English,” That would be interesting.”Knowing that he had only a few days left in Beijing, George wanted to nail down a time,” When can we meet?” asked George.“Ah. This week is very busy,” replied Mr. Li.“It sure is,” said George,” How about 10 o‟clock? Meet you here.”“Tomorrow at 10 o‟clock?” asked Mr. Li thoughtfully. “Right,” said George, “I‟ll see you then?”“Hmm, yes; why don‟t you come by tomorrow,” was the reply.“OK,” responded George,” It was nice meeting you.”The next day day at at at 10 o‟clock he approached Mr. 10 o‟clock he approached Mr. Li‟s company‟s e xhibit only to find that Mr. Li had some important business and was not able to meet with George. He called back later in the day and was told that Mr. Li was not available. Analysis : 英美人士做事情讲究守时。

Case 1 Girl-nessAs a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female s tudent asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why?”“Because they are girls. That‟s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the in tent of the question. “ I don‟t quite understand your question, I‟m afraid.”“In the States, we call ourselves … women‟ if we‟re old enough to go to the university. Calling us …girls‟ is insulting.”Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women?Case 2Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!”What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”?Case 1 Girl-nessAs a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referredto them as girls. Why?”“Because they are girls. That‟s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the intent of the question. “ I don‟t quite understand your question, I‟m afraid.”“In the States, we call ourselves … women‟ if we‟re old enough to go to the university. Calling us …girls‟ is insulting.”Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women?Case 2Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!”What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”?Case 3 “I Just Wanted to Talk”.Wu tong was a graduate student in a Chinese university. Like many students these days, he was very keen on learning English. He would talk with English speakers as often as he could.One day, he saw a new foreigner on campus, Leonard Ramsay, and overheard him speaking English. When Mr. Ramsay finished speaking with the other person, he turned to go, but Wu Tong stopped him. He went up and said, “ You speak English, is that right?”“Yes, why?”“I‟d like to practise my English with you, if you don‟t mind.”Mr. Ramsay looked a little annoyed. “ I prefer not to, if you don‟t mind.”Case 4 An Unwanted Food ServiceDuring a lunch buffet at a conference in China, Wu Fa, the interpreter of the conference, sat with four foreign participants. They were having a good time talking. When Wu Fa stood up for more food, she asked whether she could bring anything back for them.Everyone thanked her and said “no”. A while later, Wu Fa came back with a plate full of food, and asked whether the others would like to have something from her plate.Again, the four others said , “No”.“ Oh, please take something, I can‟t eat this much food myself.”The foreigners shrugged and one or two of them even frowned a little.Case 5 Simple Can Be SpecialWen Hong had an American professor in her economics class in China. She had given the professor a lot of help during the course. At the end of the semester，the professor and his wife invited her to their home for dinner. They said they were going to cook her an American meal.Wen Hong felt very flattered and excited，since McDonald，KFC and Pizza Hut had been her only exposure to Western cooking.They had salad to start with，then steak with potatoes，followed by ice cream. Wen Hong had expected more courses but the meal came to an end. She knew the professor and his wife were being kind to her，but somehow she was a little disappointed. She wondered whether Americans do eat like that at home.Case 6 Chinese Coffee CustomsWhile studying in the United States, Lin Jun made a few American friends. One day he invited two of them to his apartment and cooked them a meal. When his friends said they would like some coffee, he started boiling some water. Without asking them any questions, he made three cups of 3-in-1 coffee, the way he usually took it.Both friends tasted the coffee and frowned. One said she always took coffee black，the other said he preferred to have less sugar in his coffee. They also told him that the spoon is for stirring the coffee，not to drink from like he did. LinJun was embarrassed. He had thought that everyone drank coffee the same way as he did.Case 7 Noise from NoodlesJane and Peter were Chen Dong‟s landlord and landlady when he was in the States. They had become good friends by the end of his one-year stay. They kept in touch with each other after Chen Dong returned to China. Jane and Peter decided to visit China soon after Chen Dong left the States.They made a special stop in Guangzhou where Chen Dong lives. Chen Dong had promised to show them around the city and let them try some authentic Cantonese food. One thing，in particular，he wanted them to try was noodles. He knew several restaurants that served good noodles and took the couple to one of them for lunch one day.Noodles typically come in soup in Cantonese cooking. Chen Dong started eating the noodles with chopsticks，while Jane and Peter exchanged a look at the noise that came with his eating. After a little hesitation，they asked for forks. A waitress told them that they did not have forks，and Chen Dong explained that noodle restaurants do not usually keep forks because no one would think of using forks for noodles.In the next half an hour，Jane and Peter had a hard time trying to roll the long noodles onto their chopsticks. Chen Dong said，“that‟s not the way we eat noodles. You put the noodles directly to y our mouth with your chopsticks.”“But that‟s not the way we eat noodles，” Jane and Peter said, frowning. Case 8 Dinner in a Chinese HomeBesides taking Peter and Jane to restaurants, Dong Chen also invited them to his home for dinner once. Dong C hen …s mother is a nice wife, and made eight courses for four of them.“I'm sorry there isn‟t much for dinner, she said.”“God this is much more than enough food,” Jane said. Peter was too overwhelmed to even respond to Dong Chen… motherDong Chen was a li ttle embarrassed. “This is what we usually say to guests，even though there‟s plenty of food” he explained．What bewildered Jane and Peter most was that though Dong Chen‟s mother kept saying that the food was not good，she constantly served helpings to Jane and Peter．Peter did not like two of the courses very much，and felt bad that his plate was full with whatever he would not be able to eat. At seeing Dong Chen's mother‟s next move to serve him food，he said in a begging voice，“Please don‟t give me any more food．Let me do it myself．Case 9A Not-sociable DrinkMartin was sent by an American company to work in a special economic development zone in China for a year. He became very friendly with a few Chinese colleagues. Soon, he started to go out with them. He noticed that Chinese like to have something , such as peanuts, when they have beer, instead of just drinking beer without anything to eat as many North Americans do.One day he was invited to a dinner party to celebrate a colleague‟s birthday. They ordered alcoholic beverages and toasted the guest of honor frequently. Soon Martin realized that the plan was to get their friend drunk. Each colleague would offer a toast, concluding with a cheery “ gan bei!” and tried to get Martin to join in, even though he was unwilling to do it. Martin didn‟t think it a good idea, and tried to talk them out of the game. However, he was accused of not being a good friend for not co-operating.Martin remained an outsider during the rest of the dinner. He was getting increasingly worried as he watched the poor guest become increasingly inebriated.Case 10 A Misunderstanding at a Dinner TableRoger was a student majoring in East Asia Studies in an American university. He started an e-mail correspondence with Zhang Li, a sociology major in China, who was introduced to him through a mutual friend.Upon graduation, Roger got a big gift from his grandfather. Grandpa would pay for a round-trip ticket to China. He told Zhang Li the good news, and the two decided to meet.Zhang Li decided to give Roger a very special welcome: she and the three women students in her dormitory would cook him an authentic Chinese meal, as Roger had told her that he loved Chinese food.However, when Roger was presented the dinner, he was almost terrified by some of the food: pork stomach soup, pig liver with ginger and spring onion, chicken with mushrooms in which the chicken had been cut to pieces with bones attached to the meal.Fortunately , there were courses like tofu, stirred fried beef, steamed fish and vegetables that Roger loved. He tried to stick to them but Zhang Li kept putting food he did not like on his plate. When she asked how he liked the liver, Roger said, “ It‟s very unusual…and interesting. “ This seemed to make Zhang Li happy. And she gave him more liver. Roger tried to stop her, but she would not be stopped. Roger was so frustrated that he told her that he did not really like it that much. “ But you said it was unusual and interesting!”Zhang Li said. “ Well,they both mean something less than positive,” Roger said carefully, trying not to hurt their feelings.Zhang Li and her friends became concerned at this.”“So you don‟t like the food?” I‟m not used to eating liver, that‟s all. But I do like the chicken, the beef, the tofu, and the vegetables. I have had more than enough to eat. I never make this much food at home,” Roger was eager to let them know how much he appreciated their effort. “Trust me, I‟m enjoying the food. I know what I like.”Having said that, he found a piece of chicken that was less bony, held it in his hand to eat it, and then licked his fingers. Zhang Li and her friends looked at each other in shock.It was not a perfect first meeting for either Zhang Li or Roger.Case 11 Over-dressed TouristsAs a van stopped in front of Niagara Falls, a group of Chinese officials streamed out. They were dressed in suits and ties, wearing leather shoes. Many of the men also had left the manufacture‟s tag on the sleeve of their suit jacket. As they wandered around Niagara Falls, some of them started to smoke. Their attire drew the stares of North American tourists, some of whom quietly laughed with their friends and pointed at the Chinese visitors. Others frowned at seeing the smoking and shook their heads in disapproval.Case 12 Tie CultureJane was a tourist and spent some time staying with a Chinese friend at her home. They watched a children‟s porgram while having breakfast one morning.A young man, the host of the program, gave instructions of a game to a few children, and then joined them running in a circle.“My, he‟s wearing a tie and running crazy with the children!” Jane exclaimed.The Chinese friend shrugged,”Is this very unusual?”Case 13 An American in ChinaProfessor Smith and his assistant，Chen Ming，were doing fieldwork in a small city in China. It was hot and humid, and both were casually dressed. One evening as they were leaving for dinner，a local administrator told them that the mayor of the city, who was interested in the type of research they were doing, would like to say hello to Professor Smith. As luck would have it，the Mayor was dining in the same restaurant as Smith and Chen Ming.Professor Smith said he had to go back to his room to change.“You look fine，Come on，the mayor is waiting，”the administrator said.“No, I can‟t meet the mayor in my shorts”Case 14 The Generosity of a Chinese StudentMatt was invited to a Chinese university to give a few lectures. During his short stay there, a graduate student volunteered to show him around the city. Matt accepted the offer gratefully. It was summer and soon both Matt and the graduate student began to get quite hot. While Matt took some pictures, the graduate student went to buy some drinks.“Thank you. How much do I owe you?” Matt asked.“Nothing.” The student smiled.“ Are you sure?”“Yes.”At lunchtime, Matt suggested they have a quick meal. They stopped by a McDonald. Again, the graduate student tried to pay for Matt.“No, this is my treat. You‟re a student, I‟m a professor. You‟ve given me the time to show me around. You already paid for my drink. I can‟t let you pay for my lunch again.”Case 15 A Gift from a Chinese StudentXie Dong did his graduate study in an American university. He came back to China for summer vacation. When he went back to his program, he paid his supervisor a visit and presented him a gift.The professor opened the gift. It was a ginseng with its many tiny roots spreading out in a very artistic pattern. It clearly was an expensive gift.The professor‟s eyes shone at the ginseng, but he then began to feel uneasy. “Xie Dong, I appreciate your kindness, but I can‟t take this as a gift.”“ Why? Don‟t you like it?” It was Xie Dong‟s turn to be uneasy now.“ Oh, sure, I love it. But I can‟t accept it.”“Why?”“ Because I didn‟t do anything to deserve such a gift.”Case 16 Telephone CourtesyKathy and David, a couple from the US, signed a one-year contract to work in China. Both were extroverted and soon made some Chinese friends.Before long, people started calling them at home. David was sometimes away on business trips for a few days, and if someone looked for him, Kathy often would find the conversation awkward.“ Where did he go?” The caller typically would ask.“Can I pass on any message?” Kathy asked politely, trying to avoid the question.“Is he out of town?” The caller was usually very persistent.“Yes, can I help you in any way?” Kathy tried to be polite, but she could not help feeling uncomfortable.Case 17 “Not So Close, Please”He Jia had lived in the United States for 7 years before she came back to work in China. She found that she had become accustomed to social habits in North America and that some Chinese behaviours now caused her some discomfort. For example, one day, back in China, she was in a queue to use an ATM. She had noticed that people were standing very close to each other. In fact, the person behind her could, if she or he wanted, to see her enter the PIN of her ATM card. He Jia wanted to make people aware of the discomfort of the user by keeping her distance from the person in front of her. However, the people behind her pushed her to move forward.Case 18 The Privacy of the PageSimon and Cheng Feng often studied together to prepare for exams. One day, in the middle of a study session, Simon said he wanted to get a coffee. He asked Cheng Feng if he wanted any, but he said, “No”. When he came back, he found Cheng Feng reading his notes. He was upset and, although he didn‟t say anything at the time, he never studied with Cheng Feng again. Cheng Feng noticed the change and wondered what had happened.Case19 The Privacy of PhotographsRose invited Lili to her home one day. While they were having coffee, Rose showed Lili a few pictures of her boyfriend in a photo album. Lili casually turned to other pages after that.Rose stopped her, “I‟d rather you not look at other pictures.”Lili was embarrassed, and apologized, “I‟m sorry.”Case 20 The Privacy of PriceAfter living in the States for some time, Ping Li observed that Americans like to comment on each other‟s looks and clothes. So whe n she saw a fellow graduate student wearing a nice dress at a party, she complimented her by saying. “This is a very beautiful dress.” “Oh thank you , I bought it last year before Christmas ,” the student very pleased. “How much was it?” Ping Li asked.“Well I don‟t quite remember,” the student seemed unprepared for thequestion, and answered a little hesitatingly.Case 21 The Privacy of the PersonZou Qing and Nancy became friends after they met in a course they both took．Nancy had had gray hair much earlier than people of the same age，and had been dyeing her hair for several years.While they were having a break one day in between two classes, and Zou Qing noticed that Nancy had some invisible gray hair on her. She told her so, but Nancy changed the topic right away.When everyone else left，Nancy said to Zou Qing，“Please don‟t mention my gray hair while there were men around.”Case 22 Unacceptable CuriosityMr and Mrs Peterson came to China with a tour group. One evening, they decided to take a walk outside their hotel. They soon noticed that quite a few people stared at them. One man even quickly walked past them and then turned back to look at them several times. Both Mr and Mrs Peterson feltuncomfortable about the staring and went back to the hotel sooner than they had planned.Case 23 Confusion in Communicating LoveLe, a Chinese woman, and Bill, an American man, were very much in love. Their relationship started with their shared interest in photography. As time went on, however, Le became dependent on Bill whenever she wanted to take a picture, because she felt that Bill was a much better photographer than she was. Whenever she noticed a scene that would make a good image, she would ask Bill to take the picture for her.Bill was not very pleased but did not say anything for a while. However, Le soon got to a point where she began to ask Bill to load and unload the film. Bill decided that it was too much for him to bear. He exploded, “What‟s the matter with you? Don‟t you know how to load and unload a film? Can‟t you take a picture any more?”Le was so shocked that she burst into tears. “I ask you to do things only because you do it better than me. What‟s wrong with that?”Case24 Unwanted AttentionTeresa is a Chinese American teaching English temporarily at a Chinese university. She is very easy going, and soon the students got to know her well enough to invite her out regularly.Crossing the very busy and wide streets in the city was a scary experience for Teresa, and she complained of it repeatedly. As a result, the female students began to try to help her by taking her hand or grasping her arm while the male students seemed to be shy about protecting her.Teresa was uncomfortable with her female students touching her, and told the women they did not need to do it. Her female students thought she was beingpolite and continued to take care of her the same way. Teresa became so uncomfortable that she tried to move away from her female students whenever they had to cross the road.Case 25 Holding HandsChris was a visiting professor in China. On one day, one of his students, Sun Hui, showed him around the city. Sun Hui soon noticed that Chris was interested in taking pictures of men that were walking arm-in-arm or touching each other when they talked.“ I don‟t see anything special about those men,” Sun Hui said curiously.“ Well, we don‟t see much of that in men in the States,” Chris said, “ They‟re gay, aren‟t they?”Case 26 Friendship MisunderstoodYan Hong was a Chinese painter who immigrated to the United States. She met Jenny, an American physician in a club one day. They soon became friends, and sometimes went out for coffee and lunch together.One day, Jenny gave Yan Hong a very beautiful vase. Yan Hong loved the vase very much, and felt she should give Jenny something in return. So she gave Jenny a painting she brought from China. Jenny was very pleased.A few days later, Jenny invited Yan Hong to her home for the first time. They made dinner together and enjoyed the meal a lot. Then they sat down to watch TV. When Jenny tentatively held Yan Hong‟s hand, Yan Hong was not aware of anything unusual. However, when Jenny sat closer to her and kissed her, Yan Hong was terrified. She pushed Jenny away and cried, “ I‟m not alesb ian!”Jenny was in shock, and asked accusingly, “ Then why didn‟t you tell me earlier?”Case 27 Learning about FlirtingChen Qing was a visiting scholar in an American university. He had made some friends with professors and students there. One day he went to a party where the atmosphere became less and less inhibited. Chen Qing noticed that men and women touched each other a lot more than he was used to. At the end of the party, most people hugged each other good-bye. One woman came to hug Chen Qing, but he stiffened as she attempted to give him a hug. He had never hugged any women except his wife in his life. Other women noticed this, and no one else tried to hug him.However, Chen Qing felt left out when people hugged each other but not him. He foun d himself in a very awkward situation: he didn‟t want to be hugged, neither did he want to be left out. He did not know what he wanted or how to resolve his conflicting emotions.Case28 Lost in LoveLi Ying fell in love with an American man in her second year in the United States. They spent a lot of time together. After they had been to all the places of interest in the city, they had to decide where to go or what to do for the next date. John typically would ask Li Ying, “ What do you want to do today?” , or“ Where shall we go?” Li Ying would sometimes tell what she wanted, but more often than not, she would say “It‟s up to you”, or “ Whatever you want to do”, or “ Wherever you want to go.”John frowned at such responses several times until one day when Li Ying said “ up to you” again. “For God‟s sake, tell me what you want to do!” He cried out loud.Li Ying was shocked at his reaction. “ Isn‟t it clear to you? I‟ll do what you want to do.”“ No, it isn‟t clear at all. I want to know what you want to do!” John was almost angry. “ Don‟t you realize that sometimes I want to do what you want to do, too?”Case 29 Lovers Become StrangersXiao Xin and Peter are newly-weds. Though they spent a lot of time with each other before getting married, they never really lived together. Not surprisingly, their marriage was followed by a series of minor problems while they tried to adjust to each other‟s ways of life. One difficult issue came up about two months after their new life, when Peter came home from work looking unhappy.“ What happened?” Xiao Xin asked.“Nothing much, I‟m just very tired,” Peter said.“I can tell that it‟s more than that.”Peter gave Xiao Xin a quiet look, went into the bedroom, and threw himself to bed.Xiao Xin followed him in. “Don‟t you want to talk about it?”“No, I don‟t.”“Perhaps I can help?” Xiao Xin suggested.“ Xiao Xin, sometimes you just have to give me some space. All I need now is some privacy!” Peter yelled.Xiao Xin was in shock. “Don‟t you trust me?”“Geez, it‟s not a matter of trust! Can‟t you accept the fact that talking to youisn‟t the solution to every one of my problems?” Peter was becoming frustrated and impatient.Xiao Xin was in tears. Her husband seemed to have become a stranger to her.Case 30 A Gift of SelfZhang Ge and Simon were head over heels in love with each other. They decided to go away to spend a major holiday somewhere. It was winter time, so they flew south in search of sunshine and warm water.However, Simon developed diarrhea soon after they settled in a hotel. He felt weak and had to lie down for a rest. Zhang Ge was worried and stayed him in the room. Outside the window, the sun was shining, and they could hear the surf. The sun and beach is what they had dreamed about for months during the winter back home.“Go and have some fun,” Simon said to Zhang Ge.“ How can I go and have fun while you‟re sick in bed?”“Why not, it‟s not your fault that I‟m sick. Besides, there‟s nothing you can do here.”“Nonsense! I can keep your company, and you‟ll feel better with me around you.”“Are you sure you want to do this instead of going out?”“Yes, I‟m sure. I won‟t go without you.”“Oh, you‟re so special. I love you so much!” Simon drew Zhang Ge near and kissed her.Case 31 A Close GirlfriendLiu Hong and Wu Xin have been good friends since they were young girls. Both eventually had the opportunity to study in the United States, although they ended up in two different cities. After their first year of hard work, they decided to do some traveling together. Liu Hong went to stay with Wu Xin for two days before they set off. Then they visited three cities over the next 10 days.Liu Hong came back from the trip and told her American friends about the trip. She casually mentioned that they had to share one bed in one particular motel.“ Oh, did you?” , said one of the friends in a tone that made Liu Hong feel uncomfortable.Case 32 Interpreting a Smile. Peter is the general manager of an American company in China. Recently, Chen Jun, one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused some difficulties that required a lot of effort to fix. Chen Jun was very upset about what had happened, and came to Peter‟s office to make a formal apology.Chen Jun went into Peter‟s office after being told to, smiling before he spoke. “ Peter, I‟ve been feeling very upset about the trouble I‟ve caused for the company. I‟m here to apologize for the mistake. I‟m terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it w ill never happen again.” Chen Jun said, looking at Peter with the smile he had been wearing since he walked into the office.Peter found it hard to accept the apology. He looked at Chen Jun, and asked, “ are you sure?”“ Yes, I‟m very sorry and I promise this won‟t happen again,” Chen Jun said, with a smile even broader than before.“I‟m sorry I just can‟t take your apology. You don‟t look sorry at all!” Peter said angrily.Chen Jun‟s face turned very red. He did not in the least expect Peter to take it ne gatively. He was desperate to make himself understood. “ Peter, ” he managed to smile again, “ trust me, no one can feel any more sorry than I do about it.”Peter was almost furious by now, “ if you‟re that sorry, how can you still smile?”Case33 Interpreting a LaughHuihua, a Chinese student, and Mary , an American student studying Chinese in China, were on their way to a bookstore. As they got to the bookstore, they saw a young man walking down a flight of stairs. In his hurry, he missed the last two steps, and fell on the ground. He struggled to get back to his feet while people around him laughed. Fortunately, he seemed to be O.K.Mary was worried. She found Huihua smiling a little and was not comfortable about it. Tell me, Huihua, how could people laugh when someone fell like that? Do they care at all? Shouldn‟t they go up and ask the young man whether he was hurt?”Huihua said, “ they knew he wasn‟t hurt too much.”“ But I still don‟t understand. A fall is a fall. In my culture, people would do anything but laugh!”Case 34 Different Lunch BoxesPeter was one of the American technicians who came to China to help set up a coffee plant. He was in China for six months．Before leaving for home，one of his Chinese colleagues took him out to dinner. Peter decided to ask him a question that had puzzled him for as long as he worked in the plant．。

跨文化交际英文案例Title: Cross-Cultural Communication: A Case StudyIntroduction:Cross-cultural communication refers to the exchange of information, ideas, and emotions between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. In this case study, we will explore a real-life scenario that highlights the challenges and strategies involved in cross-cultural communication. The case revolves around a business negotiation between a Chinese company, XYZ Electronics, and an American company, ABC Corporation.Case Background:XYZ Electronics is a leading Chinese electronics manufacturer, known for its innovative products. The company is looking to expand its market presence globally and has identified ABC Corporation as a potential partner for collaboration. ABC Corporation is a well-established American company specializing in the distribution of consumer electronics.Key Players:1. Mr. Li - CEO of XYZ Electronics2. Mr. Johnson - CEO of ABC Corporation3. Ms. Wang - XYZ Electronics' marketing manager4. Mr. Smith - ABC Corporation's procurement managerCase Scenario:XYZ Electronics has scheduled a meeting with ABC Corporation to discuss a potential partnership. The meeting will take place in the United States, where both parties will have an opportunity to present their proposals and negotiate a mutually beneficial agreement.Challenges:1. Language Barrier: The primary challenge in this case is the language barrier. Mr. Li and Ms. Wang are not fluent in English, while Mr. Johnson and Mr. Smith have limited knowledge of Mandarin. This barrier can hinder effective communication and understanding.2. Cultural Differences: Another challenge is the cultural differences between the Chinese and American business practices. These differences can impact negotiation styles, decision-making processes, and overall communication dynamics.Strategies for Effective Cross-Cultural Communication:1. Language Support: To address the language barrier, both parties can arrange for professional interpreters who are fluent in Mandarin and English. This will ensure accurate and efficient communication during the negotiation process.2. Pre-Negotiation Research: It is crucial for both parties to conduct thorough research on each other's culture, business practices, and negotiation styles. This will help in understanding and respecting each other's cultural norms, thus fostering a more positive and productive atmosphere.3. Non-Verbal Communication: Non-verbal cues play a significant role in cross-cultural communication. Both parties should be aware of the differences in non-verbal communication, such as body language, gestures, and eye contact. Being mindful of these differences can prevent misinterpretations and misunderstandings.4. Patience and Flexibility: Patience and flexibility are essential qualities for successful cross-cultural communication. Both parties should be open-minded, willing to adapt, and patient with each other's linguistic and cultural differences. This will create a more harmonious and collaborative negotiation environment.5. Clear Communication: It is vital to ensure that communication is clear, concise, and unambiguous. Using simple language, avoiding jargon, and confirming understanding through paraphrasing or summarizing can help prevent miscommunication.6. Building Relationships: Building a positive relationship based on trust and respect is crucial in cross-cultural negotiations. Both parties should invest time in getting to know each other, engaging in small talk, and showing genuine interest in each other's cultures. This will help in establishing a strong foundation for future collaboration.Expected Outcome:By implementing these strategies, XYZ Electronics and ABC Corporation can overcome the challenges of cross-cultural communication and negotiate a successful partnership. The outcome may include a signed agreement for collaboration, outlining the terms and conditions, responsibilities, and expectations of both parties.Conclusion:Cross-cultural communication is a complex process that requires understanding, patience, and adaptability. By recognizing and addressing the challenges, and implementing effective strategies, businesses can foster successful collaborations and overcome cultural barriers. In this case study, XYZ Electronics and ABC Corporation have the opportunity to bridge the cultural gap and establish a mutually beneficial partnership through effective cross-cultural communication.。

Case 1 (Page 23) This case took place in 3 cultures. There seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts to achieve understnading.1) In Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard’s mistake might be that he choseto praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host or hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pictures are in!”2) In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among a group, and that the group is valued more than any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably to be in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case, Richard’s mistake was making great efforts to defend himself even if the error is notintentiona. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate 3)When it comes to England, w expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the valuess expressed in thi s gesture: for Americans, “Help yourself”; for the English counterpart, “Be my guest.”American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained, but they differ in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is obe who “makeshimself at home”. For the English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case4 (Page 25)It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendship are warm, but casual and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. Y ou see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner------not because you don’t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but becau se you have seen her that morning.Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reserve this------see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and invite the first one more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends rapidly, and they don’t feel like it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances, people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.Unit 2 Case 5 (Page 60)Analysis: The Chinese guide should refuse the first offer because he is obeying the Chinese rules for communication. We Chinese are modest, polite and well-behaved. Maybe the guide is waiting for a second or third offer of beer, but he doesn’t know the reasons behind the rule in American culture that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So they politely never made a second offer of beer to the guide.Case 8 (Page 62)When the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Chritmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappointed at the “shabby”Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her pare nts had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner.She thought the menu for the Chritmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the food chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because one ’ s culture is different from others ’ . As Amy’ s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.Unit 3她们的小孩子在公园一起玩Judy and Carmen are not real friends. They don’ t want to get together, really. They once met each other a month ago. Americans sometimes make general invitation like “ Let ’ s get together sometimes.” Often this is just a way to be friendly. It is not always a real invitation. If they ’ d l ike to set a specific (exact) time, that means a real offer.Case 9 (Page 96)Traditional Japanese respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. The elders in traditional Japanese families are typically overpowered. So the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture challenging or disagreeing with elder’ s opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful. That is why the young chairman said nothing but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. And it results in the Japanese company’s withdrawal from the negotiations concerning a relationship with Phil’ s company a week later.Case 10 (Page 97)In Japan, a company is very much like a big family, in which the manager will take care of the employees and the employees are expected to cevote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary , to sacrifice their own interests for the interests of the company. But to the French, a company is just a loosely-knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. And the family is the number one priority, which is unlike the Japanese model “not involving females and the right to decide by dominant male” . Case 11 (Page 97)In most cultures, an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. Too many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, the attitude of the Australian student’s parents is shocking the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.。

Unit 1 Language and Culture in CommunicationTheory Communication is something we do every day. It takes place so naturally that we simply fail to notice it until it hiccups or breaks down. Though it is commonplace, it is no exaggeration to say that communication is life and life is communication.1.When you join a social gathering, you must be aware of rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed. There is a technical term for such rules and procedures—schema.2. Face and politeness are two other areas which are extremely value—sensitive. One of the distinctive features of Chinese politeness is self—denigration and other—elevation.Case 1:Litz is a professor of cross—cultural communication in a university in Finland. She invited her Chinese students home for an evening party.The schema from Litz’s point of view includes the following:1. Giving invitation: by phone / by mail2. Prepare everything before the arrival of guests3. Receiving guests: open the door / express welcome / take their overcoats / introduce guests / offer them drinks / make them comfortable4. Serving food: set the table / soup first / main course / desert5. Post dinner activities: chat / play music / offer more drinks6. Seeing guests off: thank them for coming / good nightLitz’s evening party was not very successful, because she was upset by one of her guests. Here was the initial conversation between Litz and Lin:Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!Lin: It’s not difficult to find your house.Litz: Come on in.Lin: (comes in)Litz: Can I take your coat?Lin: No, thanks.Litz: Ok, this way please.Lin: (take off her coat and hangs it)Analysis: Litz was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz’s offering to hang Lin’s coat is one of Litz’s ways (it’s on Litz’s schema). On Lin’s side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was inappropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat. Here we have an instance of one action attached with different cultural values.Case 2:Finding an Interested BuyerGeorage Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving.” His first day was going well .He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea ofwhom he might approach. He was sure that his products, tennis rackets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interests. On the second day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li’s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products.Mr. Li responded in fairly good English,” That would be interesting.”Knowing that he had only a few days left in Beijing, George wanted to nail down a time,” When can we meet?” asked George.“Ah. This week is very busy,” replied Mr. Li.“It sure is,” said George,” How about 10 o’clock? Meet you here.”“Tomorrow at 10 o’clock?” asked Mr. Li thoughtfully.“Right,” said George, “I’ll see you then?”“Hmm, yes; why don’t you come by tomorrow,” was the reply.“OK,” responded George,” It was nice meeting you.”The next day at 10 o’clock he approached Mr. Li’s company’s exhibit only to find that Mr. Li had some important business and was not able to meet with George. He called back later in the day and was told that Mr. Li was not available.Analysis: 英美人士做事情讲究守时。

Case 1:Wang Lan, a Chinese student, goes to America for further study. In class she finds that the teachers often dress themselves casually and sit on the desk. They seldom teach but deliver some questions for the students to discuss on and make some reports. Her American classmates don’t respect their teachers as Chinese students do. They call the teachers’name directly and sometimes even dispute with them. Wang Lan feels it hard to ge adapted to the teaching methods. When it is her turn to make a report, she feels shy because the teacher and her classmates stare at her. When discussing, her American classmates often raise a question and dispute with her,which leave her the impression that her American classmates are unfriendly and even hostile.Analyses:Mom, can I borrow your stapler? I need it for my science assignment. (Steps back, slight frown)You know I wouldn’t mind lending to you but you never bring it back.(Steps forward,slight white in voice )Mom, I really need it for my project.I promise to bring it back this time.(Steps back, put her arms across her chest) That’s what we said last time you took it.(Begs)Please.I promise to bring it back as soon as I’m done.(stern voice) OK. But this is the last time. If you don’t bring it back, I won’t lend it to you again.Analyses:In July of this year, the American CNN announced that, the preserved egg is the most lousy food. That made the Chinese people very angry, because the preserved egg is good food for most of Chinese people. Then Chinese people made a survey and declared that cheese is the most lousy food. Chinese people can't accept that the preserved egg is regarded as the most lousy food, on the other hand, the cheese is the food which is favoured by most of American people. But Chinese people think that cheese is too irri tative. Both side cannot accept the food they selected. At the end of this c ase, the CNN reporters said sorry to Chinese people, but he said he would not eat the preserved egg.Analyses:An American vice president is talking with a Chinese employee who is regarded potential. He wants to know the next five years’ career path of the employee. However, the Chinese employee don’t answer his question directly. Rather, he begins to talk about the developing direction of the company, the promotion system and his position in the organization. The vice president is a little confused and becomes impatient before the employee finishes. The same case happens several times.After the talk, the vice president can’t help complaining to the director of HR,“I just wanted to know the employee’s plan in the next five years and the position he wants. Why couldn’t I get the answer?”Other employees who have suffered stress during the talk also complain to the director,“Why is the vice president so overbearing?”Analyses:As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why?”“Because they are girls. That’s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand th intent of the question.“I don’t quite understand your question, I’m afraid.”“In the States, we call ourselves“women”if we are old enough to go to the university. Calling us “girls”is insulting.”Analyses:Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,“She is very beautiful.”Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,“Where! Where!”Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious on among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said,“Oh, everywhere.”Analyses:。