美国文化背景英语词汇

美式文化中的词汇
1. 自由女神像（Statue of Liberty）：作为美国的标志性建筑之一，自由女神像是自由和民主的象征。

2. 好莱坞（Hollywood）：美国电影工业的中心，代表了美国的娱乐文化。

3. 汉堡包（Hamburger）：美国的代表性食物之一，以其简单、快捷和美味而闻名。

4. 摇滚音乐（Rock music）：起源于美国的一种音乐类型，以其强烈的节奏感和动感而受到广泛欢迎。

5. 感恩节（Thanksgiving）：美国的传统节日，人们通常会与家人团聚，感恩生活中的各种祝福。

6. 超级碗（Super Bowl）：美国国家橄榄球联盟（National Football League）的年度冠军赛，是全美最受欢迎的体育赛事之一。

7. 牛仔文化（Cowboy culture）：美国西部文化的代表，包括牛仔服饰、音乐、舞蹈等。

8. 科技巨头（Tech giants）：如苹果、谷歌、亚马逊等，代表了美国在科技领域的领先地位。

9. 嘻哈文化（Hip-hop culture）：起源于美国纽约市的非裔和拉丁裔社区，包括音乐、舞蹈、时尚等方面。

10. 常春藤盟校（Ivy League）：包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学等八所著名的私立大学，代表了美国高等教育的最高水平。

以上只是美式文化中的一部分词汇，还有很多其他方面的词汇，如政治、历史、文学、艺术等。

这些词汇反映了美国社会的多元性和文化的丰富性。

英语中的文化负载词（Culture-loaded words）是指那些在特定文化背景下具有特殊含义或表达方式的词汇。

这些词汇通常与特定的历史、文化、社会或宗教背景有关，对于不熟悉该文化背景的人来说可能难以理解。

例如，英语中的“Coca-Cola”就是一个文化负载词。

这个词不仅代表一种碳酸饮料，还与美国的流行文化、商业历史和全球品牌形象有关。

同样，“Uncle Sam”也是一个文化负载词，它代表了美国的国家形象和民族精神。

此外，一些常见的英语词汇在不同的语境下也可能具有不同的含义和用法，例如“queen”、“knife”、“tea”、“pillow”等等。

这些词汇在不同文化背景下的含义和用法可能有所不同，因此需要结合具体语境进行理解和解释。

总之，英语中的文化负载词是英语语言和文化的重要组成部分，对于深入了解英语国家和文化具有重要意义。

同时，对于学习英语的人来说，了解这些词汇背后的文化背景和含义也有助于提高语言理解和表达能力。

美国文化背景简介【熔炉】(The Melting Pot)美国的别称。

因为美国是一个由来自世界各地不同民族的移民融合组成的国度【雅皮士与雅非士】(Yuppies and Yuffies)雅皮士是美国人根据嬉皮士(Hippies)仿造的一个新词，意思是“年轻的都市专业工作者”与嬉皮士们不同，雅皮士们没有颓废情绪，不关心政治与社会问题，只关心赚钱，追求舒适的生活雅非士意为“都市中失败的年轻人”。

他们虽然觉得自己的生活无法与雅皮士的生活相比，但又不愿意有失落感，并发誓要找到自己的归宿。

【山姆大叔】(U n c l e S a m)它是美国的绰号与象征。

山姆大叔的英文为U n c l e S a m，缩写是U.S.，正好与美国的英文缩写相同。

但它怎样成为美国的绰号和象征的呢?普遍的说法是：1812年，美英战争期间，美国特罗城有一个专门供应军用牛肉的商人(也有的说是军事订货的官员)名叫山姆尔〃威尔逊(S a m u e lW i l s o n,1776—1854)，人们平时都叫他山姆大叔(U n c l e S a m)。

美国政府收购他的牛肉箱上都盖U.S.字样。

人们遂开玩笑说这些盖有U.S.字样的箱子都是山姆大叔的。

后来“山姆大叔”便成了美国的绰号。

19世纪30年代，美国画家又将“山姆大叔”画成一个留有山羊胡子的瘦长老人，帽子和裤子都有星条旗的标志。

【黑色星期五】(Black Friday)“黑色”这一词，源出耶稣殉难日(Good Friday)。

1987年10月19日，纽约股票市场的股票价格暴跌，因这天是星期五，故称股票市场的“黑色星期五”。

【汽车旅馆】(Motel=Motor+Hotel)汽车旅馆起源于公路两旁独立经营带有停车场的小旅馆。

60年代初随着汽车逐渐成为美国、英国、欧洲、加勒比海地区和日本的主要交通工具，这些旅馆的规模也不断扩大。

美国人的口味比较清淡，喜欢吃生、冷食品，如凉抖菜、嫩肉排等，热汤也不烫。

常见欧美词汇及其背景和典故1、柏拉图式爱情Platonic Love柏拉图（公元前427～公元前347），古希腊著名哲学家。

苏格拉底的学生，亚里士多德的老师。

其哲学思想对唯心主义在西方的发展影响极大，代表作有《理想国》、《法律》等。

他主张人的绝对精神，而忽视肉体感受。

“柏拉图婚姻”即是没有肉体性欲，而是绝对精神的男女爱恋。

2、诺亚方舟Noah’s Ark出自《圣经》。

上帝对人类所犯下的罪孽非常忧虑，决定用洪水消灭人类。

而诺亚是个正直的人，上帝吩咐他造船避灾。

经过40个昼夜的洪水，除诺亚一家和部分动物外，其他生物都被洪水吞没了。

后来人们常用此语比喻灾难中的避难所或救星。

3、滑铁卢Waterloo1815年，在比利时的滑铁卢，拿破仑率领法军与英国、普鲁士联军展开激战，法军惨败。

随后，拿破仑以退位结束了其政治生涯。

因此，“滑铁卢”常常被用来比喻惨痛的失败。

4、第二十一条军规Catch-22本是名著《第二十一条军规》的书名，作者为英国的约瑟夫·海勒。

军规规定：面临真正的、迫在眉睫的危险时，对自身安全表示关注，乃是头脑理性活动的结果；如果你认为你疯了，可以允许你停止飞行，只要你提出请求就行。

可是你一提出请求，就证明你不是疯子，就得继续飞行。

此语常用来比喻圈套、枷锁等。

它虽看不见，摸不着，但却无处不在，无所不包。

自相矛盾的一套诡辩逻辑，任何人也逃不出它的手心。

5、皮格马利翁效应Pygmalion Effect皮格马利翁是古希腊神话中的塞浦路斯国王，善雕刻。

一次他雕刻了一座美丽的少女像，在夜以继日的工作中，皮格马利翁把全部的精力，全部的热情，全部的爱恋都赋予了这座雕像。

后来，爱神阿佛洛狄忒见他感情真挚，就给雕像以生命，使两人结为夫妻。

于是“皮格马利翁效应”成为一个人只要对艺术对象有着执著的追求精神，便会发生艺术感应的代名词。

6、缪斯Muse缪斯是希腊神话中九位文艺和科学女神的通称。

她们均为主神和记忆女神之女。

英美文化背景知识Newspapers in Britain and the USNewspapers in BritainNational and local papersIn Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. There are two kinds of newspaper. One is large in size and has many detailed articles about national and international events. These newspapers are called the serious papers or the quality papers. The other kind, called the tabloids is smaller in size, have more pictures, often in colour, and shorter articles, often about less important events or about the private lives of well-know people. Although some people disapprove(反对) of the tabloids(小报), more people buy them than buy the serious newspaper. The Sun, for example, which is a tabloid, is the biggest-selling newspaper in Britain. People who disapprove of the tabloids very strongly sometimes call them the Gutter Press.There are daily or weekly newspapers in all parts of Britain which cover local news as well as some national and international stories. Local papers give information aboutfilms, concerts, and other things that are happening in the local neighborhood, including, for example, information about local people who have been married or died recently. National papers generally give information about film, concerts and other events happening in London, In Scotland, many people read the Glasgow Herald or the Scotsman and there are Scottish Editions of the tabloids.There also many free local newspapers which are delivered to people’s homes whether they ask for them or not. These contain a lot of advertisements(广告) and also some news.PoliticsMost national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their own political beliefs. Most of the newspapers are right-wing. These are the Daily Telegraph(serious newspaper), the Daily express, Daily Mail, Daily Star, the Sun and Today(all tabloids). Of the other serious newspapers, The Times, the oldest newspaper in Britain, did not formerly have one strong political view but itis now more right-wing. The Guardian is slightly left-wing, the Independent is centre and the Financial(金融) with political issues, but reports on business and financial news. The Daily Mirror(tabloid) is left-wing.Daily and Sunday newspapersDaily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are larger than daily newspapers, often having 2 or 3 sections. There is also other a magazine, called the colour supplement(增刊). All the Sunday newspapers are national Serious newspapers include the Observer(which is slightly left-wing), the Sunday Times, the Sunday Telegraph and the Independent on Sunday, the Sunday Mirror, the Sunday Express, the News of the World and the Sunday Sport which is considered to lack much serious information.Newspapers in The USNational and local newspapersThere are more than 1500 daily newspapers in the US. Each one is usually sold only in one part of the country, e.g. in a city, but they cover national and international news. In larger cities there is often more than one newspaper and the different ones express different political opinions. Some newspapers are sold in nearly all parts of the US. E.g. USA today and the National edition of the New York Times. Two other newspapers, the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post are know and respected all over the US but cannot be bought everywhere. Other important newspapers are: the Boston Globe, sold in New England, the Chicago Tribune, sold in the Midwest, the Christian Science Monitor and USA Today, both sold nationally, and the Washington Post on the East Coast.There are also weekly newspapers in all parts of the US which cover local news, such as what is happening in the local neighborhood(地方). Fewer people read these than read the daily newspapers.Daily and Sunday newspapersDaily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are very big, often having several separate parts. They contain many longer articles and a lot of advertisements. Each section deals with a different subject. E.g. national and international news, sport, travel, etc. One section, the classifieds(分类广告) has advertisements for jobs and things for sale. Another section is called the funnies. There is often also a magazine which is in color.Alternative newspapersIn the 1960s a group of newspapers began to appear that were later called in “alternative press”. They expressed extreme(极端的) political opinions, especially left-wing opinion. Many of the newspapers which were part of this movement, such as the Village Voice in New York or the Reader in Chicago, are less extreme today and more widely read.Law in Britain and the USIn both Britain and the US, when a person is accused of a rime it must be shown that they are guilty "beyond reasonable doubt". A person is always innocent(无罪) in the eyes of the law until they have been proved to be guilty by a court they can sometimes ask for permission to APPEAL(上诉) to a higher court in the hope that it will change this decision.Criminal law in England and WalesWhen someone is arrested (ARREST) by the police, a MAGISTRATE (=an official who judges cases in some types of courts) decides whether there is enough EVIDENCE(证据) against the person for the case to go to court. If there is enough evidence and the case is a serious one, the person accused(控告) of the crime (called 'the accused(被告)') is sent to a CROWN COURT for a TRIAL with a JUDGE and JURY (=12 members of the public who have to decide if the accused is guilty(有罪的), then the judge decides the SENTENCE(判决) (2) (=punishment). If there is enough evidence against the accused but the crime is not a seriousone (for example a traffic offence) then the case is heard in a MAGISTRATES COURT.If found guilty in the Crown Court the accused may apply to(请求) the COURT OF APPEAL (Criminal Division) where he or she will be heard by a judge. Sometimes a HIGH COURT judge from the Queen's Bench Division assists in dealing with criminal matters in the Court of Appeal or Crown Court.Criminal law in Northern IrelandIn Northern Ireland, as in England and Wales, someone accused of a crime may be tried in a Magistrates' Court or a Crown Court depending on how serious the crime is. Appeals from the Crown Court are heard in the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal.Criminal law in ScotlandScotland has a separate court system. After a person is arrested by the police, an official called the PROCURATOR FISCAL is in charge of deciding whether there is enoughevidence against the accused for a trial. If there is enough evidence and the crime is a very serious one, the accused is sent to the HIGH COURT OF JUSTICIARY where there is a judge and jury(陪审团) (in Scotland there are 15 people on a jury). If there is enough evidence but the crime is a less serious one, the case is heard in a SHERIFF COURT (The sheriff is a trained lawyer who acts as a judge). Appeals from the Sheriff Court go to the High Court of Justiciary.Criminal law in the USThe US has tow separate court systems. In general terms STATE COURTS are used when someone has done something against the laws of CONSTITUTION of a particular State. FEDERAL COURTS deal with cases to do with the laws and Constitution of the United States as whole. Federal courts also hear cases where the US Government is one of the sides involved(介入). Cases for crimes which are not serious are likely to be heard in state courts. Serious crimes may be tried in wither state courts of federal courts depending on the situation, for example cases where a crime has taken place in another state are often heard in federal courts.After a person has been arrested a magistrate(地方官员), or in some cases a GRAND JURY made up of between 16 and 23 citizens, decides whether they should go to trial. If there is enough evidence for a trial the accused goes to court and has to state whether he/she is guilty or not guilty of the crime. If they say they are not guilty they are sent to trial with a judge and jury (of 16 or 20 citizens) in either a State or COUNTY COURT or, in federal cases, a DISTRICT COURT. If the accused is found guilty they may have the fight to appeal to a higher court, as shown below.The final court of appeal in the US federal system and for some cases in the state courts is the US SUPREME COURT. It is made up of a CHIEF JUSTICE and eight ASSOCIATES. The accused does not have the fight to be heard by the Supremes Court, but the Supreme Court decides which cases it will hear.Holiday in Britain and the USPaid HolidayPeople in the US get 2 weeks a year paid vacation (holiday) form their job. Most British people have four or five weeks paid holiday a year. Americans often complain that tow weeks is not enough holiday, especially when they hear about the longer holidays that Europeans get. In addition, there are 8 days in each country, which are public holidays (the British call Bank Holiday) and many of these fall on a Monday giving people a long weekend. In Britain, so many people drive to another part of the country, especially the coast, on Bank Holiday weekends that there are serious traffic jams, which may stretch(长达) for many miles.Popular Holiday PlacesWith the US, outdoor vacations are popular, for example at the Grand Canyon or Yosemite or Yellowstone or the national parks or forests. Yong people may go walking or camping in the mountains. Many people have capers or small trailer(拖车) in which to travel, or if they are in a car, they may stay at Motels on the journey Disneyland and Disneyworld are also popular and people can to skiing in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming and Montana.。

The flag of the United States has 13 stripes(条形) and 50 stars.The 13 stripes stand for the original 13 colonies(殖民地) in North America.And the 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states(州).Broad way(百老汇) is the main street of Manhattan(曼哈顿)。

It is the birth place of the drama and music play in America.New York Nickname:(纽约) The Big Apple(大苹果)The City Never Sleeps(不夜城)The capital of world(世界之都)The statue of liberty 自由女神像is the symbol of the United States.Empire State Building（帝国大厦）Built：1930Floor ：102Height：443metersUnited Nations Headquarters (联合国总部)The Pentagon(五角大楼)is another name for the Department of Defense(国防部). Seen from the surface of the Pentagon, it is like a spider net(蜘蛛网).American Yellowstone national park(黄石国家公园)is very beautiful, everywhere is full of natural breath .美国总统府：白宫The White HouseHollywood（好莱坞）is famous for the classic movies.Universal Studios Hollywood环球影城总统山 :Mount RushmoreThis epic sculpture features the faces of four exalted American presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, TheodoreRoosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. 4位总统的头像从左至右共分四排，左起第一位是华盛顿，在第一排；第二位是杰斐逊，在第二排，位于华盛顿之后；右起第一位是林肯，在第三排；右起第二位是罗斯福，在第四排. NBA National Basketball Association. 全美篮球协会Golden Gate Bridge (金门桥) is one of the world-famous bridge, known as a miracle (奇迹)of modern engineering.There are many basketball stars in the NBA, like Michael Jordan, Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian.Chinese love, pride of the Chinese people, Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian represent the highest level of Chinese basketball. 中国人的最爱，中国人的骄傲，姚明和易建联代表中国篮球的最高水准。

bazzard 兀鹰spangle 闪闪发光the Star Spangled Banner 星条旗之歌banner 条幅geographical division 地理分区be abbreviated to 缩写为be situated 位于northern temperate zone 北温带plateau 高原tableland 台地highland 高地the Gulf of Mexico墨西哥湾boundary line 国界线prairie 大草原reach 绵延的大片地区（河流两个弯曲处之间的河段或运河两闸门之间的直水道）Guam关岛Puerto Rico 波多黎各Virgin Island 维尔京群岛Virgin Marry 圣母玛利亚inlet 海湾；湖湾；河湾habor a place of shelter for ships 海港港口fishing industry 渔业havoc 大破坏；浩劫；大混乱play havoc with （口）造成巨大混乱（或困难）NAFTA Norhtern America and Mexico Trade Agreement北美自由贸易区so far as 根据就。

travel as far as you likeSo far as the geographical features areconcerned, the large territory of the continental United Srates can be divided into 3 basic areas.the Atlantic Seacoast 太平洋沿岸地带the Appalachian Mountains 阿巴拉气雅山the Great Mississippi River Basin密西西比河盆地the Rockey Mountains落基山the Middle Atlantic Seacostthe most densely populated region 人口最密集地区the continental American streches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west美国西临大西洋，东濒大西洋，东西横跨4,500公里America’s relative position in relation to othercountries美国和其他国家的相对位置relieve v. relieve the Uitied States of the burden to maintain a large frontier army along its borderas a matter of factthe trade between America and Mexico is climbing 美墨贸易额正在攀升cooperation based on mutual benefit 以互利为原则的合作Along the Atlantic Seacoast is a narrow plain which begins far up the coast and becomes wider as it goes south.heavily wooded moutaindeep valleyin the deep souththis area appears to be very flat which rises gradually toward west西高东低tourist resort旅游胜地the water supply for cities 城市供水to creat electric power发电shortage of fresh water 淡水短缺cover a distance of some 2,00 kilometers in widththe Middle West中西部cattle raising牧牛业majestic雄伟的；庄严的Arctic北极的；北极地区的Continental Divide/ Great Divide watershed 分水岭，分水线precipitation降水量consequently所以geyser间歇泉hot spring温泉mud volcano 泥火山fossil forests volcanic glass 火山玻璃，黑曜岩，松脂岩the Sierra Nevadathe Great Basin 大盆地rainfall 降雨Death Valley 死亡谷the Coast RangesCentral valleyalluvium 淤泥，冲击土irrigate灌溉sugar beet 甜菜bean 大豆Bering Strait 白令海峡Alaska(1.5 million skm), which faces Russia across the 80 kilometers-wide Bering Strait ,is seperated from mainland America facilitate make easy or less difficult or more easily achievedgive rise to 导致sierra 锯齿山脊cascade小瀑布owe to都亏了；由于landform地形地貌merorable worth remembering; not to be forgottenthe Sun Belt 阳光地带tropical热带的harass trouble and annoy continually or repeatedunbroke land 完整的土地The snow piles up to 6 meters high insomeplaces.A few inches more or a few inches less of rain during the growing season may make the difference between success and failure. dust storms 沙尘暴steel mills 钢厂ore 矿石taconitesteam plant 蒸汽动力厂plastic 塑料coal deposit 矿层coal reserves矿藏zinc 锌copper 铜silver银phosphate rock 磷酸盐oil well 油井barrel 桶petroleum 石油gasoline汽油offshore area 离岸地区natual gas 天然气the shortage of domestic supplies of energy国内能源短缺publicizeembargo贸易限制arable 可耕的；适于耕地的；可耕地；大田作acre英亩annual 每年的；年度的acreage an extent of land 一片土地gas/ oil field 气田油田pipeline 管道管线befit 适合适宜humid (空气或气候)温暖潮湿的；温暖湿润的mileage 英里里程inland transportation 内陆运输navigable 可航行的；可通行的power genneration 发电sewer 下水道drainage basin 流域盆地dam坝hydroelectric 水力发电的seasonal 季节性的artery 动脉主要道路干线join Missouri joins the Mississippi at St. Louis.course 行道课程讲座silt 淤泥chief 主河干tributary 支流drain (of a river ) carry off the superfluous water of (a district)delta 三角洲be laden with 载重重负most large waterways are laden with vast, poisonous volumes of industrial, and human wastes.be choked with被……堵塞sandbar （河口处）沙洲；（海岸上的）沙坝lock 船闸dredge 挖泥船；挖泥机；疏浚barge 驳船the Great Lakes 五大湖tonage 吨位vessel船；舰circuitous 迂回的；绕行的glaciated 被冰河或冰覆盖的arid 干旱的干燥的mighty强大的freight 大宗货物Department of the Interior 内政部convert ocean water into fresh water淡水转化hectare 公顷soil erosion 水土流失resin 树脂raw material 原材料timber 木材；木料swine 猪graze 啃草pasture 放牧；牧场Panama Canal ZoneU.S. Air Force 美国空军部the Navy Department 海军部jurisdiction 司法权Midway Islands 中途岛melting pot 熔炉descend be descend from..= be descendants of是…的后裔be sparsely populatedNetherlands 荷兰flock to 成群活动；蜂拥至；涌向thousands flocked to Americapeak 顶峰；最高点admit immigrants 吸收移民Latin America 拉美reside 居住；定居inhabitant citizen ; residentbe scattered thoughtout the nation descent 世系；血统；家世Caucasian 白种人；高加索人Polynesian 波利尼西亚人Filipino 菲律宾人urbanized population 城市化人口suburb市郊；郊区as of 在（某一时刻）populous 人口稠密的fetility rate 生育力one of …= among….make up over 占…median 中间的median age 中年the U.S. has a white American majority. compose 组成；构成Minorities compose just over one-third of the population.Hispanic 西班牙裔的Latino 拉美裔的ethnicity 种族的census 人口普查；人口调查triple 三倍It reached the 200 million mark in 1967. projection 投影；投射；做估计；对来年的预测population’s distribution 人口分布Pacific Islander 太平洋岛民parent plant 总厂rural areas 乡下；农村due in part to 部分由于infant mortality 婴儿死亡mortality rate死亡率extend life expectancy 延长寿命reveal 展示；显示；使展露waterfront （城镇的）滨水区；码头区Los Angeles 洛杉矶Chicago芝加哥Philadelphia 费城the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言consititution宪法lay out （根据计划）布置安排Washington was laid out by French architect Pierre L’ Enfant.diversity of national background 多样的国家背景Scandinavian 斯坎迪亚维亚the fabric of American society 美国社会结构the Contistitutional Convention 制宪会议exercise power 行使权力confederate联邦的confederacy 联邦（政府）committee 委员会consensus 意见一致delegate 代表amend 修改；修订revision 校订；订正；修订本；订正版preamble 导言；序言；（法规的）前言；开端comprise由…..组成；包含After several revisions were made, the last draft comprisng a preamble 13 articles was written.adopt 通过；正式批准ratify （经签署等）正式批准或认可adopted by Congress and ratified by 13 states of the new nation in 1781provide （法规）规定assign 分配；指派regulate foreign affairs 管理外交事务declare war 宣战raise an army 征兵coin money 铸币handle relation with 处理和…的关系subordinate 次要的；下级的taxing authority 税务权decree 法令；政令strike a balance 取得平衡legislative 立法的；有关立法的executive branch行政机构judicial branch 司法机构framer 制定者；创作者grant 同意；答应vest 授予；赋予；给予（某人权力职权等）Article 1 vests all legislative powers in the Congress.the House of Representative 众议院the Senate 参议院stipulate 规定；约定Arthicle 7 stipulates that the Constitution would become operational after being ratified by nine states.embed 植入；扎牢；嵌入embeded in concret 嵌入水泥republicanism 共和制federalism 联邦制seperation of powers 分权check and balancein contrast to …与…相比the Electorate College 选举团compromise 和解；妥协unitary 单元的；一元化的designate 任命；指派designated 指定的power conventration集权Supreme Court 大法院tyranny 暴虐；残暴；专横abuses of power 滥用权力arbitrary 独裁的；专断的；任意的；武断的veto否决（权）nominate 提名（候选人）；任命principal 第一的；首要的impeach 弹劾override使无效；推翻；驳回bicameral 两院制的be composed of 由…组成consisting ofbe made up ofthe representation is proportional to each state’s populationchamber 议院approximate 大概的；约莫的；近似的initiate 开始；发起initiate tax bills 起草税务法案constituent 选民hierarchical 统治集团的refer… to 将…提交给…裁定refer bills to committeephilosophy 哲学；人生观impartial 不偏不倚的；公正的floor leader (议会的)政党领袖partisan 党派的whip 政党的组织秘书confirm 批准；确认；是正式生效the Senate confirms the presidental appointmentscabinet member 内阁成员reelect 改选；重选a U.S citizen for a minimum of nine years 至少在美国居住九年deliberate 从容而谨慎的prestigious 有威信的；受尊重的media coverage 媒体报道（量）the Democrate 民主党the Republican 共和党identical 完全一致的hearing 申诉的（机会）unanimous 无异议的；一致同意的consent 同意；准许reconcile 使和谐；是协调一致reconcile differeces 协调不同reach agreement 达成一致enact 使…成为为法律in reality 事实上inaction lack of actionexpertise 专长；学问；专业知识standing committee 常务委员会screen bills 筛选法案draft bills 起草法案submit 提交；呈递special/select committee on 特别委员会joint committeeera 时期bureaucracyreprieve 缓刑；缓解vest 使(财产或权力)归属（某个人）Aticle ii of the Constitution vests the executive power in the president.Mandate 授权The Constitution mandates him to supervise the operation of executive branch of the government’s annal budget for submission to congress.Discretion at discretion随意任意Periodical周期的；偶尔发生的Expedient 有利的；有效的He shall judge necessary and expedient. Convene 召集；组织（会议）The Constitution also convene either or both houses of Congress on extrordinary occasions. Diplomat 外交官；外交人员supply economic aid 经济援助receive foreign ambassadors 接待外交使节invariably 总是humble 恭顺的；低贱的evolve 是逐步形成，进化，演化derive 取得；得到；形成be derived from 有…构成；起源于inference 推断；推论wield 行使；运用权力，权威constitue 组成；构成All these esrablishments with about three million bureaucracy under the president’s command.The Cabinet is the core of the administration. Cntral Intelligent Agency (CIA) 中央情报局the secretary of the treasury 财政部advance policies 促进，支持政策the National Security Concil (NSC) 国家安全委员会counsel 律师；法律顾问；；律师团aide 副官；助手。

词汇教案二：美国文化背景下的英语俚语美国文化背景下的英语俚语随着全球化的趋势，英语已成为全球使用最广泛的语言之一。

尤其是在商务、科技、文化等领域中，英语的使用越来越普遍。

学习英语作为非母语的学习者，要拥有流利的语言表达和交流能力，一个关键的方面就是掌握语言中的俚语。

俚语是某一集体或社群引用的特殊用语，常常包含熟悉的词汇、词组、句子、特殊的发音和语调等。

在美国文化背景下，英语俚语扮演着重要的角色，有助于提高英语学习者的学习兴趣和交流能力。

本文将从美国文化角度分析英语俚语的特点，并提供一些常用的英语俚语，希望能够对英语学习者提供一些帮助。

一、美国文化背景下的英语俚语特点1.来源广泛英语俚语的来源可以是短语、引用、商标、电影、音乐、文化等多种形式。

在美国文化中，流行音乐、电影、电视剧、体育、网络等领域提供了丰富的语言资源，这些资源促进了英语俚语的创造和流传。

2.灵活多变英语俚语的使用涉及到语言、文化、社会等多个方面。

在不同的语境中，一个俚语可以有不同的解释和意义，同时还可能随着时间的推移不断演变和翻译。

因此，学习英语俚语需要不断更新，多角度思考，才能真正理解和掌握。

3.具有地域性英语俚语是由人们日常交流中自然形成的，因此其使用和流行具有地域性。

尤其是在美国，每个地区的俚语都有自己的特点和风格。

例如，东海岸和西海岸的人们使用的俚语有很大的不同，在语调、语气等方面都体现出各自的特点。

二、常用的英语俚语1.Ace含义：非常出色，非常成功的人或事物例句：She’s an ace at managing his time and work.她非常善于管理时间和工作。

2.All ears含义：非常聆听或期待听取某人讲话例句：I’m all ears. Tell me all about your trip.我会认真听取你关于旅行的所有故事。

3.Beat around the bush含义：拐弯抹角地说话，或不直接接触问题例句：Stop beating around the bush and tell me what you really want.别拐弯抹角了，告诉我你真正想要的是什么。