On the evolution and molecular epidemiology of the PRSV

肿瘤细胞分子进化的哲学分析田野;程现昆;方美云【摘要】Malignant tumors have always been complex diseases that seriously threaten the health of human life.So far,most malignant tumors are still incurable.Molecular evolution is the basic process of life evolution in nature,and the development of tumor is closely related to molecular evolution.Numerous studies have shown that tumor cell evolution plays an important role in the process of drug resistance,metastasis and recurrence.From the philosophical point of view,this paper analyzed the phenomenon of molecular evolution in natural state,tumor origin and tumor therapy,and deeply discussed the relationship among tumorigenesis,tumor progression and molecular evolution.From the dialectical view of static and dynamic,we dissected the current model of tumor therapy and proposed a new strategy to treat malignant tumors.%恶性肿瘤一直是严重威胁人类生命健康的复杂疾病,到目前为止,大多数恶性肿瘤仍然不可治愈.分子进化是自然界生命演化的基本过程,肿瘤的发生发展与分子进化密不可分,大量研究显示肿瘤细胞的进化在肿瘤耐药、转移和复发过程中发挥了重要作用.本文从哲学角度分析了自然状态、肿瘤起源和肿瘤治疗过程中的分子进化现象,深入探讨了肿瘤发生发展与分子进化的关系,应用静态与动态的辩证观点剖析了目前肿瘤治疗的模式并提出治疗恶性肿瘤的新策略.【期刊名称】《医学与哲学》【年(卷),期】2018(039)006【总页数】3页(P81-83)【关键词】分子进化;肿瘤细胞;肿瘤治疗【作者】田野;程现昆;方美云【作者单位】大连医科大学附属第一医院血液科辽宁大连 116021;大连医科大学思想政治理论课教学科研部辽宁大连116044;大连大学附属中山医院血液科辽宁大连 116001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R-02人类进入现代社会以来，随着医疗水平的不断提升，很多疾病被现代医学所攻克，人均寿命大大延长。

分子生药学英文Molecular Pharmacology: A Profound Exploration of the Microscopic MarvelsIn the intricate tapestry of the human body, a symphony of molecular interactions orchestrates the delicate balance that sustains our well-being. Molecular pharmacology, a discipline at the forefront of modern medicine, delves into the hidden world of these microscopic marvels, unraveling the complex mechanisms that govern the ways in which drugs and other therapeutic agents interact with the body. This captivating field offers a glimpse into the inner workings of the human organism, paving the way for more targeted and effective treatments.At the heart of molecular pharmacology lies the study of the intricate dance between drugs and their target biomolecules. These biomolecules, often proteins or nucleic acids, play crucial roles in the body's physiological processes. When a drug binds to its target, it can either enhance or inhibit the biomolecule's function, leading to the desired therapeutic effect. By understanding the precise nature of these drug-target interactions, researchers can design more potent and selective drugs, minimizing side effects and maximizingthe therapeutic benefits.One of the cornerstones of molecular pharmacology is the investigation of drug receptor interactions. Receptors are specialized proteins found on the surface of cells or within their interiors, which serve as the primary targets for many drugs. When a drug binds to its receptor, it can trigger a cascade of cellular responses, ultimately leading to the desired therapeutic outcome. Researchers in this field employ advanced techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling, to study the intricate three-dimensional structures of these receptors and the way they interact with different drug molecules.Another crucial aspect of molecular pharmacology is the exploration of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. This area examines how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates drugs, providing valuable insights into the drug's fate within the human system. By understanding these processes, researchers can optimize drug dosing, improve bioavailability, and minimize the risk of adverse effects. Techniques like mass spectrometry and enzyme kinetics are used to analyze the complex metabolic pathways that drugs undergo, enabling the development of more effective and safer therapeutic interventions.Advances in molecular biology and genetics have further expandedthe horizons of molecular pharmacology. The field now encompasses the study of how genetic variations can influence an individual's response to drugs, a concept known as pharmacogenomics. By identifying genetic markers associated with drug sensitivity or resistance, researchers can tailor treatments to individual patients, ushering in an era of personalized medicine. This approach holds immense promise in improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions.Moreover, molecular pharmacology plays a pivotal role in the development of novel therapeutic agents. From small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies and gene therapies, this discipline provides the foundational knowledge and tools necessary for the rational design and optimization of these cutting-edge treatments. By understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis, researchers can target specific molecular pathways and develop more effective and targeted therapies.The impact of molecular pharmacology extends beyond the realm of drug development. This field also contributes to the understanding of the fundamental biological processes that underlie human health and disease. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of various disorders, researchers can identify new therapeutic targets and develop innovative approaches to diseasemanagement.As the field of molecular pharmacology continues to evolve, it holds the promise of revolutionizing the way we approach healthcare. By harnessing the power of these microscopic marvels, researchers and clinicians can design more personalized and effective treatments, ultimately improving the quality of life for patients around the world. The journey of molecular pharmacology is one of unraveling the complexities of the human body, unlocking the secrets of disease, and paving the way for a future where targeted, individualized care becomes the norm.。

高二英语生物分类单选题50题1. Which of the following belongs to the phylum Arthropoda?A. EarthwormB. StarfishC. ButterflyD. Sponge答案：C。

解析：节肢动物门（Arthropoda）的典型特征包括具有分节的附肢等。

蝴蝶（Butterfly）属于节肢动物门。

蚯蚓（Earthworm）属于环节动物门 Annelida）。

海星 Starfish）属于棘皮动物门Echinodermata）。

海绵 Sponge）属于多孔动物门 Porifera）。

2. The organism which is classified in the class Mammalia should have the following feature:A. Gills for breathingB. Feathers on the bodyC. Hair or fur and produce milk to feed their youngD. Scales on the body答案：C。

解析：哺乳纲（Mammalia）的生物具有毛发或皮毛并且能够产奶哺育幼崽。

用鳃呼吸（Gills for breathing）是鱼类等水生生物的特征，它们属于鱼纲等，不属于哺乳纲。

身上有羽毛（Feathers on the body）是鸟类的特征，鸟类属于鸟纲（Aves）。

身上有鳞片（Scales on the body）是爬行动物等的特征，爬行动物属于爬行纲（Reptilia）。

3. Which kingdom does the mushroom belong to?A. AnimaliaB. PlantaeC. FungiD. Protista答案：C。

解析：蘑菇属于真菌界（Fungi）。

动物界（Animalia）的生物具有能运动、异养等特点。

2011诺贝尔奖：免疫学研究的突破及意义储以微【摘要】Three immunologists were honored with 2011 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine to award the breakthroughs they have made in the discoveries of dendritic cell and innate immune receptor. Based on their findings, scientists now understand how innate immune cells, especially dendritic cell, initiate the adaptive immune response and the molecular mechanism involved in the process. Here, we review the milestone research papers they have published and the related work done by the teams.%2011年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了3位从事免疫学研究的科学家,以表彰他们在树突状细胞和固有免疫分子方面的重要研究发现.基于他们的研究,人们逐渐明确了固有免疫细胞,特别是树突状细胞在抗原识别,进而启动适应性免疫应答方面的作用及其分子机制.本文对上述3位科学家及其团队的研究工作及他们所开创的研究领域的进展进行了系统回顾,并作一综述.【期刊名称】《复旦学报（医学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(038)006【总页数】5页(P471-475)【关键词】树突状细胞;Toll样受体;诺贝尔奖【作者】储以微【作者单位】复旦大学上海医学院免疫学系-复旦大学生物治疗研究中心上海200032【正文语种】中文【中图分类】A瑞典皇家科学院诺贝尔奖评审委员会于2011年10月3日宣布，3位免疫学家（图1）共同获得年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，这是该奖项设立以来第17次授予免疫学领域的重要发现，28位免疫学家因为他们的研究获此殊荣。

解密分子生物学的前沿研究，探寻生命奥秘！1. Introduction1.1 OverviewMolecular biology, as a multidisciplinary field, has been at the forefront of scientific research in recent decades, unraveling the mysteries of life at a molecular level. It involves the study of biological processes and phenomena at the molecular level, focusing on understanding the structure, function, and interactions of various biomolecules within living organisms. This article aims to delve into the cutting-edge research in molecular biology and explore the secrets of life.1.2 Origin and Development of LifeThe origin and development of life have been fundamental questions that have intrigued scientists for centuries. Molecular biology provides valuable insights into these questions by examining how complex organisms have evolved from simpler forms over billions of years. By studying genetic material and its modifications throughout evolutionary history, scientists can uncover clues about the origins of life on Earth.1.3 Significance of Molecular BiologyMolecular biology plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of various biological processes and has direct implications in numerous fields such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Through deciphering the intricate mechanisms involved in DNA replication, gene expression, and protein synthesis, scientists have made significant strides in tackling diseases, developing novel therapies, improving crop yields, and creating genetically modified organisms.In this comprehensive exploration of molecular biology's frontiers, we will delve into its foundational research along with advancements in genomics and transcriptomics. Furthermore, we will highlight its relevance in medical applications as well as its potential impact on society as a whole. Finally, we will discuss future directions for research in this rapidly evolving field and emphasize the limitless possibilities it holds for unraveling the mysteries of life itself.(Note: The response provided is a sample "Introduction" section for an article titled "Decoding Frontiers in Molecular Biology: Exploring the Secrets of Life." Feel free to modify or expand upon it according to your requirements.)2. 分子生物学基础研究2.1 DNA结构和功能DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）是一种含有遗传信息的长分子，它携带了所有生物体遗传特征的蓝图。

第一章绪论一简答题1. 21世纪是生命科学的世纪。

20世纪后叶分子生物学的突破性成就，使生命科学在自然科学中的位置起了革命性的变化。

试阐述分子生物学研究领域的三大基本原则，三大支撑学科和研究的三大主要领域？答案：（1）研究领域的三大基本原则：构成生物大分子的单体是相同的；生物遗传信息表达的中心法则相同；生物大分子单体的排列（核苷酸，氨基酸）导致了生物的特异性。

（2）三大支撑学科：细胞学，遗传学和生物化学。

（3）研究的三大主要领域：主要研究生物大分子结构与功能的相互关系，其中包括DNA和蛋白质之间的相互作用；激素和受体之间的相互作用；酶和底物之间的相互作用。

2. 分子生物学的概念是什么？答案：有人把它定义得很广：从分子的形式来研究生物现象的学科。

但是这个定义使分子生物学难以和生物化学区分开来。

另一个定义要严格一些，因此更加有用：从分子水平来研究基因结构和功能。

从分子角度来解释基因的结构和活性是本书的主要内容。

3 二十一世纪生物学的新热点及领域是什么？答案：结构生物学是当前分子生物学中的一个重要前沿学科，它是在分子层次上从结构角度特别是从三维结构的角度来研究和阐明当前生物学中各个前沿领域的重要学科问题，是一个包括生物学、物理学、化学和计算数学等多学科交叉的，以结构（特别是三维结构）测定为手段，以结构与功能关系研究为内容，以阐明生物学功能机制为目的的前沿学科。

这门学科的核心内容是蛋白质及其复合物、组装体和由此形成的细胞各类组分的三维结构、运动和相互作用，以及它们与正常生物学功能和异常病理现象的关系。

分子发育生物学也是当前分子生物学中的一个重要前沿学科。

人类基因组计划，被称为“21世纪生命科学的敲门砖”。

“人类基因组计划”以及“后基因组计划”的全面展开将进入从分子水平阐明生命活动本质的辉煌时代。

目前正迅速发展的生物信息学，被称为“21世纪生命科学迅速发展的推动力”。

尤应指出，建立在生物信息基础上的生物工程制药产业，在21世纪将逐步成为最为重要的新兴产业；从单基因病和多基因病研究现状可以看出，这两种疾病的诊断和治疗在21世纪将取得不同程度的重大进展；遗传信息的进化将成为分子生物学的中心内容”的观点认为，随着人类基因组和许多模式生物基因组序列的测定，通过比较研究，人类将在基因组上读到生物进化的历史，使人类对生物进化的认识从表面深入到本质；研究发育生物学的时机已经成熟。