A-LEVEL Economics past paper

General Certificate of Education (International) Syllabus Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary LevelECONOMICS 9708For examination in June and November 2010CIE provides syllabuses, past papers, examiner reports, mark schemes and more on the internet. We also offer teacher professional development for many syllabuses.Learn more at ECONOMICSGCE Advanced Subsidiary Level andGCE Advanced Level 9708for examination in June and November 2010CONTENTSPageINTRODUCTION1AIMS 1ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES 2 SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT 2 CURRICULUM CONTENT 4 APPENDIX: RESOURCE LIST 14INTRODUCTION1 The aim of this syllabus is to enable Centres to develop Economics courses that are suitableboth for Advanced Level candidates and for those seeking a more limited study of the subject.2 In order to increase flexibility of assessment to Centres, the content has been divided into tworoughly equal halves. The essential unity of the subject is preserved by the fact that the papers on the second, or Supplement, part of the syllabus presuppose previous study and understanding of the first, or Core, part of the syllabus, and questions may involve the demonstration of this knowledge and understanding.3 There are three pathways available to candidates:(a) Those candidates who wish to take the whole of the Advanced Level qualification at theend of a course of study take all four papers together.(b) Satisfactory performance on the two Core papers (Papers 1 and 2) makes a candidateeligible for an Advanced Subsidiary Level qualification.(c) Candidates who wish to follow a staged assessment route to the A Level qualificationtake the Advanced Subsidiary Level qualification first. They then need take only the tworemaining papers (Papers 3 and 4) in order to complete the A Level.4 No previous study of the subject is assumed by the syllabus.AIMSThe syllabus is intended to encourage courses that will:(a) provide a basis of factual knowledge of economics,(b) encourage the development in the student of:(i) a facility for self-expression, not only in writing but also in using additional aids suchas statistics and diagrams where appropriate,(ii) the habit of using works of reference as sources of data specific to economics,(iii) the habit of reading critically to gain information about the changing economy in which we live,(iv) an appreciation of the methods of study used by the economist and of the most effective ways in which economic data may be analysed, correlated, discussed andpresented.ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVESCandidates are expected to: 1 DEMONSTRATE KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING of the specified content, 2 INTERPRET economic information presented in verbal, numerical or graphical form, 3EXPLAIN AN D AN ALYSE economic issues and arguments, using relevant economic concepts, theories and information,4EVALUATE economic information, arguments, proposals and policies, taking into consideration relevant information and theory, and distinguishing facts from hypothetical statements and value judgements,5ORGAN ISE, PRESEN T AN D COMMUN ICATE economic ideas and informed judgements in a clear, logical and appropriate form.The Multiple Choice components (Papers 1 and 3) will seek to test particularly Assessment Objectives 1, 2 and 3.The Data Response part of Papers 2 and 4 will seek to test particularly Assessment Objectives 2 and 3, and to a lesser extent Assessment Objectives 1, 4 and 5.The Essay part of Papers 2 and 4 will seek to test particularly Assessment Objectives 1, 3, 4 and 5, and to a lesser extent Assessment Objective 2.SCHEME OF ASSESSMENTAdvanced Subsidiary LevelPaper Type DurationNumber ofquestions Maximum markWeight (% of total marks for syllabus)1Multiple Choice (Core) 1 hour3030401 20 30 (a) Data Response (Core)2(b) Structured Essay (Core)1 hr 30 mins 1 from a choice of 320 30Advanced LevelPaper Type DurationNumber ofquestions Maximum markWeight (% of total marks for syllabus)1Multiple Choice (Core)1 hour3030201 20 152(a) Data Response (Core)(b) Structured Essay (Core)1 hr 30 mins1 from a choice of 320 153 Multiple Choice (Supplement) 1 hour3030 15(a) Data Response(Supplement)1 20 104(b) Essay (Supplement)2 hrs 15 mins2 from a choice of 650 25Papers 1 and 2 for Advanced Level are the same as Papers 1 and 2 for Advanced Subsidiary Level. Papers 3 and 4 will test the topics in the Supplement, but will also require a knowledge and understanding of the topics in the Core.All of the question papers will be available for examination in both June and November.CURRICULUM CONTENTADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) LEVELThe curriculum content for Advanced Subsidiary Level covers the Core curriculum.Advanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded1CoreBasic Economic Ideas [Core](a) Scarcity, choice and resource allocationi. Meaning of scarcity and the inevitability of choices at alllevels (individual, firms, governments)ii. Opportunity costiii. Basic questions of what will be produced, how and for whom(b) Different allocative mechanismsi. Market economiesii. Planned economiesiii. Mixed economies(c) Production possibility curve – shape and shifts(d) The margin: decision making at the margin(e) Positive and normative statements(f) Ceteris paribus(g) Factors of production: land, labour, capital, enterprise(h) Division of labour(i) Money: its functions and characteristics bartercheques coincidence of wants command economy costs of production division of labour economic goods economic growth economic problem entrepreneurfixed capitalfixed capital formation free goodsinterestinvestmentlaw (economic) liquidity macroeconomics marketmarket system maximisation measure of value medium of exchange microeconomics nominalother things being equalprimary sector production frontier production transformation curve resources secondary sector Smith, Adam specialisation standard of deferred paymentsstore of wealth tertiary sectorunit of accountwantsworking capitalADVANCED LEVELThe whole of the Core curriculum content opposite, plus the following:Additional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded1SuppBasic Economic Ideas [Supplement]Efficient resource allocationConcept of economic efficiency: productive and allocative efficiency optimum resource allocationAdditional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded2SuppThe Price System and Theory of the Firm [Supplement](a) Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and its relationship toderivation of an individual demand schedule and curveEqui-marginal principleLimitations of marginal utility theory(b) Budget linesIncome and substitution effects of a price change.(c) Short-run production function: fixed and variable factors ofproduction, total product, average product and marginalproductLaw of diminishing returns (Law of variable proportions)(d) Demand for labour:Meaning and factors affecting demand for labourDerivation of individual firm's demand for a factor usingmarginal revenue product theory(e) Supply of labour – meaning and factors affecting supplyNet advantages and the long-run supply of labour(f) Wage determination under free market forces(competitive product and factor markets)The role of trade unions and government in wagedeterminationWage differentials and economic rent(g) Long-run production functionReturns to scale(h) Economist's versus accountant's definition of costsMarginal cost and average costShort-run cost function – fixed costs versus variable costsExplanation of shape of SRAC average fixed cost average variable cost barriers to exitcartelclosed shop collective bargaining decreasing returns diseconomies of scale economies of large dimensionsfinancial economies of scalehorizontal integration immobility of labour imperfect competition increasing returns industrial concentration integrationmarginal physical productmobility of labour monopsonynatural monopolynon-pecuniary advantages occupational mobility paradox of value pecuniary advantages price agreementsAdvanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded2CoreThe Price System [Core](a) Individual demand curves(b) Aggregation of individual demand curves to give marketdemand(c) Factors influencing demand(d) Movements along and shifts of a demand curve(e) Price, income and cross- elasticities of demandi. Meaning and calculationii. Factors affectingiii. Implications for revenue and business decisions(f) Firms' supply curvesAggregation of individual firms' supply curves to givemarket supply(g) Factors influencing market supply, including indirect taxesand subsidiesMovements along and shifts of a supply curve(h) Price elasticity of supply: determinants, implications forspeed/ease with which businesses react to changedmarket conditions(i) Interaction of demand and supply: equilibrium price andquantityi. Meaning of equilibrium and disequilibriumii. Effects of changes in supply and demand onequilibrium price and quantityiii. Applications of demand and supply analysis(j) Consumersurplus(k) Prices as rationing and allocative mechanisms ad valorem tax change in demand change in quantity demanded complementary goods composite demand demand conditions demand schedule derived demand direct taxation disequilibrium effective demand elasticequilibrium equilibrium price equilibrium quantity impact of tax incidence of tax income taxinelasticinferior goodjoint demandjoint supplylaw of demandlaw of supplynormal good perfectly elastic perfectly inelastic price mechanism rectangular hyperbola specific tax substitute goods supply conditions total revenueunitary elasticityAdditional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded2 Supp The Price System and Theory of the Firm [Supplement] –continued(i) Long-run cost functionExplanation of shape of LRACRelationship between economies of scale and decreasingcostsInternal and external economies of scale(j) Survival of small firmsGrowth of firms(k) Relationship between elasticity, marginal, average and totalrevenue for a downward-sloping demand curve(l) Concepts of firm and industry(m) T raditional objective of firm – profit maximisationNormal and abnormal profitAn awareness of other objectives of firm(n) Different market structures – perfect competition, monopoly,monopolistic competition, oligopolyStructure of markets as explained by number of buyers andsellers, nature of product, degree of freedom of entry andnature of information.Contestable markets(o) Conduct of firms – pricing policy and non-price policy,including price discrimination, price leadership models andmutual interdependence in the case of oligopolies(p) Performance of firms – in terms of output, profits andefficiencyComparisons with regard to economic efficiency, barriers toentry, price competition, non-price competition and collusionrisk-bearingeconomies of scalesales maximisationsales revenuemaximisationsatisficing profitssecond-best theorysharessupernormal profittechnical economiestransactions demandfor moneytransfer earningsvertical integrationAdvanced Subsidiary Level Syllabus concepts and termsincluded3CoreGovernment Intervention in the Price System [Core](a) Externalities(b) Social costs as the sum of private costs and external costsSocial benefits as the sum of private benefits and externalbenefits(c) Decision making using cost-benefit analysis(d) Private goods and public goodsMerit goods and demerit goods(e) Government intervention via maximum price controls, pricestabilisation, taxes, subsidies, direct provision of goods andservices excise duties external benefit external cost government expenditure imperfections negative externality non-excludability non-rivalness positive externalityAdvanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded4CoreInternational Trade(a) Principles of absolute and comparative advantage, and theirreal-world limitationsOther explanations/determinants of trade flowsOpportunity cost concept allied to trade(b) Arguments for free trade and motives for protection(c) Types of protection and their effects(d) Economic integration: free trade area, customs union,economic union(e) Terms of Trade(f) Components of the balance of payments capital account of balance of payments comparative costs current account of balance of payments current transfers deficitdumpingexportsexternal balance financial account of balance of payments globalisation importsinfant industry argumentinvisible balancenet errors and omissionsquotasurplustarifftrade creationtrade diversion trading possibility curvevisible balanceAdditional material for Advanced Level Syllabus concepts and termsincluded3 Supp Government Intervention in the Price System [Supplement](a) Sources of market failure(b) Meaning of a deadweight lossesMarket imperfections – existence of monopolistic elements(c) Objectives of government microeconomic policy: efficiency,equity(d) Policies to correct market failure: regulationPolicies towards income and wealth redistributionEffectiveness of government policies(e) PrivatisationProblems of transition when central planning in an economyis reducedSupply-side economicsThere is no supplementary material on Section 4 of the syllabus.Advanced Subsidiary Level Syllabus concepts and termsincluded5 Core Measurement in the Macroeconomy [Core](a) Employment StatisticsSize and components of labour forceLabour productivityDefinition of unemploymentUnemployment rate; patterns and trends in(un)employmentDifficulties involved in measuring unemployment(b) General price level: price indicesbase dateconsumer price indexcost of livingdeflationdependency ratiohousehold expenditureparticipation rateRetail Prices Indexweightsworking populationAdditional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded5 Supp Theory and Measurement in the Macroeconomy[Supplement](a)National income statisticsi. Use of national income statistics as measures ofeconomic growth and living standardsii. Money and real data; GDP deflatoriii. Comparison of economic growth rates and livingstandards over time and between countriesiv. Other indicators of living standards and economicdevelopment(b)Money supplyBroad and narrow money supplyGovernment accounts: government budget, deficit financing(c) The circular flow of income between households, firms,government and the international economy(d) Main schools of thought on how the macroeconomyfunctions – Keynesian and monetarist(e) Aggregate expenditure function (AE)Meaning, components of AE and their determinantsIncome determination using AE-income approach andwithdrawal/injection approach Inflationary and deflationarygaps; full employment level of income versus equilibriumlevel of incomeThe multiplierAutonomous and induced investment; the accelerator(f)Shape and determinants of ADShape and determinants of ASInteraction of AD and AS: determination of level of output,prices and employment(g) Sources of money supply in an open economy (commercialbanks / credit creation, central bank, deficit financing, totalcurrency flow)Relationship between money supply, price level and outputas explained by the Quantity Theory of Money(h) The demand for moneyInterest rate determinationLiquidity Preference theory and Loanable Funds theoryactive balancesat constant pricesat current pricesaverage propensitybalanced budgetcapital:output ratioclosed economyconsumptioncredit multiplierdepreciation (ofcapital)dissavingdistribution of incomegross domesticproductgross national productidle balancesleakageliquidity trapmarginal propensityNational Debtnet domestic productnet national productnet property incomefrom abroadparadox of thriftprecautionary demandfor moneyquality of lifesavingspeculative demandfor moneyyieldAdvanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded6 Core Macroeconomic Problems [Core](a) Inflationi. Definition of inflation; degrees of inflationii. Causes of inflationiii. Consequences of inflation(b) Balance of Payments Problemsi. Meaning of balance of payments equilibrium anddisequilibriumii. Causes of balance of payments disequilibriumiii. Consequences of balance of payments disequilibrium ondomestic and external economy(c) Fluctuations in Foreign Exchange Ratesi. Definitions and measurement of exchange rates –nominal, real, trade-weighted exchange ratesii. Determination of exchange rates – floating, fixed,managed floatiii. Factors underlying fluctuations in exchange ratesiv. Effects of changing exchange rates on the economyanticipated inflationappreciationcost-push inflationdemand-pull inflationdepreciationdevaluationfiscal boostfiscal dragforeign exchangehyperinflationIMFJ-curveMarshall-Lernerconditionmenu costspurchasing powerparityQuantity Theory ofMoneyreflationrevaluationtrade-weightedexchange rateunanticipated inflationvelocity of circulationwage driftAdvanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of otherconcepts and termsincluded7 Core Macroeconomic Policies [Core]Policies designed to correct balance of payments disequilibriumor influence the exchange rateexchange controlsexpendituredampeningexpenditure switchingAdditional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded6 Supp Macroeconomic Problems [Supplement](a) Economic Growth and Developmenti. Definition of economic growth and developmentii. Indicators of comparative development andunderdevelopment in the world economy – economic,monetary, non-monetary and demographic indicatorsiii. Characteristics of developing economies: populationgrowth and structure, income distribution, economicstructure, employment composition, external trade andurbanisation in developing economies, the nature ofdependency, including the role of multi-nationalcorporations and external debtiv. Actual versus potential growth in national outputv. Factors contributing to economic growthvi. Costs and benefits of growth, including using andconserving resources(b) Unemploymenti. Full employment and natural rate of unemploymentii. Causes of unemploymentiii. Consequences of unemployment(c) Inter-connectedness of problems:Links between macroeconomic problems and theirinterrelatedness, for example• relationship between internal and external value of money• relationship between balance of payments and inflation• relationship between inflation and unemployment; trade-offbetween inflation and unemploymentbirth ratecyclical unemploymentdeath ratedemand-deficiencyunemploymentfrictionalunemploymentgeneral unemploymentmigrationnatural increaseoptimum populationseasonalunemploymentstructuralunemploymentsustainabilitytechnologicalunemploymenttrade cyclevoluntaryunemployment Additional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of otherconcepts and termsincluded7 Supp Macroeconomic Policies [Supplement](a) Objectives of macroeconomic policy: stabilisation, growth(b) Policies towards developing economies; policies of trade andaid(c) Types of policy: Aims and instruments of each policy; howeach is used to control inflation, stimulate employment,stimulate growth and development, correct balance ofpayments disequilibrium; the effectiveness of eachi. Fiscal policyii. Monetary policyiii. Exchange rate policyiv. Supply side policy(d) Conflicts between policy objectives and evaluating policyoptions to deal with problemsautomatic stabilisercanons of taxationmarginal tax ratesopen marketoperationspoverty trapprogressive taxationproportional taxationregressive taxationAPPENDIX RESOURCE LISTThis is NOT a list of prescribed texts, but merely an attempt to provide a range of alternativesfrom which teachers may like to choose.author title publisher ISBN date Anderton, AG Economics AS Level Causeway 19027961282004Bamford, Colin, et al Economics International AS and ALevelCambridge* 052100781X2002Beardshaw, J Economics: A Student’s Guide Longman 027*******2001 Begg, David et al. Economics McGraw Hill 0077107756 2005Gillespie, A Economics A Level ThroughDiagramsOxford 01991342942001Grant, Susan Stanlake’s Introductory Economics Longman 05824054832000Grant, Susan Introductory Economics: A StudyGuide Longman 05823025601997Ison, Stephen Economics FT Prentice Hall 027******* 1999 Sloman, John Essentials of Economics FT Prentice Hall 027******* 2003 * This textbook is endorsed by University of Cambridge International Examinations.DictionariesBannock, Graham et al. (eds) Penguin Dictionary of Economics Penguin 01410107542004Cairns, John et al. Macmillan Dictionary of ModernEconomics Palgrave 03335769341992Wall, Nancy et al. The Complete A-Z Economics andBusiness Studies Handbook Hodder 03408727642003Internet: Teachers will also find useful material on the websites and .。

Chapter 2 Essay 题型分类1. Explain the way in which economists measure how much the supply of a good changes as its price changes. Explain two factors that influence the result. (m18-22)➢Definition and formula of PES (1 mark)➢elastic supply and inelastic supply (1 mark)➢explanation of two factors that influence the price elasticity of supply. (Up to 3 marks per factor explained)2.(a) Explain the factors that can affect the price elasticity of demand for a product. [8](b) Discuss the extent to which knowledge of a product’s cross-elasticity of demand is likely to be important to a firm supplying that product. s18-21➢Analysis of a positive XED. (Up to 4 marks)➢Analysis of a negative XED. (Up to 4 marks)➢Evaluation (4 marks):➢The extent to which XED is likely to be important to a firm will depend on many factors, such as how close a substitute or a complement is to the firm’s product. XED is likely to be more important when the relationship between two products is a close one.If two goods are unrelated, the XED =0 and it is not important.3.(a) Explain the factors that can affect the value of the price elasticity of supply for a product. [8]➢Definition (2 marks)➢Different values (2 marks)➢At least two factors (4 marks)(b) Discuss whether income elasticity of demand is the most useful measure of elasticity to a firm. w18-21➢Comment on whether it is positive, which will be the case with normal goods, or whether it is negative, which will be the case with inferior goods.YED is important to the decisions of a firm, enabling it to estimate the effect on the demand for its products of a change in incomes. For example, if incomes are rising in an economy, a firm would be expected to increase the production of normal goods and decrease the production of inferior goods.➢Candidates need to consider that the extent to which YED is likely to be important toa firm will depend on a number of factors, such as the proportion of income that isspend on a particular product. The demand for some products will not be very sensitive to a change in income because they are not very expensive, whereas the demand for other more expensive products will be much more sensitive to a change in income.(Up to 4 marks)➢Candidates could then discuss other elasticities of demand, such as PED or XED. One of these done very well could gain all 4 marks, or two done reasonably well. (Up to 4 marks)➢For evaluative comment on whether YED is likely to be the most important measure of elasticity to a firm. (EV: up to 4 marks)4.(a) Explain the significance of cross elasticity of demand values that are negative, positive and zero. [8](b) Discuss the extent to which the concepts of price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply would be helpful to an organisation responsible for the growth of tourism to a holiday resort. w18-225.(a) Explain the factors that are likely to make the supply of a product relatively price inelastic. [8](b) Discuss the ways in which businesses might attempt to increase the price elasticity of supply of their products. Assess whether these attempts are likely to be successful. [12] m17-226.(a) Explain the factors that determine whether the price elasticity of supply for a good is likely to be relatively elastic or relatively inelastic. [8](b) Discuss how governments might attempt to increase the elasticity of supply of an agricultural product. Consider whether they are likely to be successful. [12] w17-217.(a) Explain how economists use the concept of income elasticity of demand to distinguish between different types of goods. [8](b) Discuss whether an understanding of price elasticity of demand is of more benefit to a producer of agricultural goods than an understanding of income elasticity of demand. [12] w17-228.(a) Explain the factors that determine whether the price elasticity of demand for a good is likely to be relatively inelastic. [8](b) Discuss if it is more useful for governments to have knowledge of the price elasticity of demand or the income elasticity of demand for certain products. [12] w17-239.(a) Explain two factors that are likely to make the supply of a product relatively price-inelastic. [8](b) Discuss the policies that governments might use to increase the price elasticity of supply of essential goods, and assess the likely effectiveness of such policies.m16-2210.(a) Explain how economists use the concept of elasticity to distinguish between normal and inferior goods and between substitutes and complements. [8](b) Discuss how knowledge of the differences between these types of goods would help government policy makers and entrepreneurs to make decisions. s16-2311.✓the impact of a rise in the price of a substitute using a supply and demand diagram(s).(Up to 4 marks)The diagram should be correctly labelled (1 mark) and show an increase in demand for a good as the price of its substitute rises (1 mark). It should also show a rise in the equilibrium price of the good (1 mark) and a rise in the equilibrium quantity (1 mark).✓the cross elasticity of demand in terms of what it measures (1 mark)✓an accurate formula (1 mark)✓explaining why substitutes have a positive value for cross elasticity. For stating that substitutes have a positive cross elasticity (1 mark) and explaining why this occurs (1 mark)✓explaining how habit-forming demerit goods and goods with lots of substitutes are each likely to respond to price rises (Up to 4 marks)✓explaining how government policy makers could use the information (Up to 4 marks)✓For evaluative comment on the extent to which this information would be useful. A concluding comment is essential for full marks. (Up to 4 marks)Habit-forming demerit goods are likely to be price inelastic and goods with lots of substitutes are likely to be price elastic. Government policy makers will use this information to assess which products to tax and also the extent to which the consumption of demerit goods will fall if the goods are taxed.12.(a) Explain any two factors that cause the supply of a product to be price-inelastic. [8](b) Discuss the policies that a government might adopt to increase the price elasticity of supply of agricultural goods in an economy and consider which policy is likely to be most effective. [12] w16-22✓income elasticity of demand:• What it measures 1 mark• accurate formula 1 mark✓Income elasticity for inferior goods: 2• For recognition that the coefficient is negative 1 mark• For an explanation of why a negative coefficient arises when incomes change✓Income elasticity for necessary goods:• For recognition that the coefficient is positive (accept zero) 1 mark• For an explanation linking the extent of necessity to the size of the coefficient.Analysis:✓Explains any methods that might be used to change the price elasticity of demand fora product with due reference to any difficulties that might arise with each methodexplained.Up to 4 marks for each method explained✓Evaluation:Compares the likely success of the methods explained (3 marks) and reaches a conclusion on which is most likely to be successful (1 mark)14. Explain how economists use the concept of elasticity to distinguish between substitute goods and complementary goods. s17-22(b) Discuss which measure of the different types of elasticity of demand is most useful for a business when setting the price for its product. s17-2215. Use the concept of income elasticity of demand to explain how a rise in incomes would affect the demand for an inferior good and for a necessary good. [8](b) Discuss the range of policies that are available to businesses to increase sales when incomes are falling. Consider which is most likely to be successful. s17-2316. Explain the meaning of ‘price elasticity of demand’ and, using examples, outline the factors that would cause the demand for a good to be relatively price-elastic. [8](b) Discuss why entrepreneurs might want to change the price elasticity of demand for their products, and consider the extent to which this is achievable. s16-22。

a level数学备考经验分享容易拿a的数学,应该怎么备考testdaily厚朴优学a level数学介绍ciea level数学(9709)分为4张paper: p1、s1、m1、p3。

其中m1是力学(mechanics)，s1是统计学（statistics)，而p1和p3就是纯数(pure math)。

p1通常在a level的第一年学习，p3是在第二年学习。

p1包括一元二次方程、二次函数、三角函数、平面几何、圆的计算、数列、微分、积分这几大知识点，考试是考10道或者11道题，1小时45分钟做完。

p1考纲p3包括代数多项式、指数函数、三角函数、微分、积分、解高次方程、微分方程、向量、复数等，考试也是1小时45分钟10道题。

p3考纲p1作为igcse数学到a level数学的一个过渡，难度并不高，其中的一些知识点比如说基础的三角函数、二次函数及方程等都是体制内初中就已经学过的东西。

而微积分这些听起来“高大上”，其实很基础很容易“上手”。

但是对于p1千万不能掉以轻心，因为p3算是p1的进阶版，在p1学过的知识点上进行了深入扩展和拔高，比如说p1学的三角函数还是sin/cos/tan，p3就加入了cosec/cot/sec，如果基础没打好，p3是很难学懂的。

a level数学，务实基础才是关键。

a level数学备考工具“工欲善其事，必先利其器”，要想在a level纯数部分“顺利摘星”，首先要像做一桌满汉全席那样备好“食材”。

1. 计算器a level数学大考允许使用计算器，不仅可以用于加减乘除运算，还需要用计算器解方程、做微积分和三角函数。

大多数同学用的都是这款卡西欧fx-991科学计算器。

能画图的计算器是不允许的。

2. cie官方公式表大考时，剑桥官方会提供公式表，里面含盖了a level数学和高数所有的重要公式，但是要注意的是，不是每一个你需要的公式都会包括，所以不要过度依赖公式表，该好好背还是要背的。

Turn over*P49594A0124*P49594A©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1Instructions• Use black ink or ball-point pen.•Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,centre number and candidate number.• A nswer all questions in Section A.•In Section B, answer all of questions 6(a) to 6(e) and one question from 6(f) or 6(g).•A nswer the questions in the spaces provided– there may be more space than you need.Information•The total mark for this paper is 80.•T he marks for each question are shown in brackets– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.•C alculators may be used.Advice•Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.•Check your answers if you have time at the end.*P49594A0224*2*P49594A0324*Turn over3*P49594A0424*4*P49594A0524*Turn over5*P49594A0624*6*P49594A0724*Turn over7BLANK PAGEQUESTION 6 BEGINS ON THE NEXT PAGE.*P49594A0824*8*P49594A0924*Turn over9Extract AProblems facing UK first time buyersOver a third of aspiring first time buyers in the UK have given up hope of ever being able to save for a deposit to buy a property, new research has found. A deposit is the minimum amount that must be paid upfront when buying a property, which is a proportion of the price of the property.The UK Government has a Help to Buy scheme designed to help people buy a home. The government subsidises the mortgage (loan) needed to buy a property, so buyers require a smaller amount saved as a deposit. Under this scheme, first time buyers need as little as a 5% deposit to qualify for a mortgage. This is due to end in the first few months of 2017. The research from mortgage insurer Genworth says this will mean a return to 20% deposits, which would see the average time needed to save for a deposit rise from three years to over 10 years.“Trying to buy your first home in the current climate is like chasing a runaway train. Even with good salaries that could comfortably support a mortgage, thousands of aspiring first time buyers can only save modest sums, especially those who are already paying rent. This deposit trap is why many feel they are left with the all or nothing choice of borrowing from family or waving goodbye to ever owning a home,” said Simon Crone, a vice president at Genworth.“Help to Buy has significantly improved access to mortgages with deposits that areactually realistic to save. The numbers using the scheme may be modest, but it has made significant inroads in the short-term to boost access at the lower end of the property market,” he pointed out.(Source: adapted from /news/europe/uk-first-time-buyers-201409309641.html September 2014)Extract BHousing and flood defencesA radical new approach to housing and a £2.3 billion of investment in flood defences were announced as part of the UK Government’s new National Infrastructure Plan 2014.One key proposal is for the government to plan, build and sell homes. An initial programme on a government-owned former airfield near Cambridge will see the development of 10 000 homes. This approach will fast track the development by providing certainty and making new homes available more quickly.The government will make the initial investment but expects that later costs will be met through the sale of land and homes. It will also evaluate the feasibility and economiceffects of rolling out this model on a wider scale, to support and accelerate housing supply.The plan also commits to £2.3 billion of capital investment to over 1400 flood defence projects in a 6-year programme of investment. As a result, over 300 000 homes will be better protected and over £30 billion of economic damages prevented. Majorprojects that will benefit include £42 million for the Oxford Flood Alleviation Scheme, £80 million for the Humber Estuary and over £17 million for Tonbridge, Yalding and the surrounding communities.(Source: adapted from https:///government/news/ambitious-plans-for-housing-flood-defence-and-roads-set-out-in-national-infrastructure-plan-2014)510152051510*P49594A01024*106 (a) With reference to Figure 1, explain one possible reason for the differences in priceelasticity of supply of new housing between countries.(5)(b) With reference to Extract A, assess the likely impact of the Help to Buy scheme onthe market for rented properties in the UK.(10)(c) Explain the likely impact on producer surplus of an increase in the demand forhousing. Use a diagram to illustrate your answer.(6)(d) With reference to Figure 2, calculate the percentage change in house pricesbetween the first quarter of 2009 and the first quarter of 2015. You are advised to show your working.(4)(e) With reference to Figures 1 and 2 and your own knowledge, discuss the functionsof the price mechanism in allocating housing.(15)Answer EITHER(f) Evaluate the likely microeconomic effects of government intervention in the UKhousing market.(20)OR(g) Evaluate the case for government provision of goods and services such as flooddefence schemes or housing.(20)(5) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(b) With reference to Extract A, assess the likely impact of the Help to Buy scheme onthe market for rented properties in the UK.(10) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(c) Explain the likely impact on producer surplus of an increase in the demand forhousing. Use a diagram to illustrate your answer.(6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(d) With reference to Figure 2, calculate the percentage change in house pricesbetween the first quarter of 2009 and the first quarter of 2015. You are advised toshow your working.(4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(e) With reference to Figures 1 and 2 and your own knowledge, discuss the functionsof the price mechanism in allocating housing.(15) 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